Backward link coding scheme
By integrating preambles and midambles with line and channel coding, the method addresses the low data rate issue in wireless communication systems, enhancing decoding efficiency and error correction for ambient IoT devices.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/077175
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-13
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in achieving high data rates and efficient decoding of signals from ambient IoT devices due to the concatenation of line and channel encoding, which results in poor performance and low data rates.
Incorporating a preamble and multiple midambles encoded using line coding within the data stream, followed by channel coding, to enhance clock synchronization and reduce errors, thereby improving data rates and decoding efficiency.
The proposed method enhances data rates and reduces error rates by utilizing preambles and midambles for clock synchronization and error correction, improving the overall performance of wireless communication with ambient IoT devices.
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Figure CN2024077175_21082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BACKWARD LINK CODING SCHEME
[0001] INTRODUCTION
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including backward link coding scheme. Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0003] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support backward link coding scheme. For example, the described techniques provide for an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device receiving a control signal from a reader (e.g., network entity) and transmitting a data stream in response to the control signal with some symbols of the data stream being encoded with line coding and other symbols of the data stream being encoded with channel coding. The line coded symbols may include a preamble and one or more midambles, and the preamble and one or more midambles may indicate clock information or symbol boundary information (e.g., frequency offset) associated with data to be transmitted (e.g., within the channel encoded symbols) .
[0004] A method for wireless communication by a network entity is described. The method may include receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0005] A network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may be configured to receive, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and transmit, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0006] Another network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include means for receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and means for transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0007] A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communication stored thereon is described. The code, when executed by a network entity, may cause the network entity to receive, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and transmit, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0008] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first set of one or more symbols includes a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions and the second set of one or more symbols includes one or more data portions.
[0009] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the preamble portion indicates a start of the data stream and precedes, within the data stream, each of the one or more data portions.
[0010] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions.
[0011] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving an indication of a quantity of the one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with the one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions, where the processing system may be configured to transmit the data stream in accordance with the indication.
[0012] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, receiving the indication may include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving the indication from a second network entity, where the indication may be based on a device type of the network entity or one or more measurements at the second network entity.
[0013] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, receiving the indication may include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving the indication via the control signal.
[0014] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the preamble portion includes a first quantity of symbols and at least one midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions includes a second quantity of symbols different from the first quantity of symbols.
[0015] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for refraining from encoding the first set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme and refraining from encoding the second set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme.
[0016] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols includes one or more reference sequences.
[0017] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream includes first data associated with a first data rate and at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols includes second data associated with a second data rate that may be lower than the first data rate.
[0018] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, at the network entity via the forward link, a second control signal including a second trigger for a second data stream and transmitting, via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal, where, based on satisfaction of one or more conditions a third set of one or more symbols within the second data stream may be encoded in accordance with the channel coding scheme and a line coding scheme.
[0019] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for encoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme before performance of an interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols and encoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme after performance of the interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols.
[0020] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, encoding the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream in accordance with the channel coding scheme may include operations, features, means, or instructions for encoding, via a first encoding operation, a first subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using a first channel code of a type corresponding to the channel coding scheme and encode, via a second encoding operation, a second subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using the first channel code or using a second channel code of the type corresponding to the channel coding scheme.
[0021] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the line coding scheme includes a frequency modulation zero (FM0) encoding scheme, a Miller encoding scheme, a Miller modulated subcarrier (MMS) encoding scheme, or a Manchester encoding scheme and the channel coding scheme includes a convolutional code (CC) encoding scheme, a Golay encoding scheme, a Reed-Muller encoding scheme, a Polar encoding scheme, a Hamming encoding scheme, or a Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) encoding scheme.
[0022] A method for wireless communication by a network entity is described. The method may include transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0023] A network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may be configured to transmit, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and receive, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0024] Another network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include means for transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and means for receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0025] A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communication stored thereon is described. The code, when executed by a network entity, may cause the network entity to transmit, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream and receive, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0026] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first set of one or more symbols includes a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions, and the second set of one or more symbols includes one or more data portions.
[0027] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for decoding the preamble portion or a midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions, detecting, based on decoding the preamble portion or the midamble portion, a clock offset, a frequency offset, or a collision associated with a data portion of the one or more data portions that follows the preamble portion or the midamble portion, and decoding the data portion based on the clock offset, the frequency offset, or the collision.
[0028] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the preamble portion indicates a start of the data stream and precedes, within the data stream, each of the one or more data portions.
[0029] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions.
[0030] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting an indication of a quantity of the one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with the one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions, where the processing system may be configured to receive the data stream in accordance with the indication.
[0031] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the indication may include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting the indication to a second network entity, where the indication may be based on a device type of the second network entity or one or more measurements at the network entity.
[0032] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the indication may include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting the indication via the control signal.
[0033] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the preamble portion includes a first quantity of symbols and at least one midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions includes a second quantity of symbols different from the first quantity of symbols.
[0034] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first set of one or more symbols may be not associated with the channel coding scheme and the second set of one or more symbols may be not associated with the line coding scheme.
[0035] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols associated with the line coding scheme includes one or more reference sequences.
[0036] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream includes first data associated with a first data rate and at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols associated with the line coding scheme includes second data associated with a second data rate that may be lower than the first data rate.
[0037] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting, via the forward link, a second control signal including a second trigger for a second data stream and receiving, at the network entity via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal, where, based on satisfaction of one or more conditions, a third set of one or more symbols within the second data stream may be associated with a line coding scheme and the channel coding scheme.
[0038] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for decoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme before performance of a deinterleaving or descrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols and decoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme after performance of the deinterleaving or descrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols.
[0039] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the line coding scheme includes a FM0 encoding scheme, a Miller encoding scheme, an MMS encoding scheme, or a Manchester encoding scheme and the channel coding scheme includes a CC encoding scheme, a Golay encoding scheme, a Reed-Muller encoding scheme, a Polar encoding scheme, a Hamming encoding scheme, or a BCH encoding scheme.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0040] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 2 shows an example of wireless communications system that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 3 shows an example of a coding scheme that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 4 shows an example of a process flow that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIGs. 5 and 6 show block diagrams of devices that support backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0046] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0047] FIGs. 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that support backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0049] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0050] FIGs. 13 and 14 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0051] A wireless communications system may include one or more types of communication devices, such as network devices, assisting nodes, intermediate nodes, and ambient internet of things (IoT) devices, among other types of communication devices. A network device may communicate with one or multiple ambient IoT devices (e.g., radio frequency identification (RFID) -capable devices, energy harvesting (EH) -capable wireless devices, or a combination thereof) . An ambient IoT device may be an example of a passive or semi-passive device and, as such, may communicate with the network device via backscatter. For example, the ambient device may receive a waveform (e.g., from the network device) , which may activate the ambient IoT device (e.g., activate one or more radio frequency (RF) chains or components of the ambient IoT device) , and which the ambient IoT device may use to send a backscattered signal modulated with data. The backscattered signal may include data that is encoded. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may encode the backscattered signal using a combination of line encoding and channel encoding. The line coding may enable the A-IoT device to embed clock information in the backscattered signal which may aid the reader in estimating clock information and symbol boundaries of data included within the backscattered signal (e.g., data stream) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device may concatenate line encoding and channel encoding to encode data that is transmitted over the backscattered signal. However, concatenation of line encoding and channel encoding may be associated with poor performance (e.g., low data rates) .
[0052] In accordance with examples described herein, to boost data rates, the backscattered signal may include a preamble and / or multiple midambles encoded using line coding, which may be inserted within the data stream before and / or after data portions of the backscattered signal that are encoded using channel coding. The reader receiving the backscattered signal may utilize the preamble and / or midambles to detect clock offsets, symbol boundaries, or collisions, which the reader may apply to (e.g., use to apply corrections to) decoding of subsequent data portions of the backscattered signal. Additionally, or alternatively, the channel coding of the data portions may improve an effective data rate for the data portions (e.g., by reducing error and retransmission rates) . In some aspects, the reader may indicate to the A-IoT device a density (e.g., quantity, periodicity) or length (e.g., quantity of symbols) of preamble / midamble portions included in the backscattered signal.
[0053] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further described in the context of wireless communications systems, coding schemes, and process flows. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to backward link coding scheme.
[0054] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0055] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some aspects, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0056] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0057] As described herein, a network entity (which may alternatively be referred to as an entity, a node, a network node, or a wireless entity) may be, be similar to, include, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein, including a disaggregated base station) , a UE (e.g., any UE described herein) , a reduced capability (RedCap) device, an enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) device, an ambient internet-of-things (IoT) device, an energy harvesting (EH) -capable device, a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an integrated access and backhauling (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU) , a central unit (CU) , a remote / radio unit (RU) (which may also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU) ) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network entity may be a UE. As another example, a network entity may be a base station. As used herein, “network entity” may refer to an entity that is configured to operate in a network, such as the network 105. For example, a “network entity” is not limited to an entity that is currently located in and / or currently operating in the network. Rather, a network entity may be any entity that is capable of communicating and / or operating in the network.
[0058] In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0059] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0060] In some aspects, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some aspects, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0061] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some aspects, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some aspects, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0062] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some aspects, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0063] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0064] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some aspects, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0065] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0066] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0067] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0068] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0069] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some aspects, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0070] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some aspects, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0071] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0072] In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some aspects, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0073] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some aspects, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.
[0074] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently) . In some aspects, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications) , or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs) ) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.
[0075] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0076] In some aspects, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some aspects, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some aspects, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0077] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0078] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0079] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some aspects, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0080] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some aspects, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0081] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0082] The adjectives “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” and so on are used for contextual distinction between two or more of the modified noun in connection with a discussion and are not meant to be absolute modifiers that apply only to a certain respective entity throughout the entire document. For example, a network entity may be referred to as a “first network entity” in connection with one discussion and may be referred to as a “second network entity” in connection with another discussion, or vice versa. As an example, a first network entity may be configured to communicate with a second network entity or a third network entity. In one aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network entities may be different relative to these examples.
[0083] Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a network entity. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity, the first network entity may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first set of one or more one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and the second network entity may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second set of one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0084] As described herein, communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, or the like) may be described in various aspects using different terminology. Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network entity may be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network entity. In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the first network entity is configured to provide, send, output, communicate, or transmit information to the second network entity. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the second network entity is configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information that is provided, sent, output, communicated, or transmitted by the first network entity.
[0085] As shown, the network entity (e.g., network entity 105) may include a processing system 106. Similarly, the network entity (e.g., UE 115) may include a processing system 112. A processing system may include one or more components (or subcomponents) , such as one or more components described herein. For example, a respective component of the one or more components may be, be similar to, include, or be included in at least one memory, at least one communication interface, or at least one processor. For example, a processing system may include one or more components. In such an example, the one or more components may include a first component, a second component, and a third component. In this example, the first component may be coupled to a second component and a third component. In this example, the first component may be at least one processor, the second component may be a communication interface, and the third component may be at least one memory. A processing system may generally be a system one or more components that may perform one or more functions, such as any function or combination of functions described herein. For example, one or more components may receive input information (e.g., any information that is an input, such as a signal, any digital information, or any other information) , one or more components may process the input information to generate output information (e.g., any information that is an output, such as a signal or any other information) , one or more components may perform any function as described herein, or any combination thereof. As described herein, an “input” and “input information” may be used interchangeably. Similarly, as described herein, an “output” and “output information” may be used interchangeably. Any information generated by any component may be provided to one or more other systems or components of, for example, a network entity described herein) . For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate output information, and / or a third component configured to provide the output information to other systems or components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a processing system may include at least one memory, at least one communication interface, and / or at least one processor, where the at least one processor may, for example, be coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one communication interface.
[0086] A processing system of a network entity described herein may interface with one or more other components of the network entity, may process information received from one or more other components (such as input information) , or may output information to one or more other components. For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to interface with one or more other components of the network entity to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate one or more outputs, and / or a third component configured to output the one or more outputs to one or more other components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a chip or modem of the network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may include a first communication interface to receive or obtain information, and a second communication interface to output, transmit, or provide information. In some aspects, the first communication interface may be an interface configured to receive input information, and the information may be provided to the processing system. In some aspects, the second system interface may be configured to transmit information output from the chip or modem. The second communication interface may also obtain or receive input information, and the first communication interface may also output, transmit, or provide information.
[0087] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies. Such RFID technologies may support low cost devices and devices with low complexity, and which may be utilized for inventory and asset management, IoT (e.g., ambient IoT) , sustainable sensor networks in factories, agriculture, and smart home scenarios, among other example use cases. RFID deployments may include a system of relatively small transponders, or tags (e.g., microchips) , that may emit an information-bearing signal upon receiving a signal (such as an energy signal transmitted by a network entity 105) . RFID may be operated with or without a battery at the RFID device and with relatively low operating cost (OPEX) , relatively low maintenance cost, and a relatively long life cycle.
[0088] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support passive RFID. In passive RFID, bits of a backscattered signal (e.g., that is backscattered form a radio signal provided externally, for example, by a network entity 105 or a UE 115) may be coded with line coding. Types of line coding may include frequency modulation zero (FM0) and Miller. Passive RFID may refrain from using any channel coding for communication of backscattered signals. For example, RFID tags may encode backscattered data as either FM-baseband or Miller modulation of a subcarrier at a configured data rate. An interrogator (e.g., a reader to the RFID tag) may indicate to the RFID tag which line encoding to use. Line encoding may have some benefits. For example, line coding may enable the reader to detect tag clock error, may reduce reader self-interference by applying a frequency shift to the backscattered signal, or may enable collision detection at the reader device (e.g., interrogator) . In some aspects, Miller coding may be associated with lower code rates than FM0 coding, which may reduce interference and / or noise. Miller coding may also provide a larger frequency gap with a carrier relative to FM0 coding.
[0089] In some implementations, ambient IoT communications may be implemented to various industrial verticals such as enhanced mobile broad band (eMBB) , ultra-reliable low-latency (URLLC) , machine-type communications (MTC) , among other communications deployments. For example, MTC and NB-IoT may support reduced capability (RedCap) devices or other low-cost and low-complexity ambient IoT devices. In some such deployments, a network entity 105, other UEs 115, or other devices may be capable of reading or writing information stored on ambient IoT devices, providing energy to the ambient IoT devices (e.g., via a continuous wave) , and receiving and decoding information-bearing signals from ambient IoT devices (e.g., receiving reflected or backscattered signals) .
[0090] In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more ambient devices or passive devices. Ambient devices may include, but are not limited to, RFID tags, passive IoT devices or ambient IoT devices, hybrid devices (semi-passive IoT devices) including passive and active components, passive components of otherwise active or querying devices (e.g., passive or ambient components of a UE 115) , or any combination thereof. For example, in some implementations, a UE 115 of the wireless communications system 100 may serve as a passive device or an ambient device. A passive RFID tag may harvest energy over the air and may power transmission and reception circuitry at the device using the harvested energy. The transmitted signal by the passive RFID may be backscatter modulated. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more semi-passive or active RFID devices, which may include a battery, but may be more costly than ambient devices.
[0091] The wireless communications system 100 may support ambient IoT devices communications for different types of wireless communications (e.g., different industrial verticals, including URLLC, MTC, reduced capability devices such as devices with reduced processing capabilities, lower power capabilities, among other capabilities, and other use cases) . Some systems may efficiently support RFID-type sensors, including ambient IoT devices for use cases including asset management, logistics, warehousing, and manufacturing, among other examples.
[0092] The wireless communications system 100 may use wireless power transfer for various scenarios. For example, the wireless communications system may support, or include aspects of, a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network, in which devices may not need manual battery replacement due to devices being powered by one or more different energy sources (e.g., solar power, ambient radio frequency power, etc. ) . Additionally, a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network may have a longer lifetime than a solely battery-based sensor network. The wireless communications system 100 may support, or include aspects of, wireless power transfer-based active RFID, which may provide increased range for RFID signaling, and where energy can be gathered over a relatively longer duration than information transfer. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support, or include aspects of, wireless power transfer-enabled devices, which may harvest energy from hybrid energy sources, or harvesting energy from two or more energy sources.
[0093] Different types of IoT devices or ambient IoT devices may have different energy harvesting capabilities. For example, a first ambient IoT device may support energy harvesting using a solar-based energy source, a thermal-based energy source, a wireless power transfer source, or other energy collection source. It may be beneficial for a network entity 105 to be aware of the capabilities of different energy harvesting devices for the network entity 105 to perform efficient scheduling and communication. In some aspects, the network entity 105 may need to know whether to provide energy to the ambient IoT device or not. For example, if an energy harvesting source of an ambient IoT device is solar based, the network entity 105 may avoid scheduling communication with the ambient IoT device at night.
[0094] In some aspects, ambient IoT devices may support relatively short range communications (e.g., less than 10 meters) based on link budget considerations and reduced device capabilities. In addition, the wireless communications system 100 may support different types of IoT devices or RFID tags, which may be configured as passive or ambient devices (e.g., device A, type A ambient IoT device) , semi-passive or semi-ambient devices (e.g., device B, type B ambient IoT device) , or active devices (e.g., device C, type C ambient IoT device) . For example, one example type of ambient IoT device may be a passive or ambient tag (e.g., RFID proximity cards, among other devices) , which may receive power through RF energy harvesting, may support response-only communications with a maximum communications distance range of 10 meters, may be relatively low cost (e.g., the lowest cost out of passive, semi-passive and active devices) . In some aspects, passive or ambient tags may remain dormant until they receive a radio signal from an RFID reader. The tag then may use the energy from the reader signal to power on the tag and to reflect an information-carrying signal back to the reader.
[0095] One other example ambient IoT device may be a semi-passive tag (e.g., electronic toll devices, pallet tracking device, among other devices) , which may contain a battery, but may not transmit a periodic signal like active RFID tags. Instead, the battery of the semi-passive tag may be turned on when a signal is received, which allows the energy from the reader signal to be reflected back. A semi-passive device may support response-only communications at distance of up to 100 meters or more. Semi-passive devices may be relatively more costly than passive devices.
[0096] One other example ambient IoT device may be an active tag (e.g., large-asset tracking devices, livestock tracking devices, among other devices) , which may receive power using an in-device battery. An active tag may respond to or initiate communications for up to 100 meters or greater distances. Because active tags may be the costliest type of RFID tag, they may be used to track high-value assets, such as equipment in the construction, automobile, or healthcare industries.
[0097] Additionally, or alternatively, different ambient IoT devices may have different energy storage capacities or capabilities. For example, one type of ambient IoT device may lack energy storage capabilities. Some other types of ambient IoT devices may have energy storage capabilities up to a threshold energy (e.g., up to E1 Joules, up to E2 Joules, where E1 may be different from or the same as E2) . In some other cases, different ambient IoT devices may be characterized by whether or not the device has energy storage capabilities (e.g., a device “with energy storage” or a device “without energy storage” ) .
[0098] In some aspects, ambient IoT devices may be associated with different device classes based on one or more device capabilities, power consumption targets, device use, and the like. One example device class (e.g., device type “i” ) may have a peak power consumption of approximately 1 microwatt, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, may lack a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., from a network entity 105 or UE 115) or other low power means of signaling. Another example device class (e.g., device type “ii” ) may have a peak power consumption of less than or equal to a few hundred microwatts, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial SFO of up to 10X ppm, may have a capability for downlink and / or uplink amplification, and may communicate through independent signal generation or through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally.
[0099] In some aspects, to support low-cost and low-complexity communications with ambient IoT devices and to reduce signal overhead and power consumption, an ambient IoT device may receive, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream, and the ambient IoT device may transmit, via a backward link, a data stream in response to the control message where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0100] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system may implement, or may be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the wireless communications system 200 may include a network device and an ambient IoT device 210 (e.g., which may be an example of a UE 115, or another wireless device) which may be examples of corresponding devices described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0101] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 200 may support an A-IoT system. The A-IoT system may support wireless communications based on harvested energy, where wireless devices (e.g., such as the ambient IoT device 210) may support limited complexity and energy budget for operation. The A-IoT system may be implemented for inventory, positioning, tracking, sensors, among other examples. The ambient IoT device 210 may be an NB-IoT device, an enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) device, a reduced capability (RedCap) device, among other examples.
[0102] Different types of wireless devices may support varying transmission signal generation methods, and energy storage. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 210 may be a battery-less device with no energy storage capability, and may be dependent on availability of ambient source of energy for energy harvesting. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 210 may be a semi-passive device with limited energy storage capability (e.g., storage capacity) , and may perform backscatter wireless communications by modulating an incoming radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., may not be equipped with an active radio frequency component) . In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 210 may be capable of active transmissions (e.g., may be a primarily non-backscatter device, or may include an active radio capable of uplink transmissions that do not rely entirely or at all on backscattering incoming RF signals) . The ambient IoT device 210 may be a low-complexity or low-cost device. In some aspects, an instantaneous power consumption by the ambient IoT device 210 may be lower than a threshold (e.g., 1 mW, or 10 mW) .
[0103] The ambient IoT device 210 may communicate with the network device 205 using backscattered signal 220 (e.g., backscatter signals) . For example, the network device 205 may transmit a waveform 215 (e.g., an activation waveform, an incident waveform, a radio signal) to the ambient IoT device 210 via a forward link 225. To communicate with the network device 205, the ambient IoT device 210 may backscatter (e.g., reflect, scatter, redirect) at least a portion of the waveform 215 via a backlink 226. That is, the ambient IoT device 210 may use at least a portion of the waveform 215 to send (e.g., communicate) backscattered signal 220 to the network device 205 via the backlink 226.
[0104] In some other examples, to reduce (e.g., minimize) self-interference at the network device 205, the ambient IoT device 210 may backscatter with a frequency shift (Δf) . For example, the ambient IoT device 210 may support an increased quantity of modulation schemes in which the backscattered signal 220 may be shifted in frequency relative to the waveform 215. That is, in some aspects, the backscattered signal 220 may be an example of a frequency-shifted backscattered signal. For instance, the network device 205 may transmit the waveform 215 at a first frequency and the ambient IoT device 210 may use the waveform 215 to generate the backscattered signal 220 at a second frequency, which may be different from the first frequency. As such, the network device 205 may concurrently transmit the waveform 215 on the first frequency (e.g., a first channel frequency) and receive the backscattered signal 220 (e.g., the frequency shifted backscattered signal) on a second frequency (e.g., a second channel frequency) , which may reduce self-interference at the network device 205 and improve decoding of the data message.
[0105] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 210 may have a larger target coverage area (e.g., 10–50m) relative to RFID devices (e.g., <10m) . Because the ambient IoT device 210 communicates over a larger target coverage area, the ambient IoT device 210 may encode the backscattered signal with channel coding which may provide coding gains without reduction in data rate. The ambient IoT device 210 may also encode the backscattered signal with line coding. The ambient IoT device 210 may use line coding to embed clock information, which may help the reader (e.g., the network device 205) determine symbol boundaries or clock information. In some cases, the ambient IoT device 210 may utilize a concatenation of line coding (e.g., FM0, Miller) and channel coding. However, concatenations of line coding channel coding may have poor performance and may reduce data rates.
[0106] In accordance with examples described herein, the ambient IoT device 210 may utilize a joint backlink coding scheme which combines line coding and channel coding in respective portions of a data stream 250 within the backscattered signal. For example, via the backlink 226, the ambient IoT device 210 may transmit the data stream 250 with a preamble 235 and / or one or more midambles 245 (e.g., a midamble 245-a, a midamble 245-b) that are encoded with line coding (e.g., FM0, Miller) . The preamble 235 and / or the one or more midambles 245 may be inserted, or added to, a data stream of one or more data portions 240 (e.g., a data portion 240-a, a data portion 240-b, a data portion 240-c) , and the data portions may be encoded with channel coding (e.g., forward error correction (FEC) codes) . The preamble 235, or the midambles 245, or both may enable collision detection, clock recover, and symbol boundary detection at the network device 205 (e.g., the reader) . The data portions 240 may be encoded with channel coding to increase coding gains and data rates. The preamble 235 may indicate a start of the data stream 250 and may precede each data portion 240 included in the data stream 250. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may transmit each of the one or more midambles 245 (e.g., a midamble 245-a) between a respective pair of data portions 240 (e.g., data portion 240-a and data portion 240-b) . In some aspects, the preamble 235 may include a different quantity of symbols than one or more midambles 245.
[0107] Quantities, densities (e.g., periodicities) and length of preamble / midambles (e.g., in quantity of symbols) within the data stream 250 may be dependent on device types (e.g., device type “i” and device type “ii” , as described with reference to FIG. 1) , reader measurements, or a combination thereof. Reader measurements may include clock error range, signal strength or quality (e.g., SINR, RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI) , receiving error performance, or other measurements. For example, the ambient IoT device 210 may receive an indication of a quantity of the one or more midambles 245, a periodicity of the midambles 245, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the midambles 245, or a combination thereof. For example, a first device type of the ambient IoT device 210 may utilize a greater density of midambles within the data stream or longer midambles, relative to a second device type of the ambient IoT device 210.
[0108] In some aspects, the preamble 235, the midambles 245, or both may include pre-determined sequences, or reference sequences. For example, the pre-determined or reference sequences may be known by the network device 205 and may enable the network device 205 to decode the preamble 235 or midambles 245 and detect a clock offset, a frequency offset, or a collision associated with a data portion 240 that may follow the preamble 235 or the midamble 245. That is, by decoding the preamble 235, the network device 205 may detect the frequency offset, the clock offset, the collision, or a symbol boundary to apply to the data portion 240-a. Similarly, by decoding the midamble 245-a, the network device 205 may detect the frequency offset, the clock offset, the collision, or a symbol boundary to apply to the data portion 240-b.
[0109] In some aspects, the preamble 235, the midambles 245, or both may partially or fully carry data. For example, the data portions 240 may include first data associated with a first data rate (e.g., a data rate corresponding to channel coding) , and the preamble 235, the midambles 245, or both may include second data associated with a second data rate (e.g., a data rate corresponding to line coding) that is lower than the first data rate. In cases where the preamble 235 or the midambles 245 partially carry data, some symbols within the preambles 235 or midambles 245 may include data and other symbols may include pre-determined (e.g., reference) sequences. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may receive an indication (e.g., from the network device 205) that may indicate whether the preamble 235 or the midambles 245, or both, are to carry data, may indicate locations (e.g., subsets of symbols) within the preamble 235 or the midambles 245 to include data, or a combination thereof.
[0110] In some aspects, line encoding schemes that may be used to encode the preamble 235, the midambles 245, or both may include a convolution code (CC) coding scheme, a Golay coding scheme, a Reed-Muller coding scheme, a Polar coding scheme, a Hamming coding scheme, a Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) coding scheme, or any other coding scheme (e.g., enhanced codes, combinations of two or more codes, or other coding schemes not listed) .
[0111] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 210 may divide the data portions 240 into multiple segments (e.g., corresponding to multiple subsets of one or more symbols) and separately encode each segment (e.g., use separate encoding operations for each segment) using a channel code (e.g., FEC code) . Such dividing into segments may be performed on a per-data portion 240 basis, with an individual data portion 240 being divided into multiple segments. In some aspects, such dividing into segments may be performed for the data portions 240 collectively, with the data portions 240 as whole being divided into multiple segments (e.g., each data portion 240 may be a single segment) . The separate channel codes applied to the different segments may be different instances of the same code (e.g., the same Golay code may be used repeatedly but separately applied to each segment) or different codes of the same type (a first Golay code may be used for a first segment, a second Golay code may be used for a second segment, and so on) . As a non-limiting numeric example provided solely for the sake of illustrative clarity, a Golay (12, 24) code may have twelve information bits and twenty-four coded bits, and there may be 100 information bits for channel coding in accordance with a Golay coding scheme. The 100 information bits may be divided into nine segments, of which eight segments each include twelve information bits and one segment includes four information bits. Eight padding bits (e.g., dummy, zero bits) may be appended to the four-information-bit such that each segment has a length of twelve bits. Each segment may be separately encoded using a Golay (12, 24) code, thus yielding twenty-four coded bits per segment. The network device 205 may separately decode the different segments (e.g., use separate decoding operations for each segment) of the data portions 240, in corresponding fashion as the separate encoding performed by the ambient IoT device 210.
[0112] FIG. 3 shows an example of a coding scheme 300 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The coding scheme 300 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the coding scheme 300 may be utilized by an ambient IoT device 210 to transmit a backscattered signal 220 via a backlink 226, as described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2.
[0113] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may use FM0 coding, Miller coding, or Miller modulated subcarrier (MMS) coding, which may be line coding schemes, to encode preambles and / or midambles within a data stream (e.g., of a backscattered signal) . However, in some other aspects, in cases where collision detection is not supported or is extraneous due to a low probability of collisions or other factors, the ambient IoT device may use Manchester coding for encoding the preambles and / or midambles of the data stream in place of FM0 coding or Miller coding. Manchester coding may have a relatively weaker collision detection performance compared with FM0 coding, Miller coding, and MMS coding.
[0114] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may concatenate, in a backlink, line coding (e.g., Manchester coding) and channel coding, which may support an increased coding rate relative to other line coding and channel coding concatenations (e.g., FM0 +FEC) . The ambient IoT device may use the concatenation of line coding and channel coding in cases where the use of midambles and preambles (e.g., as described with reference to FIG. 2) does not satisfy thresholds of clock recovery, data rates, or other threshold, or in cases where collision detection is not used. For example, a network device may determine that use of preambles and midambles in the backscattered signal is associated with a clock recovery error. The clock recovery error may be determined by overall error performance of the backscattered signal satisfying a threshold or detection of a failed cyclic redundancy check. In such examples, the ambient IoT device may use a concatenation of line coding and channel coding (e.g., which may be indicated to the ambient IoT device) . In other examples, a network device may determine that use of preambles and midambles in the backscattered signal (e.g., with a configured density and / or length of preamble / midamble) is associated with a lower data rate relative to a data rate that is achieved using the concatenation of line coding and channel coding. In such examples the ambient IoT device may use a concatenation of line coding and channel coding (e.g., which may be indicated to the ambient IoT device) . In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may concatenate, in a backlink, line coding (e.g., FM0, Miller, or MMS coding) and channel coding, based on the reader supporting a joint decoding or high-complex decoding scheme.
[0115] To perform the concatenation of line coding (e.g., Manchester, FM0, Miller, MMS) and channel coding to encode data included in a data stream of a backscattered signal, the ambient IoT device may input information bits to a CRC, and subsequently to a channel encoder 305. Optionally, in some aspects, prior to inputting the information bits to the line code encoder 315, the ambient IoT device may input the information bits to an interleaver / scrambler 310 which may perform an interleave or scrambling operation of the information bits. The ambient IoT device may input the information bits to the line code encoder 315, and the line code encoder may utilize line coding to encode the information bits. In other words, by performing the concatenation of line coding and channel coding, the ambient IoT device may encode a same set of symbols of the data stream with both line coding and channel coding. In some aspects, the line coding may be Manchester coding or other line coding schemes.
[0116] FIG. 4 shows an example of a process flow 400 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 400 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the wireless communications system 200, or the coding scheme 300. For example, the process flow 400 illustrates operations at a network device 405, which may be an example of a network device illustrated by and described with reference to FIGs. 1–4. Additionally, the process flow 400 illustrates operations at an ambient IoT device 410, which may be an example of an ambient IoT device illustrated by and described with reference to FIGs. 1–4. The operations performed at the network device 405 and the ambient IoT device 410 may support improvements to communications between the network device 405 and the ambient IoT device 410, among other benefits. In the following description of the process flow 400, the operations performed at the network device 405 and the ambient IoT device 410 may occur in a different order than the example order shown. Additionally, the operations performed at the network device 405 and the ambient IoT device 410 may be performed at different times. Some operations may be combined, and some operations may be omitted.
[0117] At 415, the ambient IoT device 410 may receive an indication of a quantity of one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions that are to be included in a data stream of a backscattered signal. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 410 may receive the indication from the network device 405 based on a device type of the ambient IoT device 410 (e.g., device type “i, ” device type “ii” ) , one or more measurements (e.g., clock error range, signal strength or quality, receiving error performance) at the network device 405. In some aspects, the indication may be received by the ambient IoT device 410 via a control signal (e.g., at 420) .
[0118] At 420, the ambient IoT device 410 may receive, via a forward link (e.g., between the ambient IoT device 410 and the network device 405) , a control signal including a trigger for a data stream.
[0119] At 425, the ambient IoT device 410 may encode a first set of one or more symbols (e.g., a preamble, one or more midambles) within the data stream in accordance with a line coding scheme (e.g., FM0, Miller) . At 430, the ambient IoT device 410 may encode a second set of one or more symbols (e.g., data portions) within the data stream in accordance with a channel coding scheme (e.g., FEC codes) .
[0120] At 435, the ambient IoT device 410 may transmit the data stream in response to the control message. The data stream may include the first set of one or more symbols encoded with line coding and the second set of one or more symbols encoded with channel coding.
[0121] At 440, the network device 405 may decode a preamble portion or a midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions. Based on the decoding at least one of first set of one or more symbols, the network device 405 may detect a clock offset, a frequency offset (e.g., or a symbol boundary) , or a collision associated with a data portion of the second set of one or more symbols. At 445, the network device 405 may decode the data portion based on the clock offset, the frequency offset, or the collision.
[0122] At 450, the ambient IoT device 410 may receive, via the forward link, a second control signal that includes a second trigger for a second data stream. At 455, the ambient IoT device may encode a third set of one or more symbols in accordance with a channel coding scheme and a Manchester coding scheme based on satisfaction of one or more conditions (e.g., a clock recovery error of one or more backscattered signals satisfying a threshold, a data rate of one or more backscattered signals satisfying a threshold, detection of a CRC failure) . In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may encode the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme before performance of an interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols. The ambient IoT device may subsequently encode the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme after performance of the interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols. At 460, the ambient IoT device may transmit, via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal.
[0123] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram 500 of a device 505 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 505 may be an example of aspects of an ambient IoT device as described herein. The device 505 may include a receiver 510, a transmitter 515, and a communications manager 520. The device 505, or one or more components of the device 505 (e.g., the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communications manager 520) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0124] The receiver 510 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to backward link coding scheme) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 505. The receiver 510 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0125] The transmitter 515 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 505. For example, the transmitter 515 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to backward link coding scheme) . In some aspects, the transmitter 515 may be co-located with a receiver 510 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 515 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0126] The communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein. For example, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0127] In some aspects, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0128] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0129] In some aspects, the communications manager 520 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both. For example, the communications manager 520 may receive information from the receiver 510, send information to the transmitter 515, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0130] The communications manager 520 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0131] By including or configuring the communications manager 520 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 505 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communications manager 520, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing and reduced power consumption.
[0132] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 605 may be an example of aspects of a device 505 or an ambient IoT device as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a transmitter 615, and a communications manager 620. The device 605, or one or more components of the device 605 (e.g., the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, the communications manager 620) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0133] The receiver 610 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to backward link coding scheme) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 605. The receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0134] The transmitter 615 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 605. For example, the transmitter 615 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to backward link coding scheme) . In some aspects, the transmitter 615 may be co-located with a receiver 610 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 615 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0135] The device 605, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein. For example, the communications manager 620 may include a control component 625 a data component 630, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 620 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 620, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both. For example, the communications manager 620 may receive information from the receiver 610, send information to the transmitter 615, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0136] The communications manager 620 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The control component 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The data component 630 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0137] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a communications manager 720 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 720 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520, a communications manager 620, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 720, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720 may include a control component 725, a data component 730, a midamble component 735, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0138] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The control component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0139] In some aspects, the first set of one or more symbols includes a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions. In some aspects, the second set of one or more symbols includes one or more data portions.
[0140] In some aspects, the preamble portion indicates a start of the data stream and precedes, within the data stream, each of the one or more data portions.
[0141] In some aspects, the midamble component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions.
[0142] In some aspects, the midamble component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving an indication of a quantity of the one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with the one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions, where the data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the data stream in accordance with the indication.
[0143] In some aspects, to support receiving the indication, the midamble component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving the indication from a second network entity, where the indication is based on a device type of the network entity or one or more measurements at the second network entity.
[0144] In some aspects, to support receiving the indication, the control component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving the indication via the control signal.
[0145] In some aspects, the preamble portion includes a first quantity of symbols. In some aspects, at least one midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions includes a second quantity of symbols different from the first quantity of symbols.
[0146] In some aspects, the data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from encoding the first set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme. In some aspects, the data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from encoding the second set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme.
[0147] In some aspects, at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols includes one or more reference sequences.
[0148] In some aspects, the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream includes first data associated with a first data rate. In some aspects, at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols includes second data associated with a second data rate that is lower than the first data rate.
[0149] In some aspects, the control component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via the forward link, a second control signal including a second trigger for a second data stream. In some aspects, the data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal, where, based on satisfaction of one or more conditions a third set of one or more symbols within the second data stream are encoded in accordance with the channel coding scheme and a Manchester coding scheme.
[0150] In some aspects, the data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme before performance of an interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols. In some aspects, the data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme after performance of the interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols.
[0151] In some aspects, to support encoding the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream in accordance with the channel coding scheme, the data component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding, via a first encoding operation, a first subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using a first channel code of a type corresponding to the channel coding scheme and a means for encoding, via a second encoding operation, a second subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using the first channel code or using a second channel code of the type corresponding to the channel coding scheme.
[0152] In some aspects, the line coding scheme includes a frequency modulation zero (FM0) encoding scheme, a Miller encoding scheme, or a Manchester encoding scheme. In some aspects, the channel coding scheme includes a convolutional code (CC) encoding scheme, a Golay encoding scheme, a Reed-Muller encoding scheme, a Polar encoding scheme, or a Hamming encoding scheme.
[0153] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of or include components of a device 505, a device 605, or an ambient IoT device as described herein. The device 805 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 820, an I / O controller, such as an I / O controller 810, a transceiver 815, one or more antennas 825, at least one memory 830, code 835, and at least one processor 840. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 845) .
[0154] The I / O controller 810 may manage input and output signals for the device 805. The I / O controller 810 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 805. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 810 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 840. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 805 via the I / O controller 810 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 810.
[0155] In some cases, the device 805 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 805 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 815 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 825 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 815 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 815 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 825 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 825. The transceiver 815, or the transceiver 815 and one or more antennas 825, may be an example of a transmitter 515, a transmitter 615, a receiver 510, a receiver 610, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0156] The at least one memory 830 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 830 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 835. The code 835 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 840, cause the device 805 to perform various functions described herein. The code 835 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 835 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 840 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 830 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0157] The at least one processor 840 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 840 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 840. The at least one processor 840 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 830) to cause the device 805 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting backward link coding scheme) . For example, the device 805 or a component of the device 805 may include at least one processor 840 and at least one memory 830 coupled with or to the at least one processor 840, the at least one processor 840 and the at least one memory 830 configured to perform various functions described herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 840 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 830 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 840 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 840) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 830) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 840 or a processing system including the at least one processor 840 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 805 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 835 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 830 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0158] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0159] By including or configuring the communications manager 820 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 805 may support techniques for reduced processing, and reduced power consumption.
[0160] In some aspects, the communications manager 820 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 815, the one or more antennas 825, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 820 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 820 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 840, the at least one memory 830, the code 835, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 835 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 840 to cause the device 805 to perform various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein, or the at least one processor 840 and the at least one memory 830 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0161] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0162] The receiver 910 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. In some aspects, the receiver 910 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 910 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0163] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some aspects, the transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the transmitter 915 and the receiver 910 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0164] The communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0165] In some aspects, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0166] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0167] In some aspects, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0168] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0169] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing and reduced power consumption.
[0170] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905 or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one or more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, the communications manager 1020) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0171] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. In some aspects, the receiver 1010 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1010 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0172] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the transmitter 1015 and the receiver 1010 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0173] The device 1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include a control manager 1025 a data manager 1030, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0174] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The control manager 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The data manager 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0175] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1120 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920, a communications manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include a control manager 1125, a data manager 1130, a decode manager 1135, a midamble manager 1140, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) . The communications may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity 105) , or any combination thereof.
[0176] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The control manager 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The data manager 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0177] In some aspects, the first set of one or more symbols includes a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions, and the second set of one or more symbols includes one or more data portions.
[0178] In some aspects, the decode manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the preamble portion or a midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions. In some aspects, the data manager 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for detecting, based on decoding the preamble portion or the midamble portion, a clock offset, a frequency offset, or a collision associated with a data portion of the one or more data portions that follows the preamble portion or the midamble portion. In some aspects, the decode manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the data portion based on the clock offset, the frequency offset, or the collision.
[0179] In some aspects, the preamble portion indicates a start of the data stream and precedes, within the data stream, each of the one or more data portions.
[0180] In some aspects, the midamble manager 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions.
[0181] In some aspects, the midamble manager 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting an indication of a quantity of the one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with the one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions, where the data manager 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving the data stream in accordance with the indication.
[0182] In some aspects, to support transmitting the indication, the midamble manager 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the indication to a second network entity, where the indication is based on a device type of the second network entity or one or more measurements at the network entity.
[0183] In some aspects, to support transmitting the indication, the midamble manager 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the indication via the control signal.
[0184] In some aspects, the preamble portion includes a first quantity of symbols and at least one midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions includes a second quantity of symbols different from the first quantity of symbols.
[0185] In some aspects, the first set of one or more symbols are not associated with the channel coding scheme. In some aspects, the second set of one or more symbols are not associated with the line coding scheme.
[0186] In some aspects, at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols associated with the line coding scheme includes one or more reference sequences.
[0187] In some aspects, the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream includes first data associated with a first data rate. In some aspects, at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols associated with the line coding scheme includes second data associated with a second data rate that is lower than the first data rate.
[0188] In some aspects, the control manager 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via the forward link, a second control signal including a second trigger for a second data stream. In some aspects, the data manager 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal, where, based on satisfaction of one or more conditions, a third set of one or more symbols within the second data stream are associated with a Manchester coding scheme and the channel coding scheme.
[0189] In some aspects, the decode manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme before performance of a deinterleaving or descrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols. In some aspects, the decode manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme after performance of the deinterleaving or descrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols.
[0190] In some aspects, the decode manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding, via a first decoding operation, a first subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols based on a first channel code of a type corresponding to the channel coding scheme and a means for decoding, via a second decoding operation, a second subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols based on the first channel code or based on a second channel code of the type corresponding to the channel coding scheme.
[0191] In some aspects, the line coding scheme includes a frequency modulation zero (FM0) encoding scheme, a Miller encoding scheme, or a Manchester encoding scheme. In some aspects, the channel coding scheme includes a convolutional code (CC) encoding scheme, a Golay encoding scheme, a Reed-Muller encoding scheme, a Polar encoding scheme, or a Hamming encoding scheme.
[0192] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of or include components of a device 905, a device 1005, or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1205 may communicate with other network devices or network equipment such as one or more of the network entities 105, UEs 115, or any combination thereof. The communications may include communications over one or more wired interfaces, over one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. The device 1205 may include components that support outputting and obtaining communications, such as a communications manager 1220, a transceiver 1210, one or more antennas 1215, at least one memory 1225, code 1230, and at least one processor 1235. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1240) .
[0193] The transceiver 1210 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some aspects, the transceiver 1210 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some aspects, the transceiver 1210 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. In some aspects, the device 1205 may include one or more antennas 1215, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently) . The transceiver 1210 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1215, by a wired transmitter) , to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 1215, from a wired receiver) , and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 1210 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1215 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1215 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1210 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1210, or the transceiver 1210 and the one or more antennas 1215, or the transceiver 1210 and the one or more antennas 1215 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 1235, the at least one memory 1225, or both) , may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 1205. In some aspects, the transceiver 1210 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., communication link (s) 125, backhaul communication link (s) 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168) .
[0194] The at least one memory 1225 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory 1225 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1230. The code 1230 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processor 1235, cause the device 1205 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1230 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1230 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 1235 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1225 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1235 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1225 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system) .
[0195] The at least one processor 1235 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1235 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1235. The at least one processor 1235 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., one or more of the at least one memory 1225) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting backward link coding scheme) . For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include at least one processor 1235 and at least one memory 1225 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 1235, the at least one processor 1235 and the at least one memory 1225 configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1235 may be an example of a cloud-computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing code 1230) to perform the functions of the device 1205. The at least one processor 1235 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1205 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 1225) . In some aspects, the at least one processor 1235 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1225 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1235 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1235) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1225) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1235 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1235 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 1225 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0196] In some aspects, a bus 1240 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some aspects, a bus 1240 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack) , which may include communications performed within a component of the device 1205, or between different components of the device 1205 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device 1205 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 1220, the transceiver 1210, the at least one memory 1225, the code 1230, and the at least one processor 1235 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components) .
[0197] In some aspects, the communications manager 1220 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links) . For example, the communications manager 1220 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some aspects, the communications manager 1220 may manage communications with one or more other network entities 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 (e.g., in cooperation with the one or more other network devices) . In some aspects, the communications manager 1220 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.
[0198] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0199] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 may support techniques for reduced latency, reduced processing, and reduced power consumption.
[0200] In some aspects, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1210, the one or more antennas 1215 (e.g., where applicable) , or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1220 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 1210, one or more of the at least one processor 1235, one or more of the at least one memory 1225, the code 1230, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 1235, the at least one memory 1225, the code 1230, or any combination thereof) . For example, the code 1230 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 1235 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of backward link coding scheme as described herein, or the at least one processor 1235 and the at least one memory 1225 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0201] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1300 may be implemented by an ambient IoT device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1300 may be performed by an ambient IoT device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 8. In some aspects, an ambient IoT device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the ambient IoT device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the ambient IoT device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0202] At 1305, the method may include receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The operations of 1305 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1305 may be performed by a control component 725 as described with reference to FIG. 7.
[0203] At 1310, the method may include transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme. The operations of 1310 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1310 may be performed by a data component 730 as described with reference to FIG. 7.
[0204] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supports backward link coding scheme in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1400 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1400 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 4 and 9 through 12. In some aspects, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0205] At 1405, the method may include transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal including a trigger for a data stream. The operations of 1405 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed by a control manager 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0206] At 1410, the method may include receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, where a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme. The operations of 1410 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed by a data manager 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0207] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0208] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication by a network entity, comprising: receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal comprising a trigger for a data stream; and transmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, wherein a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
[0209] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein the first set of one or more symbols comprises a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions, and the second set of one or more symbols comprises one or more data portions.
[0210] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, wherein the preamble portion indicates a start of the data stream and precedes, within the data stream, each of the one or more data portions.
[0211] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 2 through 3, further comprising: transmitting, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions
[0212] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 2 through 4, further comprising: receiving an indication of a quantity of the one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with the one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions, wherein the processing system is configured to transmit the data stream in accordance with the indication.
[0213] Aspect 6: The method of aspect 5, wherein receiving the indication comprises: receiving the indication from a second network entity, wherein the indication is based at least in part on a device type of the network entity or one or more measurements at the second network entity.
[0214] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 5 through 6, wherein receiving the indication comprises: receiving the indication via the control signal.
[0215] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 2 through 7, wherein the preamble portion comprises a first quantity of symbols, and at least one midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions comprises a second quantity of symbols different from the first quantity of symbols.
[0216] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, further comprising: refraining from encoding the first set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme; and refraining from encoding the second set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme.
[0217] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols comprises one or more reference sequences.
[0218] Aspect 11: The method of any of aspects 1 through 10, wherein the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream comprises first data associated with a first data rate, and at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols comprises second data associated with a second data rate that is lower than the first data rate.
[0219] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 1 through 11, further comprising: receiving, at the network entity via the forward link, a second control signal comprising a second trigger for a second data stream; and transmitting, via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal, wherein, based at least in part on satisfaction of one or more conditions a third set of one or more symbols within the second data stream are encoded in accordance with the channel coding scheme and a line coding scheme.
[0220] Aspect 13: The method of aspect 12, further comprising: encoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme before performance of an interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols; and encoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme after performance of the interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols.
[0221] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 1 through 13, wherein encoding the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream in accordance with the channel coding scheme comprises: encoding, via a first encoding operation, a first subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using a first channel code of a type corresponding to the channel coding scheme; and encode, via a second encoding operation, a second subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using the first channel code or using a second channel code of the type corresponding to the channel coding scheme.
[0222] Aspect 15: The method of any of aspects 1 through 14, wherein the line coding scheme comprises an FM0 encoding scheme, a Miller encoding scheme, a an MMS encoding scheme, or a Manchester encoding scheme, and the channel coding scheme comprises a CC encoding scheme, a Golay encoding scheme, a Reed-Muller encoding scheme, a Polar encoding scheme, a Hamming encoding scheme, or a BCH encoding scheme.
[0223] Aspect 16: A method for wireless communication by a network entity, comprising: transmitting, via a forward link, a control signal comprising a trigger for a data stream; and receiving, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, wherein a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.
[0224] Aspect 17: The method of aspect 16, wherein the first set of one or more symbols comprises a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions, and the second set of one or more symbols comprises one or more data portions.
[0225] Aspect 18: The method of aspect 17, further comprising: decoding the preamble portion or a midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions; detecting, based on decoding the preamble portion or the midamble portion, a clock offset, a frequency offset, or a collision associated with a data portion of the one or more data portions that follows the preamble portion or the midamble portion; and decoding the data portion based on the clock offset, the frequency offset, or the collision.
[0226] Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 17 through 18, wherein the preamble portion indicates a start of the data stream and precedes, within the data stream, each of the one or more data portions.
[0227] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 17 through 19, further comprising: receiving, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions.
[0228] Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 17 through 20, further comprising: transmitting an indication of a quantity of the one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with the one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions, wherein the processing system is configured to receive the data stream in accordance with the indication.
[0229] Aspect 22: The method of aspect 21, wherein transmitting the indication further comprises: transmitting the indication to a second network entity, wherein the indication is based at least in part on a device type of the second network entity or one or more measurements at the network entity.
[0230] Aspect 23: The method entity of any of aspects 21 through 22, wherein transmitting the indication further comprises: transmitting the indication via the control signal.
[0231] Aspect 24: The method of any of aspects 17 through 23, wherein the preamble portion comprises a first quantity of symbols and at least one midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions comprises a second quantity of symbols different from the first quantity of symbols.
[0232] Aspect 25: The method of any of aspects 16 through 24, wherein the first set of one or more symbols are not associated with the channel coding scheme, and the second set of one or more symbols are not associated with the line coding scheme.
[0233] Aspect 26: The method of any of aspects 16 through 25, wherein at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols associated with the line coding scheme comprises one or more reference sequences.
[0234] Aspect 27: The method of any of aspects 16 through 26, wherein the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream comprises first data associated with a first data rate, and at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols associated with the line coding scheme comprises second data associated with a second data rate that is lower than the first data rate.
[0235] Aspect 28: The method of any of aspects 16 through 27, further comprising: transmitting, via the forward link, a second control signal comprising a second trigger for a second data stream; and receiving, at the network entity via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal, wherein, based at least in part on satisfaction of one or more conditions, a third set of one or more symbols within the second data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and the channel coding scheme.
[0236] Aspect 29: The method of aspect 28, further comprising: decoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme before performance of a deinterleaving or descrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols; and decoding the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme after performance of the deinterleaving or descrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols.
[0237] Aspect 30: The method of any of aspects 16 through 29, wherein the line coding scheme comprises a FM0 encoding scheme, a Miller encoding scheme, an MMS encoding scheme, or a Manchester encoding scheme, and the channel coding scheme comprises a CC encoding scheme, a Golay encoding scheme, a Reed-Muller encoding scheme, a Polar encoding scheme, a Hamming encoding scheme, or a BCH encoding scheme.
[0238] Aspect 31: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising a processing system configured to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 15.
[0239] Aspect 32: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 15.
[0240] Aspect 33: A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communication stored thereon that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 15.
[0241] Aspect 34: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising a processing system configured to perform a method of any of aspects 16 through 30.
[0242] Aspect 35: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 16 through 30.
[0243] Aspect 36: A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communication stored thereon that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to perform a method of any of aspects 16 through 30.
[0244] The methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0245] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0246] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0247] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0248] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0249] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0250] As used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” unless limiting language is used relative to the alternatives listed. For example, reference to “X being based on A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, and X being based on A and B. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A or B” refers to “at least one of A or B” or “one or more of A or B” due to “or” being inclusive. Similarly, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, X being based on C, X being based on A and B, X being based on A and C, X being based on B and C, and X being based on A, B, and C. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” refers to “at least one of A, B, or C” or “one or more of A, B, or C” due to “or” being inclusive. As an example of limiting language, reference to “X being based on only one of A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A as well as X being based on B, but not X being based on A and B. Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently. Also, as used herein, the phrase “a set” shall be construed as including the possibility of a set with one member. That is, the phrase “a set” shall be construed in the same manner as “one or more” or “at least one of. ” As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0251] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0252] In the figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0253] The description set forth herein, in connection with the drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “aspect” or “example” used herein means “serving as an aspect, example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other aspects. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0254] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A network entity for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system configured to:receive, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal comprising a trigger for a data stream; andtransmit, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, wherein the processing system is configured to:encode a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream in accordance with a line coding scheme; andencode a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream in accordance with a channel coding scheme.2.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the first set of one or more symbols comprises a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions, and wherein the second set of one or more symbols comprises one or more data portions.3.The network entity of claim 2, wherein the preamble portion indicates a start of the data stream and precedes, within the data stream, each of the one or more data portions.4.The network entity of claim 3, wherein the processing system is configured to transmit, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions.5.The network entity of claim 2, wherein the processing system is configured to:receive an indication of a quantity of the one or more midamble portions, a periodicity associated with the one or more midamble portions, or a quantity of symbols included within each of the one or more midamble portions, wherein the processing system is configured to transmit the data stream in accordance with the indication.6.The network entity of claim 5, wherein, to receive the indication, the processing system is configured to:receive the indication from a second network entity, wherein the indication is based at least in part on a device type of the network entity or one or more measurements at the second network entity.7.The network entity of claim 5, wherein the processing system is configured to:receive the indication via the control signal.8.The network entity of claim 2, wherein the preamble portion comprises a first quantity of symbols, and wherein at least one midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions comprises a second quantity of symbols different from the first quantity of symbols.9.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to:refrain from encoding the first set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme, andrefrain from encoding the second set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme.10.The network entity of claim 1, wherein at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols comprises one or more reference sequences.11.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream comprises first data associated with a first data rate, and wherein at least a subset of the first set of one or more symbols comprises second data associated with a second data rate that is lower than the first data rate.12.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to:receive, at the network entity via the forward link, a second control signal comprising a second trigger for a second data stream; andtransmit, via the backward link, the second data stream in response to the second control signal, wherein, based at least in part on satisfaction of one or more conditions, the processing system is configured to:encode a third set of one or more symbols within the second data stream in accordance with the channel coding scheme and a line coding scheme.13.The network entity of claim 12, wherein the processing system is configured to:encode the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the channel coding scheme before performance of an interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols; andencode the third set of one or more symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme after performance of the interleaving or scrambling operation for the third set of one or more symbols.14.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to encode the second set of one or more symbols within the data stream in accordance with the channel coding scheme, the processing system is configured to:encode, via a first encoding operation, a first subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using a first channel code of a type corresponding to the channel coding scheme; andencode, via a second encoding operation, a second subset of one or more symbols within the second set of one or more symbols using the first channel code or using a second channel code of the type corresponding to the channel coding scheme.15.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the line coding scheme comprises a frequency modulation zero (FM0) encoding scheme, a Miller encoding scheme, a Miller modulated subcarrier (MMS) encoding scheme, or a Manchester encoding scheme, and wherein the channel coding scheme comprises a convolutional code (CC) encoding scheme, a Golay encoding scheme, a Reed-Muller encoding scheme, a Polar encoding scheme, a Hamming encoding scheme, or a Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) encoding scheme.16.A network entity for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system configured to:transmit, via a forward link, a control signal comprising a trigger for a data stream; andreceive, at the network entity via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, wherein a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream are associated with a channel coding scheme.17.The network entity of claim 16, wherein the first set of one or more symbols comprises a preamble portion and one or more midamble portions, and the second set of one or more symbols comprises one or more data portions.18.The network entity of claim 17, wherein the processing system is configured to:decode the preamble portion or a midamble portion of the one or more midamble portions;detect, based on decoding the preamble portion or the midamble portion, a clock offset, a frequency offset, or a collision associated with a data portion of the one or more data portions that follows the preamble portion or the midamble portion; anddecode the data portion based on the clock offset, the frequency offset, or the collision.19.The network entity of claim 17, wherein the processing system is configured to receive, within the data stream, each of the one or more midamble portions between a respective pair of data portions.20.A method for wireless communication by a network entity, comprising:receiving, at the network entity via a forward link, a control signal comprising a trigger for a data stream; andtransmitting, via a backward link, the data stream in response to the control signal, wherein a first set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a line coding scheme and a second set of one or more symbols within the data stream is encoded in accordance with a channel coding scheme.
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