Dual-stack mobility control

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may select, for a first protocol stack, a first network and a first radio access technology (RAT), and may obtain, at a second protocol stack, a list of restricted network and RAT combinations that are based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. In some aspects, the UE may disable a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations included on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations. In some aspects, the UE may determine a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack that is included on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations, and may trigger a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT.

Description

DUAL-STACK MOBILITY CONTROLCROSS REFERENCE

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to Greek Patent Application No. 20240100274 by Pica et al., entitled ‘ DUAL-STACK MOBILITY CONTROL,” filed April 12, 2024, which is assigned to the assignee hereof and expressly incorporated by reference herein.FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including dual-stack mobility control.BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g.. time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New7Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting w ireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE).SUMMARY

[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein. The techniques described herein may support efficient network and radio access technology (RAT) selection by a dual steering-capable userequipment (UE) or a or multiple subscriber identity module (SIM) equipped device. A UE may select, for a first protocol stack, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The UE may then obtain at a second protocol stack (e.g., via a control layer), a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. In some aspects, the list may be based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The UE may then perform one or more actions based on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations.

[0005] In some examples, the UE may preventatively disable a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and RATs based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection. In some other examples, the UE may determine a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations. The UE may then trigger a deactivation of the second protocol stack or may trigger a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations.

[0006] A method for wireless communications by a UE is described. The method may include selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE. a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, and disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and RATs based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0007] A UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the UE to select, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, obtain, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RATcombinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, and disable a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and RATs based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0008] Another UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, and means for disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and RATs based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0009] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to select, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, obtain, at a second protocol stack at the UE. a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, and disable a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and RATs based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0010] In some examples of the method. UEs. and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, disabling the selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for applying a subset of the list of network and RAT combinations associated with the first network to a RAT restriction list for intranetwork RAT selection.

[0011] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, disabling the selection for the one or more combinations ofnetwork and RATs at the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for offsetting one or more measurement thresholds associated with selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs associated with the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection, where offsetting the one or more measurement thresholds disables the selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack.

[0012] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, disabling the selection at the second protocol stack includes disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack, and the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium may include further operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting a capability' message indicative of an exclusion of inter- RAT capabilities of the UE based on the list of network and RAT combinations including a restriction between the first network and a second RAT.

[0013] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, disabling the selection at the second protocol stack includes disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack, and the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium may include further operations, features, means, or instructions for refraining from reporting one or more cell measurements for cells that correspond to the one or more combinations of network and RATs indicated by the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0014] In some examples of the method. UEs. and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, obtaining the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from a dual steer control layer at the UE. the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0015] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, orinstructions for obtaining, at the first protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a first corresponding network and a RAT associated with the second protocol stack and obtaining, at the second protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a second corresponding network and RAT associated with the first protocol stack.

[0016] Some examples of the method. UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, a second network and a second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack and disabling the selection of the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack based on the second network and the second RAT being selected for the second protocol stack.

[0017] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, disabling the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and RATs may include operations, features, means, or instructions for disabling the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and RATs based on a priority associated with the second protocol stack being lower than a priority associated with the first protocol stack.

[0018] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack may be restricted from reselection by the second protocol stack operating in an idle mode, connection with the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, handover at the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, or any combination thereof.

[0019] A method for wireless communications by a UE is described. The method may include selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE. a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, and triggering adeactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0020] A UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the UE to select, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, obtain, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, determine a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, and trigger a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0021] Another UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, means for determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, and means for triggering a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second netw ork and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0022] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to select, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack, obtain, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack, determine a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, and trigger a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0023] In some examples of the method. UEs. and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, obtaining the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from a dual steer control layer at the UE. the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0024] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for moving one or more protocol data units (PDUs) in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack based on one or more traffic rules for dual protocol stack operation at the UE.

[0025] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack and selecting a third network and a third RAT based on the third network and thethird RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0026] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for moving one or more PDUs in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack or to a transmission queue associated with the third network and the third RAT based on addition of the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection.

[0027] In some examples of the method. UEs. and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the UE may be in a connected mode, and triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for ignoring or rejecting a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second RAT.

[0028] In some examples of the method. UEs. and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the UE may be in a connected mode, and triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting a connection release indication to the second network.

[0029] In some examples of the method. UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT may include operations, features, means, or instructions for rejecting a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second RAT based on addition of the second network and the second RAT to list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack and selecting a third network and a third RAT based on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0030] In some examples of the method. UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via thefirst protocol stack and triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack based on reselection of the first protocol stack from the first network and the first RAT to the second network and the second RAT.

[0031] In some examples of the method. UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT may include operations, features, means, or instmctions for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack and triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT for the second protocol stack based on reselection of the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack.

[0032] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0033] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second RAT may include operations, features, means, or instructions for triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on a reselection of the first protocol stack to a third netw ork and a third RAT that may be included on the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from dual steer operation with the second network and the second RAT of the second protocol stack.

[0034] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack may include operations, features, means, or instructions for adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack and selecting the third network and a third RAT based on the third network andthe third RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0035] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for following a deactivation of the second protocol stack, triggering a reactivation of the second protocol stack based on the first protocol stack performing an inter-network change, and inter-radio access network change, or both.

[0036] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for following a deactivation of the second protocol stack, triggering a reactivation of the second protocol stack based on an expiration of a timer associated with triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack.

[0037] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, at the first protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a first corresponding network and a RAT associated with the second protocol stack and obtaining, at the second protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a second corresponding network and RAT associated with the first protocol stack.

[0038] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack and triggering a deactivation or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack based on the second network and the second RAT being selected for the second protocol stack.

[0039] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT may include operations, features, means, or instructions for triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on apriority associated with the second protocol stack being lower than a priority associated with the first protocol stack.

[0040] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack may be restricted from reselection by the second protocol stack operating in an idle mode, connection with the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, handover at the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, or any combination thereof.

[0041] A method for wireless communications by a network entity is described. The method may include establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE, establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE. outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE, and refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE. to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0042] A network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the network entity’ to establish, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE, establish, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE, output a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE, and refrain from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE. to anetwork and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0043] Another network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include means for establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE. a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE, means for establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE, means for outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE, and means for refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE, to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0044] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to establish, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE, establish, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE, output a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE, and refrain from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE, to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0045] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from a home public land mobile network (PLMN),a signaling message indicative of an exclusion of inter-RAT capabilities of the UE based on the list of network and RAT combinations including a restriction between the first network and the second RAT.

[0046] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for reestablishing, for the first protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a third network and a third RAT for communication via the first protocol stack and outputting an updated list of network and RAT combinations that may be restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list may be based on the reestablished connection with the third network and the third RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE.

[0047] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] FIG. 1, 2. and 3 show examples of wireless communications systems that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0049] FIG. 4 shows an example of a process flow that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0050] FIGs. 5 and 6 show block diagrams of devices that support dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0051] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports dual-stack mobility’ control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0052] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports dualstack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0053] FIGs. 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that support dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0054] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0055] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports dualstack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0056] FIGs. 13 through 15 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support dualstack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0057] In some wireless communications systems, a user equipment (UE) may support multiple subscriber identity module (SIM) cards in a multi-SIM (MSIM) deployment. The UE may support multiple protocol stacks (e.g., each protocol stack corresponding to a SIM), and may perform simultaneous communications via the multiple protocol stacks. For example, the UE may select a network (e.g., a public land mobile network (PLMN)) and a radio access technology (RAT) for performing wireless communications via each protocol stack. In some examples, the UE may select a combination of a network and a RAT for each protocol stack according to one or more conditions, or based on available PLMNs and RATs. In some cases, however, the selection of the network and RAT combination may be subject to one or more restrictions for one or both SIMs or protocol stacks. For example, if the UE selects the same PLMN and the same RAT for each protocol stack, the UE may forgo the increased flexibility' and throughput provided by the MSIM deployment.

[0058] In order to support multi-SIM performance, the UE may support a higher layer (e.g., a dual steering control layer (DSCL)) which may coordinate information between the protocol stacks, and may impose different restrictions in order to purposefully select (e.g., reselection in idle mode, connect or handover in connected mode) between different RATs and different PLMNs for the different protocol stacks at the UE after initial network connection occurs. For example, the DSCL may notify the UE of a set of PLMN and RAT combinations that the UE is either allowed ordisallowed from reselecting or being handed over to for different protocol layers. For example, the set of PLMN and RAT combinations may be restricted for a second protocol stack based on a current or ongoing PLMN and RAT combination at the first protocol stack. In some cases, however, the UE may still not know how to effectively implement the different restrictions for different protocol stacks.

[0059] The dual-steering capable UE may implement various different solutions to support the implementation of different PLMN and RAT combination restrictions. In some implementations, the UE may obtain, at a second protocol stack, the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations based on a PLMN and RAT combination at a first protocol stack. Based on the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations, the UE (e.g., when operating in an idle or inactive mode) may preventatively disable measurement and / or reselection to any PLMN and RAT combinations that are included on the list. The UE may also prevent handover or performing measurements for PLMN and RAT combinations that are restricted (e.g., when operating a connected mode). In some additional or alternative implementations, the UE may deactivate or reselect a different PLMN and RAT combination if it determines that it has selected a restricted PLMN and RAT combination (or that it is being handed over to a restricted PLMN and RAT combination).

[0060] Aspects of the disclosure may be implemented to realize one or more potential advantages. For example, a dual -steering capable UE may be able to coordinate dual connectivity more effectively between protocol stacks by preventing or mitigating a PLMN and network collision between protocol stacks. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may be able to comply with different dual steer policies and traffic rules more effectively between the UE and the core network. Additionally or alternatively, the coordination of PLMN and RAT combinations between protocol stacks of the dual steer UE may allow for increased reliability, increased coverage, and higher throughput.

[0061] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to a process flow, apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to dual-stack mobility control.

[0062] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105), one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0063] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 1 15 may wirelessly communicate via communication link(s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link). For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link(s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0064] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105), as shown in FIG. 1.

[0065] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein), a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or morecomponents, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 1 15, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0066] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an SI, N2, N3. or other interface protocol). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol), or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link(s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g.. an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link), among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.

[0067] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiverstation, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology). In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140).

[0068] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture), which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105), such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g.. a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU), such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU), such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU), such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC). a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC)), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a transmission reception point (TRP). One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU), a virtual DU (VDU), a virtual RU (VRU)).

[0069] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 anda DU 165 such that the CU 1 0 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3), layer 2 (L2)) functionality and signaling (e.g.. Radio Resource Control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs), or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (LI) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170). In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170). A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g.. Fl. Fl-c. Fl-u), and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.

[0070] In some wireless communications systems (e g., the wireless communications system 100), infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 orIAB node(s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The TAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station). The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node(s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120). IAB node(s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g.. scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node(s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, the IAB node(s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node(s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream). In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104 or components of the IAB node(s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0071] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor), IAB node(s) 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130). That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170, in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link). The IAB donor and IAB node(s) 104 may communicate via an Fl interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an Fl AP protocol). Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including a CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of another portion of a backhaul link.

[0072] IAB node(s) 104 may refer to RAN nodes that provide TAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities). A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with IAB node(s) 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through other IAB node(s) 104). Additionally, or alternatively, IAB node(s) 104 may also be referred to as parent nodes or child nodes to other IAB node(s) 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node(s) 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node (e g., the IAB node(s) 104) to receive signaling from a parent IAB node (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104), and a DU interface (e.g., a DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node to signal to a child IAB node or UE 115.

[0073] For example. IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as parent nodes that support communications for child IAB nodes, or may be referred to as child IAB nodes associated with IAB donors, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wired or wireless connection (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120) to the core network 130 and may act as a parent node to IAB node(s) 104. For example, the DU 165 of an IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB node(s) 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an Fl interface to IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB node(s) 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165). That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB node(s) 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface to MT of IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., other IAB node(s)). Communications with IAB node(s) 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of the IAB donor or of IAB node(s) 104.

[0074] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity' 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or morecomponents of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an TAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180).

[0075] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the "device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (loT) device, an Internet of Everything (loE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.

[0076] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as show n in FIG. 1.

[0077] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link(s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term ‘'carrier’’ may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link(s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link(s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each PHY layer channel may cany7acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequencydivision duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers.Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting,” “receiving,” or “communicating,” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105).

[0078] In some examples, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN)) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT).

[0079] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.

[0080] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 1 15 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts= l / fmax■ Nf) seconds, for which fmaxmay represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and N may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0081] Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., A^) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.

[0082] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0083] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set ofsymbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE).

[0084] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105). In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105). The wireless communications sy stem 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.

[0085] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more sendees such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The termsultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

[0086] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to- many (1:M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity’ 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.

[0087] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet,Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.

[0088] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

[0089] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.

[0090] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity’, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 1 15 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as anantenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity' 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.

[0091] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).

[0092] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP-based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network entity' 105 or a core network 130supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.

[0093] In some implementations, a UE 115 may support multiple SIM cards with multiple protocol stacks, where each protocol stack corresponds to a SIM. For example, the UE 115 may select (e.g., select or reselect in an idle or inactive mode, connect or handover in a connected mode) a network (e.g., a PLMN) and a RAT for performing wireless communications via each protocol stack. In some examples, the UE 115 may select, reselect, or be handed over to a combination of a network and a RAT for each protocol stack according to one or more conditions, or based on available PLMNs and RATs. In some cases, however, the selection of the network and RAT combination may be subject to one or more restrictions for one or both SIMs or protocol stacks. For example, the UE 115 may be unable to select the PLMN and the same RAT for both protocol stacks.

[0094] In order to support efficient use of multi-SIM capabilities, the UE 115 may utilize a DSCL to coordinate information between protocol stacks. For example, the DSCL may notify the UE 115 of a set of PLMN and RAT combinations that the UE 115 is restricted from selecting for different protocol layers. For example, the set of PLMN and RAT combinations may be restricted for a second protocol stack based on a current or ongoing PLMN and RAT combination at the first protocol stack.

[0095] The UE 115 may employ different techniques to comply with different PLMN and RAT combination restrictions. For example, in some implementations, the UE 115 may obtain, at a second protocol stack, the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations based on a PLMN and RAT combination at a first protocol stack. Based on the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations, the UE 115 may preventatively disable measurement and / or reselection to any PLMN and RAT combinations that are included on the list. The UE 115 may also prevent handover or performing measurements for PLMN and RAT combinations that are restricted. In some additional or alternative implementations, the UE 115 may deactivate or reselect a different PLMN and RAT combination if it determines that it has selected a restricted PLMN and RAT combination (or that it is being handed over to a restricted PLMN and RAT combination).

[0096] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the wireless communications system 200 may implement or be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1. For example, the wireless communications system 200 may include a UE 115-a, and one or more network entities (e.g., network entities 105), which may be an example of UEs 115 and network entities 105 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1. The wireless communications system 200 may support multiple RATs including 4G LTE, 5G NR. among other example RATs including past and future wireless communications deployments and protocols. For example, one or more access networks (e.g., via one or more network entities) may support one or more of the RATs. Similarly, different access networks (e.g., via different network entities or a single network entity) may support wireless communications via one or more networks (e.g., PLMNs). It should be noted that the wireless communications system 200 may support RATs beyond 5GNR. It should be noted that techniques described herein may be performed by a wireless device such as a UE 115-a (e.g.. which may be referred to as a dual steer device), or any other dual steer device.

[0097] The UE 115-a may perform wireless communication (e.g., one or more of receiving, obtaining, transmitting, or outputting one or more of control information or data) via a communication link 125-a, which may be examples of communications links 125 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 115-a may perform wireless communication (e.g., one or more of receiving, obtaining, transmitting, or outputting one or more of control information or data) via a communication link 125-b, which may be examples of communications links 125 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1. The UE 115-a may communicate with one or more access networks (e.g., via one or more network entities 105) via the communication links 125.

[0098] The UE 115-a may support processing (e.g., one or more of steering, switching, or aggregating) data traffic over different access networks, each of which may communicate (e.g., one or more of receive, obtain, transmit, or output) one or more of control information or data to a core network, which may be examples of a corenetwork 130 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1, to support the wireless services (e.g., applications enabled for the UE 115-a). For example, the UE 115-a may be enabled or configured to one or more of steer, switch, or aggregate data traffic for a wireless service over one or more access networks.

[0099] The one or more access networks may provide connectivity to the UE 115-a with the core network to provide access to the wireless service (e.g., one or more applications enabled for the UE 115-a). The one or more access networks (e.g., via one or more network entities 105) may communicate (e.g., one or more of receive, obtain, transmit, or output) one or more of control information or data with the core network.

[0100] The UE 115-a may connect to the core network via the one or more access networks, such as one or more network entities 105, via a connection procedure. For example, the UE 115-a may perform a registration procedure, in which the UE 115-a may obtain an internet protocol (IP) address, and the core network may establish a context (e.g., also referred to as UE context) for the UE 115-a, allowing the UE 115-a to communicate with other network entities (e.g., network functions). In response to the UE 1 1 -successfully completing the registration procedure, the UE 11 -a may be connected to the core network. The core network may manage various functions, such as routing of data for the UE 115-a, among other examples.

[0101] In some examples, the UE 115-a may be equipped with one or multiple SIM cards, which may allow the UE 115-a to register with and connect to the wireless communications system 200. For example, the UE 115-a may be equipped with a SIM 202 and a SIM 204, and the UE 115-a may register and connect to one or more access networks (e.g., the access network 290-a and the access network 290-b via one or more network entities 105) using the SIM 202 or the SIM 204, as well as register and connect to the core network via one or more network entities and using one or more of the SIM 202 or the SIM 204. Each of the SIM 202 and the SIM 204 of the UE 115-a may be associated with a subscriber identity, which may include an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) and the mobile subscriber integrated services digital network number (MSISDN). In some aspects, the UE 115-a may be referred to as a multi-SIM device.

[0102] The UE 1 15-a may be equipped (e.g., configured) with multiple protocol stacks to support one or multiple wireless services over one or multiple access networks. For example, the UE 115-a may be equipped with a first protocol stack 205 and a second protocol stack 210. although the UE 115-a may be equipped with more than two protocol stacks. The first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210 may be configured for cellular-related operations (e.g., cellular communication, cellular access, such as 5G NR access) of the UE 115-a. For instance, the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210 may be configured for (e.g., may correspond to) cellular access operations (e.g.. 3GPP access). Each of the first protocol stack 205 and a second protocol stack 210 may include one or more protocol layers, which may be ordered in a hierarchical architecture. Additionally, each of the first protocol stack 205 and a second protocol stack 210 may include a control plane protocol stack and a user plane protocol stack. For example, the first protocol stack 205 (e.g., one or more of a control plane protocol stack and a user plane protocol stack of the first protocol stack 205) may include one or more of aNAS-session management (NAS-SM) layer 220, a NAS- mobility management (NAS-MM) layer 225, an RRC layer 230, a PDCP layer 235, an RLC layer 240, a MAC layer 245, or a PHY layer 250. Similarly, the second protocol stack 210 (e.g., one or more of a control plane protocol stack and a user plane protocol stack of the second protocol stack 210) may include one or more of a NAS-SM Layer 255, a NAS-MM layer 260, an RRC layer 265, a PDCP layer 270, an RLC layer 275, a MAC layer 280, or a PHY layer 285. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210 may include an SDAP layer.

[0103] In some examples, the UE 115-a may be equipped (e.g., configured) with a control layer 215 (e.g., which may be referred to as a DSCL, a higher layer, a dual steering layer, among other examples), which may be distinct from both the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210. For example, the control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may be separate (e.g., unencapsulated) from both the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210, including the different protocol layers within each of the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210. The control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may reside (e.g., located) above the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210. While the control layer 215 of the UE 115- a may reside above the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210, thecontrol layer 215 of the UE 115-a may interface with other layers or components (e.g., hardware, software) above and below the control layer 215. As such, the control layer 21 of the UE 115 -a may support interoperability with one or more of the different protocol layers within each of the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210.

[0104] The control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may also include a control plane and a user plane. The control plane of the control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may manage steering rules (also referred to as “dual-steer rules”) that may be obtained (e.g., received, signaled) from a network (e.g., a base station or network entity 105). The control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may also be configured with a mechanism (e.g., a trigger condition) for the UE 115-a to receive the steering rules, for example, in response to a protocol data unit (PDU) session establishment by a primary protocol stack, such as the first protocol stack 205 of the UE 115-a. The user plane of the control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may support one or more of a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) (e.g., HTTP3), a multipath QUIC (MP-QUIC) protocol, user datagram protocol (UDP), or an IP. The control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may determine to establish at least a quantity of MP-QUIC connections based at least in part on a quantity of quality of service (QoS) flows associated with both the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210. For example, the UE 115-a may establish one MP-QUIC connection per QoS flow. Additionally, or alternatively, the user plane of the control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may support one or more of a multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP), a TCP, or an IP. The control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may coordinate session management functionality for each of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210, triggering establishment of one or more corresponding PDU sessions by one or more of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210.

[0105] In some aspects, the control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may be configured with one or more functionalities, including one or more of steering, switching, or aggregating data traffic for the UE 115-a, particularly via one or protocol stacks and for one or multiple access networks as described herein. For example, the control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may be configured to manage (e.g., activate or deactivate) wireless communication over either or both the first protocol stack 205 and the second protocol stack 210. In some examples, a management function of the control layer 215 of the UE1 15-a may be configured to manage (e.g., activate or deactivate) wireless communications over one or both the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210, based at least in part on one or more UE route selection policy (URSP) rules. The control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may be configured to manage (e.g., activate or deactivate) wireless communication over one or more of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210 per traffic flow, which may be defined by traffic information. For example, the management function of the control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may be configured to manage (e.g., activate or deactivate) wireless communication over one or more of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210 based on URSP rules and traffic information (e.g., traffic descriptor(s), traffic characteristics, a destination address, a transport port (e.g., a transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP)). or an application identifier).

[0106] A URSP rule may support establishing and utilizing a PDU session, associated with a corresponding network slice for an application associated with the UE 115-a. The URSP rule may include information mapping data traffic (also referred to “user data traffic”) to one or more parameters (e.g., an application descriptor, a data network name (DNN), a protocol data unit (PDU) session information, etc.) of the URSP rule. Data traffic may be defined in the URSP rule by traffic information (also referred to as a “traffic descriptor”), which may determine when the URSP rule is applicable. The UE 115-a may determine that a corresponding URSP rule is applicable when the traffic descriptor matches corresponding information of the application. The UE 115-a may. via the control layer 215, determine, based at least in part on one or more of the traffic descriptor and the one or more parameters, whether (e.g., if) the application associated with the UE 115-a may use an established session (e.g., a PDU session) or whether (e.g., if) the UE 115-a, for example, via the control layer 215 may trigger a PDU session establishment procedure to establish a PDU session for the application. The control layer 215 of the UE 115-a may obtain (e.g., receive) one or more URSP rules from one or both of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210 of the UE 115-a. For example, the UE 115-a may receive, from one or more network entities 105, signaling (e.g., packets, messages, frames) carrying one or more corresponding URSP rules via the one or both of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210 of the UE 1 15-a. The UE 1 15-a may process (e.g..demodulate, decode) the signaling, to identify the one or more corresponding URSP rules associated with one or both of the first protocol stack 205 or the second protocol stack 210 of the UE 115 -a.

[0107] The UE 115-a may support dual steering procedures (e.g., data traffic split, data traffic aggregation, data traffic steer, data traffic switch, access traffic steering, switching, and splitting (ATSSS), or any combination thereof, which may be offered by the same or different sendees) via the first protocol stack 205 (e.g., and the SIM 202), and the second protocol stack 210 (e.g., and the SIM 204) to connect to different access networks as described herein. In such examples, the one or more access networks (e.g., the access network 290-a and the access network 290-b) may communicate with the first protocol stack 205 as if the first protocol stack 205 is a first UE 115, and the second protocol stack 210 as if the second protocol stack 210 is a second UE 115 (e.g., the networks may consider the two protocol stacks as if they were two separate devices, instead of a single UE).

[0108] The UE 115-a many select a network (e.g., a PLMN), and a RAT for the first protocol stack 205, the second protocol stack 210, or both. The UE 115-a may select PLMN and the RAT for each protocol stack according to one or more rules, or priorities (e.g., as indicated via the one or more URSP rules, NAS signaling, control signaling, according to one or more triggering conditions, etc.). Because the UE 1 15-a supports two SIMs (e.g., the SIM 202 and the SIM 204 in an MSIM deployment), the UE 115-a may perform network and RAT selection for both protocol stacks. The UE 115-a may select a combination of a PLMN and a RAT for each protocol stack. For instance, the UE 115-a may support an intra-PLMN and inter-RAT dual steering procedure (e.g., a 5G / 6G dual-stack scenario). In such examples, the UE 115-a may support a first network (e.g., a home PLMN (HPLMN) and a visitor PLMN (VPLMN). The UE 115-a may support one or more combinations of PLMN and RAT at each protocol stack, and the different SIMs of the UE 115-a may be part of one HPLM subscription profile. For example, both data connections for the UE 115-a may be anchored in the HPLMN core network (e.g., same user plane function). Each combination may be denoted as a first network and RAT (e.g., HPLMN NG RAN) plus a second network and RAT (e.g., HPLMN E-UTRAN). For instance, for the intra-PLMN, inter-RAT dual steering procedure, the UE 115-a may support one or more combinations, where the firstcombination for the first protocol stack 205 and the second combination for the second protocol stack 210 share a PLMN (e.g., HPLMN NG RAN + HPLMN E-UTRAN, VPLMN NG-RAN + VPLMN E-UTRAN, etc ). For inter-PLMN dual steering procedures, the first combination for the first protocol stack 205 corresponds to a first PLMN, and the second combination for the second protocol stack 210 corresponds to a second PLMN (e.g., HPLMN + VPLMN, VPLN 1 + VPLMN 2, etc.). Selection of combinations of networks and RATs for respective protocol stacks, as described herein, may refer to any combination of inter-PLMN, intra-PLMN, inter-RAT, intra-RAT, dual steering procedures.

[0109] In some implementations, the UE 115-a may comply with one or more restrictions or guidelines for connecting to the different access networks (e.g., access network 290-a and access network 290-b) based on a mobility state of the UE 115-a. For example, for an idle mode mobility implementation, the different protocol stacks of the UE 115-a may connect to (e.g., select, reselect) or camp on different PLMN and RAT combinations such that, for example, a PLMN and RAT combination selected or reselected by the first protocol stack 205 is different from the PLMN and RAT combination selected or reselected by the second protocol stack 210. In some other examples, the first protocol stack 205, the second protocol stack 210, or both, may refrain from connecting to a PLMN and RAT combination that is included on a list of network-restricted PLMN and RAT combinations. Additionally or alternatively, for implementations of connected mode mobility, one protocol stack (using a first PLMN and RAT combination) may not be handed over to a second PLMN and RAT combination used by the other protocol stack. In some other examples, the protocol stack may refrain from being handed over to a PLMN and RAT combination that is included on the list of network-restricted PLMN and RAT combinations.

[0110] The UE 115 -a may adhere to the different idle mode and connected mode mobility constraints in order to support or maintain reliable communications. For example, selection (e.g., selection, reselection, connection, or handover) of the different or non-restricted PLMN and RAT combinations for different protocol stacks may reduce the likelihood of inefficient or failed communications, or unsupported communications via the SIM 202 and the SIM 204 (e.g., the two SIMs may not support MSIM communications via a same access network). The selection of different or non-restricted PLMN and RAT combinations may also reduce the likelihood of redundancy, communication congestions, and a loss of the flexibility', throughput losses. Techniques described herein support techniques to coordinate the selection (e.g., reselection, connection, or handover) of PLMN and RAT combinations for each protocol stack while avoiding redundant selection of networks, RATs, or both.

[0111] In some examples, the UE 115-a may operate according to a single protocol stack deployment (e.g., may communicate with the access network 290-a via the first protocol stack 205, while the second protocol stack 210 remains inactive). The UE 115- a may autonomously (e.g., or as instructed or based on one or more rules or conditions) trigger activation of the second protocol stack 210 for a dual steering session (e.g., for communicating with the access network 290-a via the first protocol stack 205 and communicating with the access network 290-b via the second protocol stack 210). The control layer 215 (e.g., the DSCL) may control activation of the second protocol stack 210. The control layer 215 may be an example of a DSCL, or may be referred to as or may be an example of a dual steer control function. In some examples, the first protocol stack 205 may be a primary protocol stack (e.g., which may be referred to as a primary UE (pUE), a primary UE stack, or the like, and may support dual steering control), and the second protocol stack 210 may be a secondary or companion protocol stack (e.g.. which may be referred to as a secondary UE (sUE), a secondary UE stack, etc., and may support dual steering procedures). In some examples, the two protocol stacks may assume or change roles over time (e.g., at some times, the second protocol stack 210 may act as a primary protocol stack). The control layer 215 may activate the dual steering session if one or more conditions are satisfied (e.g., if the SIM 202 and the SIM 204 both support dual steering). In some examples, the URSP rules may indicate whether dual steering is enabled or supported for certain flows, scenarios, applications, procedures, etc. In some examples, an application supported at the UE 115-a may request a dual steering procedure, or initiating of the application may trigger the dual steering session, which may be activated by the control layer 215.

[0112] The UE 115-a may consider one or more rules (e.g., URSP rules), or one or more network (e.g., PLMN) and RAT combination restrictions, for each of the protocol stacks. For example, in some implementations the control layer 215 (e.g.. the DSCL) may indicate a list of network and RAT combinations that are disallowed (e.g..restricted, unavailable) for use for the first protocol stack (e.g., the pUE), the second protocol stack (e.g., the sUE), or both. In some examples, the list of different network and RAT combination restrictions may be applied to one of the protocol stacks, or to both of the protocol stacks, and respective NAS functions of the pUE or the sUE mayforward the list to the respective AS function of the pUE or the sUE. In some examples, the list of network and RAT combinations may change over time.

[0113] In some examples, as described herein, the UE 115 -a may perform network and RAT selection (e.g., may select, reselect, or be handed over to a combination of a PLMN and RAT) for each protocol stack. However, the UE 115-a may skip (e.g., refrain from reselecting or being handed over to) any PLMN and RAT combination indicated by the control layer 215 as unavailable (e.g., due to selection or connection by the other protocol stack) for one protocol stack due to use by another protocol stack, or may select a combination of a PLMN and RAT for a protocol stack based on a set of allowed PLMN+RAT combinations provided for that protocol stack by the control layer 215 (e g., where the set of allowed PLMN and RAT combinations does not include a PLMN and RAT selected by the other protocol stack).

[0114] For example, in order to avoid selecting (e.g., selection, reselection, connection, or handover to) the same PLMN and RAT combination as selected by the pUE. the sUE may preventatively disable measurements, reselection, or both, to PLMN and RAT combinations that are on the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations. In some other examples, the sUE may prevent handover to restricted PLMN and RAT combinations by transmitting capability signaling indicative of the sUEs lack of inter- RAT capabilities. In some other aspects, if the sUE identifies a reselection of a PLMN and RAT combination that is disallowed (e.g., if reselection at the sUE results in a disallowed PLMN and RAT combination), the sUE may deactivate or trigger reselection to a different PLMN and RAT combination.

[0115] In some aspects, the sUE may be responsible or otherwise capable of handling PLMN and RAT collision between the sUE and the pUE. For example, the sUE may take action to prevent PLMN and RAT collision between the sUE and the pUE (or to mitigate the PLMN and RAT collision if the collision has already occurred). In some other implementations, both the pUE and the sUE may be aware of the restricted PLMN and RAT combinations (e.g., via signaling from the control layer 215or DSCL), and may take action (e.g., individually or in combination) to prevent or mitigate a possible PLMN and RAT collision.

[0116] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless communications system 300 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the wireless communications system 300 may implement or be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 and wireless communications system 200 as described herein with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2. For example, the wireless communications system 300 may include a UE 115-b, and one or more network entities (e.g., network entities 105), which may be an example of UEs 115 and network entities 105 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1. The wireless communications system 300 may support multiple RATs including 4G LTE, 5G NR, among other example RATs including past and future wireless communications deployments and protocols. For example, one or more access networks (e.g., via one or more network entities) may support one or more of the RATs. Similarly, different access networks (e g., via different network entities or a single network entity) may support wireless communications via one or more access networks (e.g., PLMNs) such as access network 320-a and access network 320-b. It should be noted that techniques described herein may be performed by a wireless device such as a UE 115-b (e.g., which may be referred to as a dual steer device), or any other dual steer device.

[0117] As described herein, the UE 115-b may operate according to a single protocol stack deployment (e.g., may communicate with the access network 320-a via the first protocol stack 305, while the second protocol stack 310 remains inactive). The UE 115-b may autonomously (e.g., or as instructed or based on one or more rules or conditions) trigger activation of the second protocol stack 310 for a dual steering session (e.g., for communicating with the access network 320-a via the first protocol stack 305 and communicating with the access network 320-b via the second protocol stack 310). The control layer 315 (e.g., the DSCL) may control activation of the second protocol stack 310. In some examples, the first protocol stack 305 may be an example of a primary protocol stack (e.g., a pUE), and the second protocol stack 310 may be a secondary7or companion protocol stack (e.g., an sUE).

[0118] In some aspects, the pUE and the sUE may not share a same PLMN and RAT combination. Additionally or alternatively, there may be one or more PLMN andRAT combinations that are restricted from use by the pUE, the sUE, or both. In some implementations, the control layer 315 (e.g., the DSCL) may provide the pUE, the sUE, or both, with a list of PLMN and RAT combinations that are disallowed for selection, reselection, connection, handover, or any combination thereof. For example, in some cases, the control layer 315 may send, to the sUE (e.g., the second protocol stack 310) a list of PLMN and RAT combinations that the sUE is disallowed from selecting. In such examples, the sUE may refrain from selecting or reselecting a PLMN and RAT combination that is included in the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations, and may instead select a PLMN and RAT combination that is absent from the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations.

[0119] In some aspects, the UE 115-b may implement UE-controlled access stratum cell reselection, and the sUE may be responsible for ensuring that it is not connected or handed over to a PLMN and RAT combination that is restricted. For example, the sUE (e.g.. the second protocol stack 310) may preventatively disable measurements for PLMN and RAT combinations that are included on the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations when operating in an idle or inactive mode. Additionally or alternatively, the sUE may preventatively disable reselection to PLMN and RAT combinations that are included in the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations. In such examples, the sUE may stay connected to a current PLMN and RAT combination, or may reselect to a different PLMN and RAT combination that is excluded from the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations.

[0120] In some aspects, the sUE may preventatively disable selection, reselection, connection, handover, or any combination thereof, to a restricted PLMN and RAT combination using one or more disabling techniques internal to the UE 115-b. For example, for intra-PLMN implementations, the NAS of the sUE may output, to the sUE NAS (e.g., via signaling associated with subscription-based RAT restriction) an indication of the list of the restricted PLMN and RAT combinations, and the sUE may block or restrict the PLMN and RAT combinations include on the list. In some other examples, the sUE may disable (e.g., at least temporarily disable) measurements for restricted PLMN and RAT combinations. In some aspects, the sUE may disable measurements for non-dual-stack compatible PLMNs or equivalent PLMNs, or for RATs for intra-PLMN implementations. In some cases, the sUE may disable themeasurements by setting one or more internal measurement thresholds to be different from a requested measurement from a restricted PLMN or RAT. Additionally or alternatively, the sUE may set an internal bias or offset to one or more measurement thresholds or cell reselection thresholds, such that a requested measurement or cell reselection from a restricted PLMN or RAT fails to satisfy the threshold (e.g., the sUE will not perform the requested measurement and / or will not perform cell reselection based on the bias or offset applied to the internal measurement and / or cell reselection thresholds).

[0121] fn some aspects, the sUE may allow for PLMN and RAT reselection (e.g., without pre-applied restrictions). If the sUE performs a PLMN and RAT reselection, and the reselection criteria for the sUE is indicative of a restricted PLMN and RAT combination (e.g., a PLMN and RAT combination that is included on the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations), the sUE may take one or more actions, fn some examples, upon determining that the restricted PLMN and RAT combination was selected, the sUE may deactivate to avoid selection of the restricted PLMN and RAT combination. In some such examples, any dormant protocol data units (PDUs) or other data packets that are buffered or queued at the sUE may be switched or moved to a buffer or queue at the pUE to avoid data loss at the sUE. In some aspects, the data transfer from the sUE to the pUE may be based on one or more dual-stack traffic rules (e.g., traffic rate thresholds, data buffering thresholds, or other traffic rules) and may occur on a per-application basis for the sUE. In some other examples, if the reselection criteria for the sUE is indicative of a restricted PLMN and RAT combination, the sUE may perform or trigger a selection or reselection to a different PLMN and RAT combination. In some aspects, the sUE may treat the selected PLMN and RAT combination as being disallowed or restricted (e.g., the sUE may add a cell associated with the restricted PLMN and RAT to a cell restricted list). In some such examples, any dormant PDUs that are buffered or queued at the sUE may be switched or moved to a buffer or queue at the pUE to avoid data loss at the sUE. In some aspects, the data transfer from the sUE to the pUE may be based on one or more dual-stack traffic rules (e.g., traffic rate thresholds, data buffering thresholds, or other traffic rules) and may occur on a per-application basis for the sUE.

[0122] In some examples, the sUE mobility may be impacted by network-controlled (e.g., access stratum) handover, such that the sUE may be handed over from one PLMN and RAT combination to another PLMN and RAT combination when operating in a connected mode. In some cases, the sUE may prevent being handed over to a restricted PLMN and RAT combination by performing one or more actions. For example, the sUE may output, via capability signaling (e.g., UE to radio access network signaling), an indication that the sUE does not support inter-RAT capabilities, and / or may not support communications (at least temporarily, currently, or for a threshold time duration) for the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations (e.g., where other RATs for the PLMN for which the pUE is connected are on the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations). In some other examples, if the sUE receives a request to perform one or more RAN measurements associated with a handover to a restricted PLMN and RAT combination, the sUE may refrain from performing the RAN measurements and may refrain from reporting the RAN measurements to the network. In such examples, the sUE may prevent handover to the restricted PLMN and RAT combination.

[0123] In some other cases, if the sUE is handed over to a restricted PLMN and RAT combination, the sUE may reject or ignore one or more handover commands and may perform one or more actions to mitigate the undesired handover. For example, after ignoring or rejecting the one or more handover commands, the sUE may deactivate, and any dormant PDUs that are buffered or queued at the sUE may be switched or moved to a buffer or queue at the pUE to avoid data loss at the sUE. In some aspects, the data transfer from the sUE to the pUE may be based on one or more dual-stack traffic rules (e.g., traffic rate thresholds, data buffering thresholds, or other traffic rules) and may occur on a per-application basis for the sUE. In some other examples, after ignoring or rejecting the one or more handover commands, the sUE may trigger selection or reselection for a different PLMN and RAT combination (e.g., the sUE may select or reselect away from the restricted PLMN and RAT combination that it was handed over to). In some aspects, the sUE may treat the PLMN and RAT combination that it was handed over to as being disallowed or restricted (e.g., the sUE may add a cell associated with the restricted PLMN and RAT to a cell restricted list). In some such examples, any dormant PDUs that are buffered or queued at the sUE may be switched or moved to a buffer or queue at the pUE to avoid data loss at the sUE. In some aspects, the datatransfer from the sUE to the pUE may be based on one or more dual-stack traffic rules (e.g., traffic rate thresholds, data buffering thresholds, or other traffic rules) and may occur on a per-application basis for the sUE.

[0124] In some other implementations, the network (e.g., network entities 105) may assist the sUE to prevent undesired handover to any of the PLMN and RAT combinations included in the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations. For example, a core network (or another network function) may output the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations (for the sUE) to RAN, such that the RAN refrains from initiating handover of the sUE to any of the restricted PLMN and RAT combinations. In some examples, the RAN may obtain one or more updates to the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations based on one or more changes of the pUE connection. For example, if the pUE changes connection to a different PLMN and RAT combination, the list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations for the sUE may change according to the pUE connection change.

[0125] In some other implementations, the sUE may adapt based on connection changes for the pUE. For example, in some cases, the pUE may move to (e.g., the pUE may reselect or be handed over to) the PLMN and RAT combination of the sUE. In some aspects, the control layer 315 (e.g., the DSCL) may inform the sUE of the PLMN and RAT combination change of the pUE. and the sUE may deactivate in order to avoid a PLMN and RAT collision for the pUE and the sUE. In some other cases, the sUE may trigger a selection away from the current PLMN and RAT combination to a different PLMN and RAT combination (by treating the PLMN and RAT combination as restricted) to avoid the collision. In some aspects, any buffered or queued PDUs associated with the sUE may be moved to the new PLMN and RAT combination for the sUE. In some other implementations, the control layer 315 (e.g., the DSCL) may inform the sUE that the pUE has reselected or is handed over to a PLMN and RAT combination in which dual steer capabilities are disallowed. In some examples, the sUE may deactivate to comply with the dual steer capabilities of the new PLMN and RAT combination for the pUE. In some other examples, the sUE may trigger reselection to a new PLMN and RAT combination (and may treat the current PLMN and RAT combination as restricted) in order to continue dual steer capabilities with the pUE.

[0126] In some aspects described herein, the sUE may deactivate in order to manage dual steer functionality with the pUE. In some examples the sUE may remain deactivated for a duration of time, and may reactivate when the pUE performs an inter- RAT or inter-PLMN change. For example, the sUE may reactivate when the pUE performs a PLMN and RAT combination selection or reselection (e.g., based on a new or updated list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations). In some such examples, the sUE may receive an indication of the PLMN and RAT combination change at the pUE from the control layer 315 (e.g., the DSCL). In some other examples, the sUE may reactivate based on the expiration of timer or a threshold time duration. For example, the sUE may begin to perform PLMN and RAT combination reselection after the expiration of a “dual steer failure” time which starts at the time of the sUE deactivation. In some other examples, the sUE may obtain one or more triggers to reactivate.

[0127] In some aspects, the UE 115-b may implement UE-controlled access stratum cell reselection or network-controlled access stratum cell reselection, and the pUE. the sUE, or both, may be responsible for ensuring that the pUE and the sUE are not connected or handed over to a PLMN and RAT combination that is restricted. For example, the pUE (e.g., the first protocol stack 305) and the sUE (e.g., the second protocol stack 310) may obtain, from the control layer 315 (e.g., the DSCL), an indication of the set of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations. Additionally or alternatively, the pUE may receive an indication of the PLMN and RAT combination of the sUE, or the sUE may receive an indication of the PLMN and RAT combination of the pUE, or both, so that the sUE and the pUE may avoid selecting or reselecting the same PLMN and RAT combinations.

[0128] For example, if the pUE receives an indication that the sUE is connected to a first PLMN and RAT combination, the pUE may avoid selecting the first PLMN and RAT combination altogether, or may deactivate or trigger a reselection of a new PLMN or RAT if the pUE reselects or is handed over to the first PLMN and RAT combination. Additionally or alternatively, if the sUE receives an indication that the pUE is connected to a second PLMN and RAT combination, the sUE may avoid selecting the first PLMN and RAT combination altogether, or may deactivate or trigger a reselection of a new7PLMN or RAT if the sUE reselects or is handed over to the second PLMN and RAT combination. In some aspects, if there is a collision between PLMN and RATcombinations at the pUE and the sUE, the pUE or the sUE may deactivate from the PLMN and RAT combination (or may reselect a different PLMN and RAT combination) based on different stack priorities assigned to the pUE (e.g., the first protocol stack 305) and the sUE (e.g., the second protocol stack 310). For example, if a priority associated with the pUE is higher than a priority of the sUE, the sUE may deactivate or trigger a reselection. Alternatively, if a priority associated with the sUE is greater than a priority' of the pUE, the pUE may deactivate or trigger a reselection.

[0129] In some aspects, once the pUE or the sUE deactivates, the pUE or the sUE may reactivate based on various factors described herein. For example, the pUE or the sUE may remain deactivated for a duration of time, and may reactivate when the sUE or the pUE (respectively) performs an inter-RAT or inter-PLMN change. For example, the pUE or the sUE may reactivate when the sUE or the pUE (respectively) performs a PLMN and RAT combination selection or reselection (e.g., based on a new or updated list of restricted PLMN and RAT combinations). In some such examples, the pUE or the sUE may receive an indication of the PLMN and RAT combination change from the control layer 315 (e.g., the DSCL). In some other examples, the pUE or the sUE may reactivate based on the expiration of timer or a threshold time duration. For example, the pUE or the sUE may begin to perform PLMN and RAT combination selection after the expiration of a "‘dual steer failure” time which starts at the time of the pUE or the sUE deactivation. In some other examples, the pUE or the sUE may obtain one or more triggers to reactivate.

[0130] FIG. 4 shows an example of a process flow 400 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 400 may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the wireless communications system 200, and the wireless communications system 300. For example, a UE 115-c (e.g., which may be an example of a UE 115 as described herein) may include a first protocol stack 405 (e.g., which may be an example of the first protocol stack 205 or a first protocol stack 305) a control layer 415 (e.g., which may be an example of the first protocol stack 205 or a first protocol stack 305), and a second protocol stack 410 (e.g., which may be an example of the second protocol stack 210 or a second protocol stack 310), which may be examples of corresponding devices described herein. The control layer 415 may be an example ofa DSCL, or may be an example of a dual steer control function. Techniques described herein may be performed by a wireless device such as a UE 115-c (e.g., which may be referred to as a dual steer device) or any other dual steer device.

[0131] At 420, the UE 115-c may select, for the first protocol stack 405, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack 405.

[0132] At 425, the UE 115-c may obtain, at the second protocol stack 410, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack 410. For example, the list of restricted network and RAT combinations may be based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack 405. In some examples, the list of network and RAT combinations may be obtained via the control layer 415.

[0133] At 430, the UE 115-c may optionally disable (e.g., preventatively disable) a selection at the second protocol stack 410 for one or more combinations of network and RATs based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack 410. For example, the one or more combinations of network and RATs may be included on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations, and the UE 115-c may prevent selection of the restricted network and RAT combinations.

[0134] In some examples, to disable the selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs, the second protocol stack 410 may apply a subset of the list of network and RAT combinations associated with the first network to a RAT restriction list for intra-network RAT selection. In some other examples, the second protocol stack 410 may offset one or more measurement thresholds associated with selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs associated with the list of network and RAT combinations. In such examples, offsetting the one or more measurement thresholds may disable the selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack 410.

[0135] In some aspects, responsive to the preventative selection of the one or more combinations of network and RATs. the second protocol stack 410 may select a second network and a second RAT comprising a network and RAT combination that isdifferent from the one or more combinations of network and RATs included in the list of network and RAT combinations.

[0136] In some examples, the second protocol stack 410 may transmit (e.g., output, signal) a capability message indicative of an exclusion of inter-RAT capabilities of the UE 115-c based at on the list of network and RAT combinations including a restriction between the first network and a second RAT. In some other examples, the UE 115-c may refrain from reporting one or more cell measurements for cells that correspond to the one or more combinations of network and RATs indicated by the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack 410.

[0137] At 435. the UE 115-c may optionally determine, at the second protocol stack 410, a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack 410, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack 410.

[0138] At 440. responsive to the determination of the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations, the second protocol stack 410 may optionally trigger a deactivation of the second protocol stack 410 or may optionally trigger a selection away from the second network and the second RAT.

[0139] In some implementations, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack 410 may include moving one or more PDUs in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack 410 to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack 405 (e.g., based on one or more traffic rules for dual protocol stack operation at the UE 115-c). In some aspects, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack 410 may include rejecting a handover command (e.g., when the UE 115-c is in a connected mode) instructing handover of the second protocol stack 410 to the second network and the second RAT. In some implementations, the UE 115-c may transmit a connection release indication to the second network (e.g., the network the UE 115-c is being handed over to, the network that the UE 115-c is being handed over from, or both) in order to reject the handover.

[0140] In some other implementations, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack 410 may include selecting, for the second protocol stack 410, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the second protocol stack 410, reselecting (for the first protocol stack 405) the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack 405, and triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack 410 based on reselection of the first protocol stack 405 from the first network and the first RAT to the second network and the second RAT.

[0141] In some other implementations, triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT includes adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of restricted network and RAT combinations for the second protocol stack 410, and selecting a third network and a third RAT based on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the list of restricted network and RAT combinations. In some examples, the UE 115-c may move one or more PDUs in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack 410 to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack 405 or to a transmission queue associated with the third network and the third RAT based on addition of the second network and the second RAT to the list of restricted network and RAT combinations. In some implementations, the second protocol stack 410 may reject a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack 410 to the second network and the second RAT based on addition of the second network and the second RAT to the list of restricted network and RAT combinations.

[0142] In some other implementations, triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT includes reselecting, for the first protocol stack 405, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack 405, and triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT for the second protocol stack 410 based on reselection of the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack 405.

[0143] In some aspects, triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack 410 or the selection away from the second network and the second RAT may be based on a reselection of the first protocol stack 405 to the second network and the second RAT that are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack 410. In such cases, the UE 115-c may add thesecond network and the second RAT to the list of restricted network and RAT combinations.

[0144] In some cases, the second protocol stack 410 may be reactivated based on the first protocol stack 405 performing an inter-network change, and inter-radio access network change, or both. In some cases, the second protocol stack 410 may be reactivated based on an updated list of restricted network and RAT combinations, an expiration or a timer associated with the triggered deactivation of the second protocol stack 410, or both.

[0145] In some cases, the first protocol stack 405 may obtain an indication of a first corresponding network and a RAT associated with the second protocol stack 410, and the second protocol stack 41 may obtain an indication of a second corresponding network and RAT associated with the first protocol stack 405. In some examples, the first protocol stack 405 may select or reselect the second network and the second RAT for wireless communications, and then may trigger a deactivation or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being selected or reselected for the second protocol stack 410. In some aspects, whether the first protocol stack 405 or the second protocol stack 410 deactivates (or performs reselection) based on a collision is based on respective priorities of the first protocol stack 405 and the second protocol stack 410 (e.g., the protocol stack with the lower priority may deactivate or perform reselection if a collision occurs).

[0146] In some implementations, the UE 115-c may communicate with a network entity (or access network) via the first protocol stack 405, the second protocol stack 410, or both. In some aspects, the network entity may provide the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection or reselection by a second protocol stack 410 or the first protocol stack 405. Based on the list of restricted network and RAT combinations, the network entity may refrain from initiating a handover of the first protocol stack 405. the second protocol stack 410. or both, to a second network and a second RAT that are restricted from selection accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations. In some examples, the network entity7may output one or more updates to the list of restricted network and RAT combinations. In some examples, the network entity may obtain, from a home PLMN, signaling that is indicative of anexclusion of inter-radio access technology capabilities of the UE based at least in part on the list of network and radio access technology' combinations including a restriction between the first network and the second radio access technology.

[0147] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram 500 of a device 505 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 505 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 505 may include a receiver 510, a transmitter 515, and a communications manager 520. The device 505, or one or more components of the device 505 (e.g., the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communications manager 520), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0148] The receiver 510 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to dual-stack mobility' control). Information may7be passed on to other components of the device 505. The receiver 510 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0149] The transmitter 515 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 505. For example, the transmitter 515 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to dual-stack mobility control). In some examples, the transmitter 515 may be co-located with a receiver 510 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 515 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0150] The communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of dual-stack mobility control as described herein. For example, the communications manager 520. the receiver 510. the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0151] In some examples, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0152] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515. or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 520. the receiver 510. the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0153] In some examples, the communications manager 520 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both. For example, the communications manager 520 may receive information from the receiver 510, send information to the transmitter 515, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0154] The communications manager 520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communicationsmanager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0155] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 520 is capable of. configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE. a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0156] By including or configuring the communications manager 520 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 505 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515. thecommunications manager 520, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, more efficient utilization of communication resources, better compliance with dual steer communications protocols, and improved performance for a dual steer capable device.

[0157] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 605 may be an example of aspects of a device 505 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a transmitter 615, and a communications manager 620. The device 605, or one of more components of the device 605 (e.g., the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, the communications manager 620), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0158] The receiver 610 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to dual-stack mobility7control). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 605. The receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0159] The transmitter 615 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 605. For example, the transmitter 615 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to dual-stack mobility control). In some examples, the transmitter 615 may be co-located with a receiver 610 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 615 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0160] The device 605, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of dual-stack mobility7control as described herein. For example, the communications manager 620 may include a network and RAT combination selection component 625, a network and RAT combination disabling component 630, a protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 635, or anycombination thereof. The communications manager 620 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 620, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g.. receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both. For example, the communications manager 620 may receive information from the receiver 610, send information to the transmitter 615, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as descnbed herein.

[0161] The communications manager 620 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The network and RAT combination selection component 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The network and RAT combination selection component 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The network and RAT combination disabling component 630 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0162] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 620 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The network and RAT combination selection component 625 is capable of. configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The network and RAT combination selection component 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the firstprotocol stack. The network and RAT combination selection component 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 635 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. In some examples, the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack are restricted from reselection by the second protocol stack operating in an idle mode, connection with the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, handover at the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, or any combination thereof.

[0163] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a communications manager 720 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 720 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520, a communications manager 620, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 720, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of dual-stack mobility control as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720 may include a network and RAT combination selection component 725, a network and RAT combination disabling component 730, a protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735, a UE capability7signaling component 740, a handover rejection component 745, a PDU allocation component 750, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0164] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to. or operable to support a means forselecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE. a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The network and RAT combination disabling component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0165] In some examples, to support disabling the selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, the network and RAT combination disabling component 730 is capable of. configured to, or operable to support a means for applying a subset of the list of network and RAT combinations associated with the first network to a RAT restriction list for intranetwork RAT selection.

[0166] In some examples, to support disabling the selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, the network and RAT combination disabling component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for offsetting one or more measurement thresholds associated with selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies associated with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection, where offsetting the one or more measurement thresholds disables the selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack.

[0167] In some examples, disabling the selection at the second protocol stack comprises disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, and the UE capability signaling component 740 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a capability message indicative of an exclusion of inter-RATcapabilities of the UE based on the list of network and RAT combinations including a restriction between the first network and a second RAT.

[0168] In some examples, disabling the selection at the second protocol stack comprises disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, and the network and RAT combination disabling component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from reporting one or more cell measurements for cells that correspond to the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies indicated by the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0169] In some examples, to support obtaining the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a dual steer control layer at the UE, the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0170] In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at the first protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a first corresponding network and a RAT associated with the second protocol stack. In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at the second protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a second corresponding network and RAT associated with the first protocol stack.

[0171] In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, a second network and a second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. In some examples, the network and RAT combination disabling component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for disabling the selection of the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack based on the second network and the second RAT being selected for the second protocol stack.

[0172] In some examples, to support disabling the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies, the network and RAT combination disabling component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for disabling the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based on a priority associated with the second protocol stack being lower than a priority associated with the first protocol stack.

[0173] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of. configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0174] In some examples, to support obtaining the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a dual steer control layer at the UE, thelist of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0175] In some examples, to support triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for moving one or more protocol data units in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack based on one or more traffic rules for dual protocol stack operation at the UE.

[0176] In some examples, to support triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. In some examples, to support triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting a third network and a third RAT based on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0177] In some examples, the PDU allocation component 750 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for moving one or more protocol data units in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack or to a transmission queue associated with the third network and the third RAT based on addition of the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection.

[0178] In some examples, the UE is in a connected mode and, to support triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the handover rejection component 745 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for ignoring or rejecting a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second RAT.

[0179] In some examples, the UE is in a connected mode and, to support triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the handover rejection component 745 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a connection release indication to the second network.

[0180] In some examples, to support triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT, the handover rejection component 745 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for rejecting a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second RAT based on addition of the second network and the second RAT to list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. In some examples, to support triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting a third network and a third RAT based on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0181] In some examples, to support triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to. or operable to support a means for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. In some examples, to support triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack based on reselection of the first protocol stack from the first network and the first RAT to the second network and the second RAT.

[0182] In some examples, to support triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. In some examples, to support triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of. configured to, or operable tosupport a means for triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT for the second protocol stack based on reselection of the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack.

[0183] In some examples, to support triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0184] In some examples, to support triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second RAT, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on a reselection of the first protocol stack to a third network and a third RAT that are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from dual steer operation with the second network and the second RAT of the second protocol stack.

[0185] In some examples, to support triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. In some examples, to support triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting the third network and a third RAT based on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. In some examples, the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack are restricted from reselection by the second protocol stack operating in an idle mode, connection with the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, handover at the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, or any combination thereof

[0186] In some examples, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for following a deactivation of the second protocol stack, triggering a reactivation of the second protocol stack based on the first protocol stack performing an inter-network change, and inter-radio access network change, or both.

[0187] In some examples, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for following a deactivation of the second protocol stack, triggering a reactivation of the second protocol stack based on an expiration of a timer associated with triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack.

[0188] In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at the first protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a first corresponding network and a RAT associated with the second protocol stack. In some examples, the network and RAT combination selection component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at the second protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a second corresponding network and RAT associated with the first protocol stack.

[0189] In some examples, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. In some examples, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering a deactivation or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack based on the second network and the second RAT being selected for the second protocol stack.

[0190] In some examples, to support triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT, the protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on apriority associated with the second protocol stack being lower than a priority associated with the first protocol stack.

[0191] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of or include components of a device 505, a device 605, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 805 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more other devices (e.g., network entities 105, UEs 115, or a combination thereof). The device 805 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 820, an input / output (I / O) controller, such as an I / O controller 810, a transceiver 815, one or more antennas 825, at least one memory7830, code 835, and at least one processor 840. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e g., a bus 845).

[0192] The I / O controller 810 may manage input and output signals for the device 805. The I / O controller 810 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 805. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 810 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 840. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 805 via the I / O controller 810 or via hardw are components controlled by the I / O controller 810.

[0193] In some cases, the device 805 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 805 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 815 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 825 using w ired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 815 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with anotherwireless transceiver. The transceiver 815 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 825 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 825. The transceiver 815, or the transceiver 815 and one or more antennas 825, may be an example of a transmitter 515, a transmitter 615, a receiver 510, a receiver 610, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.

[0194] The at least one memory' 830 may include random access memory’ (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The at least one memory' 830 may store computer- readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 835. The code 835 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 840, cause the device 805 to perform various functions described herein. The code 835 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory' or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 835 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 840 but may cause a computer (e.g.. when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 830 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0195] The at least one processor 840 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs. one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 840 may be configured to operate a memory' array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 840. The at least one processor 840 may be configured to execute computer- readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 830) to cause the device 805 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting dual-stack mobility control). For example, the device 805 or a component of the device 805 may include at least one processor 840 and at least one memory 830 coupled with or to the atleast one processor 840, the at least one processor 840 and the at least one memory 830 configured to perform various functions described herein.

[0196] In some examples, the at least one processor 840 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 830 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 840 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 840) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 830)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 840 or a processing system including the at least one processor 840 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 805 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 835 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 830 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0197] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 820 is capable of. configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first netw ork and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of netw ork and radio access technologiesbased on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0198] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for triggering a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0199] By including or configuring the communications manager 820 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 805 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between protocol stacks of a device, longer battery' life, better compliance with dual steer communications protocols, and improved performance for a dual steer capable device.

[0200] In some examples, the communications manager 820 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 815, the one or more antennas 825, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 820 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with referenceto the communications manager 820 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 840, the at least one memory 830, the code 835, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 835 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 840 to cause the device 805 to perform various aspects of dual-stack mobility control as described herein, or the at least one processor 840 and the at least one memory 830 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0201] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0202] The receiver 910 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., 1 / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. In some examples, the receiver 910 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 910 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0203] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocolstack). In some examples, the transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g.. electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 915 and the receiver 910 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0204] The communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of dual-stack mobility control as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0205] In some examples, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0206] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting,individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0207] In some examples, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g.. receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910. the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0208] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE, to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0209] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 (e.g.. at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, more efficient utilization of communication resources, bettercompliance with dual steer communications protocols, and improved performance for a dual steer capable device.

[0210] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports dualstack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905 or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one of more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, the communications manager 1020), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0211] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. In some examples, the receiver 1010 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1010 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0212] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). In some examples, the transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1015 and the receiver1010 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0213] The device 1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of dual-stack mobility control as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include a network and RAT combination establishment component 1025 a handover rejection component 1030, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0214] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The network and RAT combination establishment component 1025 is capable of, configured to. or operable to support a means for establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE. The network and RAT combination establishment component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE. The network and RAT combination establishment component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE. The handover rejection component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE, to a network and a RAT that are restricted fromselection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0215] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1120 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920, a communications manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of dual-stack mobility control as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include a network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 a handover rejection component 1130, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses). The communications may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity 105), or any combination thereof.

[0216] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE. In some examples, the network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE. a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE. In some examples, the network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the firstRAT by the first protocol stack of the UE. The handover rejection component 1 130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE, to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0217] In some examples, the network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a home public land mobile network (PLMN). a signaling message indicative of an exclusion of inter-RAT capabilities of the UE based on the list of network and RAT combinations including a restriction between the first network and the second RAT.

[0218] In some examples, the network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 is capable of. configured to, or operable to support a means for reestablishing, for the first protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a third network and a third RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. In some examples, the network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting an updated list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the reestablished connection with the third network and the third RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE.

[0219] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports dual-stack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of or include components of a device 905, a device 1005, or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1205 may communicate with other network devices or network equipment such as one or more of the network entities 105, UEs 115, or any combination thereof. The communications may include communications over one or more wired interfaces, over one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. The device 1205 may include components that support outputting and obtaining communications, such as a communications manager 1220, a transceiver 1210, one or more antennas 1215, at least one memory 1225, code 1230, and at least one processor 1235. These components may-be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1240).

[0220] The transceiver 1210 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some examples, the transceiver 1210 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples, the transceiver 1210 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, the device 1205 may include one or more antennas 1215, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently). The transceiver 1210 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1215, by a wired transmitter), to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 1215, from a wired receiver), and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 1210 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1215 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1215 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1210 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1210, or the transceiver 1210 and the one or more antennas 1215, or the transceiver 1210 and the one or more antennas 1215 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 1235. the at least one memory 1225. or both), may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 1205. In some examples, the transceiver 1210 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., communication link(s) 125, backhaul communication link(s) 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168).

[0221] The at least one memory 1225 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory' 1225 may store computer-readable, computerexecutable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1230. The code 1230 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processor 1235, cause the device 1205 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1230 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory7or another ty pe of memory'. In some cases, the code 1230 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 1235 but may cause a computer (e.g.. when compiled and executed) to perform functrons described herern. In some cases, the at least one memory 1225 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, the at least one processor 1235 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1225 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system).

[0222] The at least one processor 1235 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 1235 may be configured to operate a memory' array using a memory' controller. In some other cases, a memory' controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1235. The at least one processor 1235 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g.. one or more of the at least one memory 1225) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting dual-stack mobility' control). For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include at least one processor 1235 and at least one memory 1225 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 1235, the at least one processor 1235 and the at least one memory 1225configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1235 may be an example of a cloud-computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing code 1230) to perform the functions of the device 1205. The at least one processor 1235 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1205 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 1225).

[0223] In some examples, the at least one processor 1235 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1225 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1235 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1235) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory' 1225)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1235 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1235 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory' 1225 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0224] In some examples, a bus 1240 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some examples, a bus 1240 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack), which may include communications performed within a component of the device 1205, or between different components of the device 1205 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device1205 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 1220, the transceiver 1210, the at least one memory 1225, the code 1230, and the at least one processor 1235 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components).

[0225] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links). For example, the communications manager 1220 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may manage communications with one or more other network entities 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 (e.g., in cooperation with the one or more other network devices). In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.

[0226] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to. or operable to support a means for outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE, to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0227] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between protocol stacks of a device, longer battery life, better compliance with dual steer communications protocols, and improved performance for a dual steer capable device.

[0228] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g.. receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1210, the one or more antennas 1215 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1220 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 1210, one or more of the at least one processor 1235, one or more of the at least one memory 1225, the code 1230, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 1235, the at least one memory 1225, the code 1230, or any combination thereof). For example, the code 1230 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 1235 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of dual-stack mobility control as described herein, or the at least one processor 1235 and the at least one memory 1225 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0229] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 that supports dualstack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1300 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1300 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0230] At 1305, the method may include selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The operations of 1305 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1305 may be performed by a network and RAT combination selection component 725 as described with reference to FIG. 7, the first protocol stack 205 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the first protocol stack 305 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0231] At 1310, the method may include obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The operations of 1310 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1310 may be performed by a network and RAT combination selection component 725 as described with reference to FIG. 7. the second protocol stack 210 and the control layer 215 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the second protocol stack 310 and the control layer 315 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0232] At 1315, the method may include disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The operations of 1315 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1315 may be performed by a network and RAT combination disabling component 730 as described with reference to FIG. 7, the second protocol stack 210 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the second protocol stack 310 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0233] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supports dualstack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1400 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1400 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0234] At 1405, the method may include selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack. The operations of 1405 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed by a network and RAT combination selection component 725 as described with reference to FIG. 7, the first protocol stack 205 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the first protocol stack 305 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0235] At 1410, the method may include obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, where the list is based on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack. The operations of 1410 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed by a network and RAT combination selection component 725 as described with reference to FIG. 7 , the second protocol stack 210 and the control layer 215 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the second protocol stack 310 and the control layer 315 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0236] At 1415, the method may include determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, where the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The operations of 1415 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1415 may be performed by a netw ork and RAT combination selection component 725 as described with reference to FIG. 7, the second protocol stack 210 and the control layer 215 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the second protocol stack 310 and the control layer 315 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0237] At 1420, the method may include triggering a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The operations of 1420 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1420 may be performed by a protocol stack deactivation and reselection component 735 as described with reference to FIG. 7,the second protocol stack 210 and the control layer 215 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the second protocol stack 310 and the control layer 315 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0238] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 that supports dualstack mobility control in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1500 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 4 and 9 through 12. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity’ may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0239] At 1505, the method may include establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE. The operations of 1505 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1505 may be performed by a network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11, the first protocol stack 205 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the first protocol stack 305 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0240] At 1510, the method may include establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE. The operations of 1510 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by a network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11, the second protocol stack 210 described with reference to FIG. 2, or the second protocol stack 310 described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0241] At 1515, the method may include outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, where the list is based on the established connection with the first network and the firstRAT by the first protocol stack of the UE. The operations of 1515 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1515 may be performed by a network and RAT combination establishment component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11, or one or more aspects of the network entity 105 described herein.

[0242] At 1520, the method may include refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE, to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack. The operations of 1520 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1520 may be performed by a handover rejection component 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11 or one or more aspects of the network entity 105 described herein.

[0243] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:

[0244] Aspect 1 : A method for wireless communications at a UE. comprising: selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack; obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, wherein the list is based at least in part on the selection to the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack; and disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and RATs based at least in part on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0245] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein disabling the selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack comprises: applying a subset of the list of network and RAT combinations associated with the first network to a RAT restriction list for intra-network RAT selection.

[0246] Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, wherein disabling the selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack comprises: offsetting one or more measurement thresholds associated with selection for the one or more combinations of network and RATs associated with the listof network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection, wherein offsetting the one or more measurement thresholds disables the selection for the one or more combinations of netw ork and RATs at the second protocol stack.

[0247] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 1 through 3. wherein disabling the selection at the second protocol stack comprises disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack, the method further comprising: transmitting a capability message indicative of an exclusion of inter-RAT capabilities of the UE based at least in part on the list of network and RAT combinations including a restriction between the first network and a second RAT.

[0248] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4. disabling the selection at the second protocol stack comprises disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and RATs at the second protocol stack, the method further comprising: refraining from reporting one or more cell measurements for cells that correspond to the one or more combinations of network and RATs indicated by the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0249] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein obtaining the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack comprises: obtaining, from a dual steer control layer at the UE, the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0250] Aspect 7 : The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, further comprising: obtaining, at the first protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a first corresponding network and a RAT associated with the second protocol stack; and obtaining, at the second protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a second corresponding network and RAT associated with the first protocol stack.

[0251] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, further comprising: reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, a second network and a second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack; and disabling the selection of the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack based at least in part on the second network and the second RAT being selected for the second protocol stack.

[0252] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, wherein disabling the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and RATs comprises: disabling the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and RATs based at least in part on a priority associated with the second protocol stack being lower than a priority associated with the first protocol stack.

[0253] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack are restricted from reselection by the second protocol stack operating in an idle mode, connection with the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, handover at the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, or any combination thereof.

[0254] Aspect 11 : A method for wireless communications at a UE, comprising: selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first RAT for communication via the first protocol stack; obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, wherein the list is based at least in part on the selection of the first network and the first RAT at the first protocol stack; determining a selection of a second network and a second RAT for the second protocol stack, wherein the second network and the second RAT are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack; and triggering a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT based at least in part on the second network and the second RAT being included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0255] Aspect 12: The method of aspect 11, wherein obtaining the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack comprises: obtaining, from a dual steer control layer at the UE, the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0256] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 11 through 12, wherein triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack comprises: moving one or more PDUs in atransmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack based at least in part on one or more traffic rules for dual protocol stack operation at the UE.

[0257] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 11 through 13, wherein triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack comprises: adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack; and selecting a third network and a third RAT based at least in part on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0258] Aspect 15: The method of aspect 14, further comprising: moving one or more PDUs in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack or to a transmission queue associated with the third network and the third RAT based at least in part on addition of the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection.

[0259] Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 11 through 15, wherein the UE is in a connected mode, and triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack comprises: ignoring or rejecting a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second RAT.

[0260] Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 1 1 through 1 , wherein the UE is in a connected mode, and triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack comprises: transmitting a connection release indication to the second network.

[0261] Aspect 18: The method of any of aspects 11 through 17, wherein triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT comprises: rejecting a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second RAT based at least in part on addition of the second network and the second RAT to list of netw ork and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack; and selecting a third network and a third RAT based at least in part on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the listof network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0262] Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 11 through 18, wherein triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack comprises: reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE. the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack; and triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack based at least in part on reselection of the first protocol stack from the first network and the first RAT to the second network and the second RAT.

[0263] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 11 through 19, wherein triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT comprises: reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack; and triggering the selection away from the second network and the second RAT for the second protocol stack based at least in part on reselection of the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack.

[0264] Aspect 21 : The method of aspect 20, wherein triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack comprises: adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0265] Aspect 22: The method of any of aspects 11 through 21. wherein triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second RAT comprises: triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second RAT based at least in part on a reselection of the first protocol stack to a third network and a third RAT that are included on the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from dual steer operation with the second network and the second RAT of the second protocol stack.

[0266] Aspect 23: The method of aspect 22, wherein triggering selection away from the second network and the second RAT at the second protocol stack comprises: adding the second network and the second RAT to the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack; and selecting the thirdnetwork and a third RAT based at least in part on the third network and the third RAT being absent from the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0267] Aspect 24: The method of any of aspects 11 through 23, further comprising: following a deactivation of the second protocol stack, triggering a reactivation of the second protocol stack based at least in part on the first protocol stack performing an inter-network change, and inter-radio access network change, or both.

[0268] Aspect 25: The method of any of aspects 11 through 24, further comprising: following a deactivation of the second protocol stack, triggering a reactivation of the second protocol stack based at least in part on an expiration of a timer associated with triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack.

[0269] Aspect 26: The method of any of aspects 11 through 25, further comprising: obtaining, at the first protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a first corresponding network and a RAT associated with the second protocol stack; and obtaining, at the second protocol stack at the UE. an indication of a second corresponding network and RAT associated with the first protocol stack.

[0270] Aspect 27: The method of any of aspects 11 through 26, further comprising: reselecting, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second RAT for communication via the first protocol stack; and triggering a deactivation or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT for the first protocol stack based at least in part on the second network and the second RAT being selected for the second protocol stack.

[0271] Aspect 28: The method of any of aspects 11 through 27, wherein triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second RAT comprises: triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second netw ork and the second RAT based at least in part on a priority associated with the second protocol stack being lower than a priority associated with the first protocol stack.

[0272] Aspect 29: The method of any of aspects 11 through 28, w-herein the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocolstack are restricted from reselection by the second protocol stack operating in an idle mode, connection with the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, handover at the second protocol stack operating in a connected mode, or any combination thereof.

[0273] Aspect 30: A method for wireless communications at a network entity, comprising: establishing, for a first protocol stack at a UE, a connection associated with a first network and a first RAT for communication with a first protocol stack of the UE; establishing, for a second protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a second network and a second RAT for communication with the second protocol stack of the UE; outputting a list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, wherein the list is based at least in part on the established connection with the first network and the first RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE; and refraining from initiating a handover of the second protocol stack of the UE. to a network and a RAT that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack in accordance with the list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

[0274] Aspect 31 : The method of aspect 30, further comprising: obtaining, from a home PLMN, a signaling message indicative of an exclusion of inter-RAT capabilities of the UE based at least in part on the list of network and RAT combinations including a restriction between the first network and the second RAT.

[0275] Aspect 32: The method of any of aspects 30 through 31, further comprising: reestablishing, for the first protocol stack at the UE, a connection associated with a third network and a third RAT for communication via the first protocol stack; and outputting an updated list of network and RAT combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack of the UE, wherein the list is based at least in part on the reestablished connection with the third network and the third RAT by the first protocol stack of the UE.

[0276] Aspect 33: A UE for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 10.

[0277] Aspect 34: A UE for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 10.

[0278] Aspect 35: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 10.

[0279] Aspect 36: A UE for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to perform a method of any of aspects 11 through 29.

[0280] Aspect 37: A UE for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 11 through 29.

[0281] Aspect 38: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 11 through 29.

[0282] Aspect 39: A network entity for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to perform a method of any of aspects 30 through 32.

[0283] Aspect 40: A network entity for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 30 through 32.

[0284] Aspect 41 : A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 30 through 32.

[0285] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.

[0286] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminologymay be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 1 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0287] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0288] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a neural processing unit (NPU), an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration). Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.

[0289] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implementedusing software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0290] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory. compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory' medium that may be used to carry’ or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the softw are is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.

[0291] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. Forexample, an example step that is described as ’‘based on condition A" may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.”

[0292] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open- ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components,” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components.” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components.”

[0293] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory), and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.

[0294] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished byfollowing the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among thesimilar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.

[0295] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are show n in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0296] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:1 . A user equipment (UE), comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: select, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first radio access technology for communication via the first protocol stack; obtain, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and radio access technology’ combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, wherein the list is based at least in part on the selection to the first network and the first radio access technology at the first protocol stack; and disable a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based at least in part on the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein, to disable the selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: apply a subset of the list of network and radio access technology combinations associated with the first network to a radio access technology restriction list for intra-network radio access technology selection.

3. The UE of claim 1, wherein, to disable the selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: offset one or more measurement thresholds associated with selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies associated with the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted fromselection, wherein offsetting the one or more measurement thresholds disables the selection for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack.

4. The UE of claim 1, wherein disabling the selection at the second protocol stack comprises disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, and the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: transmit a capability message indicative of an exclusion of inter-radio access technology capabilities of the UE based at least in part on the list of network and radio access technology combinations including a restriction between the first network and a second radio access technology.

5. The UE of claim 1, wherein disabling the selection at the second protocol stack comprises disabling a connection or handover to the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies at the second protocol stack, and the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: refrain from reporting one or more cell measurements for cells that correspond to the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies indicated by the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

6. The UE of claim 1, wherein, to obtain the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: obtain, from a dual steer control layer at the UE, the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

7. The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:obtain, at the first protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a first corresponding network and a radio access technology associated with the second protocol stack; and obtain, at the second protocol stack at the UE, an indication of a second corresponding network and radio access technology associated with the first protocol stack.

8. The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: reselect, for the first protocol stack at the UE, a second network and a second radio access technology7for communication via the first protocol stack; and disable the selection of the second network and the second radio access technology for the first protocol stack based at least in part on the second network and the second radio access technology being selected for the second protocol stack.

9. The UE of claim 1, wherein, to disable the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: disable the selection at the second protocol stack for the one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based at least in part on a priority associated with the second protocol stack being lower than a priority associated with the first protocol stack.

10. A user equipment (UE), comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: select, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first radio access technology for communication via the first protocol stack: obtain, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and radio access technology7combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, wherein the list is based at least in part on the selection of the first network and the first radio access technology at the first protocol stack;determine a selection of a second network and a second radio access technology7for the second protocol stack, wherein the second network and the second radio access technology are included on the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack; and trigger a deactivation of the second protocol stack or a selection away from the second network and the second radio access technology based at least in part on the second network and the second radio access technology being included on the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

11. The UE of claim 10, wherein, to obtain the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: obtain, from a dual steer control layer at the UE, the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

12. The UE of claim 10, wherein, to trigger the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: move one or more protocol data units in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack based at least in part on one or more traffic rules for dual protocol stack operation at the UE.

13. The UE of claim 10, wherein, to trigger selection away from the second network and the second radio access technology' at the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: add the second network and the second radio access technology to the list of network and radio access technology7combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack;select a third network and a third radio access technology based at least in part on the third network and the third radio access technology being absent from the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack; and move one or more protocol data units in a transmission queue for the second protocol stack to a transmission queue for the first protocol stack or to a transmission queue associated with the third network and the third radio access technology based at least in part on addition of the second network and the second radio access technology to the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection.

14. The UE of claim 10, wherein the UE is in a connected mode, and, to trigger the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: ignore or reject a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second radio access technology.

15. The UE of claim 10, wherein, to trigger selection away from the second network and the second radio access technology, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: reject a handover command instructing handover of the second protocol stack to the second network and the second radio access technology based at least in part on addition of the second network and the second radio access technology to list of network and radio access technology7combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack; and select a third network and a third radio access technology based at least in part on the third network and the third radio access technology being absent from the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

16. The UE of claim 10, wherein, to trigger the deactivation of the second protocol stack, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:reselect, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second radio access technology7for communication via the first protocol stack; and trigger the deactivation of the second protocol stack based at least in part on reselection of the first protocol stack from the first network and the first radio access technology to the second network and the second radio access technology'.

17. The UE of claim 10, wherein, to trigger the selection away from the second netyvork and the second radio access technology, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: reselect, for the first protocol stack at the UE, the second network and the second radio access technology' for communication via the first protocol stack; and trigger the selection away from the second network and the second radio access technology for the second protocol stack based at least in part on reselection of the second netyvork and the second radio access technology for the first protocol stack.

18. The UE of claim 10, wherein, to trigger the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second radio access technology, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: trigger the deactivation of the second protocol stack or the selection away from the second network and the second radio access technology based at least in part on a reselection of the first protocol stack to a third network and a third radio access technology that are included on the list of netyvork and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from dual steer operation with the second network and the second radio access technology’ of the second protocol stack.

19. The UE of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: trigger a reactivation of the second protocol stack based at least in part on the first protocol stack performing an inter-network change, an inter-radio access network change, an expiration of a timer associated with triggering the deactivation of the second protocol stack, or any combination thereof.

20. A method for wireless communications at a user equipment (UE), comprising: selecting, for a first protocol stack at the UE, a first network and a first radio access technology for communication via the first protocol stack; obtaining, at a second protocol stack at the UE, a list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack, wherein the list is based at least in part on the selection to the first network and the first radio access technology at the first protocol stack; and disabling a selection at the second protocol stack for one or more combinations of network and radio access technologies based at least in part on the list of network and radio access technology combinations that are restricted from selection by the second protocol stack.

Images