PDU set monitoring
By determining the latest time of successful PDU set transmission at the UE, the proposed solution addresses the inadequacies of conventional PDU set monitoring, ensuring accurate PDU set delay measurement and enabling timely QoS satisfaction in telecommunications networks.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/087983
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-16
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-23
AI Technical Summary
Conventional procedures for monitoring PDU sets are not optimal, as they fail to accurately measure and report Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, particularly the PDU set delay, which does not account for the propagation delay from the NG-RAN to the User Equipment (UE) and does not provide mechanisms for remedial actions when QoS is not satisfied.
The proposed solution involves determining a set of times for successful PDU receipt and transmission, including the latest time of successful PDU set transmission at the UE, to provide an improved PDU set delay measurement and reporting mechanism.
This approach allows for accurate monitoring of PDU set delay from a UPF to the UE, enabling timely remedial actions to satisfy PDU set-related QoS, thus enhancing QoS management in telecommunications networks.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024087983_23102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PDU SET MONITORING
[0001] TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD
[0002] Examples of the disclosure relate to the monitoring Protocol Data Unit, PDU, sets. Some relate and apparatuses, methods and computer programs for performing PDU set measurements (e.g. measuring one or more Quality of Service, QoS, parameters related to PDU sets, such as PDU set delay, PSD) and reporting the same.BACKGROUND
[0003] Monitoring PDU sets (i.e. by measuring one or more Quality of Service, QoS, parameters related to PDU sets -that are conveyed via a Radio Access Network, RAN -and reporting the same) may enable a determination to be made as to whether a PDU set related QoS is satisfied or not and, if it is not satisfied, this may enable remedial action to be taken so that the PDU set related QoS can be satisfied.
[0004] Conventional procedures for monitoring PDU sets are not always optimal. Conventional procedures for measuring QoS parameters related to PDU sets and reporting the same are not always optimal.
[0005] In some circumstances, it may be desirable to provide an improved procedure for monitoring PDU sets. In some circumstances, it may be desirable to provide an improved procedure for measuring a QoS parameter related to PDU sets and reporting the same.
[0006] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0007] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there are provided examples as claimed in the appended claims. Any examples and features described in this specification that do not fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding various embodiments of the invention.
[0008] According to at least some examples of the disclosure there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0009] means for receiving, from a first core network entity, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0010] means for determining a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0011] means for determining a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0012] means for sending, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0013] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a method comprising:
[0014] receiving, at an apparatus from a first core network entity, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0015] determining, at the apparatus, a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0016] determining, at the apparatus, a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0017] sending, from the apparatus to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0018] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a method comprising:
[0019] receiving, at an apparatus from a User Equipment, UE, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of transmission, from the UE to the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0020] means for receiving, at the apparatus, a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a first core network entity from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0021] means for determining a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0022] means for sending, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0023] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a chipset comprising processing circuitry configured to perform the above-mentioned methods.
[0024] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided: an apparatus, a module, circuitry, a device and / or a system comprising means for performing the above-mentioned methods.
[0025] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the above-mentioned methods.
[0026] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0027] at least one processor; and
[0028] at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0029] receive, from a first core network entity, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0030] determine a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0031] determine third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; ; and
[0032] send, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0033] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, causes at least the following to be performed:
[0034] receive, at an apparatus from a first core network entity, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0035] determine, at the apparatus, a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0036] determine, at the apparatus, a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0037] send, from the apparatus to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0038] According to at least some examples of the disclosure there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0039] means for determining a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0040] means for receiving, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the third time is indicative of a time of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0041] means for determining a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0042] means for sending, to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0043] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a method comprising:
[0044] determining, at an apparatus, a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0045] receiving, at the apparatus from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of a time of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0046] determining, at the apparatus, a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0047] sending, from the apparatus to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0048] According to at least some examples of the disclosure there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0049] means for determining a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0050] means for receiving, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a time interval, wherein the time interval is determined by the RAN node based at least in part on the first set of times and a third time indicative of time of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of N PDUs; and
[0051] means for sending, to a core network entity, information indicative of the time interval.
[0052] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a method comprising:
[0053] determining a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0054] receiving, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a time interval, wherein the time interval is determined by the RAN node based at least in part on the first set of times and a third time indicative of time of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of N PDUs; and
[0055] sending, to a core network entity, information indicative of the time interval.
[0056] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a method comprising:
[0057] receiving, at an apparatus, a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of transmission, from a User Equipment, UE, to a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0058] determining, at the apparatus a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at the apparatus from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0059] determining, at the apparatus, a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0060] sending, from the apparatus to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0061] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a chipset comprising processing circuitry configured to perform the above-mentioned methods.
[0062] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided: an apparatus, a module, circuitry, a device and / or a system comprising means for performing the above-mentioned methods.
[0063] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the above-mentioned methods.
[0064] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0065] at least one processor; and
[0066] at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0067] determine a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0068] receive, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0069] determine a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0070] send, to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0071] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples of the disclosure there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, causes at least the following to be performed:
[0072] determine, at an apparatus, a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0073] receive, at the apparatus, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0074] determine, at the apparatus, a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0075] send, from the apparatus to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0076] The following portion of this ‘Brief Summary’ section describes various features that can be features of any of the examples described in the foregoing portion of the ‘Brief Summary’ section mutatis mutandis. The description of a function should additionally be considered to also disclose any means suitable for performing that function, or any instructions stored in at least one memory that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an apparatus to perform that function.
[0077] In some but not necessarily all examples, the second information is indicative of the third time.
[0078] In some but not necessarily all examples, the apparatus further comprises:
[0079] means for determining a time interval based at least in part on the first set of times and the third time; and
[0080] wherein the second information is indicative of the time interval.
[0081] In some but not necessarily all examples, the time interval is determined based on:
[0082] a time, of the first set of times, indicative of when a first PDU from the first 1 to i PDUs was received at the first core node entity, and
[0083] the third time, wherein the third time is indicative of when a last part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of N PDUs was successfully transmitted to the UE.
[0084] In some but not necessarily all examples, the second set of times is determined based at least in part on:
[0085] determining when a last part of the PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of PDUs is successfully transmitted to the UE, or
[0086] determining when a first part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of a next set of PDUs is transmitted to the UE.
[0087] In some but not necessarily all examples, the second information is indicative of a PDU set delay, PSD, measurement, wherein the PSD measurement is indicative of a measurement of the third time or a time interval between receipt of the set of N PDUs at a User Plane Function, UPF, and a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs to the UE.
[0088] In some but not necessarily all examples, the apparatus further comprises:
[0089] means for receiving, from a third core network entity, configuration information for configuring the apparatus to perform the PSD measurement.
[0090] In some but not necessarily all examples, the configuration information comprises information for configuring the apparatus to at least one or more of:
[0091] receive the information indicative of the first set of times;
[0092] determine the third time;
[0093] send the second information, wherein the second information is indicative of the third time;
[0094] determine the time interval; or
[0095] send the second information wherein the second is information indicative of the time interval.
[0096] In some but not necessarily all examples, at least one or more of:
[0097] receiving the information indicative of the first set of times, determining the third time,
[0098] sending the second information, wherein the second information is indicative of the third time;
[0099] determining the time interval, or
[0100] sending the second information, wherein the second information is information indicative of the time interval
[0101] is performed in accordance with the configuration information.
[0102] In some but not necessarily all examples, the configuration information comprises information indicative that the sending of the second information is to be at least one or more of:
[0103] periodically sent;
[0104] aperiodically sent;
[0105] trigger based sending;
[0106] based on a determination, by the apparatus, that a threshold has been crossed; or
[0107] based on a determination, by the apparatus, that a condition has been met.
[0108] In some but not necessarily all examples, the configuration information comprises information indicative of one or more conditions for use in triggering the sending of the second information.
[0109] In some but not necessarily all examples, the sending of the second information is triggered based at least in part on determining whether the one or more conditions has been met.
[0110] In some but not necessarily all examples, the configuration information comprises information indicative of an entity to which the second information is to be sent; and
[0111] wherein the second information indicative is sent to the entity.
[0112] In some but not necessarily all examples, the apparatus further comprises:
[0113] means for receiving, from the first core network entity, information indicative of one or more thresholds for use in triggering the sending of the second information.
[0114] In some but not necessarily all examples, the sending of the second information is triggered based at least in part on the one or more thresholds.
[0115] In some but not necessarily all examples, the determination of the second set of times is based at least in part on a time of transmission, to the UE from the apparatus, of a first PDU of a next set of PDUs.
[0116] According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing at least part of one or more methods described herein. The description of a function and / or action should additionally be considered to also disclose any means suitable for performing that function and / or action. Functions and / or actions described herein can be performed in any suitable way using any suitable method.
[0117] According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided examples as claimed in the appended claims.
[0118] While the above examples of the disclosure and optional features are described separately, it is to be understood that their provision in all possible combinations and permutations is contained within the disclosure. It is to be understood that various examples of the disclosure can comprise any or all the features described in respect of other examples of the disclosure, and vice versa. Also, it is to be appreciated that any one or more or all the features, in any combination, may be implemented by / comprised in / performable by an apparatus, a method, and / or computer program instructions as desired, and as appropriate. The description of a function should additionally be considered to also disclose any means suitable for performing that function.
[0119] BRIEF DESCRIPTION
[0120] Some examples will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0121] FIG. 1 shows an example of the subject matter described herein;
[0122] FIG. 2 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0123] FIG. 2A shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0124] FIG. 3 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0125] FIG. 4 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0126] FIG. 5 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0127] FIG. 6 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0128] FIG. 7 shows another example of the subject matter described herein; and
[0129] FIG. 8 shows another example of the subject matter described herein.
[0130] The figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features and views of the figures can be shown schematically or exaggerated in scale in the interest of clarity and conciseness. For example, the dimensions of some elements in the figures can be exaggerated relative to other elements to aid explication. Similar reference numerals are used in the figures to designate similar features. For clarity, all reference numerals are not necessarily displayed in all figures.
[0131] ABBREVIATIONS / DEFINITIONS 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 5G 5th Generation 5GS 5G System 5QI 5G Quality of Service Identifier ACK Acknowledgements AF Application Function ATW Analysis Time Window DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point FEC Forward Error Correction GTP-U GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User Plane BS Base Station gNB Next generation NodeB, 5G / NR base station N2 Interface between SMF / PCF and RAN N3 Interface between UPF and RAN N4 Interface between a UPF and SMF / PCF N6 Interface between a UPF and a Data Network N9 Interface between two UPFs NE Network Entity NEF Network Exposure Function NR New Radio NW Network PCC Policy and Charging Control PCF Policy Control Function PDU Protocol Data Unit PSD PDU Set Delay PSDB PDU Set Delay Budget PSER PDU Set Error Rate PSIHI PDU Set Integrated Handling Information PSQM PDU Set QoS Measurement QoS Quality of Service QMP QoS Measurement Packet RAN Radio Access Network SMF Session Management Function SN Sequence Number SS Sample Size TRP Transmission Reception Point UE User Equipment UPF User Plane Function XRM Extended Reality (XR) and Media servicesDETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0132] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example of a network 100 suitable for use with examples of the present disclosure. The network (which may be referred to as NW) comprises a plurality of network entities (which may be referred to as NEs) , including:
[0133] · terminal apparatuses 110 (which may be referred to as terminal nodes or User Equipment, UE) ,
[0134] · access apparatuses 120 (which may be referred to as access nodes, gNodeBs, gNBs, or Base Stations, BSs) ,
[0135] · one or more core network apparatuses 130 (which may be referred to as core nodes, core functions, core entities or core network entities) .
[0136] The terminal nodes 110 and access nodes 120 communicate with each other. The one or more core network nodes 130 may, in some but not necessarily all examples, communicate with each other. The one or more access nodes 120 may, in some but not necessarily all examples, communicate with each other. The one or more access nodes 120 may, in some but not necessarily all examples, communicate with one or more core network nodes 130. The access nodes 120 may communicate with a location server via the one or more core nodes 130. The access nodes 120 and one or more location servers may communicate directly with each other.
[0137] The network 100 is, in this example, a 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, telecommunications network in which at least some of the terminal nodes 110 and access nodes 120 communicate with each other using transmission / reception of radio waves.
[0138] The network 100 may include a Radio Access Network, RAN, such as a cellular network comprising a plurality of cells 122 each served by an access node 120. The access nodes 120 comprise cellular radio transceivers. The terminal nodes 110 comprise cellular radio transceivers.
[0139] In the particular example illustrated and discussed below, the network 100 includes a New Radio, NR, network of the Third Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, and its fifth generation, 5G, New Radion, NR, technology. In other examples, the network 100 may be a network beyond 5G, for example a next generation (i.e. sixth generation, 6G) Radio Network that is currently under development (i.e. an evolution of the NR network and its 5G technology) .
[0140] The interfaces between the terminal nodes 110 and the access nodes 120 are radio interfaces 124 (e.g., Uu interfaces) . The interfaces between the access nodes 120 and one or more core nodes 130 are backhaul interfaces 128 (e.g., S1 and / or Next Generation, NG, interfaces) . Depending on the exact deployment scenario, the access nodes 120 may be RAN nodes such as NG-RAN nodes. NG-RAN nodes may be gNodeBs, gNBs, that provide NG user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE. The gNBs connected by means of NG interfaces to a 5G Core (5GC) , not least for example to an Access and Mobility Management Function, AMF, by means of an NG Control Plane, NG-C, interface and to a User Plane Function, UPF, by means of an NG User Plane, NG-U, interface. The access nodes 120 may be interconnected with each other by means of Xn interfaces 126.
[0141] The cellular network 100 may be configured to operate in licensed frequency bands, or unlicensed frequency bands (not least such as: unlicensed bands that rely upon a transmitting device to sense the radio resources / medium before commencing transmission, such as via a Listen Before Talk, LBT, procedure; and a 60GHz unlicensed band where beamforming may be required in order to achieve required coverage) .
[0142] The access nodes 120 may be deployed in an NG standalone operation / scenario. The access nodes 120 may be deployed in a NG non-standalone operation / scenario. The access nodes 120 may be deployed in a Carrier Aggregation, CA, operation / scenario. The access nodes 120 may be deployed in a Dual Connectivity, DC, operation / scenario, i.e., Multi Radio Access Technology -Dual Connectivity, MR-DC, or NR-DC. The access nodes 120 may be deployed in a Multi Connectivity, MC, operation / scenario.
[0143] In such non-standalone / dual connectivity deployments, the access nodes 120 may be interconnected to each other by means of X2 or Xn interfaces, and connected to an Evolved Packet Core, EPC, by means of an S1 interface or to the 5GC by means of a NG interface.
[0144] A terminal node 110, in addition to being capable of communicating (i.e. with other terminal nodes) via access nodes 120 of the network 100, may also be capable of and configured to communicate directly with one or more other terminal nodes. In this regard, the terminal node may be capable of and configured to perform device-to-device, D2D, communication -which may be referred to as Sidelink, SL, communication. Such D2D / SL communication may use a PC5 interface. PC5 refers to a reference point where the terminal node communicates directly with another terminal node over a direct channel (i.e. communication via an access node is not required) . D2D communications may be short-range, network-less, direct communications. SL in New Radio (NR) is defined in 3GPP’s release 16 of 5G NR.
[0145] In the example of FIG. 1 the core node 130 is shown as a single entity. In some examples the core node 130 could be distributed across a plurality of entities. For example, the core node 130 could be cloud based or distributed in any other suitable manner. The core node / core entities may provide one or more functions, not least such as: User Plane Function UPF, Session Management Function SMF, Policy Control Function PCF, and Application Function AF.
[0146] The access nodes 120 are network elements in the network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells 122 to or from the terminal nodes 110. The access nodes 120 are the network termination of a radio link. Each access node may be a Transmission Reception Point, TRP, or may host one or more TRPs.
[0147] An access node 120 may be implemented as a single network equipment, or have a split architecture that is disaggregated / distributed over two or more access nodes, such as a Central Unit, CU, a Distributed Unit, DU, a Remote Radio Head-end, RRH, using different functional-split architectures and different interfaces.
[0148] The terminal nodes 110 are network elements in the network that terminate the user side of the radio link. They are devices allowing access to network services. Terminal node 110 functionalities may be performed also by Mobile Termination, MT, part of an Integrated Access and Backhaul, IAB, node. The terminal nodes 110 may be referred to as User Equipment, UE, mobile equipment, mobile terminals or mobile stations.
[0149] The term ‘User Equipment’ may be used to designate mobile equipment comprising means, such as a smart card, for authentication / encryption etc. such as a Subscriber Identity Module, SIM. A SIM / SIM card can be a memory chip, a module, or a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) . In some examples, the term ‘User Equipment’ can be used to designate a location / position tag, a hyper / smart, a hyper / smart sensor, or a mobile equipment comprising circuitry embedded as part of the user equipment for authentication / encryption such as a software SIM.
[0150] In the following description:
[0151] a terminal apparatus / terminal node may be referred to simply as a UE 110; and
[0152] an access apparatus / access node may be referred to simply as BS 120
[0153] a core apparatus / core node (for example not least such as: AMF, UPF, SMF, PCF, and AF) may be referred to simply as a core network entity.
[0154] There now follows a brief discussion of PDU sets and PDU set QoS parameters.
[0155] A PDU set may be defined as one or more PDUs carrying a payload of one unit of information generated at an application level (e.g. video frame (s) or video slice (s) etc. for eXtended Reality, XR, Services) . All the PDUs of a PDU set may be transmitted within the same QoS flow.
[0156] In 3GPP Rel. 18, PDU set based handling was defined in normative specifications (e.g. 3GPP TS 23.501 V18.5.0 and TS 23.502 V18.5.0) to support QoS for XR and bring application awareness to the 5GS.
[0157] PDU set QoS parameters may be applicable to an aggregate set of PDUs that comprise a PDU set. Individual PDUs can be identified by a UPF as belonging to a PDU set and PDU set Information can be added by the UPF to a GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User Plane, GTP-U, header of packets sent from the UPF to an NG-RAN. The PDU set information and PDU set QoS parameters are used by the NG-RAN to provide PDU set based QoS.
[0158] PDU set QoS parameters may be used to support PDU set based QoS handling in the NG-RAN. The following PDU set QoS parameters may be sent to the NG-RAN to enable PDU Set based QoS handling:
[0159] · PDU Set Error Rate, PSER: this defines an upper bound for a rate of non-congestion related PDU Set losses.
[0160] · PDU Set Delay Budget, PSDB: this defines an upper bound for a delay that a PDU Set may experience for a transfer between a UE and an N6 termination point at the UPF (i.e. a duration between a reception time of a first PDU [namely at the N6 termination point for DL, or the UE for UL] and the time when all PDUs of a PDU set have been successfully received [namely at the UE for DL or N6 termination point for UL) .
[0161] For a given QoS flow, values of PSDB can be different for UL and DL.
[0162] A QoS Profile, which is sent to the NG-RAN to configure QoS, may include PDU set QoS parameters for an UL and / or DL direction (s) . A PCF determines PDU Set QoS parameters based on information provided by an AF and / or local configuration. The PDU set QoS parameters are sent to an SMF as part of a Policy and Charging Control, PCC rule. The SMF sends the PDU set QoS parameters to the NG-RAN as part of the QoS Profile.
[0163] If the NG-RAN receives PDU set QoS parameters, it enables PDU Set based QoS handling and applies PDU set QoS parameters (e.g. as described in 3GPP Rel. 18 TS 38.300, TS 38.413 and TS 38.331) .
[0164] There now follows a brief discussion of QoS Monitoring.
[0165] QoS monitoring is an effective and efficient way defined in 3GPP (since Rel-16) to monitor network or QoS flow performance. Since Rel-18 QoS monitoring has been extended from Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications, URLLC-specific services to generalized services. For Rel-18 XR and Media services, XRM, new QoS parameters have been agreed to be measured as requested by the AF.
[0166] An AF can request measurements for one or more of the following QoS parameters, which may trigger QoS monitoring for service data flow (s) :
[0167] · UL packet delay, DL packet delay, round trip packet delay (see e.g. TS 23.501, clause 5.45.2) .
[0168] · Congestion (see e.g. TS 23.501, clause 5.45.3) .
[0169] · Data Rate (see e.g. TS 23.501, clause 5.45.4) .
[0170] · Packet Delay Variation (see e.g. TS 23.501, clause 5.37.7) .
[0171] · Round trip packet delay considering UL on a service data flow and DL of another service data flow (see e.g. TS 23.501, clause 5.37.4) .
[0172] QoS Monitoring reporting can be:
[0173] – UPF to local Network Exposure Function, NEF / AF
[0174] – UPF to SMF to PCF to NEF to AF
[0175] – RAN to UPF using GTP-U.
[0176] There now follows a brief discussion of 3GPP TS 23.501 5.33.3.3 -GTP-U Path Measurement.
[0177] An SMF can request to activate QoS monitoring for GTP-U path (s) between all UPF (s) and the (R) AN based on locally configured policies. Alternatively, when a QoS monitoring policy is received in a PCC rule and QoS monitoring is not yet active for a Differentiated Services Code Point, DSCP, corresponding to a 5G Quality of Service Identifier, 5QI, in a PCC rule, the SMF activates QoS Monitoring for all UPFs currently in use for the particular PDU Session and the (R) AN. In this case, the SMF performs QoS Flow Binding without taking the QoS Monitoring Policy within the PCC rule into account. The SMF sends the QoS monitoring policy to each involved UPF and the (R) AN via N4 interface and via N2 interface respectively.
[0178] It is to be noted that the PCC rule containing a QoS monitoring policy is just a trigger for the SMF to instruct the UPFs to initiate the GTP-U based QoS Monitoring.
[0179] When QoS Monitoring is used to measure a packet delay for a QoS Flow, the following applies:
[0180] · Packet delay measurement is performed by using GTP-U Echo Request / Response as defined in the TS 28.552
[0108] , in the corresponding user plane transport path (s) , independent of the corresponding PDU Session and the 5QI for a given QoS Flow.
[0181] · RAN measures and provides the RAN part of UL / DL packet delay towards UPF (in the GTP-U header of the respective QoS Flow via N3) .
[0182] · The UPF calculates the UL / DL packet delay by combining the received measurements of RAN part with the measurements of N3 / N9 interface (N9 is applicable when Intermediate UPF, I-UPF, exists) .
[0183] · The UPF reports the QoS Monitoring results as described in clause 5.8.2.18 of TS 23.501.
[0184] QoS Monitoring can also be used to measure the packet delay for transport paths to influence the mapping of QoS Flows to appropriate network instances, DSCP values as follows:
[0185] · SMF activates QoS monitoring for the GTP-U path (s) between all UPF (s) and all (R) AN nodes based on locally configured policies.
[0186] There now follows a discussion of certain issues which certain examples of the present invention seek to ameliorate or address.
[0187] Conventionally / currently in XR, AF or PCF (if locally configured) may provide PDU Set QoS parameters (e.g., PSDB) to an NG-RAN for efficient handling of a service. However, currently there is no mechanism in place via which the AF / 5GC can know whether a PDU set related QoS is satisfied or not. Hence, if a PDU set related QoS is not satisfied, the 5GC is unaware of the same and hence is not able to trigger / employ any remedies to seek to satisfy the PDU set related QoS.
[0188] Conventional / current QoS monitoring mechanisms to measure a delay metric related to PDU sets are not optimal. For instance, conventional / current delay metric related to PDU sets merely measures a time that a PDU set is delayed between an N6 termination point at a UPF and an NG-RAN. In this regard, only the transmission delay of the PDU set from a time that a first PDU of the PDU set is received at the UPF and the time that the last PDU of the PDU set is received at the NG-RAN is considered. However, the last PDU of the PDU set is further propagated to the UE. The propagation delay of the last PDU of the PDU set from the time it is received at the NG-RAN up to the time that it is delivered to the UE is not considered. Moreover, during a transmission of the whole PDU set, any PDU within the PDU set may be lost over the N9, N3 or radio interface. Hence the measurement of such a conventional / current metric related to PDU sets is not optimal.
[0189] Various examples of the present disclosure seek to address / mitigate the above-described issues. Various examples of the present disclosure seek to provide measurement of an improved delay metric related to PDU sets. Various examples of the present disclosure seek to provide methods for monitoring an actual delay incurred for transmission of a PDU set between an N6 termination point at a UPF and a UE (such a delay being referred to herein as PDU set delay, PSD) . Various examples of the present disclosure seek to provide methods for monitoring an actual delay incurred for transmission of a PDU set within a QoS Flow.
[0190] Three main alternative methods are discussed and shown in further detail below with respect to FIGs 3, 4 and 5 respectively:
[0191] · Method 1) Per QoS Flow per UE PDU Set QoS Measurement [see FIG. 3] .
[0192] · Method 2) GTP-U Path measurement for PDU Set QoS Measurement [see FIG. 4] .
[0193] · Method 3) Raw data method [see FIG. 5]
[0194] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method 200 in accordance with an example of the subject matter described herein.
[0195] FIG. 2 can be considered to illustrate a plurality of methods, in the sense that FIG. 2 can be considered to illustrate one or more actions performed by / at a plurality of actors / entities, i.e. a RAN (represented by a RAN NE such as BS 120) , or first (and second) core NEs 130 such as a UPF (and SMF or AF) . FIG. 2 can therefore be considered to illustrate a plurality of individual methods performed by each respective individual actor / entity of the plurality of the actors / entities.
[0196] The component blocks of FIG. 2 are functional and the functions described can be performed by a single physical entity (such as is described with reference to FIG. 7) . The functions described can also be implemented by a computer program (such as is described with reference to FIG. 8) .
[0197] The method 200 may be performed by an apparatus 10, which may be embodied in a BS 120. In the following example, the method is described from the perspective of being performed by a BS 120.
[0198] The method 200 may be used in determining a Protocol Data Unit, PDU, set delay measurement.
[0199] As shown in FIG. 2A, a PDU set may comprise N PDUs. The PDU set may comprise: a first PDU (PDU_1) , intermediate PDUs (PDU_i) , subsequent PDUs (PDU_j) and a last PDU (PDU_N) .
[0200] In block 201, the BS 120 receives, from a first core network entity 130 (e.g. UPF 131) , information 202 indicative of a first set of times 203, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first subset (1st to ith) of Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs.
[0201] In block 204, the BS 120 determines a second set of times 205 , wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt of a second subset ( (N-j) th to Nth) of PDUs, at a UE from the BS.
[0202] The determination, in block 204, of the second set of times 205 may be based on the time of the successful transmission of the set of PDUs. The determination of the second set of times may be based on at least one of:
[0203] a determined time when a last part of the PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of PDUs is transmitted to the UE, or
[0204] a determined time when a first part of the PDUs or PDU segmentation of the next set of PDUs is transmitted to the UE.
[0205] In block 206, the BS 120 determines a third time 207 based at least in part on the second set of times. The third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs.
[0206] In block 210, the BS 120 sends information 211, which is based at least in part on the third time, to a second core NE, e.g. SMF 132. Alternatively, in block 208’ , the BS 120 sends the information 211 to the first core NE, i.e. UPF 131. The SMF or UPF may then report the information 211 towards an AF [not shown] .
[0207] In some examples, the information 211 sent in blocks 210 / 210’ is indicative of the third time (which may be sent to the UPF 130 for the UPF to use in determining a time interval [such a time interval is discussed in further detail below] ) .
[0208] In some examples, the BS may itself determine the time interval and the information 211 sent in block 210 is indicative of the time interval. In this regard, optionally, in block 208, the BS 120 determines a time interval 209 based at least in part on the first set of times and the third time.
[0209] The second information may be indicative of or correspond to a PDU set delay, PSD, measurement, wherein the PSD measurement is indicative of a measurement of the third time or a time interval between (successful) receipt of a PDU set at a User Plane Function, UPF, and (successful) transmission of the PDU set to the UE (i.e. successful receipt of the PDU set at the UE) .
[0210] In examples where the BS determines the time interval, i.e. in optional block 208, the information 211 sent by the BS in blocks 210 / 210’ is indicative of the time interval. Such information 211 may be sent, in block 210, to a second core NE, e.g. SMF 132.
[0211] Alternatively, in block 208’ , the BS 120 sends, in block 210’ information 211 indicative of the time interval to the first core NE, i.e. UPF 131. The SMF or UPF may then report the information 211 towards an AF [not shown] .
[0212] In some examples, the BS receives, from a third core network entity (e.g. SMF [not shown] , configuration information for configuring the BS to perform the PSD measurement. The SMF may have received the configuration information itself from the AF via PCF and optional NEF.
[0213] In this regard, the configuration information may comprise information for configuring the BS with QoS flows involved in the PSD measurement.
[0214] The configuration information may comprise information for configuring the BS to at least one or more of:
[0215] receive the information indicative of the first time;
[0216] determine the third time;
[0217] determine the time interval; or
[0218] send the second information indicative of the third time or the time interval.
[0219] In this regard, at least one or more of:
[0220] the receiving of the information indicative of the first time,
[0221] the determining of the third time,
[0222] the determining of the time interval, or
[0223] the sending of the second information indicative of the third time or the time interval may be performed in accordance with the configuration information (i.e. the configuration information provides parameters that control / enable the BS’s performance of the above processes) .
[0224] The configuration information may comprise information indicative that the sending of the information indicative of the time interval is to be:
[0225] periodically sent;
[0226] aperiodically sent;
[0227] trigger based sending;
[0228] based on a determination, by the BS, that a threshold has been crossed; or
[0229] based on a determination, by the BS, that a condition has been met.
[0230] The configuration information may comprise information indicative of one or more conditions for use in triggering the sending of the information 211 indicative of the time interval. In this regard, the BS’s sending of the information 211 indicative of the time interval may be triggered based at least in part on determining whether the one or more conditions has been met.
[0231] The configuration information may comprise information indicative of an entity (e.g. UPF or SMF) to which the information 211 indicative of the time interval is to be sent. Responsive to which the BS may then duly send the information 211 indicative of the time interval to the entity in accordance with the entity indicated in the configuration information.
[0232] The BE may also receive, from the UPF or the SMF, information indicative of one or more thresholds for use in triggering the sending of the information 211 indicative of the time interval. In this regard, the BS’s sending, in block 208, of the information 211 may be triggered based at least in part on the one or more thresholds being met / exceeded.
[0233] In an alternative example method (such as will be discussed in further detail below and shown with regards to FIG. 4) , rather than the BS performing block 208 to determine the time interval 209, instead the first core NE, i.e. UPF 131, determines the time interval.
[0234] In this regard, the alternative method comprises the following steps:
[0235] · the UPF determines the first set of times,
[0236] · the UPF receives, from the BS, information indicative of the third time,
[0237] · the UPF determines the time interval (based on the first set of times and the third time) , and
[0238] · the UPF sends, to a core network entity (i.e. SMF) , information indicative of the time interval (whereupon the SMF may then forward the same on to an AF) .
[0239] The method 200 and the alternative method have been described with respect to a downlink, DL, scenario (i.e. DL transmission of a PDU set, e.g. from UPF to BS to UE) . It is to be appreciated that the above-described methods could be equally well be employed in an uplink, UL, scenario (i.e. UL transmission of a PDU set, e.g. from UE to BS to UPF) mutatis mutandis. In this regard, the necessary alterations for the UL scenario may include at least one or more of the following:
[0240] · first set of times could instead be determined by the UE and be indicative of times of transmission, to the BS from the UE, of a first subset (1st to ith) of PDUs of a set of N PDUs;
[0241] · second set of times could instead be determined by the UPF and be indicative of a time of receipt of a second subset of (N-j) th to Nth) PDUs at the UPF from the BS;
[0242] · third time could instead be determined by the UPF and be indicative of a latest time of receipt of the second subset of (N-j) th to Nth) Protocol Data Units, at the UPF from the BS; and / or
[0243] · time interval could instead be indicative of a time period between a time of transmission of the set of N PDUs from the UE to the BS and receipt of the N PDUs at the UPF.
[0244] FIGs, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate example signaling diagrams for three alternative methods for monitoring an actual delay incurred in transmitting a PDU set within a QoS flow:
[0245] · Method 1) Per QoS Flow per UE PDU Set QoS Measurement [FIG. 3 (which effectively corresponds to the method of FIG. 2) ] .
[0246] · Method 2) GTP-U Path measurement for PDU Set QoS Measurement [FIG. 4] .
[0247] · Method 3) Raw data method [FIG. 5]
[0248] Each one of FIGs. 3, 4 and 5 can be considered to illustrate a plurality of methods, in the sense that each of FIGs. 3-5 can be considered to illustrate one or more actions performed by / at a plurality of actors / entities (i.e. not least the NG-RAN and UPF, but also SMF / PCF, AF and UE) . FIGs. 3-5 can therefore be considered to illustrate a plurality of individual methods performed by each respective individual actor / entity of the plurality of the actors / entities.
[0249] In broad overview (and as will be set out in greater detail below) , in the methods / procedures of FIGs. 3-5, it is assumed that the 5GS may receive request from the AF for QoS monitoring for PDU set (s) . The 5GC (e.g., SMF) then configures the UPF and NG-RAN separately (similar to legacy QoS monitoring) to execute a PDU set delay, PSD, measurement. It may also configure the NG-RAN to provide PDU set loss measurements. The signaling diagram focuses on how the UPF and NG-RAN can work together to measure the PSD as requested or configured by the 5GC (e.g., SMF) . The illustrated signaling diagram is shows a downlink, DL, example. However, the underlying concept can equally well be applied to uplink, mutatis mutandis.
[0250] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a signaling diagram for Method 1, i.e. a procedure for providing per QoS Flow per UE PDU set QoS measurement and reporting, in particular time stamp based PSD measurement and reporting of the same.
[0251] One or more of the features discussed in relation to FIG. 3 can be found in FIG. 2. During discussion of FIG. 3, reference will be made to features of FIG. 2 and their reference numerals for the purposes of explanation.
[0252] In the below description of the procedure and algorithm of the proposed methods, a PDU set transmission and reception model as follows is assumed wherein a PDU set comprises a plurality “N” PDUs. PDU_1 represents a first PDU of the PDU set received at the UPF. PDU_i represents an intermediate PDU of the PDU Set and PDU_j represents a subsequent PDU. PDU_N represents a last PDU of the PDU set received at the UPF. Without loss of generality, one or more PDUs may be lost in the N6 and / or N3 interface.
[0253] The steps of the procedure of FIG. 3 are as follows:
[0254] Step 1a –AF sends, to PCF, optional via NEF, a request for PDU Set QoS monitoring. The request may comprise configuration information for configuring the performance of PSD measurements, i.e. configuring the PDU Set QoS monitoring / measurements that are requested to be performed.
[0255] Step 1b: PCF creates a PCC rule with PDU Set QoS monitoring parameters and SMF (e.g. second core entity 132 of FIG. 2) configures UPF (via N4 interface) to perform QoS monitoring for PSD and report the monitoring results as described in clause 5.8.2.18 TS 23.501.
[0256] Step 2: SMF configures (via N2 interface) a serving NG-RAN (e.g. a BS 120 serving a UE 110 that is to be the end recipient of DL traffic comprising PDU sets) to perform the PSD measurements.
[0257] Step 3: UPF (e.g. first core entity 131 of FIG. 2) receives, e.g. from an external data network, DL traffic comprising PDUs of PDU sets.
[0258] Step 4a: Based on configuration from the SMF, the UPF starts a PSD measurement by detecting a first received PDU (PDU_i) of a new detected PDU set.
[0259] Step 4b: UPF records a time T1_i (e.g. first set of times, 203 of FIG. 2) that the first subset of PDUs (1st PDU to ith PDU) arrived at the UPF. In this regard, the UPF records a timestamp of when it received the first subset of PDUs in the PDU set. A PDU of the PDU Set to which a QMP header containing monitoring information is added can be considered a type of “monitoring packet” .
[0260] Step 5: UPF sends T1_i in a GTP-U header to the NG-RAN in a DL monitoring packet. In this regard, the UPF sends the monitoring packet (with QMP indicator and T1_i marked in the packet) to NG-RAN. This step equates to block 201 of FIG. 2 regarding sending information 202 indicative of the first set of times 203 to NG-RAN 120. The monitoring packet can be a true packet / PDU for the PDU set, while the NG-RAN may send out a dummy packet as monitoring response to the UPF (steps 15a or 15b) to report the measured NG-RAN results. Both the monitoring packet and monitoring response packet have the QMP in the GTP-U header. The UPF marks a Start PDU in the GTP-U header. The NG-RAN may detect a first received PDU (PDU_i) of a PDU set based on information (PDU Set start indicator) supplied by the UPF in the GTP-U header, and the NG-RAN may obtain T1_i from the GTP-U header.
[0261] Steps 6-10: NG-RAN processing for traffic transmission between NG-RAN and UE, i.e. the DL transmission of the PDU set from its first PDU to its last PDU. Such processing including scheduling signaling (steps 6 and 9) and L2 feedback, e.g., HARQ ACK / NACK (steps 7 and 10) . The UPF marks an End PDU of the PDU Set in the GTP-U header in step 8.
[0262] Step 11a: The NG-RAN detects the last PDU of the PDU set based on an indication in the GTP-U header.
[0263] Step 11b: Based on the configuration received by the NG-RAN from the SMF as well as the NG-RAN’s capability, if the NG-RAN can, the NG-RAN derives and records, for each PDU set, a time Tend_N (e.g. third time 207 of FIG. 2) when the respective PDU set is received by the UE. In this regard, each Tend_N indicates an end time of a transmission of a PDU set to the UE. This step equates to block 206 of FIG. 2 regarding determining the third time 207. Tend_N may be based on a time of confirming successful reception of the second subset of ( (N-j) th to Nth) Protocol Data Units, at the UE via layer 2 feedback mechanism such as MAC ACK or RLC ACK. For instance, if a gNB detects ACK / NACK in slot (n) , then it knows that the UE successfully received the MAC PDU in slot (n-K1) based on the HARQ timing, and the Tend_N timestamp corresponds to this time instance [wherein K1 is the offset between the DL slot where the data is scheduled on PDSCH and the UL slot where the ACK / NACK feedback for the scheduled PDSCH data needs to be sent] .
[0264] If the NG-RAN cannot derive the Tend_N due to e.g.:
[0265] the loss or dropping of the last PDU of the PDU set,
[0266] the loss of the first PDU of the next PDU set for the same QoS flow, or
[0267] PDU set performance does not qualify for usage (e.g., there is any PDU loss within the PDU set and PDU Set Integrated Handling Information, PSIHI, is configured by the SMF for PDU set usage)
[0268] then the NG-RAN may not count the PDU Set for PSD measurement.
[0269] It is to be appreciated that the last successfully acknowledged part of PDU or PDU segmentation in the PDU set (which determines Tend_N) might not be necessarily belong the PDU with the last / highest Sequence Number, SN, in the PDU set (e.g. PDU #N) , due to air interface impairments and needs for retransmissions (e.g. PDU #N might be already have been successfully acknowledged by HARQ ACK while (apart of) PDU #N-1 might be still undergoing HARQ retransmissions) . In that case, the last part of PDU #N-1 that gets successfully acknowledged will determine Tend_N.
[0270] NG-RAN may determine Tend_N based on a time when a first part of the next PDU set is sent to the UE which was consequently confirmed by reception of, e.g. layer 2 feedback mechanism such as MAC ACK or RLC ACK.
[0271] The NG-RAN can detect if a last PDU of the PDU set is lost based on the first PDU indication in the GTP-U header for any new DL PDU set for the same QoS flow. If the last PDU of the PDU set is lost or dropped by the NG-RAN, the NG-RAN may not use this option to derive the Tend_N.
[0272] Step 12: NG-RAN calculates the PSD (e.g. time interval 209 of FIG. 2) for each PDU Set by subtracting T1_i (the timestamp provided by the UPF in the first PDU of the PDU Set) from Tend_N determined in Step 11b. PSD = Tend_N –T1_i. This step equates to block 208 of FIG. 2 regarding determining the time interval 209.
[0273] Step 13: NG-RAN decides what to report to the UPF based on the configuration it received from the SMF, and the NG-RAN prepares the corresponding report in accordance with the configuration.
[0274] If the PSD > PSDB by some threshold, it means that a packet within the PDU set is delayed more than PSDB. If this occurs some number of times (e.g. as configured in the NG-RAN or specified by the SMF) , the NG-RAN may initiate a “trigger-based reporting” based on configuration by the SMF.
[0275] The NG-RAN determines what to report and may gather individual measurement reports of calculated PSDs (or alternatively Tend_N –see the procedure of FIG. 4) to the SMF or UPF (via a monitoring packet) , or the NG-RAN may report them after a certain number of measurements have been obtained. The NG-RAN may determine one or more statistics about PSD or Tend_N (e.g. average value, median value, value variance) and report it to the SMF or UPF.
[0276] Alternatively, if configured by the SMF, the NG-RAN sends measurement reports only when the PSD exceeds a threshold, which may be relative to the QoS parameter PSDB, for example: if the PSD > PSDB or PSD -PSDB >= threshold, (either the measured PSD is more than PSDB or beyond a threshold difference with respect to PSDB) . If this occurs a number of times (e.g. as configured in the NG-RAN or specified by the SMF) , “trigger-based reporting” may be initiated.
[0277] Step 14a (option-1) : The NG-RAN reports the PSD measurement results to SMF. This step equates to block 208 of FIG. 2 regarding sending information 211 indicative of the time interval 209 to the second core network entity 132) . The NG-RAN may also send a PDU Set Identifier to the UPF for each PDU set along with the PSD measurement for each PDU set.
[0278] The UPF may be configured (by SMF) to send PSD measurement reports only when the PSD exceeds a threshold, which may be relative to a QoS parameter PSDB. When duly configured, the UPF only reports PSD measurements when the threshold has been exceeded.
[0279] Step 15a (option-1) : The SMF reports the PSD measurement (s) towards the AF (for enabling the AF to monitor whether QoS related to PSD has been satisfied and if not take remedial action) .
[0280] Alternatively:
[0281] Step 14b (option-2) : The NG-RAN reports PSD measurement results to UPF. The NG-RAN may also send a PDU Set Identifier to the UPF for each PDU set along with the PSD measurement for each PDU set.
[0282] Step 15b (option-2) : The UPF reports the PSD measurement (s) towards the SMF (following which the SMF may report the PSD measurement towards the AF [for enabling the AF to monitor whether QoS related to PSD has been satisfied and if not take remedial action] ) . The UPF may report the PSD measurement (s) to a local NEF / local AF in accordance with configuration received from the SMF in step 1b.
[0283] FIG. 4 schematically illustrates another signaling diagram for Method 1, i.e. a procedure for providing per QoS Flow per UE PDU set QoS measurement and reporting, in particular time stamp based PSD measurement and reporting of the same.
[0284] The procedure of FIG. 4 is somewhat similar to that of FIG. 3’s procedure. However, whereas in the procedure of FIG. 3, the NG-RAN determines the PSD measurement (based on T1_i received from the UPF and Tend_N the NG-RAN determined for itself itself) ; by contrast, in the procedure of FIG. 4, the UPF determines the PSD measurement (based on T1_i the UPF determines itself and based on Tend_N received from the NG-RAN) .
[0285] Various of the steps of FIG. 4 correspond to various of the steps of FIG. 3.
[0286] Steps 1a –4a broadly correspond to steps 1a –4a of FIG. 3. However, the configuration information received by the UPF and NG-RAN in steps 1b and 2 would slightly differ in that, rather than indicating to the UPF and NG-RAN that the PSD is to be determined by the NG-RAN, instead the configuration information would indicate to the UPF and NG-RAN that the PSD is to be determined by the UPF.
[0287] Step 4b: The UPF stores, for each PDU set, a T1_i along with a PDU set Identifier for the PDU set associated with the TI-i.
[0288] Step 5 broadly corresponds to step 5 of FIG. 3. However, since the PSD is to be determined by the UPF, the NG-RAN does not need to be aware of T1_i, hence T1_i is not included in the monitoring packet sent by the UPF to the NG-RAN.
[0289] Steps 6 to 11b broadly correspond to steps 6 to 11b of FIG. 3.
[0290] Step 12 broadly corresponds to step 13 of FIG. 3.
[0291] Step 13: The NG-RAN reports Tend_N to UPF.
[0292] Step 14: UPF calculates the PSD (e.g. time interval 209 of FIG. 2) for PDU Set by subtracting T1_i (the stored timestamp T1_i determined in step 4b) from Tend_N (the received timestamp Tend_N received from the NG-RAN in Step 13) . This step effectively equates to block 208 of FIG. 2 regarding determining the time interval 209 –albeit the determination is performed by the UPF rather than the NG-RAN.
[0293] Step 15: The UPF reports the PSD measurement towards the SMF (following which the SMF may report the PSD measurement towards the AF [for enabling the AF to monitor whether QoS related to PSD has been satisfied and if not take remedial action] ) .
[0294] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a signaling diagram for Method 2, i.e. a procedure for PSD Calculation using GTP-U path measurement.
[0295] In this procedure, the SMF can request to activate QoS monitoring for the GTP-U path (s) between UPF (s) and the (R) AN, e.g. as specified in TS 23.501 clause 5.33.3.3.
[0296] Both N3 and NG-RAN will have their base or minimum / unavoidable latencies for transmitting a single PDU, and they may also be variable components that are dependent on the interface, load, etc. However, in general, the delay to transmit a PDU set of N PDUs will be much lower than N times the delay of a single PDU (especially over N3 where the delays are typically very small) .
[0297] The procedure of Method 2 broadly involves the following:
[0298] · Estimation of delay incurred by NG-RAN for transmitting PDU Set: the NG-RAN provides a RAN part of UL / DL packet delay towards UPF (in the GTP-U header of the respective QoS Flow via N3) . The NG-RAN then calculates the delay incurred by the NG-RAN for transmission of all the PDUs within the PDU Set. The NG-RAN takes the time stamp at the ingress of NG-RAN for the first PDU (T2_i) and subtracts it from Tend_N. As mentioned with regards to Method 1, Tend_N is the time when the last part of the PDU set is sent to the UE which was consequently confirmed by reception of layer 2 feedback mechanisms such as MAC ACK or RLC ACK.
[0299] · Total #of PDUs within the PDU Set: the NG-RAN / UPF also determines the total number of PDUs within a PDU Set based on actually received and / or transmitted PDUs.
[0300] · Single PDU delay within QoS Flow: determining delay incurred for transmission of individual PDU within a PDU Set based QoS Flow, leveraging e.g. the method described in 5.33.3.3 for estimating the delay using GTP-U based path measurement.
[0301] · N3 delay estimation for PDU Set: It is up to a particular deployment to leverage N3 delay incurred for single PDU along with total #of PDUs transmitted within the PDU Set to determine the gross delay expected for transmission of all PDUs within the PDU Set.
[0302] · Final report: UPF reports the received measurements of RAN delay for a given PDU Set (along with the number of PDUs within the PDU Set, delay measurements of N3 / N9 interface for a single PDU (N9 is applicable when I-UPF exists) and reports the QoS Monitoring results e.g. as described in clause 5.8.2.18 of TS 23.501. This reporting can be done for any given PDU Set (not least for example one or two) to avoid processing resources being excessively utilized in performing QoS Monitoring. The measurements may also be reported per-PDU Set Importance level (e.g. the average PDU Set Delay and average number of PDUs within the PDU Set over a measurement interval for a given PDU Set Importance level) .
[0303] Various of the steps of FIG. 5 correspond to various of the steps of FIG. 3.
[0304] Steps 1a –3 broadly correspond to steps 1a –3 of FIG. 3. However, the configuration information received by the UPF and NG-RAN in steps 1b and 2 would slightly differ in that, rather than indicating to the UPF and NG-RAN to determine PSD via T1_i and Tend_N timestamps, instead the PSD is to be determined using GTP-U path measurement.
[0305] Step 4: NG-RAN calculates a delay incurred by NG-RAN for transmission of all the PDUs within a PDU Set (e.g. using Method 1 of FIG. 3) . It also determines a total number of PDUs within a PDU Set based on actually received and / or transmitted PDUs.
[0306] Step 5: UPF calculates Single PDU delay within QoS Flow (i.e. a delay incurred for transmission, via N3, of individual PDUs within a PDU set based QoS Flow) , leveraging the method mentioned in 5.33.3.3 GTP-U path measurement.
[0307] Step 6: NG-RAN reports RAN part of delay, Td, to UPF
[0308] Step 7: UPF computes an N3 delay for a PDU Set within a QoS flow. This may be computed via any suitable process. In this regard, UPF may compute a total delay for a PDU set within a QoS flow, Tpsd.
[0309] Step 8: UPF reports the received measurements of RAN delay for a given PDU Set (along with the number of PDUs within the PDU Set, delay measurements of N3 / N9 interface for a single PDU [N9 is applicable when I-UPF exists] and reports the QoS Monitoring results to NEF / AF or SMF / PCF / AF, e.g. as described in clause 5.8.2.18 of TS 23.501.
[0310] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a signaling diagram for Method 3, i.e. a procedure for providing raw data that gives insights into PDU Set delay.
[0311] Method 3 provides a (simpler) approach to provide raw data that gives insights into PDU Set delay. The raw data comprises measurements of the following during the same time interval:
[0312] · one or more of: an average number of PDUs in a PDU Set, a variance of a number of PDUs in a PDU Set, a median number of PDUs in a PDU Set, a maximum number of PDUs in a PDU Set, a minimum number of PDUs in a PDU Set, a total number of PDU Sets, a total number of PDUs across all PDU Sets and other such statistics, related to the number of PDUs in a PDU Set over a measurement period.
[0313] · an actual number of PDUs within the PDU Set that were received / transmitted.
[0314] In the procedure of Method 3, the NG-RAN provides a RAN part of UL / DL packet delay towards UPF (in the GTP-U header of the respective QoS Flow via N3) . Alternatively, monitoring packets are sent between the NG-RAN and UPF to determine PDU delay (as is done for Per QoS Flow per UE QoS Measurement of Method 1) .
[0315] The packet delay of PDUs, and optionally the PDU delay variance (jitter) , may be measured over the same time interval as the estimates of the number of PDUs in a PDU Set. These statistics are measured / determined at the UPF upon reception of configuration information from the SMF to activate QoS Monitoring.
[0316] The UPF sends the new “raw data” measurement reports either to the SMF which may send them to the NEF / AF, or the UPF may send the measurements reports directly to the NEF / AF as described in TS23.501, clause 5.8.2.18.
[0317] The "new behavior" changes to the AF, PCF and SMF described below are applicable, except for those regarding configuration of the NG-RAN, and reporting thresholds regarding “PSD” are replaced by reporting thresholds on a combination of Number of PDUs in a PDU Set and Packet Delay metrics.
[0318] Various of the steps of FIG. 6 correspond to various of the steps of FIG. 3.
[0319] Steps 1a –3 broadly correspond to steps 1a –3 of FIG. 3. However, the configuration information received by the UPF and NG-RAN in steps 1b and 2 would slightly differ in that, rather than indicating to the UPF and NG-RAN to determine PSD via T1_i and Tend_N timestamps, instead the PSD is determined using a raw data method.
[0320] Step 4a: NG-RAN calculates and provides a RAN part of UL / DL packet delay, Td, towards UPF.
[0321] Step 4b: UPF determines a number of PDUs in each PDU set.
[0322] Step 5: NG-RAN reports PDU statistics to UPF
[0323] Step 6: UPF sends a raw data measurement report based on packet delay, Td, received from NG-RAN in step 4a, and the number of PDUs in PDU sets determined at UPF in step 4b.
[0324] The sending of the raw data measurement report may comprise either step 7 or 8.
[0325] Step 7: UPF sends the raw data measurement report to SMF, whereupon the SMF reports the raw data measurement report towards the AF.
[0326] Step 8: UPF sends the raw data measurement report towards the AF.
[0327] Various examples of the present disclosure may define a new QoS Monitoring mechanism for XR traffic based on PDU Sets. In this PDU Set QoS Monitoring (PSQM) , specific policies are created in PCF (based on a request from the AF or due to local configuration) , to collect data and / or statistics (average, median, etc. ) related to PDU Set Packet Delay (PSD) measurement. Statistics may be determined over a time window or several samples. The measurements are exposed to 5GC (e.g., towards AF) either periodically or a-periodically (e.g., threshold based or when a certain number of measurements have been obtained) using existing reporting measures.
[0328] In various examples of the present disclosure, the AF may request PDU Set Packet Delay (PSD) statistics which may trigger PDU Set QoS monitoring for service data flow (s) . The AF may also request separate reporting related parameters (e.g., reporting frequency, reporting triggers such as threshold based) for PDU set performance measurement.
[0329] In various examples of the present disclosure, the PCF may generate an authorized PDU Set QoS Monitoring policy for a service data flow (e.g. based on an AF request or local policy) and includes it in a PCC rule and provides it to the SMF. The PDU Set QoS Monitoring policy indicates new QoS monitoring parameter (s) related to the PDU set performance measurement and reporting related parameters.
[0330] Alternatively, there can be PSQM policy created in which the reporting (e.g. towards AF) shall be done only when the measured monitored parameters (e.g., PSD) exceeds a threshold - which may be relative to the QoS parameter (e.g., PSDB) . Threshold based reporting may reduce the number of signaling messages for reporting.
[0331] In various examples of the present disclosure, if, based on the received PCC rules or local configuration, PSD measurement is triggered for a QoS flow of the UE, the SMF may configure the serving NG-RAN to perform the PSD measurement. The SMF may configure the NG-RAN to report measurements either directly to the SMF or to the UPF.
[0332] In various examples of the present disclosure, if PSD measurement is triggered for a QoS flow, the SMF may also configure the UPF to perform QoS monitoring for PSD. If reporting via the UPF is configured in the NG-RAN, the SMF may configure the UPF to report the monitoring results for PSD to the SMF or to an NEF / AF. The reporting may be similar to the reporting described in clause 5.8.2.18 of 3GPP TS 23.501.
[0333] Alternatively, the SMF may configure either UPF or NG-RAN to send measurement reports only when the measured PSD exceeds a threshold, which may be relative to the QoS parameter PSDB.
[0334] Advantageously, the various methods and procedures described above provide a mechanism for measuring and reporting a PDU set related QoS metric, e.g. PSD, which can be reported to AF / 5GC thereby enabling the AF / 5GC to know whether the PDU set related QoS / PSD has been / is being satisfied or not. If it is not satisfied the 5GC can then look to take remedial action.
[0335] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus 10 for performing the methods, processes, procedures and signaling described in the present disclosure and illustrated in FIGs. 2 to 6. In this regard the apparatus can perform the roles of a network entity (such as a BS 120, UPF, SMF, PCT or AF) in the illustrated and described methods. The component blocks of FIG. 7 are functional and the functions described can be performed by a single physical entity.
[0336] The apparatus comprises a controller 11, which could be provided within a device not least such as BS or UPF.
[0337] The controller 11 can be embodied by a computing device, not least such as those mentioned above. In some, but not necessarily all examples, the apparatus can be embodied as a chip, chip set, circuitry or module, i.e. for use in any of the foregoing. As used here ‘module’ refers to a unit or apparatus that excludes certain parts / components that would be added by an end manufacturer or a user.
[0338] Implementation of the controller 11 can be as controller circuitry. The controller 11 can be implemented in hardware alone, have certain aspects in software including firmware alone or can be a combination of hardware and software (including firmware) .
[0339] The controller 11 can be implemented using instructions that enable hardware functionality, for example, by using executable instructions of a computer program 14 in a general-purpose or special-purpose processor 12 that can be stored on a computer readable storage medium 13, for example memory, or disk etc, to be executed by such a processor 12.
[0340] The processor 12 is configured to read from and write to the memory 13. The processor 12 can also comprise an output interface via which data and / or commands are output by the processor 12 and an input interface via which data and / or commands are input to the processor 12. The apparatus can be coupled to or comprise one or more other components 15 (not least for example: a radio transceiver, sensors, input / output user interface elements and / or other modules / devices / components for inputting and outputting data / commands) .
[0341] The memory 13 stores instructions such as a computer program 14 comprising such instructions (e.g. computer program instructions / code) that controls the operation of the apparatus 10 when loaded into the processor 12. The instructions of the computer program 14, provide the logic and routines that enables the apparatus to perform the methods, processes and procedures described in the present disclosure and illustrated in FIGs. 2 to 6. The processor 12 by reading the memory 13 is able to load and execute the computer program 14.
[0342] The instructions may be comprised in a computer program, a non-transitory computer readable medium, a computer program product, a machine readable medium. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e. tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g. RAM vs. ROM) . In some but not necessarily all examples, the computer program instructions may be distributed over more than one computer program.
[0343] Although the memory 13 is illustrated as a single component / circuitry it can be implemented as one or more separate components / circuitry some or all of which can be integrated / removable and / or can provide permanent / semi-permanent / dynamic / cached storage.
[0344] Although the processor 12 is illustrated as a single component / circuitry it can be implemented as one or more separate components / circuitry some or all of which can be integrated / removable. The processor 12 can be a single core or multi-core processor.
[0345] The apparatus can include one or more components for effecting the methods, processes and procedures described in the present disclosure and illustrated in FIGs. 2 to 6. It is contemplated that the functions of these components can be combined in one or more components or performed by other components of equivalent functionality. The description of a function should additionally be considered to also disclose any means suitable for performing that function.
[0346] Where a structural feature has been described, it can be replaced by means for performing one or more of the functions of the structural feature whether that function or those functions are explicitly or implicitly described.
[0347] Although examples of the apparatus have been described above in terms of comprising various components, it should be understood that the components can be embodied as or otherwise controlled by a corresponding controller or circuitry such as one or more processing elements or processors of the apparatus. In this regard, each of the components described above can be one or more of any device, means or circuitry embodied in hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software that is configured to perform the corresponding functions of the respective components as described above.
[0348] The apparatus can, for example, be: a base station in a mobile cellular telecommunication system, a server device, a core network entity / node, a UPF, a SMF, a PCF, an AF. The apparatus can be embodied by a computing device, not least such as those mentioned above. However, in some examples, the apparatus can be embodied as a chip, chip set, circuitry or module, i.e. for use in any of the foregoing.
[0349] In one example, the apparatus is embodied on a client device, a UE, a mobile cellular telephone, a hand held portable electronic device, a mobile communication device, a wearable computing device or a personal digital assistant, that can additionally provide one or more audio / text / video communication functions (for example tele-communication, video-communication, and / or text transmission (Short Message Service (SMS) / Multimedia Message Service (MMS) / emailing) functions) , interactive / non-interactive viewing functions (for example web-browsing, navigation, TV / program viewing functions) , music recording / playing functions (for example Moving Picture Experts Group-1 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) or other format and / or (frequency modulation / amplitude modulation) radio broadcast recording / playing) , downloading / sending of data functions, image capture function (for example using a (for example in-built) digital camera) , and gaming functions, or any combination thereof.
[0350] In some examples (such as wherein the apparatus is provided within a BS 120) , the apparatus 10 comprises:
[0351] at least one processor 12; and
[0352] at least one memory 13 storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 12, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0353] receive, from a first core network entity, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0354] determine a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0355] determine a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0356] send, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0357] In some examples (such as wherein the apparatus is provided within a BS 120) , the apparatus 10 comprises:
[0358] at least one processor 12; and
[0359] at least one memory 13 storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 12, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0360] receive, from a UE, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus from the UE, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0361] receive, from a core network entity, a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at the core network entity from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0362] determine a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0363] send, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0364] In some examples (such as wherein the apparatus is provided within a UPF 131) , the apparatus 10 comprises:
[0365] at least one processor 12; and
[0366] at least one memory 13 storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 12, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0367] determine a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0368] receive, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0369] determine a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0370] send, to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0371] In some examples (such as wherein the apparatus is provided within a UPF 131) , the apparatus 10 comprises:
[0372] at least one processor 12; and
[0373] at least one memory 13 storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 12, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0374] receive, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of transmission from a UE to the RAN node, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0375] determine information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at the apparatus from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0376] determine a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0377] send, to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0378] The above described examples find application as enabling components of:
[0379] telecommunication systems; tracking systems, automotive systems; electronic systems including consumer electronic products; distributed computing systems; media systems for generating or rendering media content including audio, visual and audio visual content and mixed, mediated, virtual and / or augmented reality; personal systems including personal health systems or personal fitness systems; navigation systems; user interfaces also known as human machine interfaces; networks including cellular, non-cellular, and optical networks; ad-hoc networks; the internet; the internet of things (IOT) ; Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) , virtualized networks; and related software and services.
[0380] The apparatus can be provided in an electronic device, for example, a mobile terminal, according to an example of the present disclosure. It should be understood, however, that a mobile terminal is merely illustrative of an electronic device that would benefit from examples of implementations of the present disclosure and, therefore, should not be taken to limit the scope of the present disclosure to the same. While in certain implementation examples, the apparatus can be provided in a mobile terminal, other types of electronic devices, such as, but not limited to: mobile communication devices, hand portable electronic devices, wearable computing devices, portable digital assistants (PDAs) , pagers, mobile computers, desktop computers, televisions, gaming devices, laptop computers, cameras, video recorders, GPS devices and other types of electronic systems, can readily employ examples of the present disclosure. Furthermore, devices can readily employ examples of the present disclosure regardless of their intent to provide mobility.
[0381] FIG. 7, illustrates a computer program 14 which may be conveyed via a delivery mechanism 20.The delivery mechanism 20 can be any suitable delivery mechanism, for example, a machine readable medium, a computer-readable medium, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, a computer program product, a memory device, a solid-state memory, a record medium such as a Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) or a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or an article of manufacture that comprises or tangibly embodies the computer program 14. The delivery mechanism can be a signal configured to reliably transfer the computer program. An apparatus can receive, propagate or transmit the computer program as a computer data signal.
[0382] In certain examples of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus (e.g. BS 120) , cause the apparatus to perform at least the following or for causing performing at least the following:
[0383] receiving, from a first core network entity, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0384] determining a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0385] determining a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0386] sending, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0387] In certain examples of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus (e.g. BS 120) , cause the apparatus to perform at least the following or for causing performing at least the following:
[0388] receiving, at the apparatus from a UE, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of transmission, from the UE to the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0389] receiving, from a core network entity, a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at the core network entity from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;
[0390] determining a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0391] sending, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0392] In certain examples of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus (e.g. UPF 131) , cause the apparatus to perform at least the following or for causing performing at least the following:
[0393] determining a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0394] receiving, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs;
[0395] determining a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0396] sending, to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0397] In certain examples of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus (e.g. UPF 131) , cause the apparatus to perform at least the following or for causing performing at least the following:
[0398] receive, from a RAN node, a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of transmission from a UE to the RAN node, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;
[0399] determine information indicative of a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at the apparatus from the RAN node, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs;
[0400] determine a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and
[0401] send, to a core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.
[0402] References to ‘computer program’ , ‘computer-readable storage medium’ , ‘computer program product’ , ‘tangibly embodied computer program’ etc. or a ‘controller’ , ‘computer’ , ‘processor’ etc. should be understood to encompass not only computers having different architectures such as single / multi-processor architectures and sequential (Von Neumann) / parallel architectures but also specialized circuits such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) , application specific circuits (ASIC) , signal processing devices and other devices. References to computer program, instructions, code etc. should be understood to encompass software for a programmable processor or firmware such as, for example, the programmable content of a hardware device whether instructions for a processor, or configuration settings for a fixed-function device, gate array or programmable logic device etc.
[0403] As used in this application, the term ‘circuitry’ can refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0404] (a) hardware-only circuitry implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0405] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0406] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0407] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions and
[0408] (c) hardware circuit (s) and / or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (for example firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0409] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0410] Although various examples of the present disclosure have been described in the preceding paragraphs, it should be appreciated that modifications to the examples given can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set out in the claims.
[0411] The blocks illustrated in FIGs. 2 to 6 can represent actions in a method, functionality performed by an apparatus, and / or sections of instructions / code in a computer program.
[0412] It will be understood that each block and combinations of blocks illustrated in FIGs. 2 to 6 as well as the further functionality described above, can be implemented by various means, such as hardware, firmware, and / or software including one or more computer program instructions. For example, one or more of the functions described above can be performed by a duly configured apparatus (such as an apparatus [as shown in FIG. 7] comprising means for performing the above described functionality) . One or more of the functions / functionality described above can be embodied by a duly configured computer program (such as a computer program [as shown in FIG. 8] comprising computer program instructions which embody the functions / functionality described above and which can be stored by a memory storage device and performed by a processor) .
[0413] As will be appreciated, any such computer program instructions can be loaded onto a computer or other programmable apparatus (i.e. hardware) to produce a machine, such that the instructions when performed on the programmable apparatus create means for implementing the functions / functionality specified in the blocks. These computer program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a programmable apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the blocks. The computer program instructions can also be loaded onto a programmable apparatus to cause a series of operational actions to be performed on the programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which are performed on the programmable apparatus provide actions for implementing the functions / functionality specified in the blocks.
[0414] Various, but not necessarily all, examples of the present disclosure can take the form of a method, an apparatus, or a computer program. Accordingly, various, but not necessarily all, examples can be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software.
[0415] Various, but not necessarily all, examples of the present disclosure are described using flowchart illustrations and schematic block diagrams. It will be understood that each block (of the flowchart illustrations and block diagrams) , and combinations of blocks, can be implemented by computer program instructions of a computer program. These program instructions can be provided to one or more processor (s) , processing circuitry or controller (s) such that the instructions which execute on the same create means for causing implementing the functions specified in the block or blocks, i.e. such that the method can be computer implemented. The computer program instructions can be executed by the processor (s) to cause a series of operational block / steps / actions to be performed by the processor (s) to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the processor (s) provide block / steps for implementing the functions specified in the block or blocks.
[0416] Accordingly, the blocks support: combinations of means for performing the specified functions; combinations of actions for performing the specified functions; and computer program instructions / algorithm for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block, and combinations of blocks, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems which perform the specified functions or actions, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer program instructions.
[0417] Various, but not necessarily all, examples of the present disclosure provide both a method and corresponding apparatus comprising various modules, means or circuitry that provide the functionality for performing / applying the actions of the method. The modules, means or circuitry can be implemented as hardware, or can be implemented as software or firmware to be performed by a computer processor. In the case of firmware or software, examples of the present disclosure can be provided as a computer program product including a computer readable storage structure embodying computer program instructions (i.e. the software or firmware) thereon for performing by the computer processor.
[0418] Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
[0419] Features described in the preceding description can be used in combinations other than the combinations explicitly described.
[0420] Although functions have been described with reference to certain features, those functions can be performable by other features whether described or not.
[0421] Although features have been described with reference to certain examples, those features can also be present in other examples whether described or not. Accordingly, features described in relation to one example / aspect of the disclosure can include any or all of the features described in relation to another example / aspect of the disclosure, and vice versa, to the extent that they are not mutually inconsistent.
[0422] The term ‘comprise’ is used in this document with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning. That is any reference to X comprising Y indicates that X can comprise only one Y or can comprise more than one Y. If it is intended to use ‘comprise’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context by referring to “comprising only one ... ” or by using “consisting” .
[0423] In this description, the wording ‘connect’ , ‘couple’a nd ‘communication’ and their derivatives mean operationally connected / coupled / in communication. It should be appreciated that any number or combination of intervening components can exist (including no intervening components) , i.e. so as to provide direct or indirect connection / coupling / communication. Any such intervening components can include hardware and / or software components.
[0424] As used herein, the term "determine / determining" (and grammatical variants thereof) can include, not least: evaluating, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, measuring, investigating, identifying, looking up (for example, looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, "determining" can include receiving (for example, receiving information) , retrieving / accessing (for example, retrieving / accessing data in a memory) , obtaining and the like. Also, "determine / determining" can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, inferring and the like.
[0425] As used herein, a description of an action should also be considered to disclose enabling, and / or causing, and / or controlling that action. For example, a description of transmitting information should also be considered to disclose enabling, and / or causing, and / or controlling transmitting information. Similarly, for example, a description of an apparatus transmitting information should also be considered to disclose at least one means or controller of the apparatus enabling, and / or causing, and / or controlling the apparatus to transmit the information. ”
[0426] The term “means” as used in the description and in the claims may refer to one or more individual elements configured to perform the corresponding recited functionality or functionalities, or it may refer to several elements that perform such functionality or functionalities. Furthermore, several functionalities recited in the claims may be performed by the same individual means or the same combination of means. For example performing such functionality or functionalities may be caused in an apparatus by a processor that executes instructions stored in a memory of the apparatus.
[0427] References to a parameter, or value of a parameter, should be understood to refer to “data indicative of” , “data defining” or “data representative of” the relevant parameter / parameter value if not explicitly stated (unless the context demands otherwise) . The data may be in any way indicative of the relevant parameter / parameter value, and may be directly or indirectly indicative thereof.
[0428] In this description, reference has been made to various examples. The description of features or functions in relation to an example indicates that those features or functions are present in that example. The use of the term ’ example’ or ‘for example’ , ‘can’ or ‘may’ in the text denotes, whether explicitly stated or not, that such features or functions are present in at least the described example, whether described as an example or not, and that they can be, but are not necessarily, present in some or all other examples. Thus ‘example’ , ‘for example’ , ‘can’ or ‘may’ refers to a particular instance in a class of examples. A property of the instance can be a property of only that instance or a property of the class or a property of a sub-class of the class that includes some but not all of the instances in the class.
[0429] In this description, references to “a / an / the” [feature, element, component, means …] are used with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning and are to be interpreted as “at least one” [feature, element, component, means …] unless explicitly stated otherwise. That is any reference to X comprising a / the Y indicates that X can comprise only one Y or can comprise more than one Y unless the context clearly indicates the contrary. If it is intended to use ‘a’ or ‘the’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context. In some circumstances the use of ‘at least one’ or ‘one or more’ can be used to emphasise an inclusive meaning but the absence of these terms should not be taken to infer any exclusive meaning. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0430] The presence of a feature (or combination of features) in a claim is a reference to that feature (or combination of features) itself and also to features that achieve substantially the same technical effect (equivalent features) . The equivalent features include, for example, features that are variants and achieve substantially the same result in substantially the same way. The equivalent features include, for example, features that perform substantially the same function, in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result.
[0431] In this description, reference has been made to various examples using adjectives or adjectival phrases to describe characteristics of the examples. Such a description of a characteristic in relation to an example indicates that the characteristic is present in some examples exactly as described and is present in other examples substantially as described.
[0432] In the above description, the apparatus described can alternatively or in addition comprise an apparatus which in some other examples comprises a distributed system of apparatus, for example, a client / server apparatus system. In examples where an apparatus provided forms (or a method is implemented as) a distributed system, each apparatus forming a component and / or part of the system provides (or implements) one or more features which collectively implement an example of the present disclosure. In some examples, an apparatus is re-configured by an entity other than its initial manufacturer to implement an example of the present disclosure by being provided with additional software, for example by a user downloading such software, which when executed causes the apparatus to implement an example of the present disclosure (such implementation being either entirely by the apparatus or as part of a system of apparatus as mentioned hereinabove) .
[0433] The above description describes some examples of the present disclosure however those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of possible alternative structures and method features which offer equivalent functionality to the specific examples of such structures and features described herein above and which for the sake of brevity and clarity have been omitted from the above description. Nonetheless, the above description should be read as implicitly including reference to such alternative structures and method features which provide equivalent functionality unless such alternative structures or method features are explicitly excluded in the above description of the examples of the present disclosure.
[0434] Whilst endeavouring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features of examples of the present disclosure believed to be of particular importance it should be understood that the applicant claims protection in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and / or shown in the drawings whether or not particular emphasis has been placed thereon.
[0435] The examples of the present disclosure and the accompanying claims can be suitably combined in any manner apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Separate references to an “example” , “in some examples” and / or the like in the description do not necessarily refer to the same example and are also not mutually exclusive unless so stated and / or except as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description. For instance, a feature, structure, process, block, step, action, or the like described in one example may also be included in other examples, but is not necessarily included.
[0436] Each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into the specification and the claims are embodiment (s) of the present disclosure. Further, while the claims herein are provided as comprising specific dependencies, it is contemplated that any claims can depend from any other claims and that to the extent that any alternative embodiments can result from combining, integrating, and / or omitting features of the various claims and / or changing dependencies of claims, any such alternative embodiments and their equivalents are also within the scope of the disclosure.
Claims
1.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first core network entity, information indicative of a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the first core node entity, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;means for determining a second set of times, wherein the second set of times is indicative of times of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the apparatus, of a last part of a PDU from a last N-j to N PDUs of the set of N PDUs;means for determining a third time, wherein the third time is a latest time from the second set of times and is indicative of a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs; and means for sending, to a second core network entity or the first core network entity, second information wherein the second information is based at least in part on the third time.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second information is indicative of the third time.3.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:means for determining a time interval based at least in part on the first set of times and the third time; andwherein the second information is indicative of the time interval.4.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the time interval is determined based on:a time, of the first set of times, indicative of when a first PDU from the first 1 to i PDUs was received at the first core node entity, andthe third time, wherein the third time is indicative of when a last part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of N PDUs was successfully transmitted to the UE.5.The apparatus of any previous claim, wherein the second set of times is determined based at least in part on:determining when a last part of the PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of PDUs is successfully transmitted to the UE, ordetermining when a first part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of a next set of PDUs is transmitted to the UE.6.The apparatus of any previous claim, wherein the second information is indicative of a PDU set delay, PSD, measurement, wherein the PSD measurement is indicative of a measurement of the third time or a time interval between receipt of the set of N PDUs at a User Plane Function, UPF, and a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs to the UE.7.The apparatus of any previous claim, further comprising:means for receiving, from a third core network entity, configuration information for configuring the apparatus to perform a PDU set delay, PSD, measurement, wherein the PSD measurement is indicative of a measurement of the third time or a time interval between receipt of the set of N PDUs at a User Plane Function, UPF, and a successful transmission of the set of N PDUs to the UE.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the configuration information comprises information for configuring the apparatus to at least one or more of:receive the information indicative of the first set of times;determine the third time;send the second information, wherein the second information is indicative of the third time;determine the time interval; orsend the second information wherein the second is information indicative of the time interval.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least one or more of:receiving the information indicative of the first set of times,determining the third time,sending the second information, wherein the second information is indicative of the third time;determining the time interval, orsending the second information, wherein the second information is information indicative of the time interval is performed in accordance with the configuration information.10.The apparatus of any previous claim, wherein the configuration information comprises information indicative that the sending of the second information is to be at least one or more of:periodically sent;aperiodically sent;trigger based sending;based on a determination, by the apparatus, that a threshold has been crossed;orbased on a determination, by the apparatus, that a condition has been met.11.The apparatus of any previous claim, wherein the configuration information comprises information indicative of one or more conditions for use in triggering the sending of the second information.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the sending of the second information is triggered based at least in part on determining whether the one or more conditions has been met.13.The apparatus of any previous claim, wherein the configuration information comprises information indicative of an entity to which the second information is to be sent; andwherein the second information is sent to the entity.14.The apparatus of any previous claim, further comprising:means for receiving, from the first core network entity, information indicative of one or more thresholds for use in triggering the sending of the second information.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the sending of the second information is triggered based at least in part on the one or more thresholds.16.The apparatus of any previous claim, wherein the determination of the second set of times is based at least in part on a time of transmission, to the UE from the apparatus, of a first PDU of a next set of PDUs.17.An apparatus comprising:means for determining a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;means for receiving, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a third time, wherein the third time is indicative of a time of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of N PDUs;means for determining a time interval based at least in part on the first set of times and the third time; andmeans for sending, to a core network entity, information indicative of the time interval.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the time interval is determined based on:a time, of the first set of times, indicative of when a first PDU from the first 1 to i PDUs was received at the apparatus, andthe third time, wherein the third time is indicative of when a last part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of N PDUs was successfully transmitted by the RAN node to the UE.19.An apparatus comprising:means for determining a first set of times, wherein the first set of times is indicative of times of receipt, at the apparatus, of a first 1 to i Protocol Data Units, PDUs, of a set of N PDUs;means for receiving, from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node, information indicative of a time interval, wherein the time interval is determined by the RAN node based at least in part on the first set of times and a third time indicative of time of successful receipt, at a User Equipment, UE, from the RAN node, of a last part of PDUs or PDU segmentation of the set of N PDUs; andmeans for sending, to a core network entity, information indicative of the time interval.20.The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 19, wherein the second information is indicative of a PDU set delay, PSD, measurement, wherein the PSD measurement is indicative of a measurement of the third time or a time interval between receipt of the set of N PDUs at a User Plane Function, UPF, and successful transmission of the set of N PDUs to the UE.21.The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising:means for receiving, from a core network entity, configuration information for configuring the apparatus to perform the PSD measurement.22.The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the configuration information comprises information for configuring the apparatus to at least one or more of:determine the information indicative of the first set of times;receive the third time;determine the time interval;receive the time interval; orsend the information indicative of the time interval.23.The apparatus of claim 21, wherein at least one or more of:determining the information indicative of the first set of times,receiving the third time,determining the time interval, orreceiving the time interval; orsending the information indicative of the time interval is performed in accordance with the configuration information.24.The apparatus of any of claims 21 to 23, wherein the configuration information comprises information indicative that the sending of the information indicative of the time interval is to be at least one or more of:periodically sent;aperiodically sent;trigger based sending;based on a determination, by the apparatus, that a threshold has been crossed; orbased on a determination, by the apparatus, that a condition has been met.25.The apparatus of any of claims 21 to 24, wherein the configuration information comprises information indicative of one or more conditions for use in triggering the sending of the information indicative of the time interval.26.The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the sending of the information indicative of the time interval is triggered based at least in part on determining whether the one or more conditions has been met.27.The apparatus of any of claims 21 to 26, wherein the configuration information comprises information indicative of an entity to which the information indicative of the time interval is to be sent; andwherein the information indicative of the time interval is sent to the entity.28.The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 27, further comprising:means for receiving, from the first core network entity, information indicative of one or more thresholds for use in triggering the sending of the information indicative of the time interval.29.The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the sending of the information indicative of the time interval is triggered based at least in part on the one or more thresholds.
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