User equipment centric proactive quality of service aware cell selection and application adaptation with network to user equipment interaction
UE-centric QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation procedures enhance seamless QoS session continuity by predicting and proactively adjusting to network conditions, addressing limitations in existing systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/084815
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in providing seamless quality of service (QoS) session continuity due to limited sharing of network-side and UE-side information, leading to suboptimal cell selection and application adaptation, especially in mobile scenarios like extended reality (XR) applications.
Implementing UE-centric proactive QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation procedures, utilizing network-to-UE closed loop predictive mobility management, where the UE makes measurements, predicts QoS, and adjusts applications proactively based on network feedback to ensure seamless handovers.
Enhances QoS session continuity with reduced handover interruptions and improved reliability, particularly for ultra-low-latency applications, by optimizing data rates and latency while balancing computation and transmission power.
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Figure CN2024084815_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
USER EQUIPMENT CENTRIC PROACTIVE QUALITY OF SERVICE AWARE CELL SELECTION AND APPLICATION ADAPTATION WITH NETWORK TO USER EQUIPMENT INTERACTIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This application relates generally to wireless communication systems, including wireless communication systems implementing quality of service (QoS) -aware cell selection and adaptation procedures.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a base station and a wireless communication device. Wireless communication system standards and protocols can include, for example, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) (e.g., 4G) , 3GPP New Radio (NR) (e.g., 5G) , and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) (commonly known to industry groups as ) .
[0003] As contemplated by the 3GPP, different wireless communication systems'standards and protocols can use various radio access networks (RANs) for communicating between a base station of the RAN (which may also sometimes be referred to generally as a RAN node, a network node, or simply a node) and a wireless communication device known as a user equipment (UE) . 3GPP RANs can include, for example, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) RAN (GERAN) , Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) , Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , and / or Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) .
[0004] Each RAN may use one or more radio access technologies (RATs) to perform communication between the base station and the UE. For example, the GERAN implements GSM and / or EDGE RAT, the UTRAN implements Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) RAT or other 3GPP RAT, the E-UTRAN implements LTE RAT (sometimes simply referred to as LTE) , and NG-RAN implements NR RAT (sometimes referred to herein as 5G RAT, 5G NR RAT, or simply NR) . In certain deployments, the E-UTRAN may also implement NR RAT. In certain deployments, NG-RAN may also implement LTE RAT.
[0005] A base station used by a RAN may correspond to that RAN. One example of an E-UTRAN base station is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Node B (also commonly denoted as evolved Node B, enhanced Node B, eNodeB, or eNB) . One example of an NG-RAN base station is a next generation Node B (also sometimes referred to as a g Node B or gNB) .
[0006] A RAN provides its communication services with external entities through its connection to a core network (CN) . For example, E-UTRAN may utilize an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) while NG-RAN may utilize a 5G Core Network (5GC) .
[0007] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced.
[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram for a procedure for UE-centric proactive quality of service (QoS) -aware cell selection and application adaptation, according to embodiments herein.
[0010] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram for a procedure for UE-centric proactive QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation, according to embodiments herein.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart for the behavior of a UE within a UE-centric proactive QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation procedure, according to embodiments herein.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram for interactions between a UE and network having network intelligence for purposes of, e.g., configuration and measurement, according to embodiments discussed herein.
[0013] FIG. 5 illustrates a diagram showing types of inputs that may be used by a predictive model at a UE for purposes of target cell identification, according to embodiments herein.
[0014] FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram for interactions between a UE and network with respect to an application adjustment, according to embodiments discussed herein.
[0015] FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram for a network-centric solution in which a UE informs a network about its QoS degradation in order to initiate a network centric cell selection toward a potentially better target cell, according to embodiments herein.
[0016] FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram for a network-centric solution in which an application layer informs a network about the desirability of a handover based on network QoS predictions, according to embodiments herein.
[0017] FIG. 9 illustrates a method of a UE, according to embodiments herein.
[0018] FIG. 10 illustrates a method of a serving cell, according to embodiments herein.
[0019] FIG. 11 illustrates an example architecture of a wireless communication system, according to embodiments disclosed herein.
[0020] FIG. 12 illustrates a system for performing signaling between a wireless device and a network device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] Various embodiments are described with regard to a UE. However, reference to a UE is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any electronic component that may establish a connection to a network and is configured with the hardware, software, and / or firmware to exchange information and data with the network. Therefore, the UE as described herein is used to represent any appropriate electronic component.
[0022] Many applications (such as, for example, extended reality (XR) applications) benefit from seamless quality of service (QoS) flow and session continuity, including in mobile scenarios. It may be that some existing methods for reference signal received power (RSRP) -based cell selection mechanisms may not provide desirable QoS session continuity.
[0023] Strong QoS session continuity may use both RAN-aspect awareness at a UE and application-aspect awareness at the RAN. However, it may be the case that at least some kinds of network side information (e.g., cell bandwidth, compute resources, cell load, network configurations, etc. ) is not shared with UE, and / or that some kinds of UE side information (e.g. contextual information, preferential settings, etc. ) cannot be shared with the network (due to, for example, implementation confidentiality constraints at the network and / or to implementation confidentiality and / or privacy constraints at the UE) .
[0024] The present disclosure propose embodiments for UE-centric QoS aware predictive handover procedures that are operable within such contexts. Supported QoS metric aware proactive application adaptation procedures operable within such contexts are also presented.
[0025] As used herein, the term “QoS profile” refers to a QoS profile for a RAN that is understood in terms of a QoS that the RAN can provide.
[0026] As used herein, the term “QoS requirement” refers to QoS requirement of an application (e.g., that is operating at a UE that accesses through the RAN) . Examples of QoS requirements include requirements with respect to parameters such as packet loss, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc.
[0027] Note that in general, it will be understood that cell-level QoS prediction is described. This is because embodiments herein relate to cases where the network makes predictions for the future, and RAN conditions may change over time, therefore making the cell entity an appropriate entity to consider with respect to such predictions.
[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram 100 for a procedure for UE-centric proactive QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation, according to embodiments herein. The procedure may use, for example, network-to-UE closed loop predictive mobility management. The flow diagram 100 illustrates operation between a UE 102, a serving cell 104 of the UE 102, and neighbor cell (s) 106 of the UE 102.
[0029] As illustrated, the UE 102 operates an application 108 that is adaptive to (e.g., capable of adapting to) RAN aspects. The application 108 may operate with / according to an application layer 110 that exists beyond the serving cell 104 and the neighbor cell (s) 106, as illustrated.
[0030] The UE 102 and the serving cell 104 participate in the feedback mechanism 112. As part of this feedback mechanism 112, the UE may make one or more measurements of the serving cell 104. Based on these measurements, the UE may make QoS predictions for the serving cell 104. These measurements and / or predictions may be fed back to the serving cell 104, as illustrated.
[0031] The serving cell 104 then performs a data configuration 114 of the UE 102. As part of the data configuration 114, the serving cell 104 may configure the UE 102 to use one or more physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and / or one or more medium access control control elements (MAC-CEs) , as illustrated.
[0032] The UE 102 then sends one or more input features 116 to the serving cell 104. The input features 116 may include, for example, radio measurements of the serving cell 104 and / or the neighbor cell (s) 106. The input features 116 provided to the serving cell 104 may be sent according to the data configuration 114 previously described.
[0033] The serving cell 104 receives the input features 116 and shares them with additional cells (e.g., the neighbor cell (s) 106) as relevant. The various cells (e.g., the serving cell 104 and / or the neighbor cell (s) 106) then use this information to perform QoS prediction and provisioning 118, as illustrated. Such results generated at the neighbor cell (s) 106 are shared back to the serving cell 104.
[0034] The serving cell 104 then accordingly provides cell / network related QoS predictions 120 to the UE 102. These cell / network related QoS predictions 120 may include, for example, predictions for one or more QoS metric values at one or more cells (the serving cell 104 and / or the neighbor cell (s) 106) .
[0035] Note that, as illustrated, the flow diagram 100 may repeat 122 through multiple iterations of providing input features 116 and receiving corresponding cell / network related QoS predictions 120 in response until the UE 102 determines to perform the target cell selection 124 illustrated.
[0036] The UE 102 performs the target cell selection 124 based on the cell / network related QoS predictions 120 that it has been receiving over time. Further information that may be used by the UE for the target cell selection 124 includes UE-centric time series information such as UE contextual information (e.g., direction) , a UE application preference, UE-predicted QoSs for neighbor cells, and / or UE-taken radio measurements.
[0037] Once the UE 102 performs the target cell selection 124, it indicates its preferred target cell 126 to the serving cell 104. In response, the serving cell 104 works with the selected target cell of the neighbor cell (s) 106 to perform QoS-based resource allocation and admission control 128 for the target cell.
[0038] The serving cell 104 then provides the UE 102 with a handover command 130 that instructs the UE 102 to perform a handover to the target cell that was selected from the neighbor cell (s) 106.
[0039] In response, the UE 102 performs a proactive application adaptation 132 (e.g., such that the application 108 is tuned for operation based on the one or more expected QoS aspects of the target cell) . The UE then performs a handover procedure 134 to the target cell within the neighbor cell (s) 106.
[0040] In some embodiments disclosed herein (e.g., in embodiments implementing the flow diagram 100 of FIG. 1) , it may be that a UE predicts that current serving cell may not be able to support current QoS metric requirement (s) (e.g., of an application) in an upcoming period of time, and thus that a handover to a new cell (e.g., that can support the QoS metric requirement (s) ) may be desirable. This determination may be based on a combination of UE contextual information (e.g., UE speed and direction of motion, etc. ) , application layer requirements (e.g., QoS parameters, etc. ) , serving cell RSRP measurements, and / or one or more neighbor cell RSRP measurements.
[0041] The UE then informs the serving cell about the potential / predicted handover condition and / or its QoS metric requirements. In some examples, the UE may provide QoS-related features such as preference, percentage, or weighting of QoS requirements as UE assistance information.
[0042] The UE may then be provided with a new measurement configuration for one or more neighbor cells. For example, the UE may be provided with a configuration for one or more of measurement quantity, measurement resources, measurement frequency, a UE-specific power headroom, etc., for each of the one or more neighbor cells. Such a “measurement” may relate to any telemetry at the device (within any applicable device privacy constraint) which may be useful for accurate QoS prediction at the network. In such cases, it may be that each identified neighbor cell is associated with a specific measurement configuration in accordance with the QoS metric requirements requested by the UE.
[0043] The UE may further prepare to report compute-related, sensing-related, caching-related, and / or battery-related, etc. metrics. For example, for edge computing tasks, the UE may determine a number of possible compute operations per second.
[0044] In some embodiments, UE may provide the serving cell with several different levels of QoS requirements (such as level 1 requirement (s) for a “good” QoS, level 2 requirement (s) for a “medium” QoS, and / or level 3 requirements for an “acceptable” QoS) . This information may be used at the network to help the network identify potential target cells.
[0045] The UE then provides reporting information that includes measurement report (s) according to the measurement configuration (s) and further includes any additional UE-side metrics (e.g., the compute-related, sensing-related, caching-related, and / or battery-related, etc. metrics) .
[0046] Based on the received UE measurements, any received UE metrics, and / or any network-side metrics (e.g., packet data control protocol (PDCP) buffer status, downlink (DL) / uplink (UL) physical radio block (PRB) occupation rate, etc. ) , each neighbor cell determines the likelihood of supporting the required QoS metrics of requesting UE after handover to that neighbor cell.
[0047] The serving cell may then provide the requesting UE with a list of one or more of the neighbor cells along with a likelihood that each will support the QoS requirements. In some examples, the serving cell may provide weighting (s) of these one or more neighbor cells in terms of QoS requirements.
[0048] The requesting UE then selects one target cell from the list and initiates handover procedure with it. The selection of the target cell may be based on a combination of UE contextual information (UE speed and direction of motion, etc. ) , application layer requirements (QoS parameters, etc. ) , and the QoS support likelihood parameters per neighbor cell from the provided list.
[0049] Contextual information relevant to the QoS approaches disclosed herein as applicable to XR use case contexts is now discussed.
[0050] When considering XR use cases within a cellular network environment as opposed to within a Wi-Fi environment, it is noted that Wi-Fi connectivity works only where Wi-Fi access is available, which is typically a relatively limited area as compared to cellular service. Further, it may be that Wi-Fi spoofing can be concern for security / safety critical applications, while cellular connectivity potentially provides better security.
[0051] XR use cases further include field work, research / education, etc. For example, professionals, researchers, or field engineers can benefit from 6G XRs when they need reliable internet access in remote locations, as well as in outdoor museums and exhibitions, etc.
[0052] XR use cases further include entertainment use cases. For example, mobile gaming XR applications benefit by operating on cellular networks which can provide low latency and high-speed connections.
[0053] These and other use cases may benefit from predicted RAN performance (e.g., maximum / average traffic rate, maximum / average latency, average packet loss rate, compute and caching related prediction of neighboring cell at the device) for QoS requirement adaptation, as discussed herein. It will be understood that the above parameters will be affected by channel quality parameters (such as RSRP, reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) , available bandwidth, congestion, handover latencies) and / or edge computing / caching (such as availability of compute / storage resources at the application server for computation offloading and caching content) . However, a UE may not be aware of these aspects directly.
[0054] Upcoming use cases for cellular communications (e.g., XR use cases) may impose even stricter QoS metric requirements that prior use cases. Accordingly, the present disclosure discusses QoS-driven handover mechanisms.
[0055] From a device perspective, QoS-driven handover mechanisms may include one or more of the following benefits: a reduced “effective” hand-over interruption; more reliable service continuity (which may be particularly relevant for ultra-low-latency and multi-modal traffic use cases such as mixed extended reality (MXR) ) ; and improved UE-centric preferential QoS continuity.
[0056] Such mechanisms may overcome drawbacks from prior handover frameworks, which are reactive (non-predictive) and have implementation-based limitations to avenues for further improving these QoS metrics. Further, other existing mechanisms (e.g., dual active protocol stack (DAPS) and / or conditional handover (CHO) ) have shortcomings as compared to the procedures discussed herein.
[0057] Accordingly, enabling RAN intelligence aware UE-centric mobility optimization and UE intelligence / application aware network-centric mobility optimization as discussed herein may result in a better user experience
[0058] Existing handover frameworks assume that the device should connect to the cell with the best RSRP. This ignores other aspects such as delay, throughput, etc., which are highly relevant to enable various QoS traffic classes. From device perspective, according to embodiments discussed herein, QoS-aware mobility management may be enabled without sharing device specific information and / or application type with the network.
[0059] Embodiments herein propose application adaptation that optimizes data rates and latency, while balancing computation power and transmission power. It is anticipated that a UE may make correspondingly proactive application adjustments before QoS changes according to a handover to a new target cell.
[0060] Recently, XR video applications running at UEs have been of interest for industry with respect to stationary UEs. An XR application may have multi-model traffic alongside video traffic (such as audio data and haptic data traffic) . Each of these types of data traffic should satisfy high throughput for video, low latency, and / or high reliability.
[0061] Each UE in the network has its individual application preference. Further, each UE exhibits a different UE behavior / contextual data in a mobile environment (e.g., in location, velocity, and / or mobility situations) . Finally, each UE may vary how it uses a given application.
[0062] Accordingly, embodiments herein relate to procedures that may operate accordingly to the following high level description. A UE using an XR application predicts a potential QoS failure based one or more factors (including due to either upcoming mobility and / or a degrading QoS performance) . The UE can be benefited through an understanding of QoS metric (s) provided by neighbor cells within in an upcoming period of time. This period of time can be based on the QoS requirement, or it can be determined by the UE or the network. The UE requests a QoS prediction service from the network. Key performance indicators (KPIs) of interest at the UE as provided in a QoS prediction request could include QoS metrics for throughput, reliability, and / or latency, etc. This request could be based on the UE's current application usage and preference, and hence it may be understood to be specific to the UE's behavior and possibly the UE's implementation / configuration at the time of request.
[0063] The network may be benefited through an understanding of some specific measurements from the UE according to the requested QoS prediction KPIs. Accordingly, the network configures the UE with a particular downlink measurement campaign based on these QoS prediction requests. The measurements may include power headroom for data rate prediction, application level packet loss ratio measurements for reliability prediction, and PDCP packet drop ratio measurement due to packet delay budget in addition to any other channel measurements.
[0064] Then, in the UL, the UE provides the measurement reports as requested by the network. With the measurement report available, the network responds with a QoS prediction for neighboring cells that is designed to be specific to the requesting UE.
[0065] The UE monitors its own application use (information which may be available only at the UE side) , its mobility context (again, which may only be available at the side) and the QoS predictions provided by the network. When the UE predicts that a handover is merited in order to achieve better service according to this data, it informs the network about its preferred target cell and QoS requirements.
[0066] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram 200 for a procedure for UE-centric proactive QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation, according to embodiments herein. The flow diagram 200 illustrates operation between a UE 202, a serving cell 204 of the UE 202, neighbor cell (s) 206 of the UE 202, and an application server 208.
[0067] As illustrated, the flow diagram 200 illustrates that UE data 210 may be communicated between the UE 202 and the application server 208 (e.g., through the serving cell 204) . Further, an access and mobility management function (AMF) of the CN may be in place to provide mobility and control information 212 to the system. Finally, it may be that the serving cell 204 can send the UE 202 an RRC connection reconfiguration 214 corresponding to the mobility and control information 212.
[0068] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 0, where the UE performs QoS measurements for the serving cell 216. It is understood that the UE operates an application which is capable of being adaptive to serving cell conditions in order to satisfy the QoS requirements of a session. In some cases, it may be that the relevant application settings are updated continuously according to network feedback, (e.g., application layer feedback, RAN level feedback which can be used for application adaptation, etc. ) .
[0069] Note that the QoS measurements for the serving cell 216 of Step 0 may be repeated over time until the UE 202 detects an event-based RAN intelligence request trigger 218.
[0070] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 1, where the UE uses an adaptive / dynamic predictive model (that may take the form of an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model) to recognize an event-based RAN intelligence request trigger 218 for neighboring cells before an expected / predicted event. The expected / predicted event may be a predicted upcoming handover based on a prediction of a QoS flow degradation with the serving cell, a predicted failure of one or more QoS metric requirements per a given session, etc.
[0071] The predictive model used may use (for training of the predictive model and / or as inputs for the predictive model) UE contextual information, serving / neighboring cell channel measurements (such as RSRP) , application type, application QoSs (such as packet loss ratio / throughput) to identify the event-based RAN intelligence request trigger 218.
[0072] Corresponding to the event-based RAN intelligence request trigger 218, the UE sends a RAN intelligence request 220 to the serving cell 204. As part of the RAN intelligence request 220, the UE asks for one or more QoS metric predictions from the neighbor cell (s) 206. The UE indicates in the RAN intelligence request 220 one or more cell-level QoS metric (s) for which predictions are needed from neighboring cells. The requested cell QoS metrics may depend on active application type and / or on UE preferences over QoS metrics, which may change in different occasions and / or different operational contexts at the UE.
[0073] In response, the serving cell 204 sends an acknowledgement message 222 to the UE 202. The acknowledgement message 222 includes a list of one or more of the neighbor cell (s) 206 for which the network can provide predictions of the requested cell-level QoS metrics. The network (through the serving cell 204) may also use the acknowledgement message 222 to configure UE with a new radio measurement, with types of measurements, granularity of measurements, etc., according to requested cell level QoS metric predictions at / of the relevant neighbor cell (s) 206 through MAC-CE or PDCCH.
[0074] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 2, where the UE 202 and the network exchange features with each other. As part of this process, the UE 202 may provide the network with radio measurements and the network may provide the UE 202 with predicted cell-level QoS metrics. For example, the UE 202 sends the serving cell 204 input features 224 such as radio measurements of the serving cell 204 and / or the neighbor cell (s) 206 according to the configurations previously provided. The network runs QoS intelligence 226 (e.g., cell-level QoS prediction algorithms) using its own telemetries and / or measurements in addition to the input features 224 provided from the UE 202. The QoS intelligence 226 at the network can be executed when input features 224 from UE 202 are received. In this case, may be understood that a measurement report of the input features 224 triggers a use of the cell-level QoS prediction algorithm at the network, meaning that the resulting prediction becomes an event-based prediction. The network (through the serving cell 204) then provides the UE 202 with prediction output 228 in the form of reports of predicted cell-level QoS metrics of neighbor cell (s) 206 to UE 202 as well as measured QoS metrics for the serving cell 204 for the UE 202, with the goal of enabling the UE 202 to identify an upcoming handover timing and appropriate target cell (s) for the handover in order to ensure QoS session continuity.
[0075] As illustrated, Step 2 may be repeated until the UE 202 determines to proceed to target cell selection 230 based on one or more instances of prediction output 228 received from the network.
[0076] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 3, where the UE uses a predictive model to make a target cell selection 230. As part of the target cell selection 230, the UE identifies one or more target cells for QoS-based handover from among the neighbor cell (s) 206. The predictive model uses UE contextual information, channel measurements, and / or QoS metrics predictions for the neighbor cell (s) 206 as provided by the network to make the target cell selection 230. The target cell selection 230 may be triggered when QoS metric (s) of the serving cell 204 are predicted to degrade and / or when one or more neighbor cell (s) 206 is predicted to be able to provide desirable QoS metrics for the UE 202.
[0077] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 4, where the UE sends a target cell identification message 232 to the serving cell 204 that identifies the one or more target cells selected according to the target cell selection 230. The UE also optionally sends related measurements to the network, as illustrated. The inclusion of measurements (aradio measurement report) may be configured by the network for purposes of a proactive cell selection and cell level QoS prediction. The target cell identification message 232 may further include indication (s) of a preferred time of handover and / or a target cell metric preference (e.g., rate, packet loss rate, throughput etc. ) .
[0078] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 5, where the network selects a first target cell of the one or more target cells indicated by the UE 202 and performs resource allocation and admission control 234 for the selected target cell. The network then sends a handover command 236 to UE 202 which includes a time of handover to the selected target cell and the target cell’s QoS predictions at the time of predicted handover.
[0079] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 6, where the UE 202 performs application QoS adjustment 238. As part of the application QoS adjustment 238, settings of an application are adjusted according to / in reaction to a selected target cell's QoS metrics and the time of handover, such that the UE 202 experiences no or minimal packet loss, frame drops, etc., when it switches to new cell. Note that the procedure previously explained in Step 0 may again be used (according to target cell instead of serving cell 204) before handover takes place to further facilitate the application QoS adjustment 238.
[0080] The flow diagram 200 then proceeds to a Step 7, where the UE 202 completes 240 a handover process, finalizing the switch to the selected target cell.
[0081] FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart 300 for the behavior of a UE within a UE-centric proactive QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation procedure, according to embodiments herein.
[0082] Preliminarily, the flowchart 300 is applicable in cases where the UE operates 302 a radio condition adaptive application (an application that is compatible / useable with QoS-aware cell selection and application adaptation behaviors) . The flowchart 300 then illustrates that in such cases, a predictive model at the UE may initiate 304 a RAN intelligence request.
[0083] For example, the UE uses 306 the predictive model to determine whether there is an upcoming handover / whether there is a better cell than the current serving cell. If this is not the case, the UE returns to further monitoring with the predictive model. If this is the case, the UE sends a QoS prediction request 308 to the base station.
[0084] In reply, the UE receives a measurement report configuration 310 for measuring one or more neighbor cells to the UE. The measurement report configuration 310 may indicate neighbor cells for which the network (through the base station) has the capability of performing and providing QoS predictions. The UE uses this measurement report configuration 310 and configures 312 itself to perform these measurements.
[0085] The UE then performs measurements 314 of the one or more neighbor cells (e.g., according to the measurement report configuration 310 received from the network) . These measurements 314 are sent 316 to the base station.
[0086] The base station, in response, provides the UE with neighbor cell predicted QoS(s) 318. Once the neighbor cell predicted QoS (s) 318 are received 320, the UE proceeds to use 322 the predictive model to potentially determine one or more preferred target cells. If no target cell is identified, the UE returns to another round of measurements 314, etc., as illustrated. If one or more target cells is identified by the predictive model, the UE identifies 324 these one or more target cells to the base station.
[0087] In response, the base station provides the UE with a handover command 326 that instructs the UE to perform a handover to one of the one or more target cells (e.g., as selected by the network) . This handover command 326 may further instruct the UE of a time for performing the handover and / or of a QoS-based resource reservation for the handover. In response, the UE performs application adaptation 328 with respect to the indicated target cell.
[0088] Finally, the UE proceeds to perform the handover 330 to the target cell.
[0089] Embodiments disclosed herein contemplate that a UE may determine that a handover to a target cell may be useful in the future for better QoS and / or to promote seamless QoS flow. The UE, upon the determination of the possible future handover or predicted QoS degradation, may transmit a signal to a serving cell (e.g., via MAC-CE or UE assistance information) . The UE may use its own QoS measurements from application layer / network / lower layers, its own mobility information (speed of motion, heading, etc. ) , and / or its application information (possibly required QoS, etc. ) to trigger an event-based RAN intelligence request. The UE accordingly requests cell-level QoS predictions for neighboring cells from the network (and may send configurations such as a periodicity for these predictions) . The cell-level QoS predictions for the neighboring cells will be used for an adaptive / predictive algorithm at UE to determine recommended target cells (and potentially predict their time of handover) in view of application-level QoS preferences.
[0090] The network, upon the reception of the RAN intelligence feedback request, may transmit signaling that informs the UE about the input features it will use for its predictions (such as radio measurements for neighboring cells) and potentially other related configurations (such as periodicity of reporting, etc. ) . The network may also request the UE to report other items such as compute-related metrics, sensing-related metrics (including, for example, spectrum sensing metrics, human body sensing metrics, location sensing metrics, etc. ) , caching-related metrics, battery-related metrics, etc. For example, for edge computing tasks, a number of compute operations per second that the UE is capable of may be useful to the network.
[0091] In some embodiments, the UE may provide QoS-related features such as preference, percentage, or weighting of QoS requirements as UE assistance information.
[0092] In some embodiments, UE may provide the serving cell with several different levels of QoS requirements (such as level 1 requirement (s) for a “good” QoS, level 2 requirement (s) for a “medium” QoS, and / or level 3 requirements for an “acceptable” QoS) . This information may be used at the network to help the network identify potential target cells.
[0093] In some embodiments, the network may inform pre-selected candidate cells to the UE. In some embodiments, the network may provide weighting of neighboring cells in terms of QoS requirements.
[0094] The UE, upon reception of cell-level QoS predictions of one or more neighboring cells, may transmit an indication of one or more target cells based of its processing of the cell-level QoS predictions using an adaptive algorithm. This processing may be further based on the UE's own contextual information and / or radio measurements of neighboring cells. The signaling from the UE accordingly includes one or more target cells that the UE finds acceptable for handover (and in some cases a possibly preferred time of handover and / or possibly preferred cell-level QoS metric (s) / metric value (s) ) .
[0095] In some embodiments, the network, upon reception of target cell (s) and related information from the UE, may select a target cell. The network informs the UE of the selected target cell, a time of handover to the target cell, and predicted cell-level QoS metric value (s) at the time of handover.
[0096] The UE, upon reception of handover command, may adjust its application settings according to target cell QoS aspects to promote seamless application operation.
[0097] Example embodiments with respect to a predictive model triggered RAN intelligence request (sometimes referred to herein as “Step 1” ) are now discussed.
[0098] The UE operates an application-aware predictive model which may take one or more of the following as input (s) to predict a need for RAN intelligence of neighbor cells: UE contextual information such as location, speed, direction, sensing; QoS measurements of running applications; application adaptation algorithm to radio conditions; and / or radio measurements.
[0099] Details of this predictive model are now discussed. The predictive model may be global, per local area, per serving cell, or per serving cell-neighbor cell pair, per application, and / or per QoS type. The predictive model may be used together with the other models such as RRM prediction models, trajectory prediction models, accelerometer prediction models, location prediction models, etc. The predictive model may be designed to work in specific conditions such as for a particular range of QoS metric (s) and / or QoS metric value (s) , with particular speed (s) , with particular measurement (s) , within particular location (s) , etc.
[0100] The network may configure the UE with the above predictive model through a radio resource control (RRC) connection reconfiguration message which includes configurations about how to report trigger and what to do after trigger.
[0101] Upon identifying a RAN intelligence request trigger, the UE may report the following to the network in reporting information: predicted QoS metric value (s) needed from a neighboring cell (where relevant QoS metrics may include, for example, latency metrics, compute / memory resources metrics, throughput metrics, reliability metrics, etc. ) ; a desired number of such QoS predictions; and / or a desired periodicity for such QoS predictions.
[0102] Example embodiments with respect to interactions between the UE and a network having network intelligence for purposes of, e.g., configuration and measurement (sometimes referred to herein as “Step 2” ) are now discussed.
[0103] In some embodiments, the network configures the UE with available QoS predictions, a set of candidate cells, applicable reporting configurations, etc. The UE may be aware that there is network intelligence for QoS prediction / provisioning. The UE may account for the fact that such network intelligence takes time to process.
[0104] The intelligence entity at the network may use input from UE. For example, the network configures UE with the desired input features. These may include input features which are not privacy constrained (such as radio measurements for neighbor cells and / or a serving cell) .
[0105] The intelligence entity at the network may further use input from a neighbor cell. For example, the network configures the neighboring cells to provide relevant telemetries / measurement reporting to the intelligence entity.
[0106] The network uses these inputs to generate QoS prediction (s) for one or more neighbor cells to the UE (and potentially also QoS prediction (s) for the serving cell of the UE) .
[0107] The network reports these QoS predictions. The network may also report measured QoS metric value (s) for serving cell.
[0108] These interactions may occur iteratively until either fallback occurs (e.g., a legacy handover is triggered) , or a predictive algorithm at the UE decides, based on these results, that there are better candidate cell (s) to handover to that would provide a better QoS for a given application.
[0109] FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram 400 for interactions between a UE 402 and network 404 having network intelligence for purposes of, e.g., configuration and measurement, according to embodiments discussed herein.
[0110] As illustrated, the UE 402 may provide the network 404 with one or more input features 406. The input features 406 may include, for example, measurements taken by the UE 402. Based on the input features 406 from the UE 402 and network-side aspects that are known at the network 404, an intelligence entity 408 at the network generates one or more QoS prediction (s) 410. The QoS prediction (s) 410 may include one or more QoS metric value (s) for one or more QoS metric (s) at one or more neighbor cells to the UE.In some cases, times are associated with such predictions. In some embodiments, this process may take between 10 milliseconds (ms) and 1200 ms, as illustrated.
[0111] The QoS prediction (s) 410 are then sent back to the UE 402, and are used at a predictive model 412 of the UE 402 to determine whether one or more neighbor cells represented therein are appropriate target cells for a handover of the UE 402. As illustrated, this signaling pattern may be repeated until such a time as the predictive model 412 affirmatively identifies one or more appropriate target cells for the handover.
[0112] Example embodiments with respect to predictive model triggered better QoS candidate target cell selection by a UE (sometimes referred to herein as “Step 4” ) are now discussed.
[0113] The UE may have predictive model or predictive algorithm which uses UE contextual information of the UE, channel measurements of the UE, and / or network QoS predictions for neighboring cells to identify one or more target cell (s) appropriate for handover.
[0114] It is anticipated that any given neighbor cell to the UE may have different QoS profile (e.g., throughput and / or latency, etc. ) than that of a current serving cell of the UE. The predictive model of the UE may recommend a neighbor cell as a target cell depending on UE determinations of acceptable QoS trade-offs within the application or among the application. The predictive model / algorithm may consider such QoS trade-offs along with the other available information as described.
[0115] The predictive model may in some cases identify target cells well in advance of the handover process. The predictive model may predict the time of handover and the nature of any QoS tradeoff (s) . The predictive model may be global, per local area, per serving cell, or per serving-neighboring cell pair, per application, and / or per QoS type. The predictive model may be used together with the other models, such as RRM prediction models, trajectory prediction models, accelerometer prediction models, location prediction models, etc. The predictive model may be designed to work in specific conditions, such as for a range of QoS metric (s) and / or one or more QoS metric values (s) , with particular speed (s) , with particular measurement (s) , within particular location (s) , etc.
[0116] The outcome of this predictive model may be sent to the network for purposes of target cell selection.
[0117] FIG. 5 illustrates a diagram 500 showing types of inputs that may be used by a predictive model 502 at a UE for purposes of target cell identification, according to embodiments herein. As illustrated, the predictive model 502 may use UE context information 504 (e.g., UE speed, UE location, and / or UE direction) at the predictive model 502 to identify one or more target cells. Further, as illustrated, the predictive model 502 may additionally and / or alternatively use radio context information 506 (including radio measurements) for one or more cells to identify one or more target cells. Still further, as illustrated, the predictive model 502 may additionally and / or alternatively use QoS predictions 508 for one or more cells (e.g., as provided to the UE by the network) to identify one or more target cells.
[0118] Example embodiments with respect to UE application adjustment before handover (sometimes referred to herein as “Step 6” ) are now discussed.
[0119] From the one or more target cells identified by the UE, the network identifies a single target cell. For example, the network sends a handover command to UE which includes time of handover to the identified target cell and target cell’s QoS prediction (s) corresponding to the time of handover.
[0120] Upon receiving this handover command, the UE adjusts one or more settings of the relevant application according to the target cell QoS predictions (s) and time of handover such that the UE experiences minimal (ideally zero) packet loss, frame drops, etc., upon handing over to the target cell. In some embodiments, an adaptive algorithm (e.g., using active QoS metric measurements taken by the UE) runs for the target cell instead of / in addition to for serving cell before handover takes place. The loopback algorithm may perform trade-offs between QoS metrics according to UE application settings (e.g., a case where lower latency is preferred than higher throughput) .
[0121] To take the handover to completion, it may be that that the UE starts a random access channel (RACH) procedure. The network may then send another handover command to force the UE to switch to the target cell. Both the network and the UE wait for the handover process to start for cell switching.
[0122] FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram 600 for interactions between a UE 602 and network 604 with respect to an application adjustment 606, according to embodiments discussed herein. As illustrated, the network 604 selects a target cell to use for handover and provides the UE 602 with a handover command 608 identifying the target cell and any additional information (e.g., a time for the handover, predicted QoS metric value (s) of the target cell at the handover time) . In response to receiving the handover command 608, the UE performs the application adjustment 606 such that the application is set to work with the QoS profile of the target cell with minimal (ideally zero) packet loss, frame drops, etc. In some embodiments, the UE 602 may then proceed to provide the network 604 with a handover trigger 610 (e.g., a physical random access channel (PRACH) request of a RACH procedure) to affirmatively trigger the scheduled handover. The UE 602 and the network 604 then engage in any remaining handover behaviors 612 to carry the handover to completion.
[0123] Network-centric options for UE-initiated QoS aware cell selection with network to application layer interaction are now discussed.
[0124] In some wireless communication systems, network-to-application layer interaction may occur. For example, based on operator policy, some systems may provide an indication about a planned change of bitrate, latency, or reliability for a QoS flow to an authorized third party so that the a third party artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) application is able to adjust application layer behavior if time allows. The indication may provide the anticipated time and location of the change, as well as the one or more target QoS parameters or metric values. Based on operator policy, the system may provide a way to predict and expose predicted network condition changes (i.e. bitrate, latency, reliability) on a per UE basis to an authorized third party. Embodiments herein extend the above features to cases of QoS aware mobility management.
[0125] Accordingly, some network-centric solutions can be considered in which a UE informs the network about its QoS degradation in order to initiate a network-centric cell selection toward a potentially better target cell in terms of QoS metrics. In such cases, it is the network that is responsible for the QoS aware cell selection.
[0126] FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram 700 for a network-centric solution in which a UE 702 informs a network about its QoS degradation in order to initiate a network centric cell selection toward a potentially better target cell, according to embodiments herein. The flow diagram 700 illustrates communications between the UE 702, a serving cell 704 of the UE 702, one or more neighbor cell (s) 706 of the UE 702, and an application server 708 corresponding to an application operated on the UE 702.
[0127] As illustrated, the flow diagram 700 illustrates that UE data 710 may be communicated between the UE 702 and the application server 708 (e.g., through the serving cell 704) . Further, an AMF of the CN may be in place to provide mobility and control information 712 to the system. Finally, it may be that the serving cell 704 can send the UE 702 an RRC connection reconfiguration 714 corresponding to the mobility and control information 712.
[0128] In the illustrated case, the UE 702 has an application which is capable of adapting to serving cell conditions in order to satisfy QoS requirements of a session. In some such cases, the application settings are updated continuously according to the KPI feedback 716 / network feedback, which may include application layer feedback, RAN level feedback (which can be used for application adaptation) , etc.
[0129] Then, as illustrated, the UE 702 uses a prediction of an adaptive / dynamic predictive model to trigger an event based RAN intelligence request before an expected event. The predicted event can be, for example, a prediction of upcoming handover in terms of time, a prediction of a QoS flow degradation with the serving cell below levels that satisfy its QoS requirements per given session, etc.
[0130] Such a predictive model can use UE contextual information, application type, application KPIs (such as packet loss ratio / throughput, etc. ) to generate and provide a predicted degradation report 720 to the network. As illustrated, the predicted degradation report 720 may include an indication of desired QoS metric (s) and / or QoS metric value (s) based on the ongoing traffic category of the application.
[0131] The network then applies the network QoS intelligence 722 (e.g., network internal logic for load balancing, etc. ) to determine the best target cell (s) (e.g., of the neighbor cell (s) 706) that may satisfy the relevant KPIs. The network may configure UE 702 with radio measurement (s) , type (s) of measurements, measurement granularity (s) etc. according to the relevant KPIs. The UE 702 carries out such radio measurement (s) 724 and feeds them back to the network.
[0132] The network may then perform cell selection and admission control 726. The network uses the radio measurement (s) 724 to select a target cell and proceeds to perform admission control for that target cell. The network then sends handover command 728 to the UE 702 which includes a time of handover to the target cell and predictions of the target cell’s KPI (s) at that time.
[0133] The UE 702 then performs the application adjustment 730, where application settings are adjusted corresponding to the target cell KPIs and time of handover such that the UE 702 experiences minimal (ideally zero) packet loss, frame drops, etc., when it performs the handover to the target cell.
[0134] The UE 702 then completes 732 a handover process, finalizing the switch to the selected target cell.
[0135] In still further cases, application layer-centric solutions can be considered in which an application layer informs a network about the desirability of a handover based on network QoS predictions. Then, the network informs UE the associated target cell, a time of handover and related QoS parameters. In such cases, it is the network that is responsible for QoS aware cell selection.
[0136] FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram 800 for a network-centric solution in which an application layer informs a network about the desirability of a handover based on network QoS predictions, according to embodiments herein. The flow diagram 800 illustrates communications between a UE 802, a serving cell 804 of the UE 802, one or more neighbor cell (s) 806 of the UE 802, a network exposure function (NEF) 808, and an application server 810 corresponding to an application operated on the UE 802 (where the application server 810 is understood to operate a corresponding application function) .
[0137] As illustrated, the flow diagram 800 illustrates that UE data 812 may be communicated between the UE 802 and the application server 810 (e.g., through the serving cell 804) . Further, an AMF of the CN may be in place to provide mobility and control information 814 to the system.
[0138] Then, the network (e.g., through the NEF 808) sends the application server 810 a prediction report 818 that informs the application server 810 about a predicted change of bitrate, latency, reliability, etc. for a QoS flow of the UE 802. The network may further inform the application server 810 about a predicted bitrate, latency, reliability, etc. for the neighbor cell (s) 806 using the prediction report 818.
[0139] Then, the application server 810 exchanges 820 information with the UE 802 via the application layer in order to determine if an adjustment of the application layer behavior is sufficient for the current QoS profile at the UE 802, or if a handover to new cell in order to achieve better QoS is instead desirable. In the case that the application server 810 determines that a handover is desirable, the application server 810 may provide the network (e.g., the NEF 808) with an indication 822 of such, along with a list of recommended cells (based on the predicted KPIs previously received at the application server 810) .
[0140] The network then applies the network QoS intelligence 824 (e.g., network internal logic for load balancing, etc. ) to determine the best target cell (s) (e.g., of the neighbor cell (s) 806) that may satisfy the relevant KPIs. The network may configure the UE 802 with radio measurement (s) , type (s) of measurements, measurement granularity (s) etc. according to the relevant KPIs. The UE 802 carries out such radio measurement (s) 826 and feeds them back to the network.
[0141] The network may then perform cell selection and admission control 828. The network uses the radio measurement (s) 826 to select a target cell and proceeds to perform admission control for that target cell. The network then sends a handover command 830 to the UE 802 which includes a time of the handover to the target cell and predictions of the target cell’s KPI (s) at that time.
[0142] The UE 802 then performs the application adjustment 832, where application settings are adjusted corresponding to the target cell KPIs and time of handover such that the UE 802 experiences minimal (ideally zero) packet loss, frame drops, etc., when it performs the handover to the target cell.
[0143] The UE 802 then completes 834 a handover process, finalizing the switch to the selected target cell.
[0144] FIG. 9 illustrates a method 900 of a UE, according to embodiments herein. The illustrated method 900 includes predicting 902 that the UE will experience a handover condition. The method 900 further includes indicating 904, to a serving cell, based on the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition, a QoS metric. The method 900 further includes receiving 906, from the serving cell, a reporting configuration comprising measurement reporting configuration information for one or more neighbor cells to the UE for which a prediction of the QoS metric can be provided. The method 900 further includes performing 908 one or more neighbor cell measurements of the one or more neighbor cells based on the measurement reporting configuration information. The method 900 further includes sending 910, to the serving cell, reporting information comprising the one or more neighbor cell measurements of the one or more neighbor cells. The method 900 further includes receiving 912, from the serving cell, one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values for the QoS metric corresponding to the one or more neighbor cells. The method 900 further includes identifying 914 one or more target cells from the one or more neighbor cells based on a first QoS metric value of the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values that corresponds to the one or more target cells. The method 900 further includes sending 916, to the serving cell, a message identifying the one or more target cells. The method 900 further includes receiving 918, from the serving cell, a handover command instructing the UE to perform a handover to a first target cell of the one or more target cells. The method 900 further includes performing 920 the handover to the first target cell according to the handover command.
[0145] In some embodiments of the method 900, the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition comprises predicting that a neighbor cell to the UE is better than the serving cell at satisfying a QoS requirement at the UE.
[0146] In some embodiments of the method 900, the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition comprises predicting that the serving cell will not be able to satisfy a QoS requirement at the UE.
[0147] In some embodiments of the method 900, the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition is based on one or more of: contextual information for the UE, measurements of one or more neighbor cells to the UE, and QoS requirements of an application of the UE.
[0148] In some embodiments, the method 900 further comprises determining that the QoS metric relates to a QoS requirement of an application of the UE, wherein the UE indicates the QoS metric to the serving cell based on the determination that the QoS metric relates to the QoS requirement of the application.
[0149] In some embodiments of the method 900, the identifying the one or more target cells from the one or more neighbor cells is further based on one or more of: UE contextual measurements, and the one or more neighbor cell measurements.
[0150] In some embodiments of the method 900, the message identifying one or more target cells comprises measurements of the one or more target cells.
[0151] In some embodiments of the method 900, the handover command further comprises a time for the UE to perform the handover and a predicted target cell QoS metric value for the QoS metric corresponding to the time for the UE to perform the handover.
[0152] In some embodiments of the method 900, the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a compute capability of the UE, and the method 900 further comprises determining the compute capability of the UE based on the indication, wherein the compute capability of the UE is included in the reporting information.
[0153] In some embodiments of the method 900, the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a battery charge of the UE, and the method 900 further comprises determining the battery charge of the UE based on the indication, wherein the battery charge of the UE is included in the reporting information.
[0154] In some embodiments of the method 900, the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a sensing result of the UE, and the method 900 further comprises determining the sensing result of the UE based on the indication, wherein the sensing result of the UE is included in the reporting information.
[0155] In some embodiments of the method 900, the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a caching status of the UE, and the method 900 further comprises determining the caching status of the UE based on the indication, wherein the caching status of the UE is included in the reporting information.
[0156] In some embodiments of the method 900, the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values comprise one or more QoS metric weights.
[0157] FIG. 10 illustrates a method 1000 of a serving cell, according to embodiments herein. The illustrated method 1000 includes receiving 1002, from a UE, a first indication of a QoS metric. The method 1000 further includes identifying 1004 one or more neighbor cells to the UE for which a prediction of the QoS metric can be provided. The method 1000 further includes sending 1006, to the UE, a reporting configuration comprising measurement reporting configuration information for the one or more neighbor cells. The method 1000 further includes receiving 1008, from the UE, reporting information comprising one or more neighbor cell measurements of the one or more neighbor cells. The method 1000 further includes generating 1010 one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values for the QoS metric corresponding to the one or more neighbor cells using the reporting information. The method 1000 further includes sending 1012, to the UE, the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values. The method 1000 further includes receiving 1014, from the UE, a message identifying one or more target cells of the one or more neighbor cells. The method 1000 further includes generating 1016 a handover command configured to instruct the UE to perform a handover to a first target cell of the one or more target cells. The method 1000 further includes sending 1018, to the UE, the handover command.
[0158] In some embodiments of the method 1000, the message identifying the one or more target cells comprises measurement of the one or more target cells.
[0159] In some embodiments of the method 1000, the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a compute capability of the UE, and the reporting information further comprises the compute capability of the UE.
[0160] In some embodiments of the method 1000, the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a battery charge of the UE, and the reporting information further comprises the battery charge of the UE.
[0161] In some embodiments of the method 1000, the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a sensing result of the UE, and the reporting information further comprises the sensing result of the UE.
[0162] In some embodiments of the method 1000, the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a caching status of the UE, and the reporting information further comprises the caching status of the UE.
[0163] In some embodiments of the method 1000, the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values comprise one or more QoS metric weights.
[0164] FIG. 11 illustrates an example architecture of a wireless communication system 1100, according to embodiments disclosed herein. The following description is provided for an example wireless communication system 1100 that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and / or 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications.
[0165] As shown by FIG. 11, the wireless communication system 1100 includes UE 1102 and UE 1104 (although any number of UEs may be used) . In this example, the UE 1102 and the UE 1104 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks) , but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device configured for wireless communication.
[0166] The UE 1102 and UE 1104 may be configured to communicatively couple with a RAN 1106. In embodiments, the RAN 1106 may be NG-RAN, E-UTRAN, etc. The UE 1102 and UE 1104 utilize connections (or channels) (shown as connection 1108 and connection 1110, respectively) with the RAN 1106, each of which comprises a physical communications interface. The RAN 1106 can include one or more base stations (such as base station 1112 and base station 1114) that enable the connection 1108 and connection 1110.
[0167] In this example, the connection 1108 and connection 1110 are air interfaces to enable such communicative coupling, and may be consistent with RAT (s) used by the RAN 1106, such as, for example, an LTE and / or NR.
[0168] In some embodiments, the UE 1102 and UE 1104 may also directly exchange communication data via a sidelink interface 1116. The UE 1104 is shown to be configured to access an access point (shown as AP 1118) via connection 1120. By way of example, the connection 1120 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 1118 may comprise a router. In this example, the AP 1118 may be connected to another network (for example, the Internet) without going through a CN 1124.
[0169] In embodiments, the UE 1102 and UE 1104 can be configured to communicate using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with the base station 1112 and / or the base station 1114 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications) , although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.
[0170] In some embodiments, all or parts of the base station 1112 or base station 1114 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network. In addition, or in other embodiments, the base station 1112 or base station 1114 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 1122. In embodiments where the wireless communication system 1100 is an LTE system (e.g., when the CN 1124 is an EPC) , the interface 1122 may be an X2 interface. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more base stations (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to an EPC, and / or between two eNBs connecting to the EPC. In embodiments where the wireless communication system 1100 is an NR system (e.g., when CN 1124 is a 5GC) , the interface 1122 may be an Xn interface. The Xn interface is defined between two or more base stations (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC, between a base station 1112 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC and an eNB, and / or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC (e.g., CN 1124) .
[0171] The RAN 1106 is shown to be communicatively coupled to the CN 1124. The CN 1124 may comprise one or more network elements 1126, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers / subscribers (e.g., users of UE 1102 and UE 1104) who are connected to the CN 1124 via the RAN 1106. The components of the CN 1124 may be implemented in one physical device or separate physical devices including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) .
[0172] In embodiments, the CN 1124 may be an EPC, and the RAN 1106 may be connected with the CN 1124 via an S1 interface 1128. In embodiments, the S1 interface 1128 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the base station 1112 or base station 1114 and a serving gateway (S-GW) , and the S1-MME interface, which is a signaling interface between the base station 1112 or base station 1114 and mobility management entities (MMEs) .
[0173] In embodiments, the CN 1124 may be a 5GC, and the RAN 1106 may be connected with the CN 1124 via an NG interface 1128. In embodiments, the NG interface 1128 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the base station 1112 or base station 1114 and a user plane function (UPF) , and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the base station 1112 or base station 1114 and access and mobility management functions (AMFs) .
[0174] Generally, an application server 1130 may be an element offering applications that use internet protocol (IP) bearer resources with the CN 1124 (e.g., packet switched data services) . The application server 1130 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, group communication sessions, etc. ) for the UE 1102 and UE 1104 via the CN 1124. The application server 1130 may communicate with the CN 1124 through an IP communications interface 1132.
[0175] FIG. 12 illustrates a system 1200 for performing signaling 1234 between a wireless device 1202 and a network device 1218, according to embodiments disclosed herein. The system 1200 may be a portion of a wireless communications system as herein described. The wireless device 1202 may be, for example, a UE of a wireless communication system. The network device 1218 may be, for example, a base station (e.g., an eNB or a gNB) of a wireless communication system.
[0176] The wireless device 1202 may include one or more processor (s) 1204. The processor (s) 1204 may execute instructions such that various operations of the wireless device 1202 are performed, as described herein. The processor (s) 1204 may include one or more baseband processors implemented using, for example, a central processing unit (CPU) , a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a controller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device, another hardware device, a firmware device, or any combination thereof configured to perform the operations described herein.
[0177] The wireless device 1202 may include a memory 1206. The memory 1206 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions 1208 (which may include, for example, the instructions being executed by the processor (s) 1204) . The instructions 1208 may also be referred to as program code or a computer program. The memory 1206 may also store data used by, and results computed by, the processor (s) 1204.
[0178] The wireless device 1202 may include one or more transceiver (s) 1210 that may include radio frequency (RF) transmitter circuitry and / or receiver circuitry that use the antenna (s) 1212 of the wireless device 1202 to facilitate signaling (e.g., the signaling 1234) to and / or from the wireless device 1202 with other devices (e.g., the network device 1218) according to corresponding RATs.
[0179] The wireless device 1202 may include one or more antenna (s) 1212 (e.g., one, two, four, or more) . For embodiments with multiple antenna (s) 1212, the wireless device 1202 may leverage the spatial diversity of such multiple antenna (s) 1212 to send and / or receive multiple different data streams on the same time and frequency resources. This behavior may be referred to as, for example, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) behavior (referring to the multiple antennas used at each of a transmitting device and a receiving device that enable this aspect) . MIMO transmissions by the wireless device 1202 may be accomplished according to precoding (or digital beamforming) that is applied at the wireless device 1202 that multiplexes the data streams across the antenna (s) 1212 according to known or assumed channel characteristics such that each data stream is received with an appropriate signal strength relative to other streams and at a desired location in the spatial domain (e.g., the location of a receiver associated with that data stream) . Certain embodiments may use single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) methods (where the data streams are all directed to a single receiver) and / or multi user MIMO (MU-MIMO) methods (where individual data streams may be directed to individual (different) receivers in different locations in the spatial domain) .
[0180] In certain embodiments having multiple antennas, the wireless device 1202 may implement analog beamforming techniques, whereby phases of the signals sent by the antenna (s) 1212 are relatively adjusted such that the (joint) transmission of the antenna (s) 1212 can be directed (this is sometimes referred to as beam steering) .
[0181] The wireless device 1202 may include one or more interface (s) 1214. The interface (s) 1214 may be used to provide input to or output from the wireless device 1202. For example, a wireless device 1202 that is a UE may include interface (s) 1214 such as microphones, speakers, a touchscreen, buttons, and the like in order to allow for input and / or output to the UE by a user of the UE. Other interfaces of such a UE may be made up of transmitters, receivers, and other circuitry (e.g., other than the transceiver (s) 1210 / antenna (s) 1212 already described) that allow for communication between the UE and other devices and may operate according to known protocols (e.g., and the like) .
[0182] The wireless device 1202 may include a QoS aware cell selection module 1216. The QoS aware cell selection module 1216 may be implemented via hardware, software, or combinations thereof. For example, the QoS aware cell selection module 1216 may be implemented as a processor, circuit, and / or instructions 1208 stored in the memory 1206 and executed by the processor (s) 1204. In some examples, the QoS aware cell selection module 1216 may be integrated within the processor (s) 1204 and / or the transceiver (s) 1210. For example, the QoS aware cell selection module 1216 may be implemented by a combination of software components (e.g., executed by a DSP or a general processor) and hardware components (e.g., logic gates and circuitry) within the processor (s) 1204 or the transceiver (s) 1210.
[0183] The QoS aware cell selection module 1216 may be used for various aspects of the present disclosure, for example, aspects of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, and FIG. 11. The QoS aware cell selection module 1216 is configured to predict that the wireless device 1202 will experience a handover condition and indicate to a serving cell, based on predicting that the wireless device 1202 will experience the handover condition, that a QoS metric may be provided.. Additionally, the QoS aware cell selection module 1216 is configured to receive, from the serving cell, a reporting configuration with measurement configuration information. The QoS aware cell selection module 1216 is further configured to perform one or more neighbor cell measurements, send, to the serving cell, reporting information comprising the neighbor cell measurements and receive, from the serving cell, a predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values corresponding to the one or more neighbor cells. The QoS aware cell selection module 1216 is further configured to identify one or more target cells from the one or more neighbor cells based on a QoS metric value of the predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values that corresponds to the one or more target cells and send, to the serving cell, a message identifying the one or more target cells. The QoS aware cell selection module 1216 is further configured to receive, from the serving cell, a handover command instructing the wireless device 1202 to perform handover to a first target cell and is further configured to perform handover to the first target cell.
[0184] The network device 1218 may include one or more processor (s) 1220. The processor (s) 1220 may execute instructions such that various operations of the network device 1218 are performed, as described herein. The processor (s) 1220 may include one or more baseband processors implemented using, for example, a CPU, a DSP, an ASIC, a controller, an FPGA device, another hardware device, a firmware device, or any combination thereof configured to perform the operations described herein.
[0185] The network device 1218 may include a memory 1222. The memory 1222 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions 1224 (which may include, for example, the instructions being executed by the processor (s) 1220) . The instructions 1224 may also be referred to as program code or a computer program. The memory 1222 may also store data used by, and results computed by, the processor (s) 1220.
[0186] The network device 1218 may include one or more transceiver (s) 1226 that may include RF transmitter circuitry and / or receiver circuitry that use the antenna (s) 1228 of the network device 1218 to facilitate signaling (e.g., the signaling 1234) to and / or from the network device 1218 with other devices (e.g., the wireless device 1202) according to corresponding RATs.
[0187] The network device 1218 may include one or more antenna (s) 1228 (e.g., one, two, four, or more) . In embodiments having multiple antenna (s) 1228, the network device 1218 may perform MIMO, digital beamforming, analog beamforming, beam steering, etc., as has been described.
[0188] The network device 1218 may include one or more interface (s) 1230. The interface (s) 1230 may be used to provide input to or output from the network device 1218. For example, a network device 1218 that is a base station may include interface (s) 1230 made up of transmitters, receivers, and other circuitry (e.g., other than the transceiver (s) 1226 / antenna (s) 1228 already described) that enables the base station to communicate with other equipment in a core network, and / or that enables the base station to communicate with external networks, computers, databases, and the like for purposes of operations, administration, and maintenance of the base station or other equipment operably connected thereto.
[0189] The network device 1218 may include a QoS aware cell selection module 1232. The QoS aware cell selection module 1232 may be implemented via hardware, software, or combinations thereof. For example, the QoS aware cell selection module 1232 may be implemented as a processor, circuit, and / or instructions 1224 stored in the memory 1222 and executed by the processor (s) 1220. In some examples, the QoS aware cell selection module 1232 may be integrated within the processor (s) 1220 and / or the transceiver (s) 1226. For example, the QoS aware cell selection module 1232 may be implemented by a combination of software components (e.g., executed by a DSP or a general processor) and hardware components (e.g., logic gates and circuitry) within the processor (s) 1220 or the transceiver (s) 1226.
[0190] The QoS aware cell selection module 1232 may be used for various aspects of the present disclosure, for example, aspects of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 10, and FIG. 11. The QoS aware cell selection module 1232 is configured to receive, from a UE, an indication of a QoS metric and identify one or more neighbor cells to the UE for which a prediction of the QoS metric can be provided. The QoS aware cell selection module 1232 is further configured to send, to the UE, a reporting configuration including measurement reporting configuration information for the one or more neighbor cells and receive, from the UE, reporting information comprising one or more neighbor cell measurements of the one or more neighbor cells. Additionally, the QoS aware cell selection module 1232 is configured to generate one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values for the QoS metric corresponding to the one or more neighbor cells using the reporting information, send, to the UE, the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values, and receive, from the UE, a message identifying one or more target cells of the one or more neighbor cells. The QoS aware cell selection module 1232 is further configured to generate a handover command configured to instruct the UE to perform a handover to a first target cell of one the or more target cells, and send, to the UE, the handover command.
[0191] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of the method 900. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 1202 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0192] Embodiments contemplated herein include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of the method 900. This non-transitory computer-readable media may be, for example, a memory of a UE (such as a memory 1206 of a wireless device 1202 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0193] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of the method 900. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 1202 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0194] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more elements of the method 900. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 1202 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0195] Embodiments contemplated herein include a signal as described in or related to one or more elements of the method 900.
[0196] Embodiments contemplated herein include a computer program or computer program product comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processor is to cause the processor to carry out one or more elements of the method 900. The processor may be a processor of a UE (such as a processor (s) 1204 of a wireless device 1202 that is a UE, as described herein) . These instructions may be, for example, located in the processor and / or on a memory of the UE (such as a memory 1206 of a wireless device 1202 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0197] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of the method 1000. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 1218 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0198] Embodiments contemplated herein include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of the method 1000. This non-transitory computer-readable media may be, for example, a memory of a base station (such as a memory 1222 of a network device 1218 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0199] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of the method 1000. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 1218 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0200] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more elements of the method 1000. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 1218 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0201] Embodiments contemplated herein include a signal as described in or related to one or more elements of the method 1000.
[0202] Embodiments contemplated herein include a computer program or computer program product comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out one or more elements of the method 1000. The processor may be a processor of a base station (such as a processor (s) 1220 of a network device 1218 that is a base station, as described herein) . These instructions may be, for example, located in the processor and / or on a memory of the base station (such as a memory 1222 of a network device 1218 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0203] For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and / or methods as set forth herein. For example, a baseband processor as described herein in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth herein. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth herein.
[0204] Any of the above described embodiments may be combined with any other embodiment (or combination of embodiments) , unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.
[0205] Embodiments and implementations of the systems and methods described herein may include various operations, which may be embodied in machine-executable instructions to be executed by a computer system. A computer system may include one or more general-purpose or special-purpose computers (or other electronic devices) . The computer system may include hardware components that include specific logic for performing the operations or may include a combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.
[0206] It should be recognized that the systems described herein include descriptions of specific embodiments. These embodiments can be combined into single systems, partially combined into other systems, split into multiple systems or divided or combined in other ways. In addition, it is contemplated that parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. of one embodiment can be used in another embodiment. The parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. are merely described in one or more embodiments for clarity, and it is recognized that the parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. can be combined with or substituted for parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. of another embodiment unless specifically disclaimed herein.
[0207] It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users.
[0208] Although the foregoing has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be made without departing from the principles thereof. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing both the processes and apparatuses described herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered illustrative and not restrictive, and the description is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A method of a user equipment (UE) , comprising:predicting that the UE will experience a handover condition;indicating, to a serving cell, based on the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition, a quality of service (QoS) metric;receiving, from the serving cell, a reporting configuration comprising measurement reporting configuration information for one or more neighbor cells to the UE for which a prediction of the QoS metric can be provided;performing one or more neighbor cell measurements of the one or more neighbor cells based on the measurement reporting configuration information;sending, to the serving cell, reporting information comprising the one or more neighbor cell measurements of the one or more neighbor cells;receiving, from the serving cell, one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values for the QoS metric corresponding to the one or more neighbor cells;identifying one or more target cells from the one or more neighbor cells based on a first QoS metric value of the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values that corresponds to the one or more target cells;sending, to the serving cell, a message identifying the one or more target cells;receiving, from the serving cell, a handover command instructing the UE to perform a handover to a first target cell of the one or more target cells; andperforming the handover to the first target cell according to the handover command.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition comprises predicting that a neighbor cell to the UE is better than the serving cell at satisfying a QoS requirement at the UE.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition comprises predicting that the serving cell will not be able to satisfy a QoS requirement at the UE.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the predicting that the UE will experience the handover condition is based on one or more of:contextual information for the UE;measurements of one or more neighbor cells to the UE; andQoS requirements of an application of the UE.5.The method of claim 1, further comprising determining that the QoS metric relates to a QoS requirement of an application of the UE, wherein the UE indicates the QoS metric to the serving cell based on the determination that the QoS metric relates to the QoS requirement of the application.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying the one or more target cells from the one or more neighbor cells is further based on one or more of:UE contextual measurements; andthe one or more neighbor cell measurements.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the message identifying one or more target cells comprises measurements of the one or more target cells.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the handover command further comprises a time for the UE to perform the handover and a predicted target cell QoS metric value for the QoS metric corresponding to the time for the UE to perform the handover.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a compute capability of the UE; andfurther comprising determining the compute capability of the UE based on the indication, wherein the compute capability of the UE is included in the reporting information.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a battery charge of the UE, andfurther comprising determining the battery charge of the UE based on the indication, wherein the battery charge of the UE is included in the reporting information.11.The method of claim 1, wherein the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a sensing result of the UE; andfurther comprising determining the sensing result of the UE based on the indication, wherein the sensing result of the UE is included in the reporting information.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the reporting configuration further comprises an indication to report a caching status of the UE; andfurther comprising determining the caching status of the UE based on the indication, wherein the caching status of the UE is included in the reporting information.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values comprise one or more QoS metric weights.14.A method of a serving cell, comprising:receiving, from a user equipment (UE) , a first indication of a quality of service (QoS) metric;identifying one or more neighbor cells to the UE for which a prediction of the QoS metric can be provided;sending, to the UE, a reporting configuration comprising measurement reporting configuration information for the one or more neighbor cells;receiving, from the UE, reporting information comprising one or more neighbor cell measurements of the one or more neighbor cells;generating one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values for the QoS metric corresponding to the one or more neighbor cells using the reporting information;sending, to the UE, the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values;receiving, from the UE, a message identifying one or more target cells of the one or more neighbor cells;generating a handover command configured to instruct the UE to perform a handover to a first target cell of the one or more target cells; andsending, to the UE, the handover command.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the message identifying the one or more target cells comprises measurement of the one or more target cells.16.The method of claim 14, wherein:the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a compute capability of the UE; andthe reporting information further comprises the compute capability of the UE.17.The method of claim 14, wherein:the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a battery charge of the UE; andthe reporting information further comprises the battery charge of the UE.18.The method of claim 14, wherein:the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a sensing result of the UE; andthe reporting information further comprises the sensing result of the UE.19.The method of claim 14, wherein:the reporting configuration further comprises a second indication to report a caching status of the UE; andthe reporting information further comprises the caching status of the UE.20.The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more predicted neighbor cell QoS metric values comprise one or more QoS metric weights.21.An apparatus comprising means to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 20.22.A computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 20.23.An apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 20.24.A baseband processor for a user equipment (UE) that is configured to cause the UE to perform one or more elements of any one of claim 1 to claim 13.25.A baseband processor for a base station that is configured to cause the base station to perform one or more elements of any one of claim 14 to claim 20.
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