Quality of service (QOS) handling for multi-hop relay
By segmenting PC5 QoS information and allowing relay UEs to manage QoS independently, the method addresses signaling overhead and flexibility issues in multi-hop relay scenarios, enhancing communication efficiency and reducing resource utilization.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/080205
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-05
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-11
AI Technical Summary
In multi-hop relay scenarios, existing QoS management systems require all relay UEs to maintain RRC connection with the gNB, leading to increased signaling overhead and inflexible QoS configuration, especially when relay UEs act as both U2N and U2U relays, complicating the handling of QoS configurations.
Implementing a method where the gNB splits overall PC5 QoS into segments and transmits per-segment QoS information to relay UEs, allowing them to manage QoS without constant RRC connection, and enabling separate handling of U2N and U2U traffic configurations.
This approach reduces signaling overhead and power consumption while providing flexible QoS management for multi-hop relay scenarios, optimizing resource utilization and maintaining effective communication paths.
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Figure CN2025080205_12092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) HANDLING FOR MULTI-HOP RELAYTechnical Field
[0001] The present disclosure is related to the field of telecommunications, and in particular, to a user equipment (UE) , a network node, and methods for Quality of Service (QoS) handling for multi-hop relay.Background
[0002] Networks have always been hierarchical in nature. Devices have connected to and communicated with one or more base stations ever since the birth of cellular communications. However, new technology enablers in 5G New Radio (NR) will allow devices to connect directly to one another using a technique called sidelink (SL) communications. Sidelink is the new communication paradigm in which cellular devices are able to communicate without relaying their data via the network. That means vehicles, robots, and even consumer gadgets could create their own ad hoc networks without using the radio access network as an intermediary.
[0003] In the past decade new types of cellular services that go beyond traditional mobile broadband have had a strong impact on the scoping and development of the 5G NR standard. These new cellular services were motivated by the business and economic needs of making the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ecosystem capable of supporting industrial requirements ranging from direct automotive communication between vehicles to industrial automation with Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) for mission-and business-critical applications. However, these same technologies can also be used for consumers to enhance their communication experience. For instance, sidelink proximity services would allow devices to discover and communicate with one another at extremely high data rates and low latency, making them ideal for peer-to-peer gaming and streaming services as well as Augmented Reality (AR) , Virtual Reality (VR) , and other wearable device communications.
[0004] In contrast with uplink and downlink between a UE and a base station, where resource allocation and link adaptation are controlled by the network, in sidelink the device may perform both functions autonomously. In other words, the device gains more control of how to use network resources. At the same time, it is expected that 3GPP upcoming Release will introduce support for sidelink-based relaying and that in future releases multi-link relay will also be considered. Sidelink is also a candidate for future releases as an Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) enabler. By restricting the communication link to one hop, latency is greatly reduced, which is key to mission-critical industrial applications. Furthermore, sidelink is a potential solution for public safety ensuring direct communication or relayed communication between devices.
[0005] Another potential use case is multi-hop relaying where multiple sidelink connections are used to leap from / to device to achieve less power consumption, overcome link budget constraints, and enhance latency and reliability. Gaming and entertainment services with AR / VR can also take advantage of sidelink, as will body networks, using direct 5G connections to replace the Bluetooth and eventually Wi-Fi links that currently connect these devices. The result could be a revolutionary change in the communication architecture for many consumer devices. Instead of providing a different radio interface for every use case, device vendors could rely solely on 5G as the link for wide-area, local-area, and personal-area communications.Summary
[0006] SL UE-to-Network (U2N) relay in multi-hop as one 3GPP Rel-19 topic has been discussed in the recent 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN) plenary meeting. It is very likely that this topic will be approved as a formal Rel-19 Work Item (WI) . In the legacy single hop Layer 2 (L2) U2N relay, QoS configuration for relayed transmission is completely configured by the gNB, for both the PC5 hop QoS configuration and Uu hop QoS configuration, including the Packet Delay Budget (PDB) split between Uu hop and PC5 hop. This may be reused for multi-hop L2 U2N relay. However, there are following issues:
[0007] - Issue 1: letting the gNB configure the QoS of all the hops requires that all the relay UEs and the remote UEs are in Radio Resource Control (RRC) connected mode, which increases the signal overhead especially considering that the multi-hop path may change more frequently than single hop path.
[0008] - Issue 2: in a multi-hop communication, a relay UE may be both a U2N relay and a UE-to-UE (U2U) relay. In the legacy, QoS configuration is handled differently for L2 U2N relay and L2 U2U relay, i.e., the former is configured by gNB while the latter is determined by the Tx remote UE and the relay UE. How to handle QoS when a relay UE act as both U2N relay and U2U relay is unclear.
[0009] Therefore, it is necessary to study the above issues and develop corresponding solutions. To address or at least partially alleviate one or more of the above issues, some embodiments of the present disclosure are provided.
[0010] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method at a network node for QoS management for a path between the network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs is provided. The method comprises: transmitting, to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for at least one segment of the path. Further, some other embodiments of the first aspect will be described below with reference to the figures.
[0011] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a network node for QoS management for a path between the network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs is provided. The network node comprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the network node to: transmit, to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for at least one segment of the path. In some embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the network node to further perform any of the methods of the first aspect.
[0012] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, a network node for QoS management for a path between the network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs is provided. The network node comprises: a transmitting module configured to transmit, to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for at least one segment of the path. In some embodiments, the network node comprises one or more further modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of any of the methods of the first aspect.
[0013] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a method at a UE for QoS configuration for at least a segment of a path between a network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs is provided. The method comprises at least one of: receiving, from the network node, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment; and receiving, from another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment and remained overall PC5 QoS information for the segment. Further, some other embodiments of the fourth aspect will be described below with reference to the figures.
[0014] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a UE for QoS configuration for at least a segment of a path between a network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs is provided. The UE comprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the UE to perform at least one of: receiving, from the network node, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment; and receiving, from another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment and remained overall PC5 QoS information for the segment. In some embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the UE to further perform any of the methods of the fourth aspect.
[0015] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a UE for QoS configuration for at least a segment of a path between a network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs is provided. The UE comprises at least one of: a first receiving module configured to receive, from the network node, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment; and a second receiving module configured to receive, from another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment and remained overall PC5 QoS information for the segment. In some embodiments, the UE comprises one or more further modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of any of the methods of the fourth aspect.
[0016] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program comprising instructions is provided. The instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods of any of the first aspect and the fourth aspect.
[0017] According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, a carrier containing the computer program of the seventh aspect is provided. In some embodiments, the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.
[0018] According to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, a telecommunication system for QoS management for a path between a network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs is provided. The telecommunication system comprises: the network node and one or more UEs comprising the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs. In some embodiments, the network node comprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the network node to: transmit, to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for at least one segment of the path. In some embodiments, at least one of the UEs comprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the UE to: receive, from the network node, the first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment. In some embodiments at least one other of the UEs comprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the other UE to: receive, from another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment and remained overall PC5 QoS information for the segment. In some embodiments, the instructions of the network node, when executed by the processor of the network node, cause the network node to further perform any of the methods of the first aspect. In some embodiments, the instructions of the UE, when executed by the processor of the UE, cause the UE to further perform any of the methods of the fourth aspect. In some embodiments, the instructions of the other UE, when executed by the processor of the other UE, cause the other UE to further perform any of the methods of the fourth aspect.
[0019] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the QoS for relayed traffic in a multi-hop relay scenario can be handled without requiring that all the relay UEs need to have RRC connection with the gNB and the QoS for each hop needs to be controlled using (dedicated) RRC signaling, which can save signaling / power consumption and reduce resource utilization, also it is more flexible as the relay path can be maintained by the relay UE (s) themselves (except the relay UE directly communicating with the gNB) . Besides, handling QoS for U2N traffic and U2U traffic separately makes it easier to configure QoS properly for both U2N traffic and U2U traffic.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0020] The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and therefore are not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.
[0021] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary telecommunication network in which QoS handling for multi-hop relay is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0022] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating exemplary User Plane (UP) and Control Plane (CP) protocol stacks for an architecture model using an L2 U2N relay.
[0023] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating exemplary UP and CP protocol stacks for an architecture model using an L2 U2U relay.
[0024] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary use case in which QoS handling for multi-hop relay is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0025] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary QoS split procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0026] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating exemplary PC5 segmentation based on selected non-first relay UEs according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0027] Fig. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method at a network node for QoS handling for multi-hop relay according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0028] Fig. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method at a UE for QoS handling for multi-hop relay according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0029] Fig. 9 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement which may be used in a UE and / or a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0030] Fig. 10 shows an exemplary UE in accordance with some embodiments.
[0031] Fig. 11 shows an exemplary network node in accordance with some embodiments.Detailed Description
[0032] Hereinafter, the present disclosure is described with reference to embodiments shown in the attached drawings. However, it is to be understood that those descriptions are just provided for illustrative purpose, rather than limiting the present disclosure. Further, in the following, descriptions of known structures and techniques are omitted so as not to unnecessarily obscure the concept of the present disclosure.
[0033] Of course, the present disclosure may be carried out in other specific ways than those set forth herein without departing from the scope and essential characteristics of the disclosure. One or more of the specific processes discussed below may be carried out in any electronic device comprising one or more appropriately configured processing circuits, which may in some embodiments be embodied in one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, and / or digital signal processors programmed with appropriate software and / or firmware to carry out one or more of the operations described above, or variants thereof. In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise customized hardware to carry out one or more of the functions described above. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
[0034] Although multiple embodiments of the present disclosure will be illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the following Detailed Description, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but instead is also capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the present disclosure that as will be set forth and defined within the claims.
[0035] Further, please note that although the following description of some embodiments of the present disclosure is given in the context of 5th Generation New Radio (5G NR) , the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In fact, as long as QoS handling for multi-hop relay is involved, the inventive concept of the present disclosure may be applicable to any appropriate communication architecture, for example, to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) / General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) , Time Division -Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) , CDMA2000, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) , Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , etc. Therefore, one skilled in the arts could readily understand that the terms used herein may also refer to their equivalents in any other infrastructure. For example, the term “User Equipment” or “UE” used herein may refer to a mobile device, a mobile terminal, a mobile station, a user device, a user terminal, a wireless device, a wireless terminal, an IoT device, a vehicle, or any other equivalents. For another example, the term “gNB” used herein may refer to a base station, a base transceiver station, an access point, a hot spot, a NodeB (NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNB) , a network element, a network node, an access network (AN) node, or any other equivalents. Further, the term “node” used herein may refer to a UE, a functional entity, a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, or any other equivalents.
[0036] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary network 10 in which QoS handling for multi-hop relay is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Although the network 10 is a network defined in the context of 5G NR, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
[0037] As shown in Fig. 1, the network 10 may comprise one or more UEs 100-1 through 100-n (collectively, UE (s) 100) and optionally one or more Radio Access Network (RAN) nodes 105, each of which could be a base station, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNB) , a gNB, or an AN node which may provide one or more UEs in its coverage with access to other parts of the network 10. Further, the network 10 may comprise other nodes and / or entities that are not shown in Fig. 1, for example (but not limited to) an Access &Mobility Management Function (AMF) , a Session Management Function (SMF) , a Policy Control Function (PCF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) , or the like. Further, as shown in Fig. 1, the UEs 100 may communicate with each other via sidelinks over the reference point PC5, and the UE 100-1 may communicate with the gNB 105 over the reference point Uu. As also shown in Fig. 1, the UE 100-1 may be located in the coverage of the gNB 105 and served by the gNB 105, while the UEs 100-2 through 100-n may be out of coverage of the gNB 105 and not served directly by the gNB 105.
[0038] However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the network 10 may comprise additional network functions, less network functions, or some variants of the existing network functions shown in Fig. 1. For example, in a network with the 4G architecture, the entities which perform these functions may be different from those shown in Fig. 1.For another example, in a network with a mixed 4G / 5G architecture, some of the entities may be same as those shown in Fig. 1, and others may be different. Further, the functions shown in Fig. 1 are not essential to the embodiments of the present disclosure. In other words, some of them may be missing from some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, there is no gNB (e.g., in a U2U relay scenario) or there are one or more gNBs that serve some or all of the UEs 100, respectively.
[0039] In some embodiments, the UEs 100 may be U2U relay UEs and / or U2U source / destination (or target) UEs. For example, the UE 100-1 may communicate with the UE 100-3 via the UE 100-2 with or without the gNB 105 involved. In such a case, the UE 100-2 may be referred to as a U2U relay UE, while the UE 100-1 and the UE 100-3 may be referred to as a U2U source / destination UE, respectively.
[0040] In some embodiments, the UEs 100 may be U2N relay UEs and / or U2N remote UEs. For example, the UE 100-n may communicate with the gNB 105 via the UEs 100-1 through 100- (n-1) even if the UE 100-n is located outside of the coverage of the gNB 105. In such a case, the UEs 100-1 through 100- (n-1) may be referred to as U2N relay UEs, while the UE 100-n may be referred to as a U2N remote UE.
[0041] In some embodiments, a relay path is not limited to two hops or n-hops as described in the above embodiments. For example, the UE 100-1 may communicate with the UE 100-n via the UEs 100-2 through 100- (n-1) , and in such a case, all of the UEs 100-2 through 100- (n-1) are referred to as U2U relay UEs.
[0042] Sidelink transmissions in NR
[0043] Sidelink transmissions over NR are specified for Rel. 16. These are enhancements of the ProSe (Proximity-based Services) specified for LTE. Four new enhancements are particularly introduced to NR sidelink transmissions as follows:
[0044] · Support for unicast and groupcast transmissions are added in NR sidelink. For unicast and groupcast, the physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) is introduced for a receiver UE to reply the decoding status to a transmitter UE.
[0045] · Grant-free transmissions, which are adopted in NR uplink transmissions, are also provided in NR sidelink transmissions, to improve the latency performance.
[0046] · To alleviate resource collisions among different sidelink transmissions launched by different UEs, it enhances channel sensing and resource selection procedures, which also lead to a new design of PSCCH.
[0047] · To achieve a high connection density, congestion control and thus the QoS management is supported in NR sidelink transmissions.
[0048] To enable the above enhancements, new physical channels and reference signals are introduced in NR (some are available in LTE before) :
[0049] · PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel, SL version of PDSCH) : The PSSCH is transmitted by a sidelink transmitter UE, which conveys sidelink transmission data, system information blocks (SIBs) for radio resource control (RRC) configuration, and a part of the sidelink control information (SCI) .
[0050] · PSFCH (Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel, SL version of PUCCH) : The PSFCH is transmitted by a sidelink receiver UE for unicast and groupcast, which conveys 1 bit information over 1 resource block for the HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) and the negative ACK (NACK) . In addition, channel state information (CSI) is carried in the medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) over the PSSCH instead of the PSFCH.
[0051] · PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control Channel, SL version of PDCCH) : When the traffic to be sent to a receiver UE arrives at a transmitter UE, the transmitter UE should first send the PSCCH, which conveys a part of SCI (Sidelink Control information, SL version of DCI) to be decoded by any UE for the channel sensing purpose, including the reserved time-frequency resources for transmissions, demodulation reference signal (DMRS) pattern and antenna port, etc.
[0052] · Sidelink Primary / Secondary Synchronization Signal (S-PSS / S-SSS) : Similar to downlink transmissions in NR, in sidelink transmissions, primary and secondary synchronization signals (called S-PSS and S-SSS, respectively) are supported. Through detecting the S-PSS and S-SSS, a UE is able to identify the sidelink synchronization identity (SSID) from the UE sending the S-PSS / S-SSS. Through detecting the S-PSS / S-SSS, a UE is therefore able to know the characteristics of the UE transmitting the S-PSS / S-SSS. A series of process of acquiring timing and frequency synchronization together with SSIDs of UEs is called initial cell search. Note that the UE sending the S-PSS / S-SSS may not be necessarily involved in sidelink transmissions, and a node (UE / eNB / gNB) sending the S-PSS / S-SSS is called a synchronization source. There are 2 S-PSS sequences and 336 S-SSS sequences forming a total of 672 SSIDs in a cell.
[0053] · Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH) : The PSBCH is transmitted along with the S-PSS / S-SSS as a synchronization signal / PSBCH block (SSB) . The SSB has the same numerology as PSCCH / PSSCH on that carrier, and an SSB should be transmitted within the bandwidth of the configured BWP. The PSBCH conveys information related to synchronization, such as the direct frame number (DFN) , indication of the slot and symbol level time resources for sidelink transmissions, in-coverage indicator, etc. The SSB is transmitted periodically at every 160 ms.
[0054] · DMRS, phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) , channel state information reference signal (CSIRS) : These physical reference signals supported by NR downlink / uplink transmissions are also adopted by sidelink transmissions. Similarly, the PT-RS is only applicable for Frequency Range 2 (FR2) transmission.
[0055] Another new feature is the two-stage sidelink control information (SCI) . This a version of the DCI for SL. Unlike the DCI, only part (first stage) of the SCI is sent on the PSCCH. This part is used for channel sensing purposes (including the reserved time-frequency resources for transmissions, demodulation reference signal (DMRS) pattern and antenna port, etc. ) and can be read by all UEs while the remaining (second stage) scheduling and control information such as a 8-bits source identity (ID) and a 16-bits destination ID, New Data Indicator (NDI) , Redundancy Version (RV) and Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) process ID is sent on the PSSCH to be decoded by the receiver UE.
[0056] Similar as for ProSe in LTE, NR sidelink transmissions have the following two modes of resource allocations:
[0057] · Mode 1: Sidelink resources are scheduled by a gNB.
[0058] · Mode 2: The UE autonomously selects sidelink resources from a (pre-) configured sidelink resource pool (s) based on the channel sensing mechanism.
[0059] For the in-coverage UE, a gNB can be configured to adopt Mode 1 or Mode 2. For the out-of-coverage UE, only Mode 2 can be adopted.
[0060] As in LTE, scheduling over the sidelink in NR is done in different ways for Mode 1 and Mode 2.
[0061] Mode 1 supports the following two kinds of grants:
[0062] Dynamic grant: When the traffic to be sent over sidelink arrives at a transmitter UE, this UE should launch the four-message exchange procedure to request sidelink resources from a gNB (Scheduling Request (SR) on UL, grant, Buffer Status Report (BSR) on UL, grant for data on SL sent to UE) . During the resource request procedure, a gNB may allocate a sidelink radio network temporary identifier (SL-RNTI) to the transmitter UE. If this sidelink resource request is granted by a gNB, then a gNB indicates the resource allocation for the PSCCH and the PSSCH in the downlink control information (DCI) conveyed by PDCCH with Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) scrambled with the SL-RNTI. When a transmitter UE receives such a DCI, a transmitter UE can obtain the grant only ifthe scrambled CRC of DCI can be successfully solved by the assigned SL-RNTI. A transmitter UE then indicates the time-frequency resources and the transmission scheme of the allocated PSSCH in the PSCCH, and launches the PSCCH and the PSSCH on the allocated resources for sidelink transmissions. When a grant is obtained from a gNB, a transmitter UE can only transmit a single Transport Block (TB) . As a result, this kind of grant is suitable for traffic with a loose latency requirement.
[0063] Configured grant: For the traffic with a strict latency requirement, performing the four-message exchange procedure to request sidelink resources may induce unacceptable latency. In this case, prior to the traffic arrival, a transmitter UE may perform the four-message exchange procedure and request a set of resources. If a grant can be obtained from a gNB, then the requested resources are reserved in a periodic manner. Upon traffic arriving at a transmitter UE, this UE can launch the PSCCH and the PSSCH on the upcoming resource occasion. In fact, this kind of grant is also known as grant-free transmissions.
[0064] In both dynamic grant and configured grant, a sidelink receiver UE cannot receive the DCI (since it is addressed to the transmitter UE) , and therefore a receiver UE should perform blind decoding to identify the presence of PSCCH and find the resources for the PSSCH through the SCI.
[0065] When a transmitter UE launches the PSCCH, CRC is also inserted in the SCI without any scrambling.
[0066] In the Mode 2 resource allocation, when traffic arrives at a transmitter UE, this transmitter UE should autonomously select resources for the PSCCH and the PSSCH. To further minimize the latency of the feedback HARQ ACK / NACK transmissions and subsequently retransmissions, a transmitter UE may also reserve resources for PSCCH / PSSCH for retransmissions. To further enhance the probability of successful TB decoding at one shot and thus suppress the probability to perform retransmissions, a transmitter UE may repeat the TB transmission along with the initial TB transmission. This mechanism is also known as blind retransmission. As a result, when traffic arrives at a transmitter UE, then this transmitter UE should select resources for the following transmissions:
[0067] 1) The PSSCH associated with the PSCCH for initial transmission and blind retransmissions.
[0068] 2) The PSSCH associated with the PSCCH for retransmissions.
[0069] Since each transmitter UE in sidelink transmissions should autonomously select resources for above transmissions, how to prevent different transmitter UEs from selecting the same resources turns out to be a critical issue in Mode 2. A particular resource selection procedure is therefore imposed to Mode 2 based on channel sensing. The channel sensing algorithm involves measuring Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) on different subchannels and requires knowledge of the different UEs’ power levels of DMRS on the PSSCH or the DMRS on the PSCCH depending on the configuration. This information is known only after receiver SCI launched by (all) other UEs. The sensing and selection algorithm is rather complex.
[0070] Sidelink UE-to-Network Relay in NR
[0071] In the 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 23.752 clause 6.7, the single hop layer-2 based UE-to-Network (U2N) relay is described.
[0072] Fig. 2 illustrates an exemplary protocol architecture supporting an L2 UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2.
[0073] The L2 UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2 may provide forwarding functionality that can relay any type of traffic over the PC5 link.
[0074] The L2 UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2 may provide the functionality to support connectivity to the 5th Generation System (5GS) for Remote UE 200-1. A UE is considered to be a Remote UE 200-1 if it has successfully established a PC5 link to the L2 UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2. A Remote UE 200-1 can be located within NG-RAN coverage or outside of NG-RAN coverage.
[0075] Fig. 2 illustrates, in the top portion (a) , an exemplary protocol stack for the user plane transport, related to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Session, including a Layer 2 UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2. The PDU layer corresponds to the PDU carried between the Remote UE 200-1 and the Data Network (DN) over the PDU session via UPF 210. It is important to note that the two endpoints of the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) link are the Remote UE 200-1 and the NG-RAN node (e.g. a gNB) 205. The relay function is performed below PDCP. This means that data security is ensured between the Remote UE 200-1 and the gNB 205 without exposing raw data at the UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2.
[0076] The adaptation relay layer within the UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2 can differentiate between signalling radio bearers (SRBs) and data radio bearers (DRBs) for a particular remote UE 200-1. The adaption relay layer is also responsible for mapping PC5 traffic to one or more DRBs of the Uu. The definition of the adaptation relay layer is under the responsibility of RAN Working Group 2 (WG2) .
[0077] Fig. 2 illustrates, in the bottom portion (b) , an exemplary protocol stack of the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) connection for the Remote UE 200-1 to the NAS-Mobility Management (NAS-MM) and NAS-Session Management (NAS-SM) components. The NAS messages are transparently transferred between the Remote UE 200-1 and 5G Access Network (5G-AN) (e.g., the NG-RAN or gNB 205) over the Layer 2 UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2 using:
[0078] - PDCP end-to-end (E2E) connection where the role of the UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2 is to relay the PDUs over the signalling radio bear without any modifications.
[0079] - N2 connection between the 5G-AN 205 and AMF 215 over N2.
[0080] - N3 connection between AMF 215 and SMF 220 over N11.
[0081] The role of the UE-to-Network Relay UE 200-2 is to relay the PDUs from the signaling radio bearer without any modifications.
[0082] Sidelink UE-to-UE Relay in NR
[0083] As described in clause A. 2 of TR 23.700-33 V0.3.0, protocol stack of single hop Layer-2 UE-to-UE (U2U) relay is described as the below.
[0084] Fig. 3 illustrates, in the top portion (a) , user plane protocol stacks using a UE-to-UE Layer-2 Relay 300-2. The security is established end-to-end between a source UE (or UE1) 300-1 and a destination UE (or UE2) 300-3. Therefore, user data is never exposed at the relay node 300-2 since the relay function does not process / apply any security on the relayed packets.
[0085] In some embodiments, both Internet Protocol (IP) traffic and Non-IP traffic are supported. In some embodiments, the Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) and PDCP protocols above are as specified in TS 38.300 v 17.0.0.
[0086] Fig. 3 further illustrates, in the bottom portion (b) , control plane protocol stacks using a Layer-2 UE-to-UE Relay 300-2. The security is established end-to-end between UE1 300-1 and UE2 300-3 as shown by the PDCP layer terminating in UE1 300-1 and UE2 300-3. Therefore, the E2E PC5-S message between UE1 300-1 and UE2 300-3 is never exposed at the relay node 300-2 since the relay function does not process / apply any security on the relayed E2E PC5-S messages.
[0087] In some embodiments, the definition and functionalities of the Adaptation Layer are defined by RAN WG2. In some embodiments, only the End-to-End control plane protocol stack is shown in Fig. 3. The control plane protocol stack of the unicast link between UE1 300-1 / UE2 300-3 and UE-to-UE Relay 300-2 (i.e. PC5 unicast link) can re-use the regular PC5-S protocol stack defined in clause 6.1.2 of TS 23.304 v 17.2.1. In some embodiments, PC5-S messages from direct PC5 unicast link with the UE-to-UE Relay 300-2 and for E2E PC5 unicast link are supported. The E2E PC5-S message is the message transferred between UE1 300-1 and UE2 300-3, and the direct PC5-S message is the message transferred between UE1 300-1 and UE-to-UE Relay 300-2 or between UE-to-UE Relay 300-2 and UE2 300-3. How to differentiate them depends on RAN solution. Whether the same pair of source and destination Layer-2 IDs is used for direct and E2E PC5-S messages is to be determined during SA WG2′s normative phase and its feasibility is to be confirmed by RAN WG2.
[0088] QoS configuration for relayed transmission with UE-to-Network relay and UE-to-UE relay
[0089] QoS configuration for relayed transmission with single hop layer-2 UE-to-Network relay was investigated in Rel. 17 and the following agreements were made by RAN2:
[0090] · gNB should configure the L2 remote UE with the PC5 PDB for PC5 hop of relay traffic.
[0091] · gNB should configure the mode 2 L2 relay UE with the PC5 PDB for PC5 hop of relay traffic.
[0092] · It is up to gNB implementation to perform PDB split between Uu and PC5 (non-standardized PDB values are not precluded) .
[0093] · gNB directly configures relay UE for PC5 QoS configuration via Uu RRC signalling. And gNB also directly configures remote UE for PC5 QoS configuration via Uu RRC signalling.
[0094] · QoS configuration for remote UE for its operation on PC5 hop (UL) is configured per PC5 RLC bearer.
[0095] · QoS configuration for relay UE for its operation on PC5 hop (DL) is configured per PC5 RLC bearer.
[0096] · PC5 RLC channels with different end-to-end QoS can be mapped to the same Uu RLC channel, which is up to gNB implementation.
[0097] · The existing sidelink measurement report and CBR measurement reports can be used by gNB to understand PC5 link conditions (between relay UE and remote UE) and determine QoS configuration.
[0098] · Remote UE does not need to report PC5 QoS parameters in sidelink UE information (SUI) for relay service.
[0099] QoS configuration for relayed transmission with single hop layer-2 UE-to-UE relay was investigated in Rel. 18 and the following agreements were made by RAN2:
[0100] · AS layer is responsible for QoS split in L2 U2U relay.
[0101] · Relay UE is responsible for AS layer QoS split in L2 U2U relay.
[0102] · The QoS split should be per end to end (e2e) QoS flow.
[0103] · The source UE sends to the Relay UE all the QoS profiles for the e2e QoS flows.
[0104] · The Tx Remote UE informs the flow-to-SLRB (sidelink radio bearer) mapping (i.e., SDAP configuration) to the relay UE via PC5-RRC.
[0105] · The Tx Remote UE informs the SLRB configuration index (i.e., slrb-PC5-ConfigIndex) to the relay UE via PC5-RRC.
[0106] · Rely on dedicated SLRB configuration for RRC_CONNECTED UE.
[0107] · For RRC_IDLE / RRC_INACTIVE / OOC UE, Tx UE merge the per-flow QoS (for the flows, ifthere are more than one flow, of the same bearer) , including PDB which is split-PDB besides other QoS parameters, into a per-bearer QoS for RLC / MAC configuration derivation, where the merging operation is up to UE implementation. No additional PC5-RRC signaling impact due to this solution.
[0108] · For split of QoS, only support to split PDB for U2U relay. For other QoS parameters, source remote UE uses the parameters in e2e QoS profiles for the first hop configuration.
[0109] · Relay UE uses split PDB and other QoS parameters in e2e QoS profiles for the second hop configuration.
[0110] · The split PDB value is not delivered to the second-hop peer L2 U2U Remote UE.
[0111] · Implement the RRC CR with two new PC5-RRC messages, one for source remote UE to send e2e QoS to relay UE, the other one for relay UE to send split PDB to source remote UE.
[0112] · The mapping configuration (from e2e SLRB to RLC channel) is needed in SIB12 / pre-configuration.
[0113] As mentioned earlier, SL U2N relay in multi-hop as one Rel-19 topic has been discussed in the recent 3GPP RAN plenary meeting. It is very likely that this topic will be approved as a formal Rel-19 WI. As captured in 3GPP RP-232896, one of the key use cases for U2N relay is shown in Fig. 4.
[0114] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary use case in which QoS handling for multi-hop relay is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 4, a public emergency (e.g., an earthquake in an urban area) may happen and multiple first responders with UEs are responding to the emergency situation in areas without direct access to the network. For example, multiple UEs 100-1 through 100-n may be located in the basement area 1 (B1) and the basement area 2 (B2) , and only one of them (e.g., the U2N relay UE 100-1) can directly access the network served by the gNB 105. In such a situation, when other UEs need to communicate with each other or with a remote server, device, or the like, a solution for multi-hop U2N relay is needed. For example, as shown in Fig. 4, the UE 100-n may communicate with the gNB 105 via the U2N relay UEs 100-1 through 100-4 by using the multi-hop L2 U2N relaying which will be described below in detail.
[0115] As mention earlier, in the legacy single hop L2 U2N relay, QoS configuration for relayed transmission is completely configured by the gNB 105, for both the PC5 hop QoS configuration and Uu hop QoS configuration, including the PDB split between Uu hop and PC5 hop. This may be reused for multi-hop L2 U2N relay, however, there are following issues:
[0116] - Issue 1: letting the gNB configure the QoS of all the hops requires that all the relay UEs and the remote UEs are in RRC connected mode, which increases the signal overhead especially considering that the multi-hop path may change more frequently than single hop path.
[0117] - Issue 2: in a multi-hop communication, a relay UE may be both a U2N relay and a U2U relay. In the legacy, QoS configuration is handled differently for L2 U2N relay and L2 U2U relay, i.e., the former is configured by gNB while the latter is determined by the Tx remote UE and the relay UE. How to handle QoS when a relay UE act as both U2N relay and U2U relay is unclear.
[0118] Therefore, it is necessary to study the above issues and develop corresponding solutions. To address or at least partially alleviate one or more of the above issues, some embodiments of the present disclosure are provided.
[0119] Some embodiments of the present disclosure address the above-described issues by introducing methods to configure QoS for relayed traffic in a multi-hop relay scenario where the relay UE and / or the remote UE in the relay path are involved in determining the QoS configuration.
[0120] Some embodiments of the present disclosure may include at least one of the followings:
[0121] · The gNB may split the QoS of the relayed traffic into Uu QoS for the Uu hop and overall PC5 QoS for all the PC5 hops.
[0122] · The overall PC5 QoS may be split into per hop PC5 QoS by the Tx UE of the PC5 hop.
[0123] · The gNB may split the overall PC5 QoS into several PC5 QoS segments, and the PC5 QoS for a segment may be split into per hop PC5 QoS by the Tx UE of the PC5 hop in that segment.
[0124] · Uu and PC5 signaling to enable the QoS split.
[0125] · Various ways to determine / configure the PC5 LCH priority for the PC5 LCH carrying the relayed traffic.
[0126] · PC5 QoS may be configured in different ways for relay UEs in RRC connected mode and relay UEs in RRC idle / inactive mode.
[0127] · The U2N traffic and U2U traffic may not be multiplexed in the same PC5 LCH, and QoS for U2N traffic and U2U traffic may be separately handled.
[0128] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the QoS for relayed traffic in a multi-hop relay scenario can be handled without requiring that all the relay UEs need to have RRC connection with the gNB and the QoS for each hop needs to be controlled using (dedicated) RRC signaling, which can save signaling / power consumption and reduce resource utilization, also it is more flexible as the relay path can be maintained by the relay UE (s) themselves (except the relay UE directly communicating with the gNB) . Besides, handling QoS for U2N traffic and U2U traffic separately makes it easier to configure QoS properly for both U2N traffic and U2U traffic.
[0129] In some embodiments, the term RAN node may be used which can be a network node or a user equipment (UE) . Examples of network nodes may comprise (but not limited to) NodeB, base station (BS) , multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as MSR BS, eNodeB, gNodeB, MeNB, SeNB, location measurement unit (LMU) , integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, network controller, radio network controller (RNC) , base station controller (BCS) , relay, IAB, repeater, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver station (BTS) , Central Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Distributed Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Baseband Unit, Centralized Baseband, C-RAN, access point (AP) , transmission points, transmission nodes, transmission reception point (TRP) , RRU, RRH, nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS) , core network node (e.g. MCS, MME etc. ) , O&M, OSS, SON, positioning node (e.g. E-SMLC) , etc.
[0130] The methods and solution disclosed in the following embodiments may be referring to the NR RAT but can be applied also to LTE RAT and any other RAT enabling direct communication between two (or more) nearby devices without any loss of meaning.
[0131] Further, the term remote UE may refer to a UE that is able to transmit / receive packet from / to the gNB via one or more intermediate mobile terminals (UE to NW relay UE) , while the term Tx remote UE may refer to a UE that is able to transmit packet to the Rx remote UE via one or more intermediate mobile terminals (UE to UE relay UE) .
[0132] In some embodiments, the link or radio link over which the signals are transmitted between at least two UEs for D2D operation may be called herein as the side link (SL) . In some embodiments, the signals transmitted between the UEs for D2D operation may be called herein as SL signals. In some embodiments, the term SL may also interchangeably be called as D2D link, V2X link, prose link, peer-to-peer link, PC5 link etc. In some embodiments, the SL signals may also interchangeably be called as V2X signals, D2D signals, prose signals, PC5 signals, peer-to-peer signals etc.
[0133] In some embodiments, the terms “direct connection” or “direct path” may stand for a connection between a UE and a gNB or between two UEs, while the terms “indirect connection” or “indirect path” may stand for a connection between a remote UE and gNB or between a Tx remote UE and a Rx remote UE via a relay UE.
[0134] Some embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to L2 based U2N relay and / or U2U relay scenarios.
[0135] Some embodiments of the present disclosure are described in context of a remote UE connecting to a gNB via N (N>=2) L2 SL relay UEs, wherein the 1st relay UE establishes the first hop (i.e., Uu hop) to the gNB, and the Nth relay UE (i.e., the last relay UE) establishes the last PC5 hop with the remote UE. Furthermore, in some embodiments, it is assumed that each of the 1st relay UE and the remote UE has an RRC connection with the gNB.
[0136] The embodiments on QoS split are applicable to a QoS requirement which can be / is feasible to be split among hops of a relay path so that the split QoS requirement on each hop needs to be met in order to ensure the end to end QoS requirement is met on the relay path. A most typical QoS requirement of a service which is feasible to be split is packet delay budget (PDB) . However, the embodiments are not limited to PDB, and also applicable to other QoS requirements which are feasible to be split among hops.
[0137] In some embodiments, for a service / QoS flow / RB of the remote UE, the associated AN QoS (i.e., the end to end QoS excludes Core Network (CN) QoS) may be split between hops according to the below steps.
[0138] Step 1: upon reception of the AN QoS information on the relayed service / QoS flow / RB of a remote UE, the gNB may split the AN QoS into two QoS segments with respect to the first relay UE in the relay path, i.e., the Uu QoS of the Uu hop between the first relay UE and the gNB and the overall PC5 QoS (segment) of the PC5 hops between the first relay UE and the remote UE, and inform one or more of the following QoS information to one or more UEs belonging to the relay UEs and the remote UE:
[0139] · the overall PC5 QoS (segment)
[0140] · an ID identifying the relayed service / QoS flow / RB associated to the overall PC5 QoS (segment) .
[0141] From the ID the UE can know whether the relayed service / QoS flow / RB corresponds to an UL transmission or a DL transmission. Alternatively, the transmission direction may be explicitly indicated.
[0142] · the associated remote UE ID.
[0143] Step 2: The overall PC5 QoS (segment) of all the PC5 hops between the first relay UE and the remote UE may be split into per hop PC5 QoS by the relay UEs and the remote UE in the path. More specifically, the Tx UE may determine the PC5 hop QoS between the Tx UE and its direct Rx UE. In some embodiments, the determination may be started from either the first Tx UE or the last Tx UE or any Tx UE. In some embodiments, the first determination UE may determine the PC5 hop QoS to its direct Rx UE taking into account the QoS information received from the gNB, and inform the PC5 QoS information derived based on the determination to one another Tx UE in the path (e.g., the Tx UE neighboring to it) , this other Tx UE may in turn determine the PC5 hop QoS to its direct Rx UE taking into account the QoS information received from the first determination UE. In some embodiments, the procedure may be repeated until all the Tx UEs in the path determine the PC5 hop QoS to their direct Rx UEs, respectively.
[0144] In some embodiments, in the above procedure, the PC5 QoS information may include one or more of the followings (but not limited to) :
[0145] · the overall PC5 QoS (segment) for all the PC5 hops between the first relay UE and the remote UE.
[0146] Alternatively the remained overall PC5 QoS for the PC5 hops for which the PC5 hop QoS have not been determined yet may be indicated.
[0147] · an ID identifying the relayed service / QoS flow / RB associated to the overall PC5 QoS (segment) .
[0148] From the ID the UE can know whether the relayed service / QoS flow / RB corresponds to an UL transmission or a DL transmission. Alternatively, the transmission direction may be explicitly indicated.
[0149] · ID of the Tx UE (s) that have determined the PC5 hop QoS to its direct Rx UE.
[0150] This information is optional ifthe determination is started from the first or the last Tx UE and repeated by the Tx UE neighboring to the previous determination UE.
[0151] · PC5 hop QoS of the Tx UE (s) that have determined the PC5 hop QoS to its direct Rx UE.
[0152] The PC5 hop QoS may be indicated separately for each of the Tx UE (s) or an aggregated PC5 QoS value may be indicated.
[0153] · The associated remote UE ID.
[0154] Fig. 5 illustrates an exemplary QoS split procedure based on the methods described in the above embodiment. As shown in Fig. 5, the gNB 105 may transmit QoS information including overall PC5 QoS information for all the PC5 hops to the 1st determination UE 100-d1 (e.g., a UE among the UEs 100-1 through 100-n shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 4) at step S510. Upon reception of the overall PC5 QoS information, the UE 100-d1 may determine the per-hop PC5 QoS for a PC5 hop to its direct Rx UE at step S520, and transmit PC5 QoS information comprising the remained overall PC5 QoS information for all the currently undetermined PC5 hops (e.g., the PC5 hops associated with UEs other than the UE 100-d1) to the 2nd determination UE 100-d2 (e.g., another UE among the UEs 100-1 through 100-n) at step S530.
[0155] Upon reception of the remained overall PC5 QoS information, the UE 100-d2 may determine the per-hop PC5 QoS for a PC5 hop to its direct Rx UE at step S540, and transmit PC5 QoS information comprising the remained overall PC5 QoS information for all the currently undetermined PC5 hops (e.g., the PC5 hops associated with UEs other than the UEs 100-d1 and 100-d2) at step S550. The two steps S540 and S550 may be repeated for other UEs until the 2nd to last determination UE 100-dn-1 determines the per-hop PC5 QoS for a PC5 hop to its direct Rx UE at step S560, and transmits PC5 QoS information comprising the remained overall PC5 QoS information for all the currently undetermined PC5 hops (e.g., the PC5 hop associated with the last determination UE 100-dn) to the last determination UE 100-dn at step S570. At last the UE 100-dn may determine the per-hop PC5 QoS for a PC5 hop to its direct Rx UE at step S580 where the procedure may end since the per-hop PC5 QoS information is determined for all the PC5 hops in the path.
[0156] In some embodiments, when the relay UE or remote UE transmits a relayed traffic of the remote UE in a PC5 hop where the relayed traffic is identified by the ID of the relayed service / QoS flow / RB and the remote UE, it may apply the determined PC5 QoS for that PC5 hop associated to that relayed traffic.
[0157] In some embodiments, how a Tx UE determines the PC5 hop QoS between the Tx UE and its direct Rx UE may be up to the Tx UE implementation. In some other embodiments, the PC5 hop QoS may be configured by the gNB ifthe corresponding Tx UE has an RRC connection with the gNB (either directly or indirectly) . In some yet other embodiments, the PC5 hop QoS may be determined by the Tx UE based on the rules received from the gNB (e.g., the gNB may send the rules in common control signaling and then forwarded among the UEs (e.g. forwarded by the UEs, which receive the common control signalling, to other UEs) ) .
[0158] In some embodiments, when there are m non-first relay UEs (m>=1) in a relay path that have RRC connection to the gNB (e.g., the gNB 105 shown in Fig. 6) , the gNB may select j (0<j<=m) non-first relay UE (s) (e.g., the UEs 100-s1 through 100-sj shown in Fig. 6) out of those m non-first relay UEs and split the overall PC5 QoS (segment) of the PC5 hops between the first relay UE (e.g., the first relay UE 100-1 shown in Fig. 6) and the remote UE (e.g., the remote UE 100-n shown in Fig. 6) into (j+1) PC5 QoS segments with respect to thosej non-first relay UE (s) , as shown in Fig. 6. In some embodiments, the kth (1<=k<=j+1) PC5 QoS (segment) may be the aggregated PC5 QoS of the PC5 hop (s) belonging to the kth segment, i.e., the PC5 hops between the (k-1) th non-first relay UE 100-sk-1 and the kth non-first relay UE 100-sk when k=2, ..., j, or the PC5 hop between the first relay UE 100-1 and the 1st non-first relay UE 100-s1 when k=1, or the PC5 hop between thej th non-first relay UE 100-sj and the remote UE 100-n when k=j+1.
[0159] In some embodiments, the gNB may inform the QoS information of the kth PC5 QoS (segment) to one or more UEs belonging to the kth segment, wherein the QoS information may include one or more of the followings:
[0160] · the aggregated kth PC5 QoS (segment) of the PC5 hop (s) belonging to the segment.
[0161] · an ID identifying the relayed service / QoS flow / RB associated to the PC5 QoS (segment) .
[0162] From the ID the UE can know whether the relayed service / QoS flow / RB corresponds to an UL transmission or a DL transmission. Alternatively, the transmission direction may be explicitly indicated.
[0163] · the associated remote UE ID.
[0164] In some embodiments, the gNB may only inform the QoS information of the kth PC5 QoS (segment) when the kth segment has more than one hop (in which case a split is needed) .
[0165] In some embodiments, in case the kth segment has more than one hop, the kth PC5 QoS (segment) may be split into per hop PC5 QoS by the relay UE (s) and the remote UE (if present) in that segment. In some embodiments, the Tx UE may determine the PC5 hop QoS between the Tx UE and its direct Rx UE in a similar manner as described in Step 2 described in the above embodiments.
[0166] In some embodiments, a UE (which may be a relay UE or a remote UE) in the relay path having RRC connection to the gNB may send a measurement report message to the gNB, which may be used by the gNB to determine how to split the QoS of the relayed service / QoS flow / RB and / or how to further split the overall PC5 QoS (segment) between the first relay UE and the remote UE into several PC5 QoS segments. In some embodiments, the measurement report may comprise at least one of the below measurement results:
[0167] · measurement results of the PC5 hop / link between the remote UE and the last relay UE.
[0168] · measurement results of a PC5 hop / link between two relay UEs in the relay path.
[0169] · measurement results of the Uu hop / link between the first relay UE and the gNB.
[0170] · Number of hops between the reporting UE and the gNB (which serves the remote UE) .
[0171] · Number of hops between the reporting UE and the remote UE.
[0172] In some embodiments, the reporting UE may obtain the measurement result via performing measurement by itself or obtain it from other UEs in the relay path using e.g., PC5 control signaling.
[0173] In some embodiments, any measurement results in the above for a Uu or PC5 hop / link may be measured in terms of one or more of the followings:
[0174] · radio channel quality including metrics e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, SIR, etc.
[0175] ● channel / system busy level including metrics e.g., channel busy ratio (CBR) or channel usage ratio (CR) .
[0176] ● resource utilization / availability including metrics e.g., percentage / ratio / number of occupied resources, percentage / ratio / number of available / free resources.
[0177] ● Number of served UEs.
[0178] In some embodiments, the measurement report message may be sent in an event trigger manner or a periodical fashion.
[0179] In some embodiments, the PC5 LCH priority applied in each PC5 hop for the PC5 LCH carrying the relayed traffic of the remote UE may be determined by the Tx UE of the PC5 LCH, where the determination may be based on the instruction from the gNB or up to the Tx UE implementation. In some embodiments, the gNB may inform one or more of the following PC5 LCH priority info to one or more UE (s) in the relay path which have RRC connection to the gNB:
[0180] ● The PC5 LCH priority value (s) that shall be applied.
[0181] The gNB may indicate one specific PC5 LCH priority value or multiple / arange of PC5 LCH priority values from which the Tx UE in the relay path can select.
[0182] ● An ID identifying the relayed service / QoS flow / RB associated to the PC5 LCH priority. From the ID the UE can know whether the relayed service / QoS flow / RB corresponds to an UL transmission or a DL transmission. Alternatively, the transmission direction may be explicitly indicated.
[0183] ● The associated remote UE ID.
[0184] In some embodiments, the UE (s) receiving the PC5 LCH priority information from the gNB may forward it to other UE (s) in the relay path, while the other UE (s) may further forward it to the remained other UE (s) in the relay path.
[0185] In some embodiments, when a Tx UE receiving the PC5 LCH priority information from the gNB or another UE in the relay path, it may apply the indicated PC5 LCH priority value for PC5 LCH carrying relayed traffic identified by the indicated ID of the relayed service / QoS flow / RB and remote UE. In case multiple / arange of PC5 LCH priority values are indicated, the Tx UE may select one PC5 LCH priority from / within the indicated multiple / range of PC5 LCH priority values.
[0186] In some embodiments, a PC5 QoS configuration may be configured in different ways for relay UEs in RRC connected mode or having RRC connection to the gNB serving the remote UE and relay UEs in RRC idle / inactive mode not having RRC connection to the gNB serving the remote UE. For instance, the per hop PC5 QoS configuration applied by a relay UE for its PC5 transmission in a PC5 LCH carrying the remote UE’s traffic may be configured by the gNB serving the remote UE when the relay UE is in RRC connected mode or having RRC connection to the gNB while configured by the relay UE itself or other UEs in the relay path when the relay UE is in RRC idle / inactive mode or not having RRC connection to the gNB (note that the relay UE may have RRC connection to a different gNB not serving the remote UE, in this case the relay UE may configure by itself the per hop PC5 QoS configuration applied to a PC5 LCH carrying the remote UE’s traffic) .
[0187] In some embodiments, in case a UE acts as both U2N relay / remote UE and U2U relay / remote UE, the U2N traffic and U2U traffic may not be multiplexed in the same PC5 LCH between two UEs which are involved in the transmission / forwarding of both the U2N traffic and U2U traffic. More specifically, end-to-end Uu RB and end-to-end SLRB may not be multiplexed in the same PC5 LCH between two UEs. In some embodiments, QoS for U2N traffic and that for U2U traffic can then be handled separately, for instance, the PC5 QoS applied for each PC5 LCH which carries the U2N traffic can be handled as described in the above embodiments. In some embodiments, the PC5 QoS split methods described in the above embodiments can also be applied to PC5 LCH carrying the U2U traffic except that the end-to-end PC5 QoS between the Tx remote UE and the Rx remote UE (which corresponds to the overall PC5 QoS between the first relay UE and the remote UE in U2N case) may be determined by the Tx remote UE as in legacy U2U relay.
[0188] In some embodiments, any signaling exchanged between UE and the gNB via Uu interface can be transmitted via at least one of the following alternatives:
[0189] - RRC signaling;
[0190] - MAC CE;
[0191] - Paging message;
[0192] - Control PDU of a protocol layer (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, or an adaptation layer in case of SL relay) ;
[0193] - L1 signaling on channels such as PRACH, PUCCH, PDCCH.
[0194] In some embodiments, any signaling exchanged between UEs via the PC5 interface can be transmitted via at least one of the following signaling alternatives:
[0195] - RRC signaling (e.g., PC5-RRC) ;
[0196] - PC5-S signaling;
[0197] - Discovery signaling;
[0198] - MAC CE;
[0199] - Control PDU of a protocol layer (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, or an adaptation layer in case of SL relay) ;
[0200] - L1 signaling on channels such as PSSCH, PSCCH, or PSFCH.
[0201] With the embodiments described above, the QoS for relayed traffic in a multi-hop relay scenario can be handled without requiring that all the relay UEs need to have RRC connection with the gNB and the QoS for each hop needs to be controlled using (dedicated) RRC signaling, which can save signaling / power consumption and reduce resource utilization, also it is more flexible as the relay path can be maintained by the relay UE (s) themselves (except the relay UE directly communicating with the gNB) . Besides, handling QoS for U2N traffic and U2U traffic separately makes it easier to configure QoS properly for both U2N traffic and U2U traffic.
[0202] Fig. 7 is a flow chart of an exemplary method 700 at a network node for QoS management for a path between the network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 700 may be performed at a network node (e.g., the gNB 105) for QoS handling for multi-hop relay. The method 700 may comprise a step S710. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the method 700 may comprise more steps, different steps, or any combination thereof. Further the steps of the method 700 may be performed in a different order than that described herein. Further, in some embodiments, a step in the method 700 may be split into multiple sub-steps and performed by different entities, and / or multiple steps in the method 700 may be combined into a single step.
[0203] The method 700 may begin at step S710 where the network node may transmit, to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for at least one segment of the path.
[0204] In some embodiments, the at least one UE may have an RRC connection with the network node. In some embodiments, the remote UE may be served by the network node. In some embodiments, the first message may further indicate at least one of: an identifier (ID) of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed Radio Bearer (RB) associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information may be able to be split into multiple per-hop PC5 QoS information for multiple hops in the at least one segment.
[0205] In some embodiments, when the at least one segment of the path is a single segment comprising all PC5 hops of the path, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message may be overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the path. In some embodiments, when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, a first message may be transmitted to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs. In some embodiments, the at least one UE may be associated with the corresponding segment. In some embodiments, when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message for the corresponding segment may be per-segment overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the corresponding segment.
[0206] In some embodiments, per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for a segment may indicate at least one of: aggregated PC5 QoS information for all the PC5 hops in the segment; an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.
[0207] In some embodiments, the first message may be transmitted to a UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs only when the UE is associated with a segment that comprises more than one hop. In some embodiments, the first message may trigger the at least one UE to determine per-hop PC5 QoS information for PC5 hops in the segment based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, when a Tx UE receives the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information from the network node or another UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the Tx UE and its direct Rx UE may be determined by: determining, by the Tx UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the method 700 may further comprise: determining, by the Tx UE, remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the method 700 may further comprise: transmitting, from the Tx UE to yet another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information and the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for that segment.
[0208] In some embodiments, when a Tx UE receives remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information from another UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the Tx UE and its direct Rx UE may be determined by: determining, by the Tx UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the method 700 may further comprise: determining, by the Tx UE, another remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the method 700 may further comprise: transmitting, from the Tx UE to yet another UE, a second message indicating the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.
[0209] In some embodiments, at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, and the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information may comprise at least one of: an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; a transmission direction associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; one or more IDs of one or more Tx UEs that have determined the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hops to their direct Rx UEs, respectively; one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information determined by the one or more Tx UEs, respectively; aggregated PC5 QoS information that is determined from the one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information; and an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.
[0210] In some embodiments, per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop may be determined by a Tx UE associated with the hop based on at least one of: the Tx UE’s own implementation; a PC5 QoS configuration from the network node when the Tx UE has a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection with the network node; and one or more rules that are received from the network node or another UE. In some embodiments, before the step of transmitting the first message, the method 700 may further comprise: receiving AN QoS information for the path; and determining the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the at least one segment of the path based on at least the received AN QoS information for the path. In some embodiments, the method 700 may further comprise: determining Uu QoS information for a Uu hop between the network node and the relay UE in the path that is closest to the network node based on at least the received AN QoS information for the path and / or the determined per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the at least one segment of the path.
[0211] In some embodiments, the method 700 may further comprise: receiving, from at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a third message indicating one or more measurement reports. In some embodiments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information may be determined based on at least the one or more measurement reports. In some embodiments, the method 700 may further comprise: transmitting, to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a fourth message indicating at least one of: a PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE; a range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the at least one UE to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE; an ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and an ID of the remote UE associated with at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB. In some embodiments, after the at least one UE receives the fourth message, the at least one UE may transmit, to yet another UE, a message indicating at least one of: the PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE; the range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the yet other UE to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE; the ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and the ID of the remote UE associated with the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB.
[0212] In some embodiments, for a relay UE having an RRC connection to the network node serving the remote UE, per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE may be configured by the network node. In some embodiments, for a relay UE not having an RRC connection to the network node serving the remote UE, per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE may be configured by the UE itself or by another UE in the path. In some embodiments, for a UE that acts as both a U2N relay UE or a U2N remote UE and a U2U relay UE or a U2U remote UE, its U2N traffic and U2U traffic may be carried by different PC5 LCHs.
[0213] In some embodiments, signaling exchanged between a UE and a network node via the Uu interface may be transmitted via at least one of: RRC signaling; Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) ; a paging message; Control Protocol Data Unit (PDU) of a protocol layer; and Layer 1 (L1) signaling. In some embodiments, signaling exchanged between UEs via the PC5 interface may be transmitted via at least one of: RRC signaling; PC5-S signaling; Discovery signaling; MAC CE; Control PDU of a protocol layer; and L1 signaling.
[0214] In some embodiments, some of the operations described above may be performed by the network node itself. In some embodiments, some of the operations described above, which are performed by one or more UEs, are triggered by the network node.
[0215] Fig. 8 is a flow chart of an exemplary method 800 at a UE for QoS configuration for at least a segment of a path between a network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 800 may be performed at a UE (e.g., any of the UE 100-1 through 100-n) for QoS handling for multi-hop relay. The method 800 may comprise at least one of steps S810 and S820. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the method 800 may comprise more steps, less steps, different steps, or any combination thereof. Further the steps of the method 800 may be performed in a different order than that described herein. Further, in some embodiments, a step in the method 800 may be split into multiple sub-steps and performed by different entities, and / or multiple steps in the method 800 may be combined into a single step.
[0216] The method 800 may comprise at least one of step S810 and step S820.
[0217] At step S810, the UE may receive, from the network node, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment.
[0218] At step S820, the UE may receive, from another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment and remained overall PC5 QoS information for the segment.
[0219] In some embodiments, the UE may be the remote UE or one of the relay UEs. In some embodiments, the remote UE may be served by the network node. In some embodiments, the first message may further indicate at least one of: an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information may be able to be split into multiple per-hop PC5 QoS information for multiple hops in the segment.
[0220] In some embodiments, when the at least one segment of the path is a single segment comprising all PC5 hops of the path, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message may be overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the path. In some embodiments, when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, a first message may be transmitted to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs. In some embodiments, the at least one UE may be associated with the corresponding segment. In some embodiments, when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message for the corresponding segment may be per-segment overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the corresponding segment. In some embodiments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment may indicate at least one of: aggregated PC5 QoS information for all the PC5 hops in the segment; an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; a transmission direction associated of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.
[0221] In some embodiments, the first message may be transmitted to the UE only when the UE is associated with a segment that comprises more than one hop. In some embodiments, the first message may trigger the UE to determine per-hop PC5 QoS information for PC5 hops in the segment based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, when the UE receives the first message or the second message indicating the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the UE and its direct Rx UE may be determined by: determining, by the UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the method 800 may further comprise: determining, by the UE, remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.
[0222] In some embodiments, the method 800 may further comprise: transmitting, from the UE to yet another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information and the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for that segment. In some embodiments, when the UE receives a second message indicating the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information from the other UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the UE and its direct Rx UE may be determined by: determining, by the UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the method 800 may further comprise: determining, by the UE, another remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information. In some embodiments, the method 800 may further comprise: transmitting, from the UE to yet another UE, a second message indicating the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.
[0223] In some embodiments, at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, and the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information may comprise at least one of: an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; a transmission direction associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information; one or more IDs of one or more Tx UEs that have determined the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hops to their direct Rx UEs, respectively; one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information determined by the one or more Tx UEs, respectively; aggregated PC5 QoS information that is determined from the one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information; and an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.
[0224] In some embodiments, per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop may be determined by a Tx UE associated with the hop based on at least one of: the Tx UE’s own implementation; a PC5 QoS configuration from the network node when the Tx UE has an RRC connection with the network node; and one or more rules that are received from the network node or another UE. In some embodiments, the method 800 may further comprise: transmitting, to the network node, a third message indicating one or more measurement reports. In some embodiments, the method 800 may further comprise: receiving, from the network node or another UE, a fourth message indicating at least one of: a PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE; a range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the UE to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE; an ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and an ID of the remote UE associated with at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB. In some embodiments, after the UE receives the fourth message, the UE may transmit, to yet another UE, a message indicating at least one of: the PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE; the range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the yet other UE to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE; the ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and the ID of the remote UE associated with the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB.
[0225] In some embodiments, when the UE has an RRC connection to the network node serving the remote UE, per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE may be configured by the network node. In some embodiments, when the UE does not have an RRC connection to the network node serving the remote UE, per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE may be configured by the UE itself or by another UE in the path. In some embodiments, when the UE acts as both a U2N relay UE or a U2N remote UE and a U2U relay UE or a U2U remote UE, its U2N traffic and U2U traffic may be carried by different PC5 LCHs.
[0226] In some embodiments, signaling exchanged between a UE and a network node via the Uu interface may be transmitted via at least one of: RRC signaling; MAC CE; a paging message; Control PDU of a protocol layer; and L1 signaling. In some embodiments, signaling exchanged between UEs via the PC5 interface may be transmitted via at least one of: RRC signaling; PC5-S signaling; Discovery signaling; MAC CE; Control PDU of a protocol layer; and L1 signaling.
[0227] Fig. 9 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement which may be used in a UE and / or a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Comprised in the arrangement 900 are a processing unit 906, e.g., with a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or a Central Processing Unit (CPU) . The processing unit 906 may be a single unit or a plurality of units to perform different actions of procedures described herein. The arrangement 900 may also comprise an input unit 902 for receiving signals from other entities, and an output unit 904 for providing signal (s) to other entities. The input unit 902 and the output unit 904 may be arranged as an integrated entity or as separate entities.
[0228] Furthermore, the arrangement 900 may comprise at least one computer program product 908 in the form of a non-volatile or volatile memory, e.g., an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) , a flash memory and / or a hard drive. The computer program product 908 comprises a computer program 910, which comprises code / computer readable instructions, which when executed by the processing unit 906 in the arrangement 900 causes the arrangement 900 and / or the UE and / or the network node in which it is comprised to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 4 through Fig. 8 or any other variant.
[0229] The computer program 910 may be configured as a computer program code structured in a computer program module 910A. Hence, in an exemplifying embodiment when the arrangement 900 is used in a network node for QoS management for a path between the network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs, the code in the computer program of the arrangement 900 includes: a module 910A configured to transmit, to at least one UE among the remote UE and the one or more relay UEs, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for at least one segment of the path.
[0230] Additionally or alternatively, the computer program 910 may be configured as a computer program code structured in computer program modules 910B and 910C. Hence, in an exemplifying embodiment when the arrangement 900 is used in a UE for QoS configuration for at least a segment of a path between a network node and a remote UE via one or more relay UEs, the code in the computer program of the arrangement 900 includes at least one of: a module 910B configured to receive, from the network node, a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment; and a module 910C configured to receive, from another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment and remained overall PC5 QoS information for the segment.
[0231] The computer program modules could essentially perform the actions of the flow illustrated in Fig. 4 through Fig. 8, to emulate the UE and / or the network node. In other words, when the different computer program modules are executed in the processing unit 906, they may correspond to different modules in the UE and / or the network node.
[0232] Although the code means in the embodiments disclosed above in conjunction with Fig. 9 are implemented as computer program modules which when executed in the processing unit causes the arrangement to perform the actions described above in conjunction with the figures mentioned above, at least one of the code means may in alternative embodiments be implemented at least partly as hardware circuits.
[0233] The processor may be a single CPU (Central processing unit) , but could also comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processor may include general purpose microprocessors; instruction set processors and / or related chips sets and / or special purpose microprocessors such as Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASICs) . The processor may also comprise board memory for caching purposes. The computer program may be carried by a computer program product connected to the processor. The computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium on which the computer program is stored. For example, the computer program product may be a flash memory, a Random-access memory (RAM) , a Read-Only Memory (ROM) , or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules described above could in alternative embodiments be distributed on different computer program products in the form of memories within the UE and / or the network node.
[0234] Fig. 10 shows a UE QQ200 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage / playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , an Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0235] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0236] The UE QQ200 includes processing circuitry QQ202 that is operatively coupled via a bus QQ204 to an input / output interface QQ206, a power source QQ208, a memory QQ210, a communication interface QQ212, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Fig. 10. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0237] The processing circuitry QQ202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory QQ210. The processing circuitry QQ202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry QQ202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0238] In the example, the input / output interface QQ206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE QQ200. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0239] In some embodiments, the power source QQ208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source QQ208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source QQ208 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE QQ200 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source QQ208. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source QQ208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE QQ200 to which power is supplied.
[0240] The memory QQ210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory QQ210 includes one or more application programs QQ214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data QQ216. The memory QQ210 may store, for use by the UE QQ200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0241] The memory QQ210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory QQ210 may allow the UE QQ200 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory QQ210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0242] The processing circuitry QQ202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface QQ212. The communication interface QQ212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna QQ222. The communication interface QQ212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter QQ218 and / or a receiver QQ220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter QQ218 and receiver QQ220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna QQ222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0243] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface QQ212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0244] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface QQ212, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0245] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0246] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE QQ200 shown in Fig. 10.
[0247] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0248] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0249] Fig. 11 shows a network node QQ300 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0250] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0251] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0252] The network node QQ300 includes a processing circuitry QQ302, a memory QQ304, a communication interface QQ306, and a power source QQ308. The network node QQ300 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node QQ300 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node QQ300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory QQ304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna QQ310 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node QQ300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node QQ300, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node QQ300.
[0253] The processing circuitry QQ302 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node QQ300 components, such as the memory QQ304, to provide network node QQ300 functionality.
[0254] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and the baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0255] The memory QQ304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry QQ302. The memory QQ304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry QQ302 and utilized by the network node QQ300. The memory QQ304 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry QQ302 and / or any data received via the communication interface QQ306. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 and memory QQ304 is integrated.
[0256] The communication interface QQ306 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface QQ306 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) QQ316 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface QQ306 also includes radio front-end circuitry QQ318 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna QQ310. Radio front-end circuitry QQ318 comprises filters QQ320 and amplifiers QQ322. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may be connected to an antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ320 and / or amplifiers QQ322. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna QQ310. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna QQ310 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry QQ318. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry QQ302. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0257] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node QQ300 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry QQ318, instead, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna QQ310. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 is part of the communication interface QQ306. In still other embodiments, the communication interface QQ306 includes one or more ports or terminals QQ316, the radio front-end circuitry QQ318, and the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface QQ306 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry QQ314, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0258] The antenna QQ310 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna QQ310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry QQ318 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna QQ310 is separate from the network node QQ300 and connectable to the network node QQ300 through an interface or port.
[0259] The antenna QQ310, communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna QQ310, the communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0260] The power source QQ308 provides power to the various components of network node QQ300 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source QQ308 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node QQ300 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source QQ308. As a further example, the power source QQ308 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0261] Embodiments of the network node QQ300 may include additional components beyond those shown in Fig. 11 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node QQ300 and to allow output of information from the network node QQ300. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node QQ300. In some embodiments providing a core network node, some components, such as the radio front-end circuitry QQ318 and the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 may be omitted.
[0262] The present disclosure is described above with reference to the embodiments thereof. However, those embodiments are provided just for illustrative purpose, rather than limiting the present disclosure. The scope of the disclosure is defined by the attached claims as well as equivalents thereof. Those skilled in the art can make various alternations and modifications without departing from the scope of the disclosure, which all fall into the scope of the disclosure.
Claims
1.A method (700) at a network node (105) for Quality of Service (QoS) management for a path between the network node (105) and a remote User Equipment (UE) (100-n) via one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) , the method (700) comprising:transmitting (S710) , to at least one UE among the remote UE (100-n) and the one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) , a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for at least one segment of the path.2.The method (700) of claim 1, wherein the at least one UE has a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection with the network node (105) ;the remote UE (100-n) is served by the network node (105) .3.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 2, wherein the first message further indicates at least one of:- an identifier (ID) of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed Radio Bearer (RB) associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.4.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information is able to be split into multiple per-hop PC5 QoS information for multiple hops in the at least one segment.5.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein when the at least one segment of the path is a single segment comprising all PC5 hops of the path, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message is overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the path.6.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, a first message is transmitted to at least one UE among the remote UE (100-n) and the one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) ,wherein the at least one UE is associated with the corresponding segment.7.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message for the corresponding segment is per-segment overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the corresponding segment.- aggregated PC5 QoS information for all the PC5 hops in the segment;- an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- an ID of the remote UE associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.8.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first message is transmitted to a UE among the remote UE (100-n) and the one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) only when the UE is associated with a segment that comprises more than one hop.9.The method (700) of any of claims I to 8, wherein the first message triggers the at least one UE to determine per-hop PC5 QoS information for PC5 hops in the segment based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;wherein when a Tx UE receives the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information from the network node (105) or another UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the Tx UE and its direct Rx UE is determined by:determining, by the Tx UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.10.The method (700) of claim 9, further comprising:determining, by the Tx UE, remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.11.The method (700) of claim 9 or 10, further comprising:transmitting, from the Tx UE to yet another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information and the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for that segment.12.The method (700) of any of claims 9 to 11, wherein when a Tx UE receives remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information from another UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the Tx UE and its direct Rx UE is determined by:determining, by the Tx UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;determining, by the Tx UE, another remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.13.The method (700) of claim 12, further comprising:transmitting, from the Tx UE to yet another UE, a second message indicating the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.14.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, and the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information comprises at least one of:- an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- a transmission direction associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- one or more IDs of one or more Tx UEs that have determined the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hops to their direct Rx UEs, respectively;- one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information determined by the one or more Tx UEs, respectively;- aggregated PC5 QoS information that is determined from the one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information; and- an ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.15.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop is determined by a Tx UE associated with the hop based on at least one of:- the Tx UE’s own implementation;- a PC5 QoS configuration from the network node (105) when the Tx UE has a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection with the network node (105) ; and- one or more rules that are received from the network node (105) or another UE.16.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 15, wherein before the step of transmitting the first message, the method (700) further comprises:receiving Access Network (AN) QoS information for the path; anddetermining the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the at least one segment of the path based on at least the received AN QoS information for the path;determining Uu QoS information for a Uu hop between the network node (105) and the relay UE (100-1) in the path that is closest to the network node (105) based on at least the received AN QoS information for the path and / or the determined per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the at least one segment of the path.17.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 16, further comprising:receiving, from at least one UE among the remote UE (100-n) and the one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) , a third message indicating one or more measurement reports, wherein the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information is determined based on at least the one or more measurement reports.18.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 17, further comprising:transmitting, to at least one UE among the remote UE (100-n) and the one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) , a fourth message indicating at least one of:- a PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- a range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the at least one UE to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- an ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB;- a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- an ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB;wherein after the at least one UE receives the fourth message, the at least one UE transmits, to yet another UE, a message indicating at least one of:- the PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- the range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the yet other UE to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- the ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB;- a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- the ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB.19.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 18, wherein for a relay UE having an RRC connection to the network node (105) serving the remote UE (100-n) , per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE is configured by the network node (105) .20.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 19, wherein for a relay UE not having an RRC connection to the network node (105) serving the remote UE (100-n) , per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE is configured by the UE itself or by another UE in the path.21.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 20, wherein for a UE that acts as both a U2N relay UE or a U2N remote UE and a UE-to-UE (U2U) relay UE or a U2U remote UE, its U2N traffic and U2U traffic are carried by different PC5 LCHs.22.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 21, wherein signaling exchanged between a UE and a network node (105) via the Uu interface is transmitted via at least one of:- RRC signaling;- Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) ;- a paging message;- Control Protocol Data Unit (PDU) of a protocol layer; and- Layer 1 (L 1) signaling.23.The method (700) of any of claims 1 to 22, wherein signaling exchanged between UEs via the PC5 interface is transmitted via at least one of:- RRC signaling;- PC5-S signaling;- Discovery signaling;- MAC CE;- Control PDU of a protocol layer; and- L1 signaling.24.A network node (105, 900, 1000) for QoS management for a path between the network node (105, 900, 1000) and a remote UE (100-n) via one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) , the network node (105) comprising:a processor (906) ;a memory (908) storing instructions which, when executed by the processor (906) , cause the network node (105, 900, 1000) to perform any of the methods (700) of claims 1-23.25.A method (800) at a UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) for QoS configuration for at least a segment of a path between a network node (105) and a remote UE (100-n) via one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) , the method (800) comprising at least one of:receiving (S810) , from the network node (105) , a first message indicating per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment; andreceiving (S820) , from another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment and remained overall PC5 QoS information for the segment.26.The method (800) of claim 25, wherein the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) is the remote UE (100-n) or one of the relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) ;wherein the remote UE (100-n) is served by the network node (105) .27.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 26, wherein the first message further indicates at least one of:- an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- an ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.28.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 27, wherein the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information is able to be split into multiple per-hop PC5 QoS information for multiple hops in the segment.29.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 28, wherein when the at least one segment of the path is a single segment comprising all PC5 hops of the path, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message is overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the path.30.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 29, wherein when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, a first message is transmitted to at least one UE among the remote UE (100-n) and the one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) ,wherein the at least one UE is associated with the corresponding segment; and / orwherein when the at least one segment of the path comprises two or more segments, each of which comprises one or more PC5 hops of the path, for each of the segments, the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information indicated by the first message for the corresponding segment is per-segment overall PC5 QoS information associated with all the PC5 hops in the corresponding segment;wherein the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for the segment indicates at least one of:- aggregated PC5 QoS information for all the PC5 hops in the segment;- an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- a transmission direction associated of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- an ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.31.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 31, wherein the first message is transmitted to the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) only when the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) is associated with a segment that comprises more than one hop; and / orwherein the first message triggers the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) to determine per-hop PC5 QoS information for PC5 hops in the segment based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;32.The method (800) of claim 31, wherein when the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) receives the first message or the second message indicating the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) and its direct Rx UE is determined by:determining, by the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) , the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;determining, by the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) , remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;transmitting, from the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) to yet another UE, a second message indicating at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information and the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information for that segment.33.The method (800) of any of claims 31 to 32, wherein when the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) receives a second message indicating the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information from the other UE, the per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop between the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) and its direct Rx UE is determined by:determining, by the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) , the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hop based on at least the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;determining, by the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) , another remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information based on at least the per-hop PC5 QoS information determined for the hop and / or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;transmitting, from the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) to yet another UE, a second message indicating the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.34.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 33, wherein at least one of the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information, and the other remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information comprises at least one of:- an ID of a relayed service associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed QoS flow associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- an ID of a relayed RB associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- a transmission direction associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information;- one or more IDs of one or more Tx UEs that have determined the per-hop PC5 QoS information for the hops to their direct Rx UEs, respectively;- one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information determined by the one or more Tx UEs, respectively;- aggregated PC5 QoS information that is determined from the one or more per-hop PC5 QoS information; and- an ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with the per-segment overall PC5 QoS information or the remained per-segment overall PC5 QoS information.35.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 34, wherein per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop is determined by a Tx UE associated with the hop based on at least one of:- the Tx UE’s own implementation;- a PC5 QoS configuration from the network node (105) when the Tx UE has an RRC connection with the network node (105) ; and- one or more rules that are received from the network node (105) or another UE.36.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 35, further comprising:transmitting, to the network node (105) , a third message indicating one or more measurement reports;receiving, from the network node (105) or another UE, a fourth message indicating at least one of:- a PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- a range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying at least one of a relayed service, a relayed QoS flow, and a relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- an ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- an ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and / orwherein after the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) receives the fourth message, the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) transmits, to yet another UE, a message indicating at least one of:- the PC5 LCH priority value to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- the range of PC5 LCH priority values, from which a PC5 LCH priority value can be selected by the yet other UE to be applied for a PC5 LCH carrying the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB for the remote UE (100-n) ;- the ID of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB;- a transmission direction of the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB; and- the ID of the remote UE (100-n) associated with the at least one of the relayed service, the relayed QoS flow, and the relayed RB.37.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 36, wherein when the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) has an RRC connection to the network node (105) serving the remote UE (100-n) , per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) is configured by the network node (105) ; and / orwherein when the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) does not have an RRC connection to the network node (105) serving the remote UE (100-n) , per-hop PC5 QoS information for a hop associated with the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) is configured by the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) itself or by another UE in the path; and / orwherein when the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n) acts as both a U2N relay UE or a U2N remote UE and a U2U relay UE or a U2U remote UE, its U2N traffic and U2U traffic are carried by different PC5 LCHs.38.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 37, wherein signaling exchanged between a UE and a network node (105) via the Uu interface is transmitted via at least one of:- RRC signaling;- MAC CE;- a paging message;- Control PDU of a protocol layer; and- L1 signaling.39.The method (800) of any of claims 25 to 30, wherein signaling exchanged between UEs via the PC5 interface is transmitted via at least one of:- RRC signaling;- PC5-S signaling;- Discovery signaling;- MAC CE;- Control PDU of a protocol layer; and- L1 signaling.40.A UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n, 900, 1100) for QoS configuration for at least a segment of a path between a network node (105) and a remote UE (100-n) via one or more relay UEs (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4) , the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n, 900, 1100) comprising:a processor (906) ;a memory (908) storing instructions which, when executed by the processor (906) , cause the UE (100-1, 100-2, 100-3, 100-4, 100-n, 900, 1100) to perform any of the methods (800) of claims 25-39.
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