Enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks are described. In some implementations, a base station may establish a first communication link with a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. The system may monitor the signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. Upon detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station, the system may facilitate the handoff of communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station. This method allows for dynamic extension of underwater communication ranges and supports the use of both fixed and mobile base stations in a network that can include a mesh of transceivers acting as repeaters for extended sensor networks.

Description

ENABLING EXTENDED UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION WITH PLASMONIC ANTENNA NETWORKSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 617,196, filed January 3, 2024, entitled “UNDERWATER CELL-BASED COMMUNICATIONS USING BASE STATIONS,” assigned to the assignee hereof, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to communications technology, and more specifically to enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks.BACKGROUND

[0003] Underwater communication is critical for various applications, including marine research, military operations, oil and gas exploration, environmental monitoring, and underwater vehicle control. However, communication in underwater environments presents unique challenges due to the physical properties of water, which significantly attenuate and distort electromagnetic signals. As a result, conventional wireless communication technologies, such as radio and microwave, are ineffective for most underwater applications.

[0004] Acoustic communication has emerged as the predominant method for underwater communication due to the favorable propagation characteristics of sound in water. However, acoustic communication systems are inherently limited by their low bandwidth, slow data rates, high latency, and susceptibility to interference from ambient noise and multi-path effects. These limitations restrict their utility for applications requiring high-speed, reliable, and long-range data transmission.SUMMARY

[0005] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks. In some examples, a communication system may address the aforementioned challenges by introducing base stations equipped with plasmonic antennas. These antennas may be designed to facilitate communication via surface electromagnetic waves, which propagate along the water / air interface. The system may employ a dual -frequency approach, with one frequency dedicated to base station-to-base station communication and another for base station-to-transceiver interactions. This configuration may allow for a seamless handoff of communication responsibilities between mobile terminals as they move or as the base stations themselves relocate, ensuring continuous connectivity.

[0006] Additionally, the system may be capable of forming a mesh network of sensors and transceivers. This network may extend underwater communication capabilities by allowing transceivers to act as repeaters for others that are out of reach of the base stations. The mesh network may include various types of sensors, such as acoustic, pressure, and optical sensors, enabling comprehensive environmental monitoring and data collection. The use of plasmonic antennas for surface electromagnetic wave-based communication may be the point of novelty in these implementations, offering a solution that overcomes the limitations of traditional underwater communication methods. The system’s ability to support high data rates and adapt to the dynamic underwater environment may make it a significant advancement in the field of marine communication technology.

[0007] A submarine cell tower system is described. The system may include a plurality of towers, each tower comprising plasmonic antennas and transmit / receive electronics, the plurality of towers being configured for underwater operation. The system may include a central communication station (CSS) in communication with the plurality of towers for coordinating handoff information between the towers. The plurality of towers may be configured to maintain continuous communication with an underwater mobile terminal (UMT) in response to movement of the UMT or relocation of any of the plurality of towers.

[0008] A method for maintaining continuous communication with an UMT is described. The method may include providing a plurality of towers that include plasmonic antennas and transmit / receive electronics, the plurality of towers being configured for underwater operation. The method may include establishing communication between a CSS and the plurality of towers. The method may include coordinating handoff information between the towers using the CSS. The method may include configuring the plurality of towers to maintain continuous communication with the UMT in response to movement of the UMT or relocation of any of the plurality of towers.

[0009] A method for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks is described. The method may include establishing a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. The method may include monitoring signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. The method may include, in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station, handing off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station.

[0010] A system configured for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks is described. The system may include a processor. The system may include memory coupled with the processor. The system may include instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the system to establish a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. The system may include instructions to monitor signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. The system may include instructions to hand off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station.

[0011] Another system for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks is described. The system may include means for establishing a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. The system may include means for monitoring signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. The system may include means for handing off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station.

[0012] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to establish a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to monitor signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to hand off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station.

[0013] Some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for establishing a second communication link between the mobile terminal and another base station using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a secondfrequency different from the first frequency, in response to the mobile terminal moving out of the communication range of the first base station.

[0014] Some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for configuring the base station to allocate time slots for communication with multiple mobile terminals to prevent contention and interference among the mobile terminals operating at the same frequency.

[0015] Some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for connecting the base station to a CSS via a cable, wherein the CCS is responsible for coordinating the handoff of communication responsibilities among multiple base stations.

[0016] Some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for equipping the base station with a high frequency plasmonic antenna for communication with the mobile terminal when the mobile terminal is within a predetermined proximity to the base station.

[0017] Some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for configuring the mobile terminal to act as a repeater for extending the communication range to additional mobile terminals that are out of reach of the base station.

[0018] In some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the base station may include an acoustic sensor network for detecting the presence and direction of underwater objects, and the detected information may be incorporated into the communication link with the mobile terminal.

[0019] In some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the base station may be configured to operate as part of a mesh network, enabling indirect communication between mobile terminals through intermediate mobile terminals acting as nodes.

[0020] In some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the base station may be equipped with a pressure sensor for environmental monitoring, and the sensor data may be transmitted to the mobile terminal as part of the communication link.

[0021] In some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the base station may be capable of dynamically adjusting thefrequency of the plasmonic antenna in response to changes in underwater conditions to maintain the communication link with the mobile terminal.

[0022] In some examples of the method, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the base station may be configured to receive data from a sensor network and forward the data to the mobile terminal, enabling real-time monitoring of underwater activities.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates a system that demonstrates the concept of surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs), in accordance with one or more implementations.

[0024] FIG. 2 shows a submarine communication system which supports techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C show a network diagram which supports techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 4 shows a network diagram which supports techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 5 shows a network diagram which supports techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an apparatus that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a communication handoff component that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method of using submarine cell tower systems for enabling dynamic hand-off in underwater communication networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIGS. 10 and 11 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] Methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks are disclosed. In some examples, the limitations of existing underwater communication methods may pose significant challenges for various applications, including scientific research, military operations, and commercial activities. Acoustic systems, while capable of long-range communication, may not support the high data rates required for modern applications such as real-time video transmission or high-throughput sensor networks. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of underwater environments, with moving vehicles and changing conditions, may necessitate a communication system that can adapt to these changes without losing connectivity. The lack of a robust and flexible underwater communication system that may handle high data rates and accommodate movement has hindered advancements in underwater exploration, monitoring, and operations.

[0034] According to some implementations, a system for underwater communication may be configured to enable interaction between mobile terminals or transceivers and base stations located underwater. These base stations may be either anchored to the sea floor or mobile, potentially being towed by vessels on the surface. The system may allow for a combination of both fixed and mobile base stations to establish a network.

[0035] The system may have the capability to dynamically extend the communication range of transceivers by transferring the communication responsibilities from one base station to another as the transceivers move or as the base stations themselves relocate. This may be facilitated by using at least two different frequencies or frequency ranges, with one dedicated to communication between base stations and another for communication between a base station and a transceiver.

[0036] To avoid interference when multiple transceivers are using the same frequency or frequency range, the system may allocate specific time slots for each transceiver to communicate. Transceivers in the system may have the option to communicate on a single frequency with the base station they are connected to, or they may use multiple frequencies to communicate directly with other nearby transceivers.

[0037] The system may also support a mesh network of transceivers, where each transceiver may act as a repeater for others that are out of reach of any base station. This mesh network may be utilized to form an extended sensor mesh for various underwater applications.

[0038] A sensor network may be integrated into the system, which may include different types of sensors such as acoustic, radio frequency, pressure, magnetic, and optical sensors. These sensors may detect underwater objects and their characteristics, such as presence, direction, and speed. The data from these sensors may be transmitted in real-time or stored and forwarded periodically.

[0039] Data handling and forwarding in the system may involve storing data from the sensor network and forwarding it when a base station comes within range. Unmanned underwater vehicles may be programmed to collect data from the sensor network without needing to physically attach to any sensor.

[0040] The system may find applications in underwater activities that require communication and sensing capabilities, such as mine detection and seabed mineral mining. Plasmonic antennas, which are part of the system, may facilitate communication by detecting or exciting surface electromagnetic waves that travel along the interface between water and air.

[0041] A handover mechanism may be present in the system, where the signal strength of communications from a transceiver is monitored by receiving base stations. The base station with the strongest reception may take over the communication responsibilities, with other factors like average signal strength and direction of travel also considered.

[0042] A central communication station may be connected to all base stations and a monitoring station, serving as a hub for the system. This station may be connected via cable or wirelessly and may also provide power to the base stations.

[0043] The system’s communication infrastructure may include cables laid on the seafloor, such as fiber optic cables, to connect base stations and enable high-bandwidth communication. Tower-to-tower communication may be conducted either optically through cables or wirelessly using surface waves.

[0044] A control station, which may be located above or below the water surface, may serve as the command and control center for the system. Lastly, the sensor mesh network configuration may involve sensors acting as repeaters for other sensors, with the number of forwarding paths between them varying. This configuration may allow for the establishment of protective perimeters or communication networks among divers or other underwater entities.

[0045] Aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. The described techniques may be implemented to support enhanced reliability and efficiency in underwater communications by enabling dynamic network configurations that may adapt to the changing positions of users and equipment. The system may facilitate seamless data transfer between transceivers and basestations, which may be critical for time-sensitive operations. The allocation of communication time slots may minimize the risk of signal interference, potentially leading to clearer and more secure transmissions. The mesh network configuration may provide robustness to the network, as it may allow for uninterrupted communication even when some nodes are not directly connected to a base station. The integration of various sensor types into the network may allow for comprehensive environmental monitoring, which may be essential for scientific research or resource exploration. The handover mechanism may ensure that the strongest communication links are maintained, which may be vital for the safety of personnel and the integrity of data in mission-critical applications. The use of plasmonic antennas may enable the system to operate effectively across a range of frequencies, which may be beneficial for optimizing bandwidth usage. The central communication station may serve as a pivotal point for managing the network, potentially simplifying the coordination of operations and maintenance activities. The ability to lay cables on the seafloor for high-bandwidth communication may provide a stable infrastructure that may be less susceptible to the challenges posed by the underwater environment. The flexibility in the location of the control station may offer operational versatility, allowing for adjustments based on the specific requirements of a given task or mission.

[0046] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of networked computing systems. Aspects of the disclosure are additionally illustrated by and described with reference to example implementations. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks.

[0047] FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 that demonstrates the concept of surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs), in accordance with one or more implementations. The system 100 may include a conductive medium 102, such as a body of water, organic tissue, a metallic plane, and / or other conductive media. Adjacent to the conductive medium 102, there may be a dielectric medium 104, such as air and / or other dielectric media, which may interface with the conductive medium 102. The interface 106 between the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104 may be where SEWs are generated and may propagate.

[0048] The system 100 may also include an antenna 108, which may be positioned near the interface 106. The antenna 108 may be positioned within the conductive medium 102 or within the dielectric medium 104. The antenna 108 may be responsible for generating an electromagnetic field that may excite SEWs at the interface 106 of the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104. The excited SEWs may then travel along the interface 106, as indicated by the arrow of SEW 110, which may represent the direction of wave propagation.

[0049] To help visualize the phenomenon of SEWs, one may consider an analogy to ripples on a pond. When a stone is dropped into a still pond, ripples may form and spread out across the surface of the water. Similarly, the antenna 108 may be thought of as the stone, and the SEWs may be akin to the ripples that spread along the conductive medium 102. Just as the ripples may move outward from the point of impact, SEWs may propagate along the interface 106, carrying energy with them.

[0050] The system 100 may further include a detector 112, which may be positioned at a distance from the antenna 108 along the interface 106. The detector 112 may be positioned within the conductive medium 102 or within the dielectric medium 104. The detector 112 may be configured to receive the SEWs after they have propagated along the interface 106. This may be analogous to placing one’s hand in the water at a distance from where the stone was dropped, feeling the ripples as they pass by.

[0051] Additionally, the system 100 may include an object 114 positioned within the conductive medium 102 or within the dielectric medium 104, which may be representative of an obstacle that SEWs may encounter during propagation. The interaction of SEWs with the object 114 may lead to scattering of waves, similar to how water ripples may change direction or form patterns when they encounter a leaf or a rock in the pond.

[0052] The system 100 may include an energy source 116, such as a radio frequency generator, which may be connected to the antenna 108. The energy source 116 may provide the necessary power for the antenna 108 to generate the electromagnetic field that excites the SEWs. This may be thought of as the force with which the stone is thrown into the pond, affecting the size and strength of the resulting ripples.

[0053] In some implementations, the system 100 may include a control unit 118, which may be operatively coupled to the antenna 108 and / or the detector 112. The control unit 118 may be responsible for coordinating the generation and detection of SEWs, much like a person orchestrating the timing of stones being dropped into the pond to create a specific pattern of ripples.

[0054] From a more technical perspective, SEWs may be understood as a type of wave that propagates along the interface between two media with different dielectric properties. In FIG. 1, the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104 may form such an interface (e.g., interface 106) where SEWs may be excited and propagate. The antenna 108 may serve as a transducer that converts electrical signals from the energy source 116 into electromagnetic fields, which may then couple to the interface 106 and give rise to SEWs.

[0055] The propagation of SEWs along the interface 106 may be characterized by a wave vector that is parallel to the interface 106. This wave vector may be larger than the wave vector of free photons in the dielectric medium 104, which may result in a confinement of the electromagnetic field to the vicinity of the interface 106. The SEW’s field strength may decay exponentially in the direction perpendicular to the interface 106, as illustrated by a field strength 120 extending into the dielectric medium 104 and the conductive medium 102. These field strengths may also decay as the SEW propagates along the interface 106, as illustrated by an attenuated field strength 122. The detector 112 may be designed to couple to these confined, attenuated fields and receive the SEWs after they have propagated along the interface 106.

[0056] The excitation of SEWs by the antenna 108 may involve the conversion of the electromagnetic energy into a surface-bound mode, which may be facilitated by the specific design of the antenna 108. The antenna 108 may be optimized to match the impedance of the SEWs to maximize energy transfer into the surface wave mode. The object 114 submerged within the conductive medium 102 may introduce perturbations in the SEWs, which may be detected by the detector 112 and analyzed by the control unit 118 to infer properties of the object 114. Examples of such properties may include one or more of size, shape, location, material properties, and / or other properties.

[0057] The mathematical description of SEWs may be derived from Maxwell’s equations, which govern the behavior of electromagnetic fields. The wave equation for TM-polarized SEWs may be reduced to a one-dimensional Schrodinger equation:where ip is the effective wave function introduced as Ez= i / i / e , and V(z) is the effective potential energy that guides the propagation of SEWs along the interface. The term k2may represent the total energy of the SEWs.

[0058] For TE-polarized SEWs, the wave equation may not depend on the gradient terms and may be expressed as:

[0059] In the case of a sharp interface between two media with dielectric permittivitiesand e2> the SEW wave vector for TM-polarized waves may be given by:where m is the angular frequency of the SEWs, and c is the speed of light in vacuum.

[0060] The presence of dielectric permittivity gradients across the interface 106 may lead to additional terms in the effective potential 1 , which may result in the formation of a potential well that supports bound states of SEWs. These bound states may correspond to surface modes with long propagation lengths and may be excited by the antenna 108 with appropriate phase matching.

[0061] The system 100 may thus utilize SEWs for various applications, including communication and sensing, by exploiting the unique properties of SEWs at the interface 106 between the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104. The control unit 118 may process the received signals to extract information about the propagation and interaction of SEWs with the environment and objects within it.

[0062] FIG. 2 shows a submarine communication system 200 which supports techniques for enabling dynamic hand-off in underwater communication networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 2, the submarine communication system 200 may include one or more of a control station 202, a low frequency (UBS) plasmonic antenna 204, a high frequency (UMS) plasmonic antenna 206, a tower 208, transmit / receive electronics 210, a CSS 212, and / or other components. One or more components or subcomponents of the submarine communication system 200 may be the same as or similar to one or more components or subcomponents of the system 100 described in connection with FIG. 1.

[0063] The control station 202 may serve as a central hub for managing communications within the submarine communication system 200. In some implementations, the control station 202 may be positioned above the sea surface. The control station 202 may be connected to other components of the submarine communication system 200 through various communication links. The control station 202 may be capable of being located on a surface ship or a submarine, depending on the requirements of the submarine communication system 200.

[0064] The UBS 204 may enable communication over extended ranges in the underwater environment through the excitation and detection of SEWs. In some implementations, the UBS 204 may be designed to operate at frequencies suitable for long-distance underwater communication. The UBS 204 may be positioned at a depth where it can effectively transmit and receive signals. The UBS 204 may be connected to the transmit / receive electronics 210 to process the communication signals.

[0065] The UMS 206 may allow for higher data rate transmissions closer to the sea surface through the excitation and detection of SEWs. In some implementations, the UMS 206 may be optimized for communication in areas near the sea surface where higher bandwidth is required. The UMS 206 may be part of a system that includes multiple antennas for different frequencyranges. The UMS 206 may be used in conjunction with the UBS 204 to provide a range of communication options.

[0066] The tower 208 may provide structural support for the antennas and electronics in the submarine communication system. In some implementations, the tower 208 may be anchored to the sea floor or may be part of a mobile platform. The tower 208 may house both the UBS 204 and the UMS 206. The tower 208 may be designed to withstand the harsh underwater environment and support the necessary equipment for the submarine communication system 200.

[0067] The transmit / receive electronics 210 may handle the processing of incoming and outgoing signals within the system. In some implementations, the transmit / receive electronics 210 may be responsible for signal amplification and filtering. The transmit / receive electronics 210 may be connected to the CSS 212 to coordinate communication activities. The transmit / receive electronics 210 may include hardware and software components that manage the data flow in the submarine communication system 200.

[0068] The CSS 212 may coordinate the overall operation of the submarine communication system and facilitate the dynamic hand-off process. In some implementations, the CSS 212 may be responsible for managing the network of base stations within the submarine communication system 200. The CSS 212 may be equipped with technology to handle the hand-off of communication from one base station to another. The CSS 212 may be connected to the control station 202 to ensure seamless management of the submarine communication system 200.

[0069] In some implementations, the control station 202 may be connected to the CSS 212 via a communication link that may extend along the sea bottom. The tower 208 may be positioned vertically, with the UMS 206 located closer to the sea surface and the UBS 204 positioned deeper. The transmit / receive electronics 210 may be housed within the tower 208 and may be connected to both the UMS 206 and the UBS 204 to manage signal processing.

[0070] According to some implementations, components of the tower 208 (e.g., UBS 204 and UMS 206) may be communicatively couple with the control station 202 and / or the CSS 212 via one or more communication means. For example, the communicative coupling may be achieved using a wireless communication connection, a wired communication connection, a fiber optics communication connection, and / or other technologies that facilitate communication at a distance.

[0071] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C show a network diagram which supports techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 3, the network diagram 300may include one or more of a CSS 302, a UBS1 304, a UBS2 306, a UBS3 308, a UMT 310, and / or other components.

[0072] The CSS 302 may serve as a central hub for managing communications within the network diagram 300. The CSS 302 may be the same as or similar to the CSS 212 of FIG. 2. In some implementations, the CSS 302 may be responsible for coordinating the hand-off process between different base stations. The CSS 302 may maintain a connection with all base stations in the network diagram 300 to monitor and manage the communication flow. The CSS 302 may be connected to a monitoring station, which allows for oversight of the entire communication system. For example, the CSS 302 may be linked to UBS1 304, UBS2 306, and UBS3 308 through wired or wireless connections to facilitate this management.

[0073] The UBS1 304 may function as one of the nodes in the network diagram 300 for facilitating underwater communications. The UBS1 304, UBS2 306, and / or UBS3 308 may be the same as or similar to the UBS 204 of FIG. 2. In some implementations, the UBS1 304 may be equipped with a low frequency plasmonic antenna for communication with other base stations. The UBS1 304 may be capable of handling communications with the UMT 310 when it is within its range. The UBS1 304 may be involved in the hand-off process when the UMT 310 moves out of its communication range and into the range of another base station, such as UBS2 306. For instance, the UBS1 304 may be a fixed base station anchored to the ocean floor or a mobile base station attached to a surface vessel.

[0074] The UBS2 306 may operate as an additional node to support connectivity in the network diagram 300. In some implementations, the UBS2 306 may use a low frequency plasmonic antenna for communication with mobile units like the UMT 310. The UBS2 306 may receive hand-off communications from UBS1 304 when the UMT 310 moves into its communication range. The UBS2 306 may be designed to communicate with the CSS 302 to ensure seamless transition of communication responsibilities. As an example, the UBS2 306 may be part of a mesh network where it can also act as a repeater for signals from other nodes.

[0075] The UBS3 308 may provide communication services as part of the network infrastructure in the network diagram 300. In some implementations, the UBS3 308 may be configured to detect the presence of the UMT 310 and initiate a hand-off from another base station. The UBS3 308 may communicate with the CSS 302 to manage the hand-off of the UMT 310 to ensure continuous connectivity. The UBS3 308 may be a stationary base station that is part of a sensor network, capable of transmitting data to the CSS 302 when in range. For example, the UBS3 308 may be an unmanned underwater vehicle that collects data from a sensor mesh network.

[0076] The UMT 310 may represent a mobile unit within the network diagram 300 that communicates with the various base stations. In some implementations, the UMT 310 may be a human diver or an autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with a two-way radio and a polariton antenna. The UMT 310 may engage in communication with base stations like UBS1 304, UBS2 306, and UBS3 308 as it moves through the network diagram 300. The UMT 310 may be designed to switch between different frequencies for communication with base stations or other UMTs. For instance, the UMT 310 may communicate on a single frequency with a base station and use a different frequency for direct communication with nearby UMTs.

[0077] In some implementations, the CSS 302 may be centrally located to maintain optimal communication with UBS1 304, UBS2 306, and UBS3 308. The UBS1 304, UBS2 306, and UBS3 308 may be positioned at various points to create a network that covers a wide area. The UMT 310 may move within this network, maintaining communication with the nearest base station.

[0078] In some implementations, the CSS 302 may manage the hand-off process by determining the signal strength between the UMT 310 and the base stations. When the UMT 310 moves from the range of UBS1 304 to UBS3 308, the CSS 302 may facilitate the transition to ensure continuous communication. The UBS2 306 may act as an intermediary node to relay signals if the direct path between the UMT 310 and the CSS 302 is obstructed.

[0079] In some implementations, the UMT 310 may communicate with the UBS1 304, which may then relay information to the CSS 302. The CSS 302 may manage the hand-off process by determining the signal strength between the UMT 310 and the UBS1 304, UBS2 306, and UBS3 308. The UBS1 304, UBS2 306, and UBS3 308 may be interconnected through fiber optic cables to the CSS 302, which may facilitate high-bandwidth communication.

[0080] FIG. 4 shows a network diagram 400 which supports techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 4, the communication network diagram 400 may include one or more of a CSS 402, a UBS1 404, a UBS2 406, a UBS3 408, a UMT 410, and / or other components.

[0081] The CSS 402 may serve as a central hub for managing communications within the network. The CSS 402 may be the same as or similar to CSS 302 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C. The UBS1 404 may function as one of the nodes in the underwater communication network. The UBS1 404 may be the same as or similar to UBS1 304 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C. The UBS2 406 may operate as an additional node to facilitate network connectivity. The UBS2 406 may be the same as or similar to UBS2 306 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C. The UBS3 408 may act as a furthernode to support the network infrastructure. The UBS3 408 may be the same as or similar to UBS3 308 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C. The UMT 410 may operate as a mobile unit within the underwater communication network. The UMT 410 may be the same as or similar to UMT 310 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C

[0082] In some implementations, the CSS 402 may be connected to UBS1 404, UBS2 406, and UBS3 408 to manage the communication flow. The UBS1 404 may communicate with the UMT 410 and may hand off information to UBS3 408 as the UBS1 404, UBS2 406, and UBS3 408 move relative to UMT 410. The UBS2 406 may be positioned to extend the network range and may relay signals between the CSS 402 and other UBS nodes.

[0083] FIG. 5 shows a network diagram 500 which supports techniques for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 5, the network diagram 500 may include one or more of a CSS 502, a UBS1 504, a UBS2 506, a UBS3 508, a sensori 510, a sensor2 512, a sensor3 514, a sensor4 516, a sensor5 518, a sensor6 520, a sensor? 522, a sensor8 524, a sensor9 526, and / or other components.

[0084] The CSS 502 may serve as a central hub for managing communications within the network diagram 500. The UBS1 504 may function as one of the nodes for underwater communication in the network diagram 500. The UBS2 506 may act as an additional node to facilitate the hand-off process in the network diagram 500. The UBS3 508 may provide a further node to support dynamic communication hand-offs in the network diagram 500. The sensori 510 may represent a component of the network diagram 500 capable of detecting and transmitting data. The sensor2 512 may function as a part of the sensor mesh in the network diagram 500, contributing to data collection and transmission. The sensor3 514 may operate as a node within the sensor mesh network of the network diagram 500. The sensor4 516 may be included in the network diagram 500 as a data relay point within the sensor mesh. The sensor5 518 may serve as a component in the network diagram 500, participating in the mesh network’s data relay. The sensor6 520 may act as a node for data detection and relay in the network diagram 500. The sensor? 522 may be involved in the network diagram 500 as a sensor for data collection and communication. The sensor8 524 may participate in the network diagram 500, contributing to the overall sensor mesh network. The sensor9 526 may be a part of the network diagram 500, functioning within the sensor mesh to relay information.

[0085] In some implementations, the CSS 502 may be centrally located to coordinate communication between UBS1 504, UBS2 506, and UBS3 508. The UBS1 504, UBS2 506, and UBS3 508 may be positioned at various points to ensure comprehensive coverage and effectivehand-off of communication signals. The sensori 510 may be positioned closest to UBS3 508, facilitating initial data transmission. The sensor2 512, sensor3 514, sensor4 516, sensor5 518, sensor6 520, sensor? 522, sensor8 524, and sensor9 526 may be arranged in a mesh network to relay data among themselves and back to UBS3 508. This arrangement may enable efficient data collection and communication within the network diagram 500.

[0086] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of an apparatus 602 that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the apparatus 602 and / or components thereof may be the same as or similar to one or more of control station 202, UBS 204, UMS 206, tower 208, transmit / receive electronics 210, CSS 212, UMT 310, and / or components thereof, as described in connection with FIGS. 2, 3A, 3B, and 3C. The apparatus 602 may include an input module 604, communication handoff component 606, and an output module 608. The apparatus 602 may also include a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses). In some cases, the apparatus 602 may be an example of a user terminal, a database server, or a system containing multiple computing devices.

[0087] The input module 604 may manage input signals for the apparatus 602. For example, the input module 604 may identify input signals based on an interaction with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. These input signals may be associated with user input or processing at other components or devices. In some cases, the input module 604 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS- WINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system to handle input signals. The input module 604 may send aspects of these input signals to other components of the apparatus 602 for processing. For example, the input module 604 may transmit input signals to the communication handoff component 606 to support face detection to address privacy in publishing image datasets. In some cases, the input module 604 may be a component of an input / output (I / O) controller 806 as described with reference to FIG. 8.

[0088] The communication handoff component 606 may include one or more of a plasmonic link establishment component 610, a signal monitoring component 612, a communication handoff component 614, and / or other components. The communication handoff component 606 may be an example of aspects of the communication handoff component 702 or 804 described with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.

[0089] The plasmonic link establishment component 610 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for establishing a first communication link between a base station and a mobileterminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. The signal monitoring component 612 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for monitoring signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. The communication handoff component 614 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for handing off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station.

[0090] The output module 608 may manage output signals for the apparatus 602. For example, the output module 608 may receive signals from other components of the apparatus 602, such as the communication handoff component 606, and may transmit these signals to other components or devices. In some specific examples, the output module 608 may transmit output signals for display in a user interface, for storage in a database or data store, for further processing at a server or server cluster, or for any other processes at any number of devices or systems. In some cases, the output module 608 may be a component of an I / O controller 806 as described with reference to FIG. 8.

[0091] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a communication handoff component 702 that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the communication handoff component 702 and / or components thereof may be the same as or similar to one or more of control station 202, UBS 204, UMS 206, tower 208, transmit / receive electronics 210, CSS 212, UMT 310, and / or components thereof, as described in connection with FIGS. 2, 3A, 3B, and 3C. The communication handoff component 702 may be an example of aspects of a communication handoff component 606, a communication handoff component 804, or both, as described herein. The communication handoff component 702, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks as described herein. For example, the communication handoff component 702 may include one or more of a plasmonic link establishment component 704, a signal monitoring component 706, a communication handoff component 708, a second link establishment component 710, a time slot allocation component 712, a CCS connection component 714, a high frequency antenna component 716, a repeater configuration component 718, and / or other components. Each of these components may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0092] The plasmonic link establishment component 704 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for establishing a first communication link between a base station and a mobileterminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. In some implementations, the plasmonic antenna may be designed to operate at low frequencies suitable for underwater communication. The first frequency may be in the range of a few megahertz, which may be conducive to long-distance underwater communication.

[0093] The plasmonic link establishment component 704 may include a processor that determines the optimal first frequency for communication based on environmental conditions. In some implementations, the component 704 may adjust the first frequency in real-time to maintain the communication link despite changing underwater conditions. The processor within component 704 may use data from environmental sensors to determine adjustments to the first frequency.

[0094] The signal monitoring component 706 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for monitoring signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. In some implementations, the signal monitoring component 706 may be part of an underwater communication system. The signal monitoring component 706 may be utilized in environments where multiple base stations are present. The signal monitoring component 706 may be involved in the process of handoff from one base station to another as the mobile terminal moves or as base stations move out of range.

[0095] In some examples, the communication handoff component 708 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for handing off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station. In some implementations, the communication handoff component 708 may be part of an underwater communication system where base stations are either fixed or mobile. The communication handoff component 708 may operate in environments where multiple base stations are deployed across a wide area to maintain communication with mobile terminals. The communication handoff component 708 may be designed to handle communication traffic in a cell-based underwater communication network.

[0096] In some examples, the second link establishment component 710 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for establishing a second communication link between the mobile terminal and another base station using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a second frequency different from the first frequency, in response to the mobile terminal moving out of the communication range of the first base station. In some implementations, the second frequency may be selected based on the environmental conditions prevalent in the underwater communication scenario. The plasmonic antenna used bythe second link establishment component 710 may be tuned to operate efficiently at the second frequency. The second communication link may be established without requiring direct line-of- sight between the mobile terminal and the another base station.

[0097] In some examples, the time slot allocation component 712 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for configuring the base station to allocate time slots for communication with multiple mobile terminals to prevent contention and interference among the mobile terminals operating at the same frequency. In some implementations, the time slot allocation component 712 may allow for the assignment of specific time slots to individual UMTs to facilitate orderly communication. The time slot allocation component 712 may be programmed to dynamically adjust the time slots based on the communication needs and patterns of the UMTs. In some implementations, the time slot allocation component 712 may work in conjunction with a central communication station to synchronize the time slot assignments across multiple base stations.

[0098] In some examples, the CCS connection component 714 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for connecting the base station to a CSS via a cable. In some implementations, the CCS connection component 714 may utilize a high-capacity power supply to maintain the connection. In some implementations, the CCS connection component 714 may be coupled to a control station that is located at or above the sea surface. The CCS may be responsible for coordinating the handoff of communication responsibilities among multiple base stations. In some implementations, the CCS may be directly connected to all base stations to facilitate coordination. In some implementations, the CCS may also be connected to a monitoring station to oversee the communication network.

[0099] In some examples, the high frequency antenna component 716 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for equipping the base station with a high frequency plasmonic antenna for communication with the mobile terminal when the mobile terminal is within a predetermined proximity to the base station. In some implementations, the high frequency plasmonic antenna may be designed to operate at frequencies suitable for high-bandwidth data transmission. The predetermined proximity may be based on the effective range of the high frequency plasmonic antenna, which may be optimized for near-surface communication scenarios. In some implementations, the base station may switch to the high frequency plasmonic antenna when the mobile terminal is detected to be within a range that supports high frequency operations.

[0100] In some examples, the repeater configuration component 718 may be configured as or otherwise support a means for configuring the mobile terminal to act as a repeater for extendingthe communication range to additional mobile terminals that are out of reach of the base station. In some implementations, the repeater configuration component 718 may allow a mobile terminal to receive a signal from a base station and then transmit the signal to another mobile terminal. The mobile terminal configured as a repeater may use the same frequency as the base station for this purpose. In some implementations, the repeater configuration component 718 may enable the mobile terminal to switch to a repeater mode when it detects that it is at the edge of the communication range of the base station.

[0101] FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system 800 including a device 802 that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the device 802 and / or components thereof may be the same as or similar to one or more of control station 202, UBS 204, UMS 206, tower 208, transmit / receive electronics 210, CSS 212, UMT 310, and / or components thereof, as described in connection with FIGS. 2, 3A, 3B, and 3C. The device 802 may be an example of or include the components of a database server or an apparatus 602 as described herein. The device 802 may include components for bi-directional data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, including a communication handoff component 804, an I / O controller 806, a database controller 808, memory 810, a processor 812, and a database 814. These components may be in electronic communication via one or more buses (e.g., bus 816).

[0102] The communication handoff component 804 may be an example of a communication handoff component 606 or 702 as described herein. For example, the communication handoff component 804 may perform any of the methods or processes described above with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7. In some cases, the communication handoff component 804 may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof.

[0103] The I / O controller 806 may manage input signals 818 and output signals 820 for the device 802. The I / O controller 806 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 802. In some cases, the I / O controller 806 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 806 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. In other cases, the I / O controller 806 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 806 may be implemented as part of a processor. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 802 via the I / O controller 806 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 806.

[0104] The database controller 808 may manage data storage and processing in a database 814. In some cases, a user may interact with the database controller 808. In other cases, the database controller 808 may operate automatically without user interaction. The database 814 may be an example of a single database, a distributed database, multiple distributed databases, a data store, a data lake, or an emergency backup database.

[0105] Memory 810 may include random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The memory 810 may store computer-readable, computer-executable software including instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform various functions described herein. In some cases, the memory 810 may contain, among other things, a basic input / output system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0106] The processor 812 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., a general- purpose processor, a DSP, a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor 812 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 812. The processor 812 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory 810 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks).

[0107] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 900 of using submarine cell tower systems for enabling dynamic hand-off in underwater communication networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0108] At 902, the method 900 may include providing a plurality of towers including plasmonic antennas and transmit / receive electronics, the plurality of towers configured for underwater operation. The operations of 902 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 902 may be performed by a UBS 204, a UMS 206, transmit / receive electronics 210, and a tower 208 as described with reference to FIG. 2.

[0109] At 904, the method 900 may include establishing communication between a CSS and the plurality of towers. The operations of 904 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 904 may be performed by a CSS 212 as described with reference to FIG. 2.

[0110] At 906, the method 900 may include coordinating handoff information between the towers using the CSS. The operations of 906 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 906 may be performed by a CSS 212 as described with reference to FIG. 2.[OHl] At 908, the method 900 may include configuring the plurality of towers to maintain continuous communication with the UMT in response to movement of the UMT or relocation of any of the plurality of towers. The operations of 908 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 908 may be performed by a CSS 212, a UMT 310, a UBS1 304, a UBS2 306, and a UBS3 308 as described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0112] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1000 that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1000 may be implemented by one or more components of a networked computing system as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1000 may be performed by a communication handoff component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 8. In some examples, one or more components of a networked computing system may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the component(s) to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more components of a networked computing system may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0113] At 1002, the method 1000 may include establishing a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency. The operations of 1002 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1002 may be performed by a plasmonic link establishment component 704 as described with reference to FIG. 7.

[0114] At 1004, the method 1000 may include monitoring signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station. The operations of 1004 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1004 may be performed by a signal monitoring component 706 as described with reference to FIG. 7.

[0115] At 1006, the method 1000 may include, in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station, handing off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional basestation. The operations of 1006 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1006 may be performed by a communication handoff component 708 as described with reference to FIG. 7.

[0116] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1100 that supports enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1100 may be implemented by one or more components of a networked computing system as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1100 may be performed by a communication handoff component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 8. In some examples, one or more components of a networked computing system may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the component(s) to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more components of a networked computing system may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0117] At 1102, the method 1100 may include initiating a communication link with a base station using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency from a mobile terminal. The operations of 1102 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1102 may be performed by a plasmonic link establishment component 704 as described with reference to FIG. 7.

[0118] At 1104, the method 1100 may include transmitting signals to the base station and allowing for the monitoring of signal strength at the base station and at least one additional base station. The operations of 1104 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1104 may be performed by a signal monitoring component 706 as described with reference to FIG. 7.

[0119] At 1106, the method 1100 may include facilitating a handoff of communication responsibilities from the base station to the at least one additional base station by ceasing communication with the base station and establishing communication with the at least one additional base station upon the at least one additional base station detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal. The operations of 1106 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1106 may be performed by a communication handoff component 708 and a second link establishment component 710 as described with reference to FIG. 7.

[0120] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modifiedand that other implementations are possible. Furthermore, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.

[0121] Aspect 1 : A method for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks, comprising: establishing a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency; monitoring signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station; and in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station, handing off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station.

[0122] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising establishing a second communication link between the mobile terminal and another base station using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a second frequency different from the first frequency, in response to the mobile terminal moving out of the communication range of the first base station.

[0123] Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, further comprising configuring the base station to allocate time slots for communication with multiple mobile terminals to prevent contention and interference among the mobile terminals operating at the same frequency.

[0124] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 1 through 3, further comprising connecting the base station to a central communication station (CCS) via a cable, wherein the CCS is responsible for coordinating the handoff of communication responsibilities among multiple base stations.

[0125] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, further comprising equipping the base station with a high frequency plasmonic antenna for communication with the mobile terminal when the mobile terminal is within a predetermined proximity to the base station.

[0126] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, further comprising configuring the mobile terminal to act as a repeater for extending the communication range to additional mobile terminals that are out of reach of the base station.

[0127] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein the base station includes an acoustic sensor network for detecting the presence and direction of underwater objects, and the detected information is incorporated into the communication link with the mobile terminal.

[0128] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein the base station is configured to operate as part of a mesh network, enabling indirect communication between mobile terminals through intermediate mobile terminals acting as nodes.

[0129] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, wherein the base station is equipped with a pressure sensor for environmental monitoring, and the sensor data is transmitted to the mobile terminal as part of the communication link.

[0130] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the base station is capable of dynamically adjusting the frequency of the plasmonic antenna in response to changes in underwater conditions to maintain the communication link with the mobile terminal.

[0131] Aspect 11 : The method of any of aspects 1 through 10, wherein the base station is configured to receive data from a sensor network and forward the data to the mobile terminal, enabling real-time monitoring of underwater activities.

[0132] Aspect 12: A system for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks, comprising a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.

[0133] Aspect 13 : A system for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.

[0134] Aspect 14: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.

[0135] Aspect 15: A submarine cell tower system, comprising: a plurality of towers including plasmonic antennas and transmit / receive electronics, the plurality of towers configured for underwater operation; and a central communication station (CSS) in communication with the plurality of towers for coordinating handoff information between the towers; the plurality of towers being configured to maintain continuous communication with an underwater mobile terminal (UMT) in response to movement of the UMT or relocation of any of the plurality of towers.

[0136] Aspect 16: The submarine cell tower system of aspect 15, further comprising a sensor mesh network including a plurality of sensors configured to act as repeaters for the UMT, wherein the sensors are selected from the group consisting of acoustic sensors, RF sensors, pressure sensors, magnetic sensors, and optical sensors.

[0137] Aspect 17: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 16, wherein the CSS is connected to a monitoring station above the sea surface, and the connection between the CSS and the monitoring station is established through a cable.

[0138] Aspect 18: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 17, further comprising a mobile base station attached to a surface ship, wherein the mobile base station includes transmit / receive electronics and is configured to act as the CSS for coordinating handoff information between the towers.

[0139] Aspect 19: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 18, wherein the transmit / receive electronics of each tower are configured to communicate using at least two different frequencies, with a first frequency dedicated for tower-to-tower communications and a second frequency dedicated for tower-to-UMT communications.

[0140] Aspect 20: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 19, further comprising a fixed base station anchored to the ocean floor, wherein the fixed base station includes transmit / receive electronics and is configured to maintain communication with the UMT in response to the UMT’s movement within a predetermined range.

[0141] Aspect 21 : The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 20, wherein the CSS is configured to dynamically allocate communication resources to the UMT based on the UMT’s data transmission needs.

[0142] Aspect 22: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 21, wherein the tower includes a power management system designed to adjust the transmission power in response to the detected proximity of the UMT.

[0143] Aspect 23: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 22, wherein the sensor mesh network is configured to prioritize the transmission of handoff information to ensure seamless connectivity for the UMT.

[0144] Aspect 24: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 23, wherein the tower is equipped with environmental monitoring capabilities to adjust the transmit / receive electronics settings in response to changes in underwater conditions.

[0145] Aspect 25: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 24, wherein the CSS includes a data processing unit capable of analyzing the handoff information to predict the UMT’s future location and optimize the handoff process.

[0146] Aspect 26: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 25, wherein the tower further comprises a diagnostic module for self-assessment of the transmit / receive electronics to maintain system integrity.

[0147] Aspect 27: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 26, wherein the sensor mesh network is configured to encrypt the handoff information to secure communications between the UMT and the tower.

[0148] Aspect 28: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 27, wherein the tower includes a redundancy system to provide backup communication channels for the UMT in response to a failure in the primary channel.

[0149] Aspect 29: The submarine cell tower system of any of aspects 15 through 28, wherein the CSS is configured to interface with satellite communication systems to extend the range of the UMT beyond the sensor mesh network.

[0150] Aspect 30: A method for maintaining continuous communication with an underwater mobile terminal (UMT), the method comprising: providing a plurality of towers including plasmonic antennas and transmit / receive electronics, the plurality of towers configured for underwater operation; establishing communication between a central communication station (CSS) and the plurality of towers; coordinating handoff information between the towers using the CSS; and configuring the plurality of towers to maintain continuous communication with the UMT in response to movement of the UMT or relocation of any of the plurality of towers.

[0151] Aspect 31 : The method of aspect 30, further comprising utilizing a sensor mesh network including a plurality of sensors to act as repeaters for the UMT, wherein the sensors are selected from the group consisting of acoustic sensors, RF sensors, pressure sensors, magnetic sensors, and optical sensors.

[0152] Aspect 32: The method of any of aspects 30 through 31, wherein the CSS is connected to a monitoring station above the sea surface, the connection being established through a cable.

[0153] Aspect 33: The method of any of aspects 30 through 32, further comprising attaching a mobile base station to a surface ship, wherein the mobile base station includes transmit / receive electronics and is configured to act as the CSS for coordinating handoff information between the towers.

[0154] Aspect 34: The method of any of aspects 30 through 33, further comprising configuring the transmit / receive electronics of each tower to communicate using at least two different frequencies, with a first frequency dedicated for tower-to-tower communications and a second frequency dedicated for tower-to-UMT communications.

[0155] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “exemplary” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specificdetails. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0156] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.

[0157] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0158] The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general -purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0159] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations. Also, as used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (for example, a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C).Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an exemplary step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.”

[0160] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0161] The description herein is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks, comprising: establishing a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency; monitoring signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station; in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station, handing off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising establishing a second communication link between the mobile terminal and another base station using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a second frequency different from the first frequency, in response to the mobile terminal moving out of the communication range of the first base station.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring the base station to allocate time slots for communication with multiple mobile terminals to prevent contention and interference among the mobile terminals operating at the same frequency.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising connecting the base station to a CSS via a cable, wherein the CCS is responsible for coordinating the handoff of communication responsibilities among multiple base stations.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising equipping the base station with a high frequency plasmonic antenna for communication with the mobile terminal when the mobile terminal is within a predetermined proximity to the base station.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring the mobile terminal to act as a repeater for extending the communication range to additional mobile terminals that are out of reach of the base station.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station includes an acoustic sensor network for detecting the presence and direction of underwater objects, and the detected information is incorporated into the communication link with the mobile terminal.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station is configured to operate as part of a mesh network, enabling indirect communication between mobile terminals through intermediate mobile terminals acting as nodes.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station is equipped with a pressure sensor for environmental monitoring, and the sensor data is transmitted to the mobile terminal as part of the communication link.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station is capable of dynamically adjusting the frequency of the plasmonic antenna in response to changes in underwater conditions to maintain the communication link with the mobile terminal.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station is configured to receive data from a sensor network and forward the data to the mobile terminal, enabling real-time monitoring of underwater activities.

12. A system configured for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks, comprising: a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the system to: establish a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency;monitor signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station; in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station, hand off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the system to: establish a second communication link between the mobile terminal and another base station using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a second frequency different from the first frequency, in response to the mobile terminal moving out of the communication range of the first base station.

14. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the system to: allocate time slots for communication with multiple mobile terminals to prevent contention and interference among the mobile terminals operating at the same frequency.

15. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the system to: connect the base station to a CSS via a cable, wherein the CCS is responsible for coordinating the handoff of communication responsibilities among multiple base stations.

16. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the system to: equip the base station with a high frequency plasmonic antenna for communication with the mobile terminal when the mobile terminal is within a predetermined proximity to the base station.

17. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the system to: configure the mobile terminal to act as a repeater for extending the communication range to additional mobile terminals that are out of reach of the base station.

18. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the system to: include an acoustic sensor network for detecting the presenceand direction of underwater objects, and incorporate the detected information into the communication link with the mobile terminal.

19. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the system to: operate as part of a mesh network, enabling indirect communication between mobile terminals through intermediate mobile terminals acting as nodes.

20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for enabling extended underwater communication with plasmonic antenna networks, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to: establish a first communication link between a base station and a mobile terminal using a plasmonic antenna capable of generating surface electromagnetic waves at a first frequency; monitor signal strength of the mobile terminal at the base station and at least one additional base station; hand off communication responsibilities for the mobile terminal from the base station to the at least one additional base station in response to detecting a stronger signal from the mobile terminal at the at least one additional base station.

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