Animal free lactose synthesis using a phosphorylase

Abstract

Animal free lactose synthesis using a phosphorylase The present invention relates to methods to produce lactose, more specifically without the need for isolation from mammalian milk. Furthermore, the present invention provides for methods to purify the produced lactose.

Description

[0001] Animal free lactose synthesis using a phosphorylase

[0002] The present invention relates to methods to produce lactose, more specifically without the need for isolation from mammalian milk. Furthermore, the present invention provides for methods to purify the produced lactose.

[0003] Lactose as a disaccharide knows a wide variety of applications, in the food and pharmaceutical industry ( Hebbink GA, Dickhoff BHJ. Chapter 5 - Application of lactose in the pharmaceutical industry. In: Paques M, Lindner CBT-L, editors. Academic Press; 2019. p. 175-229, Hettinga KA. Chapter 6 - Lactose in the dairy production chain. In: Paques M, Lindner CBT-L, editors. Academic Press; 2019. p. 231-66). Today it is isolated from mammalian milk, mainly cow's milk. Due to the environmental impact of this production process, there is a need for alternative synthesis methods that can compete with the well-established extraction methods from milk at low production cost.

[0004] Mammals synthesize lactose by means of a lactose synthase, or beta-1,4 galactosyltransferase, transferring a galactose to glucose with UDP-galactose as a donor substrate and glucose as an acceptor substrate. Steelman et al. ("The enzymes of lactose biosynthesis I. Purification and properties of UDPG pyrophosphorylase from bovine mammary tissue", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Enzymology and Biochemical Oxidation, vol. 128, no. 1, 17 Oct 1966, p. 92-99) describe purification and properties of UDPG pyrophosphorylase from bovine mammary tissue and how this enzyme is involved in lactose biosynthesis. This principle has been engineered in microbes, copying the mammalian biosynthesis pathway (Mao Z, Shin H-D, Chen RR. Engineering the E. coli UDP-glucose synthesis pathway for oligosaccharide synthesis. Biotechnol Prog [Internet], Jan [cited 2016 Mar 13];22(2):369-74) and the synthesis enzymes have been applied in vitro before to synthesize lactose by the addition of the expensive UDP-galactose (Lau K, Thon V, Yu H, Ding L, Chen Y, Muthana MM, et al. Highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of [small beta]l- 4-linked galactosides with promiscuous bacterial [small beta]l-4-galactosyltransferases. Chem Commun [Internet], 2010;46(33):6066-8) as donor. Kitchen et al. ("Kinetic studies on the effect of uridine diphosphate galactose and manganous ions on the reaction between lactose synthetase A protein from human milk and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate", Biochemical Journal, vol. 143, no. 3, December 1974, p. 587-590) describe uridine diphosphate galactose and the protective effect thereof in lactose synthetase, a protein that catalyses the transfer of a galactosyl unit from UDP-galactose to glucose to form lactose. Such enzymes are also applied in a method for production of galactose as described in CN115094103. EP3235907 describes engineering of a split metabolism in a microorganism for higher production of a desired product.

[0005] Purely from an energy point and cost point of view, the current state of the art would not be able to compete with extractive production of lactose, even if it is more environmentally friendly. Summary of the invention

[0006] It is an object of the present invention to provide for methods which solve the problem of the energy requirement for lactose synthesis and the production cost. The present invention provides a new method for producing lactose wherein we solved the problem of stoichiometric addition of nucleotides and galactose.

[0007] According to the invention, this and other objects are achieved by providing a method for the production of lactose, characterised in that said method comprises use of i) a phosphorylase and ii) inorganic phosphate, to form glucose-l-phosphate, and preferably use of a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase. The method can further comprise the use of an UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase and UTP, to convert the synthesized glucose-l-phosphate to UDP-glucose. The method can further comprise the use of an UDP-glucose-4-epimerase on the synthesized UDP-glucose which results in the synthesis of UDP- galactose which is then used by a galactosyltransferase to form lactose. More specifically a beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase is used to form lactose with glucose as an acceptor. Preferably, the beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase. In a preferred method, glucose is produced by the phosphorylase. In another and / or additional preferred method, glucose is produced from a carbon source, preferably selected from sucrose or trehalose, by the addition of a glucose isomerase, which converts fructose into glucose. In an alternative preferred method, glucose is added. In another and / or additional preferred method, glucose is fed together with sucrose. This method allows the full conversion of sucrose, trehalose or a combined feed of sucrose and glucose into lactose without the addition of stoichiometric amounts of nucleotides. In another and / or additional preferred method other carbon sources and combinations thereof can be used in the method of the present invention.

[0008] Key intermediates in the production process for lactose include glucose-l-phosphate, UDP-glucose, UDP- galactose and glucose. Key intermediates in the process from a combined feed of sucrose and glucose to lactose include glucose-l-phosphate, UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose.

[0009] The present invention further also provides efficient methods for purification of the produced lactose. Further benefits of the teachings of this invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art from reading this invention.

[0010] Definitions

[0011] The words used in this specification to describe the invention and its various embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings, but to include by special definition in this specification structure, material or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings. Thus, if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning, then its use in a claim must be understood as being generic to all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word itself. The various aspects and embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are to be understood not only in the order and context specifically described in this specification, but to include any order and any combination thereof. Each embodiment as identified herein may be combined together unless otherwise indicated. All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all words used in the singular number shall be deemed to include the plural and vice versa. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in cell culture, molecular genetics, organic chemistry and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well- known and commonly employed in the art. Standard techniques are used for nucleic acid and peptide synthesis. Generally, enzymatic reactions and purification steps are performed according to the manufacturer's specifications.

[0012] In the specification, there have been disclosed embodiments of the invention, and although specific terms are employed, the terms are used in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims. It must be understood that the illustrated embodiments have been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that alterations, other embodiments, improvements, details and uses can be made consistent with the letter and spirit of the disclosure herein and within the scope of this disclosure, which is limited only by the claims, construed in accordance with the patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents. In the claims that follow, reference characters used to designate claim steps are provided for convenience of description only, and are not intended to imply any particular order for performing the steps, unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0013] Throughout the application, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the features "synthesize", "synthesized" and "synthesis" are interchangeably used with the features "produce", "produced" and "production", respectively. Throughout the application, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the expressions "capable of...<verb>" and "capable to...<verb>" are preferably replaced with the active voice of said verb and vice versa. For example, the expression "capable of expressing" is preferably replaced with "expresses" and vice versa, i.e., "expresses" is preferably replaced with "capable of expressing". Throughout this document and in its claims, the verbs "to comprise", "to have" and "to contain" and their conjugations are used in their non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. The verb "to consist essentially of" means that a solution or a composition as defined herein may comprise additional component(s) than the ones specifically identified, said additional component(s) not altering the unique characteristic of the invention. Said additional compound(s) might be inevitable by-product(s), for example, generated during production of lactose of present invention as well as compound(s) that were introduced into a process stream from which lactose is recovered but which could not have been removed therefrom. The term "consisting essentially of" with respect to spray-dried powders includes spray-dried powders containing with respect to the dry matter of the spray-dried powder at least 80 %-wt., at least 85 %-wt., at least 90 % -wt., at least 93 %-wt., at least 95 %-wt. or at least 98 %-wt. of lactose. The term "consisting essentially of" is used likewise with respect to spray-dried powders, process streams and solutions containing lactose. Throughout this document and in its claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, the verbs "to comprise", "to have" and "to contain", and their conjugations, may be preferably replaced by "to consist of" (and its conjugations) or "to consist essentially of" (and its conjugations) and vice versa. In addition, reference to an element by the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the elements is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article "a" or "an" thus usually means "at least one". Throughout the document and in the claims, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the articles "a" and "an" are preferably replaced by "at least one", more preferably "at least two", even more preferably by "at least three", even more preferably by "at least four", even more preferably by "at least five", even more preferably by "at least six", most preferably by "at least two". The word "about" or "approximately" when used in association with a numerical value (e.g., "about 10") or with a range (e.g., "about x to approximately y") preferably means that the value or range is interpreted as being as accurate as the method used to measure it. If no error margins are specified, the expression "about" or "approximately" when used in association with a numerical value is interpreted as having the same round-off as the given value. Throughout this document and its claims, unless otherwise stated, the expression "from x to y", wherein x and y represent numerical values, refers to a range of numerical values wherein x is the lower value of the range and y is the upper value of the range. Herein, x and y are also included in the range.

[0014] Throughout the application, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the term "beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase" is to be understood to refer to an enzyme being able to transfer a galactose from UDP-galactose to glucose to form lactose. Such beta-1,4- galactosyltransferase is preferably a lactose synthase. An example of such galactosyltransferase is the N-acetylglucosamine beta-1, 4-galactosyltransferase GalT (Uniprot ID Q51116, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Neisseria meningitidis.

[0015] The term "bioconversion" is to be understood as a conversion of a product by resting or permeabilized cells. The term "fermentation" is to be understood as a microbial fermentation or a cell culture.

[0016] Throughout the application, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the terms "UDP-glucose-4-epimerase" and "UDP-galactose-4-epimerase" are used interchangeably.

[0017] The terms "glucose isomerase", "xylose isomerase" and "fructose isomerase" are used in the art to refer to an enzyme converting fructose to glucose and vice versa.

[0018] The term "(alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3" as used herein refers to a glucan molecule consisting of at least 3 D-glucose monosaccharides that are glycosid ically linked to each other via an alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage. The degree of polymerisation of said glucan molecule can be 3 or larger than 3, for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or larger than 20. A glucan molecule can be a polysaccharide with a degree of polymerisation of 15 to 20. A glucan molecule can also be larger than a polysaccharide, wherein said glucan molecule has a degree of polymerisation of more than 20. Said "(alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3" as used herein also refers to an oligosaccharide consisting of at least 3 D-glucose monosaccharides that are glycosidically linked to each other via an alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage. The degree of polymerisation of said oligosaccharide can be 3 or larger than 3, for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. Examples of said "(alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3" as used herein comprise but are not limited to amylodextrin, maltodextrin, and maltooligosaccharide. Said "(alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3" as used herein is used interchangeably with the term "alpha-1,4 gluco-oligosaccharide". Said "(alpha-1, 4-D- glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3" as used herein also refers to a starch-type molecule, like for example starch itself.

[0019] Protein or polypeptide sequence information and functional information can be provided by a comprehensive resource for protein sequence and annotation data like e.g., the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) (www.uniprot.org) (Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, 49(D1), D480-D489). UniProt comprises the expertly and richly curated protein database called the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB), together with the UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef) and the UniProt Archive (UniParc). The UniProt identifiers (UniProt ID) are unique for each protein present in the database. Throughout the application, the sequence of a polypeptide is represented by a SEQ. ID NO or an UniProt ID. Unless stated otherwise, the UniProt IDs of the proteins described correspond to their sequence version 01 as present in the UniProt Database (www.uniprot.org) version release 2023_02 of 03 May 2023.

[0020] It should be understood for those skilled in the art that for the databases used herein, the content of each database is fixed at each release and is not to be changed. When the content of a specific database is changed, this specific database receives a new release version with a new release date. All release versions for each database with their corresponding release dates and specific content as annotated at these specific release dates are available and known to those skilled in the art.

[0021] Brief description of the drawings Figure 1 shows production of lactose using sucrose as carbon source.

[0022] Figure 2 shows production of lactose using sucrose and glucose as carbon sources.

[0023] Figure 3 shows production of lactose using trehalose as carbon source.

[0024] Figure 4 shows production of lactose using (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 as carbon source.

[0025] Detailed description of the invention

[0026] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for the production of lactose, wherein the method comprises use of i) a phosphorylase and ii) inorganic phosphate, to form glucose-l-phosphate, and preferably use of a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase.

[0027] Inorganic phosphate is preferably added in catalytic amounts, more preferably said inorganic phosphate is provided in a concentration between 0.1 mM and 10 mM.

[0028] In a preferred embodiment, the phosphorylase is selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of a sucrose phosphorylase, a trehalose phosphorylase, a sophorose phosphorylase, a laminaribiose phosphorylase, a cellobiose phosphorylase, a cellodextrin phosphorylase, a sucrose 6'- phosphate phosphorylase, a 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, a 1,2-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase, a kojibiose phosphorylase, a nigerose phosphorylase, a maltose phosphorylase, a glucosylrhamnose phosphorylase, a 1,3-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, a 1,3-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a cellobionic acid phosphorylase, and a glucosylglycerate phosphorylase.

[0029] Preferably, the phosphorylase is any one of a sucrose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.7), a trehalose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.231), a sophorose phosphorylase, a laminaribiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.31), a cellobiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.20), a cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.49), a sucrose 6'-phosphate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.329), a 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), a 1,2-beta-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.133), a 1,3-beta-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.30), a cellobionic acid phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.321), a glucosylglycerate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.352), a trehalose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.64), a trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.216), a kojibiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.230), a nigerose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.279), a maltose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.8), a glucosylrhamnose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.282) and a 1,3-alpha-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.334).

[0030] More preferably, the phosphorylase is any one of a sucrose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.7), a trehalose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.231), a sophorose phosphorylase, a laminaribiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.31), a cellobiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.20), a cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.49), a sucrose 6'-phosphate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.329), a 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), a 1,2-beta-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.133), a 1,3-beta-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.30), a cellobionic acid phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.321), and a glucosylglycerate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.352). Even more preferably, the phosphorylase is a sucrose phosphorylase like e.g. the sucrose phosphorylase BaSP originating from Bifidobacterium adolescentis (UniProt ID A0ZZH6).

[0031] In a specific embodiment, the glucose-l-phosphate synthesized by the use of a phosphorylase of present invention and inorganic phosphate can be alpha-D-glucose-l-phosphate or beta-D-glucose-l-phosphate. In a preferred embodiment, the glucose-l-phosphate synthesized is alpha-D-glucose-l-phosphate.

[0032] A phosphorylase needs in addition to inorganic phosphate a compatible carbon source to form glucose- l-phosphate. Phosphorylases that can form alpha-D-glucose-l-phosphate comprise but are not limited to a sucrose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.7), a trehalose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.231), a sophorose phosphorylase, a laminaribiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.31), a cellobiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.20), a cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.49), a sucrose 6'-phosphate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.329), a 1,4- alpha-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), a 1,2-beta-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.133), a 1,3-beta- glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.30), cellobionic acid phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.321), and glucosylglycerate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.352).

[0033] Phosphorylases that can form beta-D-glucose-l-phosphate comprise but are not limited to trehalose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.64), trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.216), kojibiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.230), nigerose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.279), maltose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.8), glucosylrhamnose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.282) and 1,3-alpha-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.334).

[0034] In another preferred embodiment of the method of present invention, the method further comprises the use of an alpha-phosphoglucomutase and a beta-phosphoglucomutase. When the glucose-l-phosphate formed is beta-D-glucose-l-phosphate, the method further uses an alpha-phosphoglucomutase and a beta-phosphoglucomutase: the beta-phosphoglucomutase converts the beta-D-glucose-l-phosphate into D-glucose-l-phosphate and the alpha-phosphoglucomutase converts the D-glucose-l-phosphate into alpha-D-glucose-l-phosphate. Preferably, the beta-phosphoglucomutase is selected from the KEGG enzyme class EC 5.4.2.6 or comprises a polypeptide comprising the IPR010972 domain as defined by InterProScan 5.67-99.0 as released on 28th March 2024. Examples of a beta-phosphoglucomutase that could be used by the method of present invention comprise but are not limited to pgmB from Escherichia coli (UniProt ID P77366), pgmB from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (UniProt ID P71447, sequence version 02_2024 of 1 March 2024), yvdM of Bacillus subtilis (UniProt ID 006995) and pgmB of Neisseria meningitidis (UniProt ID Q9K108). Preferably, the alpha-phosphoglucomutase is selected from the KEGG enzyme class EC 5.4.2.2 or comprises a polypeptide comprising the IPR005852 domain as defined by InterProScan 5.67-99.0 as released on 28th March 2024. Examples of an alpha-phosphoglucomutase that could be used by the method of present invention comprise but are not limited to pgm from Escherichia coli (UniProt ID P36938) and pgmA from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (UniProt ID A2RIP9). Preferably, the method according to the present invention further comprises the use of i) an UTP-glucose- 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase and ii) uridine triphosphate (UTP), to convert glucose-l-phosphate to UDP-glucose. UTP is preferably added in catalytic amounts, more preferably said UTP is provided in a concentration between 0.1 mM and 10 mM. Alternatively, UTP is preferably added in stoichiometric amounts. Alternatively and / or additionally, UTP is synthesized in the method. In a preferred embodiment, UTP is synthesized and / or regenerated via an UTP / UDP / UDP-glucose cycle well-known for the person skilled in the art. For example, UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase converts glucose-l- phosphate using UTP into UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate. Then, the UDP-glucose could be a substrate together with glycogen, having n units of glucose, for a glycogen synthase to form UDP and glycogen with n+1 units of glucose. The UDP released in said reaction can then be used in a next reaction wherein UTP together with ADP (adenosine 5'-disphosphate) is synthesized from UDP and ATP (adenosine 5'- triphosphate) via a nucleoside disphosphokinase. In another and / or additional example, UTP is synthesized from UDP and acetylphosphate via an acetate kinase. Said UDP can be added in the method or can be synthesized from UMP (uridine 5'-monophosphate) and ATP via an UMP kinase, releasing ADP. ATP could be regenerated from said ADP via an ATP regeneration pathway catalyzed e.g. by acetate kinase using acetylphosphate. Preferably, the reactions of UTP / UDP / UDP-glucose cycle are performed in a one- pot reaction. In another preferred embodiment, the UTP / UDP / UDP-glucose cycle and ATP regeneration reaction are performed in a one-pot reaction.

[0035] Preferably, the method according to the present invention further comprises use of UDP-glucose-4- epimerase to convert said UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose.

[0036] Alternatively, or preferably, said UDP-galactose is a galactose donor for a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase to form lactose. Preferably, the beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0037] Alternatively, or preferably, the method can further comprise use of a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase to convert glucose with UDP-galactose to form lactose and UDP. Preferably said beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase. Preferably, said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase uses glucose as an acceptor and UDP-galactose as a donor.

[0038] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the phosphorylase used also forms glucose or fructose. Preferably, in the methods wherein the phosphorylase also forms a fructose, said fructose is converted to glucose.

[0039] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprises addition of glucose, fructose, inorganic phosphate, a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase and / or UTP. In another and / or additional preferred embodiment, the method further comprises the addition and / or synthesis of ATP, ADP and / or pyrophosphate.

[0040] Preferably said UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase is selected from enzyme class EC 2.7.7.9, or selected from the list comprising GalU (UniProt ID P0AEP3, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, GalU (UniProt ID Q975F9, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Pyrococcus horikoshii (strain ATCC 700860 / DSM 12428 / JCM 9974 / NBRC 100139 / OT-3) or any protein sequence comprising a sequence identity of 80% or more to any one of GalU (UniProt ID P0AEP3, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, GalU (UniProt ID Q975F9, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Pyrococcus horikoshii (strain ATCC 700860 / DSM 12428 / JCM 9974 / NBRC 100139 / OT-3) and having UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity.

[0041] Preferably said UDP-glucose-4-epimerase is selected from enzyme class EC 5.1.3.2, or selected from the list of GalE (Uniprot ID P09147, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, GalE (Uniprot ID E8MF10, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, GalE (Uniprot ID A0A0K1E1Q5, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Pyrobaculum sp.WP30, GalE (Uniprot ID Q0P9C3, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni serotype 0:2 or any protein sequence comprising a sequence identity of 80% or more to any one of GalE (Uniprot ID P09147, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, GalE (Uniprot ID E8MF10, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, GalE (Uniprot ID A0A0K1E1Q5, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Pyrobaculum sp.WP30, GalE (Uniprot ID Q0P9C3, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni serotype 0:2 and having UDP-glucsose-4-epimerase activity.

[0042] Preferably said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is selected from Enzyme Class EC 2.4.1.87, selected from the list comprising GalT (Uniprot ID Q51116, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Neisseria meningitidis, GalT (UniProt ID D0EAD4, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Pasteurella multocida or any protein sequence comprising a sequence identity of 80% or more to any one of GalT (Uniprot ID Q51116, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Neisseria meningitidis, GalT (UniProt ID D0EAD4, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Pasteurella multocida and having beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase activity.

[0043] Preferably said glucose isomerase is selected from the list of XylA (Uniprot ID P37031, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Streptomyces murinus, XylA (Uniprot ID P12070, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Arthrobacter sp. (strain NRRL B3728), XylA (Uniprot ID D2DK62, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus or any protein with a sequence comprising a sequence identity of 80% or more to any one of said XylA (Uniprot ID P37031, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Streptomyces murinus, XylA (Uniprot ID P12070, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Arthrobacter sp. (strain NRRL B3728), XylA (Uniprot ID D2DK62, sequence version 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus and having glucose isomerase activity.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the method is a fermentation process, a bioconversion, or an enzymatic process. A fermentation process is to be understood as defined herein. Cells used in such fermentation or bioconversion process are selected from the list consisting of a microorganism, a plant cell, an animal cell, an insect cell or a protozoan cell, more preferably said cell is a microorganism, more preferably said cell is a bacterium or a yeast, even more preferably said cell is a bacterium, even more preferably said cell is a bacterium belonging to the genus of Escherichia or Bacillus, even more preferably said cell is a bacterium belonging to the genus of Escherichia, even more preferably said cell is Escherichia coli, even more preferably said cell is an Escherichia coli K-12 strain, most preferably said cell is Escherichia coli MG1655.

[0045] Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, a microorganism is preferably a bacterium, a yeast or a fungus, more preferably a bacterium or a yeast, most preferably a bacterium.

[0046] Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, a bacterium preferably belongs to the phylum of the Proteobacteria or the phylum of the Firmicutes or the phylum of the Cyanobacteria or the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus. Said bacterium belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria belongs preferably to the family Enterobacteriaceae, preferably to the species Escherichia coli. Said bacterium preferably relates to any strain belonging to the species Escherichia coli such as but not limited to Escherichia coli B, Escherichia coli C, Escherichia coli W, Escherichia coli K12, Escherichia coli Nissle. More specifically, said bacterium relates to cultivated Escherichia coli strains - designated as E. coli K12 strains - which are well-adapted to the laboratory environment, and, unlike wild type strains, have lost their ability to thrive in the intestine. Well-known examples of the E. coli K12 strains are K12 Wild type, W3110, MG1655, M182, MC1000, MC1060, MC1061, MC4100, JM101, NZN111 and AA200. Hence, preferably the present invention specifically relates to an E. coli K12 strain, more preferably an E. coli MG1655 strain. Said bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes belongs preferably to the Bacilli, preferably from the species Bacillus, such as Bacillus subtilis or, B. amyloliquefaciens. Said bacterium belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, preferably belonging to the family of the Corynebacteriaceae, with members Corynebacterium glutamicum or C. afermentans, or belonging to the family of the Streptomycetaceae with members Streptomyces griseus or S. fradiae.

[0047] Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, a yeast cell preferably belongs to the phylum of the Ascomycota or the phylum of the Basidiomycota or the phylum of the Deuteromycota or the phylum of the Zygomycetes. Said yeast cell belongs preferably to the genus Saccharomyces (with members like e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. boulardii), Pichia (with members like e.g. Pichia pastoris, P. anomala, P. kluyveri), Komagataella, Hansunella, Kluyveromyces (with members like e.g. Kluyveromyces lactis, K. marxianus, K. thermotolerans), Yarrowia (like e.g. Yarrowia lipolytica), Eremothecium, Zygosaccharomyces, Starmerella l ike e.g. Starmerella bombicola) or Debaromyces. Said yeast cell is more preferably selected from Pichia pastoris, Yarrowia lipolitica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis.

[0048] Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, a fungus preferably belongs to the genus Rhizopus, Dictyostelium, Penicillium, Mucor or Aspergillus.

[0049] Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, a plant cell includes cells of flowering and non-flowering plants, as well as algal cells, for example Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, etc. Preferably, said plant cell is a tobacco, alfalfa, rice, cotton, rapeseed, tomato, corn, maize or soybean cell. Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, an animal cell is preferably derived from non-human mammals (e.g. cattle, buffalo, pig, sheep, mouse, rat), birds (e.g. chicken, duck, ostrich, turkey, pheasant), fish (e.g. swordfish, salmon, tuna, sea bass, trout, catfish), invertebrates (e.g. lobster, crab, shrimp, clams, oyster, mussel, sea urchin), reptiles (e.g. snake, alligator, turtle), amphibians (e.g. frogs) or insects (e.g. fly, nematode) or is a genetically modified cell line derived from human cells excluding embryonic stem cells. Both human and non-human mammalian cells are preferably chosen from the list consisting of an epithelial cell like e.g. a mammary epithelial cell, an embryonic kidney cell (e.g. HEK293 or HEK 293T cell), a fibroblast cell, a COS cell, a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell, a murine myeloma cell like e.g. an 1X120, SP2 / 0 or YB2 / 0 cell, an NIH-3T3 cell, a non-mammary adult stem cell or derivatives thereof such as described in WO21067641.

[0050] Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, an insect cell is preferably derived from Spodoptera frugiperda like e.g. Sf9 or Sf21 cells, Bombyx mori, Mamestra brassicae, Trichoplusia ni like e.g. BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells or Drosophila melanogaster like e.g. Drosophila S2 cells.

[0051] Throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, a protozoan cell is preferably a Leishmania tarentolae cell.

[0052] In another preferred embodiment, said cell used in a biotechnological production process according to the invention is a single cell. It is further preferred that said cell used in a biotechnological production process according to the invention is an isolated cell.

[0053] In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, when said method is an enzymatic process at least one of the enzymes used in the enzymatic process is / are immobilized. Preferably said enzymes are immobilized on a carrier or immobilized by entrapping, adsorption or covalent binding. Said enzymes are immobilized by well-known technologies such as by entrapping the enzymes ('Entrapped immobilized enzymes') wherein said enzyme is entrapped in for instance collagen, gelatin, cellulose triacetate, polyacrylamide, and / or j-carrageenan, by binding (Bound immobilized enzymes), by adsorption ('Adsorbed bound immobilized enzymes') wherein said enzyme is adsorbed to polysaccharide derivatives, synthetic polymers, and porous glass, by covalent binding ('Covalently bound immobilized enzymes') wherein said enzyme is bound with glutaraldehyde, bisdiazobenzidine, and hexamethylene, diisocyanate (see e.g. Rafiq Khan M, Bulletin of the National Research Centre 45, 207 (2021)).

[0054] In an alternative or more preferred embodiment of the present invention, when said method is an enzymatic process as described herein at least one reaction in the enzymatic process is performed between 50°C and 80°C, preferably between 55°C and 70°C.

[0055] In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, when said method is a fermentation process or a bioconversion, the enzymatic conversions in said fermentation process or bioconversion are performed by at least one enzyme produced by a cell synthesizing said enzyme.

[0056] In an alternative more preferred embodiment of the present invention, when said method is a fermentation process, said lactose is produced by a cell genetically engineered to produce all enzymes needed for production of lactose.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fermentation process or bioconversion process is performed at a temperature between about 25°C and about 50°C, preferably between about 25°C and about 40°C.

[0058] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the carbon source used by the phosphorylase is selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1,3-alpha-glucan, 1,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of sucrose and maltodextrin, combination of sucrose and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of trehalose and maltodextrin, combination of trehalose and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'-phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1, 4- gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6-phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1,3-beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose.

[0059] In a preferred embodiment of the method of present invention, lactose is produced by using any one of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1,3-alpha-glucan, 1,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'-phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6- phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1,3-beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose as a carbon source, and wherein said production is catalysed by a plurality of enzyme combinations. In one preferred embodiment all enzymatic reactions are performed in one pot. In another preferred embodiment, some enzymatic reactions are performed separate from the other reactions in the method.

[0060] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method uses a phosphorylase which is a sucrose phosphorylase, and the method uses sucrose to start the conversion from. Said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and fructose. The formed glucose-l-phosphate is converted into UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is converted into UDP-galactose. Said fructose is converted into glucose and said UDP-galactose and said glucose are then converted into lactose. An exemplary embodiment hereof can be found in figure 1.

[0061] In an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method uses a phosphorylase which is a sucrose phosphorylase, and the method uses sucrose and glucose to start the conversion from. Said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and fructose. The formed glucose-l-phosphate is converted into UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is converted into UDP-galactose. No need to convert the fructose into glucose, because glucose is also present as carbon source. Said UDP- galactose and said glucose are then converted into lactose. An exemplary embodiment hereof can be found in figure 2 wherein the carbon sources are underlined.

[0062] In another alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method uses a phosphorylase which is a trehalose phosphorylase, and the method uses trehalose to start the conversion from. Said trehalose is converted with said trehalose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and glucose. The formed glucose-l-phosphate is converted into UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is converted into UDP-galactose and said UDP-galactose is then together with glucose converted into lactose. An exemplary embodiment hereof can be found in figure 3.

[0063] In another alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method uses a phosphorylase which is a 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase and the method uses a combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose to start the conversion from. Said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted with said 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase into glucose-l- phosphate and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l with n equal to or larger than 3. The formed glucose-l- phosphate is converted into UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is converted into UDP-galactose and said UDP- galactose is then together with glucose converted into lactose. An exemplary embodiment hereof can be found in figure 4 wherein the carbon sources are underlined.

[0064] In another alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method uses a phosphorylase which is a 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase and the method use as carbon source (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 to start the conversion from. Said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted with said 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l with n equal to or larger than 3. The formed glucose-l-phosphate is converted into UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is converted into UDP-galactose. Said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l with n equal to or larger than 3 or (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted into glucose and said UDP-galactose is then together with glucose converted into lactose. Said conversion of said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l with n equal to or larger than 3 or said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is preferably obtained by use of alpha-amylase or glucoamylase.

[0065] In another alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method uses a phosphorylase which is a maltose phosphorylase, and the method uses maltose to start the conversion from. Said maltose is converted with said maltose phosphorylase into beta-D-glucose-l-phosphate and glucose. The formed beta-D-glucose-l-phosphate is converted via a beta-phosphomutase to D-glucose-l-phosphate. The formed D-glucose-l-phosphate is converted via an alpha-phosphomutase into alpha-D-glucose-1- phosphate. The formed alpha-D-glucose-l-phosphate is converted into UDP-glucose via an UTP-glucose- 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The formed UDP-glucose is converted into UDP-galactose via an UDP- glucose-4-epimerase. Said UDP-galactose is then together with said glucose converted into lactose via a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase, preferably said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0066] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method as described herein further comprises a step of separating said lactose.

[0067] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method as described herein further comprises a step of purification of said lactose.

[0068] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method as described herein comprises a step of drying or crystallisation of said lactose, preferably said step of drying comprises any one or more of spray drying, lyophilization, evaporation, precipitation, spray freeze drying, freeze spray drying, band drying, belt drying, vacuum band drying, vacuum belt drying, drum drying, roller drying, vacuum drum drying, vacuum roller drying, and agitated thin film drying.

[0069] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method to purify lactose wherein said lactose is purified by at least one of the following purification steps: microfiltration, centrifugation, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, ion exchange , a cation exchange, an anion exchange, Simulated Moving Bed (SMB), colour removal, removal of the carbon source, removal of sucrose, glucose or trehalose by addition of yeast, removal of trehalose by addition of trehalase, removal of sucrose by addition of an invertase, and preferably further comprises concentration, drying and / or crystallization as described herein.

[0070] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the lactose purity before purification is < 70%, < 60%, < 50%, < 40%, < 30%, < 20%, < 10% on total solids, and / or the purity at the end of said method comprising purification is higher than > 80% on dry solids, preferably > 85% on dry solids , more preferably > 90% on dry solids, even more preferably > 95% on dry solids, even more preferably > 97% on dry solids, even more preferably > 98% on dry solids, most preferably > 99% on dry solids.

[0071] In a further preferred embodiment, purification of an enzymatically synthesized lactose comprises a step of a microfiltration or ultrafiltration to recover the used enzymes.

[0072] In an alternative further preferred embodiment, purification of a biotechnologically synthesized lactose comprises a step of centrifugation, microfiltration and / or ultrafiltration to remove biomass.

[0073] In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the methods as described herein can comprise i) a step of nanofiltration to remove / reduce monosaccharides and / or salts; and / or ii) a step of ion exchange to remove charged materials.

[0074] According to the invention as described herein the purified lactose preferably has an ash content below 1% on total solid, more preferably below 0.5% on total solid. According to a further preferred embodiment, the purified lactose has one or more of: a) Lead content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; b) Arsenic content lower than 0.2 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.02 mg / kg solid; c) Cadmium content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; or d) Mercury content was lower than 0.5 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.005 mg / kg solid.

[0075] In another preferred embodiment according to the present invention, the purified lactose has at least one or more of: i) a protein content below 100 mg per kg dry solid, ii) DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and iii) endotoxin content below 10000 EU per gram dry solid.

[0076] Based on the description, the embodiments and the examples in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive effort fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0077] In summary, the process for producing lactose of the present invention is completely different from the known processes for producing lactose, and the final product lactose can be used in industries such as food products.

[0078] Further advantages follow from the specific embodiments and the examples. It goes without saying that the abovementioned features and the features which are still to be explained below can be used not only in the respectively specified combinations, but also in other combinations or on their own, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0079] The present invention relates to following specific embodiments:

[0080] 1. A method for the production of lactose, characterised in that said method comprises use of i) a phosphorylase and ii) inorganic phosphate, to form glucose-l-phosphate.

[0081] 2. The method according to embodiment 1, said method further comprising use of i) an UTP-glucose-1- phosphate uridylyltransferase and ii) UTP, to convert said glucose-l-phosphate to UDP-glucose. 3. The method according to embodiment 2, said method further comprising use of an UDP-glucose-4- epimerase to convert said UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose.

[0082] 4. The method according to embodiment 3, wherein said UDP-galactose is a galactose donor for a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase to form lactose, preferably said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0083] 5. The method according to any one of embodiment 3 or 4, said method further comprising use of a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase to convert glucose with said UDP-galactose to form lactose and UDP, preferably said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0084] 6. The method according to any one of embodiment 4 or 5, wherein said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase uses glucose as an acceptor and UDP-galactose as a donor, preferably said beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0085] 7. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said phosphorylase further forms glucose or fructose.

[0086] 8. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, said method further comprising the use of an alpha-phosphoglucomutase and a beta-phosphoglucomutase.

[0087] 9. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, said method further comprising addition of glucose, fructose, inorganic phosphate and / or UTP.

[0088] 10. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said phosphorylase is selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of a sucrose phosphorylase, a trehalose phosphorylase, a sophorose phosphorylase, a laminaribiose phosphorylase, a cellobiose phosphorylase, a cellodextrin phosphorylase, a sucrose 6'-phosphate phosphorylase, an 1,4-alpha- glucan phosphorylase, a 1,2-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase, a kojibiose phosphorylase, a nigerose phosphorylase, a maltose phosphorylase, a glucosylrhamnose phosphorylase, a 1,3-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, a 1,3-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a cellobionic acid phosphorylase, and a glucosylglycerate phosphorylase.

[0089] 11. The method according to any one of embodiments 8 to 10, wherein said fructose is converted to glucose.

[0090] 12. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said method is a fermentation process, a bioconversion, or an enzymatic process.

[0091] 13. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said method is an enzymatic process and wherein at least one of the enzymes used in said enzymatic process is / are immobilized.

[0092] 14. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said method is an enzymatic process and wherein at least one reaction in said enzymatic process is performed between 50°C and 80°C, preferably between 55°C and 70°C. 15. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said method is a fermentation process or a bioconversion and wherein the enzymatic conversions in said fermentation process or bioconversion are performed by at least one enzyme produced by a cell synthesizing said enzyme.

[0093] 16. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, 15, wherein said method is a fermentation process characterised in that said lactose is produced by a cell genetically engineered to produce all enzymes needed for production of lactose.

[0094] 17. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein the carbon source used by said phosphorylase is selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1,3-alpha-glucan, 1,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'-phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6-phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1,3-beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose.

[0095] 18. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17 , wherein said lactose is produced by using any one of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1, 2- gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1,3-alpha- glucan, 1,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'- phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1, 4-D- glucosyljn with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta- 1,2-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6-phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1,3- beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose as a carbon source, and wherein said production is catalysed by a plurality of enzyme combinations.

[0096] 19. The method according to any one of embodiment 17 or 18, wherein 1) said phosphorylase is a trehalose phosphorylase, 2) said carbon source is trehalose and 3): i) said trehalose is converted with said trehalose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and glucose, ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from i) is converted into UDP-glucose, iii) said UDP-glucose from ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and iv) said glucose from i) and said UDP-galactose from iii) are converted into lactose.

[0097] 20. The method according to any one of embodiment 17 or 18, wherein 1) said phosphorylase is a sucrose phosphorylase, 2) said carbon source is sucrose and 3): i) said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and fructose, ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from i) is converted into UDP-glucose, iii) said UDP-glucose from ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, iv) said fructose from i) is converted into glucose, and v) said UDP-galactose from iii) and said glucose from iv) are converted into lactose.

[0098] 21. The method according to any one of embodiment 17 or 18, wherein 1) said phosphorylase is a sucrose phosphorylase, 2) said carbon source is a combination of sucrose and glucose, and 3): i) said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and fructose, ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from i) is converted into UDP-glucose, iii) said UDP-glucose from ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and iv) said UDP-galactose from iii) and said glucose are converted into lactose.

[0099] 22. The method according to any one of embodiment 17 or 18, wherein 1) said phosphorylase is a 1,4- alpha-glucan phosphorylase, 2) said carbon source is a combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, and 3): i) said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted with said 1,4-alpha- glucan phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l with n equal to or larger than 3, ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from i) is converted into UDP-glucose, iii) said UDP-glucose from ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and iv) said UDP-galactose from iii) and said glucose are converted into lactose.

[0100] 23. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said method further comprises separating and / or purifying said lactose.

[0101] 24. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said method comprises a step of drying or crystallisation of said lactose, preferably said step of drying comprises any one or more of spray drying, lyophilization, evaporation, precipitation, spray freeze drying, freeze spray drying, band drying, belt drying, vacuum band drying, vacuum belt drying, drum drying, roller drying, vacuum drum drying, vacuum roller drying, and agitated thin film drying.

[0102] 25. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said lactose is purified by at least one of the following purification steps: microfiltration, centrifugation, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, ion exchange, cation exchange, anion exchange, Simulated Moving Bed, colour removal, preferably further comprising concentration, spray drying and / or crystallization.

[0103] 26. The method according to any one embodiments 23 to 25, wherein the lactose purity before purification is < 70%, < 60%, < 50%, < 40%, < 30%, < 20%, < 10% on total solids, and / or the purity at the end of said method comprising purification is higher than > 80%, > 85%, > 90%, > 95%, > 97%, > 98% and / or > 99% on dry solids.

[0104] 27. The method according to any one of embodiments 23 to 26, wherein said purified lactose has an ash content below 1% on total solid, preferably below 0.5% on total solid, preferably with one or more of: a. Lead content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; b. Arsenic content lower than 0.2 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.02 mg / kg solid; c. Cadmium content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; or d. Mercury content was lower than 0.5 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.005 mg / kg solid.

[0105] 28. The method according to any one of embodiments 23 to 27, wherein said purified lactose has at least one or more of: i) a protein content below 100 mg per kg dry solid, ii) DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and iii) endotoxin content below 10000 EU per gram dry solid.

[0106] The present invention relates to following specific preferred embodiments:

[0107] 1 . A method for the production of lactose, characterised in that said method comprises use of i) a phosphorylase and ii) inorganic phosphate, to form glucose-1-phosphate, and iii) use of a beta 1 ,4-galactosyltransferase.

[0108] 2. The method according to preferred embodiment 1 , said method further comprising use of i) an UTP-glucose-1 -phosphate uridylyltransferase and ii) UTP, to convert said glucose-1 -phosphate to UDP-glucose.

[0109] 3. The method according to preferred embodiment 2, said method further comprising use of an UDP-glucose-4-epimerase to convert said UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. 4. The method according to preferred embodiment 3, wherein said UDP-galactose is a galactose donor for said beta 1 ,4-galactosyltransferase to form lactose, preferably said beta 1 ,4- galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0110] 5. The method according to any one of preferred embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said beta 1 ,4- galactosyltransferase converts glucose with said UDP-galactose to form lactose and UDP, preferably said beta 1 ,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0111] 6. The method according to any one of preferred embodiments 1 to 5, wherein said beta 1 ,4- galactosyltransferase uses glucose as an acceptor and UDP-galactose as a donor, preferably said beta 1 ,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

[0112] 7. The method according to any one of previous preferred embodiments, wherein said phosphorylase further forms glucose or fructose.

[0113] 8. The method according to any one of previous preferred embodiments, said method further comprising the use of an alpha-phosphoglucomutase and a beta-phosphoglucomutase.

[0114] 9. The method according to any one of previous preferred embodiments, said method further comprising addition of glucose, fructose, (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, inorganic phosphate and / or UTP.

[0115] 10. The method according to any one of previous embodiments, wherein said phosphorylase is selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of a sucrose phosphorylase, a trehalose phosphorylase, a sophorose phosphorylase, a laminaribiose phosphorylase, a cellobiose phosphorylase, a cellodextrin phosphorylase, a sucrose 6'- phosphate phosphorylase, an 1 ,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, a 1 ,2-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase, a kojibiose phosphorylase, a nigerose phosphorylase, a maltose phosphorylase, a glucosylrhamnose phosphorylase, a 1 ,3-alpha- glucan phosphorylase, a 1 ,3-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a cellobionic acid phosphorylase, and a glucosylglycerate phosphorylase.

[0116] 11 . The method according to any one of preferred embodiments 7 to 10, wherein said fructose is converted to glucose.

[0117] 12. The method according to any one of previous preferred embodiments, wherein said method is a fermentation process, a bioconversion, or an enzymatic process.

[0118] 13. The method according to anyone of previous preferred embodiments, wherein said method is an enzymatic process and wherein i) at least one of the enzymes used in said enzymatic process is / are immobilized and / or ii) at least one reaction in said enzymatic process is performed between 50°C and 80°C, preferably between 55°C and 70°C.

[0119] 14. The method according to any one of preferred embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said method is a fermentation process or a bioconversion and wherein the enzymatic conversions in said fermentation process or bioconversion are performed by at least one enzyme produced by a cell synthesizing said enzyme. The method accordingto any one of preferred embodiments 1 to 12, 14, wherein said method is a fermentation process characterised in that said lactose is produced by a cell genetically engineered to produce all enzymes needed for production of lactose. The method accordingto anyone of previous preferred embodiments, wherein the carbon source used by said phosphorylase is one or more selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1 ,4-gluco-oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1 ,4-gluco- oligosaccharide, (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1 ,2-gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1 ,3-alpha-glucan, 1 ,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of sucrose and maltodextrin, combination of sucrose and (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of trehalose and maltodextrin, combination of trehalose and (alpha- 1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1 ,4-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'-phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1 ,4-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta-1 ,2-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6-phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1 ,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1 ,3-beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose. The method according to any one of preferred embodiments 1 to 16 , wherein said lactose is produced by using any one or more of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1 ,4-gluco-oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1 ,4-gluco-oligosaccharide, (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1 ,2-gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1 ,3-alpha-glucan, 1 ,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of sucrose and maltodextrin, combination of sucrose and (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of trehalose and maltodextrin, combination of trehalose and (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1 ,4- gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'-phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1 ,4-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta-1 ,2-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6-phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1 ,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1 ,3-beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose as a carbon source, and wherein said production is catalysed by a plurality of enzyme combinations.

[0120] 18. The method according to any one of preferred embodiment 16 or 17, wherein

[0121] A 1) said phosphorylase is a sucrose phosphorylase, A 2) said carbon source is sucrose and A3): A 3) i) said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-1- phosphate and fructose,

[0122] A 3) ii) said glucose-1-phosphate from A 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose, A 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from A 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, A 3) iv) said fructose from A 3) i) is converted into glucose, and said UDP-galactose from A 3) iii) and said glucose from A 3) iv) are converted into lactose; or B 1) said phosphorylase is a sucrose phosphorylase, B 2) said carbon source is a combination of sucrose and glucose, and B 3):

[0123] B 3) i) said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-1- phosphate and fructose,

[0124] B 3) ii) said glucose-1-phosphate from B 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose, B 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from B 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and said UDP-galactose from B 3) iii) and said glucose are converted into lactose, or C 1 ) said phosphorylase is a trehalose phosphorylase, C 2) said carbon source is trehalose and C 3):

[0125] C 3) i) said trehalose is converted with said trehalose phosphorylase into glucose-1- phosphate and glucose,

[0126] C 3) ii) said glucose-1-phosphate from C 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose, C 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from C 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and said glucose from C 3) i) and said UDP-galactose from C 3) iii) are converted into lactose, or D 1 ) said phosphorylase is a 1 ,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, D 2) said carbon source is a combination of (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, and D 3):

[0127] D 3) i) said (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted with said 1 ,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase into glucose-1-phosphate and (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n- 1 with n equal to or larger than 3,

[0128] D 3) ii) said glucose-1-phosphate from D 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose,

[0129] D 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from D 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and said UDP-galactose from D 3) iii) and said glucose are converted into lactose; or E 1 ) said phosphorylase is a 1 ,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, E 2) said carbon source is (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, and E 3):

[0130] E 3) i) said (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted with said 1 ,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase into glucose-1-phosphate and (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n- 1 with n equal to or larger than 3,

[0131] E 3) ii) said glucose-1-phosphate from E 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose,

[0132] E 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from E 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose

[0133] E 3) iv) said (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n from E 1 ) or (alpha-1 ,4-D-glucosyl)n-1 from E 3) i) is converted into glucose preferably by alpha-amylase or glucoamylase, and said UDP-galactose from E 3) iii) and said glucose from E 3) iv) are converted into lactose.

[0134] 19. The method according to any one of previous preferred embodiments, wherein said method further comprises i) separating and / or purifying said lactose and / or ii) purifying said lactose by at least one of the following purification steps: microfiltration, centrifugation, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, ion exchange, cation exchange, anion exchange, Simulated Moving Bed, colour removal, preferably further comprising concentration, spray drying and / or crystallization.

[0135] 20. The method according to any one of previous preferred embodiments, wherein said method comprises a step of drying or crystallisation of said lactose, preferably said step of drying comprises any one or more of spray drying, lyophilization, evaporation, precipitation, spray freeze drying, freeze spray drying, band drying, belt drying, vacuum band drying, vacuum belt drying, drum drying, roller drying, vacuum drum drying, vacuum roller drying, and agitated thin film drying.

[0136] 21 . The method according to any one preferred embodiments 19 to 20, wherein the lactose purity before separation and / or purification is < 70%, < 60%, < 50%, < 40%, < 30%, < 20%, < 10% on totalsolids, and / orthe purity atthe end of said method comprisingseparation and / or purification is higher than > 80%, > 85%, > 90%, > 95%, > 97%, > 98% and / or > 99% on dry solids.

[0137] 22. The method according to any one of preferred embodiments 19 to 21 , wherein said separated and / or purified lactose has A. an ash content below 1 % on total solid, preferably below 0.5% on total solid, preferably with one or more of: a. Lead content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; b. Arsenic content lower than 0.2 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.02 mg / kg solid; c. Cadmium content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; or d. Mercury content was lower than 0.5 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.005 mg / kg solid; and / or

[0138] B. at least one or more of: i) a protein content below 100 mg per kg dry solid, ii) DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and iii) endotoxin content below 10000 EU per gram dry solid.

[0139] Examples

[0140] Example 1: Materials and Methods

[0141] Analytical analysis

[0142] Standards such as but not limited to sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose were purchased from Sigma, Carbosynth (UK), Elicityl (France) and IsoSep (Sweden). Other compounds were analyzed with in-house made standards.

[0143] The carbohydrates were analyzed on a Waters Acquity H-class UPLC with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD) or a Refractive Index (Rl) detection. A volume of 0.7 pL sample was injected on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide column (2.1 x 100 mm;130 A;1.7 pm) column with an Acquity UPLC BEH Amide VanGuard column, 130 A, 2. lx 5 mm. The column temperature was 50 °C. The mobile phase consisted of a % water and % acetonitrile solution to which 0.2 % triethylamine was added. The method was isocratic with a flow of 0.130 mL / min. The ELS detector had a drift tube temperature of 50 °C and the N2 gas pressure was 50 psi, the gain 200 and the data rate 10 pps. The temperature of the Rl detector was set at 35 °C.

[0144] Ash content

[0145] The ash content is a measure of the total amount of minerals present within a food or ingredients such as oligosaccharides, whereas the mineral content is a measure of the amount of specific inorganic components present within a food, such as Ca, Na, K, Mg, phosphate, sulphate and CL Determination of the ash and mineral content of foods or oligosaccharides is important for a number of reasons: Nutritional labeling. The concentration and type of minerals present must often be stipulated on the label of a food or ingredient such as oligosaccharides. The quality of many foods depends on the concentration and type of minerals they contain, including their taste, appearance, texture and stability. Microbiological stability. High mineral contents are sometimes used to retard the growth of certain microorganisms. Nutrition. Some minerals are essential to a healthy diet (e.g., calcium, phosphorous, potassium and sodium) whereas others can be toxic (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium and aluminium). Processing. It is often important to know the mineral content of foods / products during processing because this affects the physicochemical properties of foods or ingredient such as oligosaccharides.

[0146] Ash is the inorganic residue remaining after the water and organic matter have been removed by heating in the presence of oxidizing agents, which provides a measure of the total amount of minerals within a food. Analytical techniques for providing information about the total mineral content are based on the fact that the minerals (the analyte) can be distinguished from all the other components (the matrix) within a food or ingredient in some measurable way. The most widely used methods are based on the fact that minerals are not destroyed by heating, and that they have a low volatility compared to other food components. The three main types of analytical procedure used to determine the ash content of foods are based on this principle: dry ashing, wet ashing and low temperature plasma dry ashing. The method chosen for a particular analysis depends on the reason for carrying out the analysis, the type of food or ingredient analyzed and the equipment available. Ashing may also be used as the first step in preparing samples for analysis of specific minerals, by atomic spectroscopy or the various traditional methods described below.

[0147] For the sample preparation a sample whose composition represents that of the ingredient is selected to ensure that its composition does not change significantly prior to analysis. For instance a dry oligosaccharide sample is generally hygroscopic and the selected sample should be kept under dry conditions avoiding the absorption of water. Typically, samples of l-10g are used in the analysis of ash content. Solid ingredients are finely ground and then carefully mixed to facilitate the choice of a representative sample. Before carrying out an ash analysis, samples that are high in moisture or in solution are generally dried to prevent spattering during ashing. Other possible problems include contamination of samples by minerals in grinders, glassware or crucibles which come into contact with the sample during the analysis. For the same reason, deionized water is used when preparing samples and the same is used in the blank sample.

[0148] Dry ashing procedures use a high temperature muffle furnace capable of maintaining temperatures of between 500 and 600 °C. Water and other volatile materials are vaporized and organic substances are burned in the presence of the oxygen in air to CO2, H2O and N2. Most minerals are converted to oxides, sulfates, phosphates, chlorides or silicates. Although most minerals have fairly low volatility at these high temperatures, some are volatile and may be partially lost, e.g., iron, lead and mercury, for these minerals ICP-MS analysis of the product is more appropriate for quantification.

[0149] The food sample is weighed before and after ashing to determine the concentration of ash present. The ash content can be expressed on dry basis is calculated by dividing the mass of the ashed material, ingredient, or food by the mass of the dry material, ingredient, or food before ashing. Multiplied with 100, this gives the percentage of ash in the the material, ingredient, or food. In a similar way the wet ash percentage can be determined for liquid products, wherein the mass of the liquid before and after ashing is used instead of the mass of the dry material, ingredient, or food. Heavy metal determination

[0150] A robust general inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) based method was used for the detection and quantitation for each of the following elements: arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), sodium (Na), potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), Phosphorus (P), selenium (Se).

[0151] Nitric acid (> 65%, Sigma-Aldrich) was used for microwave digestion and standard / sample preparation. All dilutions were done using 18.2 MO-cm (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) de-ionized water (DIW). About 0.2 g of each oligosaccharide, ingredient, sample were digested in 5 mL of HNO3 using the microwave digestion (CEM, Mars 6) program 15 minutes (min) ramping time and 15 min holding time at 100W and 50°C followed by 15 min ramping time and 20 min holding time at 1800 W and 210°C. The samples were cooled after digestion for 30 minutes. 1. The fully digested samples were then diluted to 50 mL with DIW. Analyses were carried out using a standard Agilent 7800 ICP-MS, which includes the fourth-generation ORS cell system for effective control of polyatomic interferences using helium collision mode (He mode). The ORS controls polyatomic interferences using He to reduce the transmission of all common matrixbased polyatomic interferences. Smaller, faster analyte ions are separated from larger, slower interference-ions using kinetic energy discrimination (KED). All elements, except Se, were measured in He mode with a flow rate of 5 mL / min. Se was measured in High Energy He (HEHe) mode, using a cell gas flow rate of 10 mL / min. The 7800 ICP-MS was configured with the standard sample introduction system consisting of a MicroMist glass concentric nebulizer, quartz spray chamber, quartz torch with 2.5 mm i.d. injector, and nickel interface cones. The ICP-MS operating conditions are: 1550 W RF power, 8mm sampling depth, 1.16 l / min nebulizing gas, autotuned lens tuning, 5 or 10 ml / min helium gas flow, 5 V KED.

[0152] Dry matter and moisture content quantification

[0153] Sartorius MA150 Infrared Moisture Analyzer is used to determine the dry matter content of the oligosaccharides. 0.5g of oligosaccharide is weighed on an analytical balance and is dried in the infrared moisture analyzer until the weight of the sample is stable. The mass of the dried sample divided by the mass of the sample before drying gives the dry matter content (in percent) of the oligosaccharides or sample including oligosaccharides. In a similar way a liquid sample is weighed, however, the amount of liquid weighed is adapted to the expected amount of dry matter in the liquid, so the mass of the dry matter is properly measurable on an analytical balance.

[0154] A moisture analyser measures the dry matter, but not the water content. Karl Fisher titration is used to determine the amount of water present in a powder, ingredient of food. The KF titration is carried out with a Karl Fischer titrator DL31 from Mettler Toledo using the two-component technique with Hydra- Point Solvent G and Hydra-Point titrant (5 mg HjO / ml), both purchased from J.T. Baker (Deventer, Holland). The polarising current for bipotentiometric end-point determination was 20 microA and the stop voltage 100 mV. The end-point criterion was the drift stabilisation (15 micro gram H2O min-1) or maximum titration time (10 min).

[0155] The moisture content (MC) of sample was calculated using the following equation:

[0156] MC = V_KF W_eq 100 / W_sample ; where V_KF is the consumption of titrant in mL, W_eq the titer of titrant in mg H2O / mL and W_sample the weight of sample in mg.

[0157] Protein quantification

[0158] For protein quantification a method is used that is compatible with reducing agents, such as reducing sugars or oligosaccharides with a reducing end. To this end, a Bradford assay (Thermo Scientific, Pierce) was used with a linear range between 1 and 1500 pg / ml. The assay was calibrated with a standard curve of BSA. The protein content of dried oligosaccharide products was quantified by dissolving a pre-weighed quantify in 18.2 MQ-cm (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) de-ionized water (DIW) up to a quantity of 50% (m / v). The amount of protein is measured at 595 nm and converted to concentration with the calibration curve based on BSA.

[0159] DNA quantification

[0160] Production host specific DNA residue is quantified by RT-qPCR, for which specific primers on the host are designed so that residual DNA of the production host in amplified. The RT-qPCR was performed according to the standard protocol of a kit obtained from Sigma and was based on SYBR Green detection.

[0161] Total DNA is measured by means of a Threshold assay (Molecular Devices), based on an immunoassay allowing to measure as low as 2 pg of DNA in a sample in solution. Double stranded DNA is measured by means of SpectraMax® Quant™ AccuBlue™ Pico dsDNA Assay Kit (Molecular Devices) having a linear range between 5 pg and 3 ng of dsDNA.

[0162] Endotoxin measurement

[0163] Endotoxin in the liquid was measured by means of a LAL test.

[0164] A. Escherichia coli

[0165] Media, cultivation and cell lysis

[0166] The Luria Broth (LB) medium consisted of 1% tryptone peptone (Difco, Erembodegem, Belgium), 0.5% yeast extract (Difco) and 0.5% sodium chloride (VWR. Leuven, Belgium). The minimal medium used in cultivation experiments in 96-well plates or in shake flasks contained 2.00 g / L NH4CI, 5.00 g / L (NH4)2SO4, 2.993 g / L KH2PO4, 7.315 g / L K2HPO4, 8.372 g / L MOPS, 0.5 g / L NaCI, 0.5 g / L MgSO4.7H2O, 30 g / L sucrose or 30 g / L glycerol, 1 ml / L vitamin solution, 100 pl / L molybdate solution, and 1 mL / L selenium solution. The minimal medium was set to a pH of 7 with IM KOH. Vitamin solution consisted of 3.6 g / L FeCI2.4H2O, 5.0 g / L CaCI2.2H2O, 1.3 g / L MnCI2.2H2O, 0.38 g / L CuCI2.2H2O, 0.5 g / L CoCI2.6H2O, 0.94 g / L ZnCI2, 0.0311 g / L H3BO4, 0.4 g / L Na2EDTA.2H2O and 1.01 g / L thiamine. HCI. The molybdate solution contained 0.967 g / L NaMoO4.2H2O. The selenium solution contained 42 g / L SeO2. The minimal medium for fermentations contained 6.75 g / L NH4CI, 1.25 g / L (NH4)2SO4, 2.93 g / L KH2PO4and 7.31 g / L KH2PO4, 0.5 g / L NaCI, 0.5 g / L MgSO4.7H2O, 30 g / L sucrose or 30 g / L glycerol, 1 mL / L vitamin solution, 100 p.L / L molybdate solution, and 1 mL / L selenium solution with the same composition as described above. Complex medium was sterilized by autoclaving (121°C, 21 min) and minimal medium by filtration (0.22 pm Sartorius). When necessary, the medium was made selective by adding an antibiotic: e.g., chloramphenicol (20 mg / L), carbenicillin (100 mg / L), spectinomycin (40 mg / L) and / or kanamycin (50 mg / L). When necessary, inducer was added. For fermentative production, a preculture of 96-well microtiter plate experiments was started from a cryovial, in 150 pL LB and was incubated overnight at 37 °C on an orbital shaker at 800 rpm. This culture was used as inoculum for a 96well square microtiter plate, with 400 pL minimal medium by diluting 400x. These final 96-well culture plates were then incubated at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 800 rpm for 72h, or shorter, or longer. To measure sugar concentrations at the end of the cultivation experiment whole broth samples were taken from each well by boiling the culture broth for 15 min at 60°C before spinning down the cells (= average of intra- and extracellular sugar concentrations).

[0167] A preculture for the bioreactor was started from an entire 1 mL cryovial of a certain strain, inoculated in 250 m L or 500 mL minimal medium in a 1 L or 2.5 L shake flask and incubated for 24 h at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 200 rpm. A 5 L bioreactor was then inoculated (250 mL inoculum in 2 L batch medium); the process was controlled by MFCS control software (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Melsungen, Germany). Culturing condition were set to 37 °C, and maximal stirring; pressure gas flow rates were dependent on the strain and bioreactor. The pH was controlled at 6.8 using 0.5 M H2S04and 20% NH4OH. The exhaust gas was cooled. 10% solution of silicone antifoaming agent was added when foaming raised during the fermentation.

[0168] For heterologous expression of enzyme, a preculture of 96-well microtiter plate experiments was started from a cryovial, in 175 pL LB and was incubated overnight at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 800 rpm. This culture was used as inoculum for a 96well deep well microtiter plate, with 1 mL LB medium by diluting lOOx. These final 96-well culture plates were then incubated at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 800 rpm, induced if necessary, and further grown at 16-37°C for 5-24h. After expression, DW plates were centrifuged for 30 min at 4200 rpm and 4°C, the supernatant was discarded and the pellets were frozen at -80°C for at least one hour. Pellets were subsequently resuspended in buffer containing 1 mg / ml of lysozyme, 10 U / mL DNase and 1 mM protease inhibitor and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. Cell lysates were optionally cleared by centrifuging the plates (30 min at 4200 rpm and 4°C) and transferring the supernatant to new plates.

[0169] A preculture of a shake flask experiment was started from a cryovial in 5 mL LB medium and was incubated overnight at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 200 rpm. This culture was used as inoculum for a shake flask with 50-250 mL LB medium by diluting 50x. These final cultures were then incubated at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 200 rpm, induced if necessary, and further grown at 16-37°C for 5-24h, or longer or shorter. After expression, cells were harvest by centrifuging for 30 min at 4200 rpm and 4°C. The supernatant was discarded and the pellets were frozen at -20°C for at least one hour. Pellets were resuspended and lysed by sonication. Cell lysates were optionally cleared by centrifuging (30 min at 4200 rpm and 4°C) and the supernatant was transferred to a new recipient.

[0170] A preculture for the bioreactor was started from an entire 1 mL cryovial of a certain strain, inoculated in 250 mL or 500 mL LB medium in a 1 L or 2.5 L shake flask and incubated for 24 h at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 200 rpm. A 5 L bioreactor was then inoculated (250 mL inoculum in 2 L batch medium); the process was controlled by MFCS control software (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Melsungen, Germany). Culturing condition were set to 25-37°C, and maximal stirring; pressure gas flow rates were dependent on the strain and bioreactor. The pH was controlled at 6.8 using 0.5 M H2SO4 and 20% NH4OH. The exhaust gas was cooled. 10% solution of silicone antifoaming agent was added when foaming raised during the fermentation. A soft release of the product was established by physically disrupting cells by means of sonication. Other commonly used methods known in the art are methods such as, freeze thawing and / or shear stress through mixing, a homogenizer and / or French press.

[0171] Cells for whole cell biotransformation were obtained by centrifuging overnight cultures (produced as described above) for 30 min at 4200 rpm and 4°C. The obtained pellets were subsequently resuspended in 0.9% NaCI solution and transferred to a 50 mL tube and centrifuged for 30 min at 4200 rpm and 4°C. The supernatant was removed and 1000 mg of each pellet was taken and resuspended in 2 mL of 0,9% NaCI (cell concentration is 0.5 g / mL). Optionally, the cells could be permeabilized (e.g. xylene).

[0172] Strains and mutations

[0173] Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 [X-, F-, rph-1] was obtained from the Coli Genetic Stock Center (US), CGSC Strain#: 7740, in March 2007 and Escherichia coli NiCo21 (DE3) from New England Biolabs, in November 2017. Gene disruptions, gene introductions and gene replacements were performed using the technique published by Datsenko and Wanner (PNAS 97 (2000), 6640-6645). All constitutive promoters, UTRs and terminator sequences originated from the libraries described by Cambray et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 2013, 41(9), 5139-5148), Dunn et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 1980, 8, 2119-2132), Edens et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 1975, 2, 1811-1820), Kim and Lee (FEBS Letters 1997, 407, 353-356) and Mutalik et al. (Nat. Methods 2013, No. 10, 354-360). Genes were ordered synthetically at Twist Bioscience (twistbioscience.com) or IDT (eu.idtdna.com) and the codon usage was adapted using the tools of the supplier. All strains were stored in cryovials at -80°C (overnight LB culture mixed in a 1:1 ratio with 70% glycerol).

[0174] E. coli K12 MG1655 or NiCo21(DE3) was modified with a knock-out of the E. coli gene coding for beta galactosidase, e.g. lacZ, in case of lactose production through whole cell biotransformation, cell extract(s), enzymatic synthesis with partially purified enzymes or fermentative production. Knock out of lacZ might not be a requirement in case of enzymatic synthesis of lactose with purified enzymes. For fermentative production the strain is further modified with an appropriate sugar importer, e.g. cscB for sucrose. The strain could additionally be modified by for instance knocking out proteases (e.g. Ion, OmpT) or nucleotide sugar degrading enzymes (e.g. ushA). Optionally, the strain could also be modified by overexpressing an exporter (e.g. setA) to excrete the lactose from the cell.

[0175] B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[0176] Media, cultivation and cell lysis

[0177] Strains were grown on Synthetic Defined yeast medium with Complete Supplement Mixture (SD CSM) or CSM drop-out (SD CSM-Ura, SD CSM-Trp, SD CSM-His) containing 6.7 g / L Yeast Nitrogen Base without amino acids (YNB w / o AA, Difco), 20 g / L agar (Difco) (solid cultures), 22 g / L sucrose monohydrate or glucose, or fructose and 0.79 g / L CSM or 0.77 g / L CSM-Ura, 0.77 g / L CSM-Trp, or 0.77 g / L CSM-His (MP Biomedicals). In general, yeast strains were initially grown on SD CSM plates to obtain single colonies. These plates were grown for 2-3 days at 30°C. Starting from a single colony, a preculture was grown over night in 5 mL at 30°C, shaking at 200 rpm. Subsequent 125 mL shake flask experiments were inoculated with 2% of this preculture, in 25 mL media. These shake flasks were incubated at 30°C with an orbital shaking of 200 rpm. A soft release of the product was established by physically disrupting cells by means of sonication. Other commonly used methods known in the art are methods such as, freeze thawing and / or shear stress through mixing, a homogenizer and / or French press.

[0178] Strains, plasmids and mutations

[0179] S. cerevisiae BY4742 created by Brachmann et al. (Yeast (1998) 14:115-32) was used, available in the Euroscarf culture collection. All mutant strains were created by homologous recombination or plasmid transformation using the method of Gietz (Yeast 11:355-360, 1995). Genes were expressed using synthetic constitutive promoters, as described by e.g., Blazeck (Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 109, No. 11, 2012), Redden and Alper (Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7810), Liu et al. (Microb. Cell Fact. 2020, 19, 38), Xu et al. (Microb. Cell Fact.2021, 20, 148) and Lee et al. (ACS Synth. Biol. 2015, 4(9), 975-986).

[0180] C. Bacillus subtilis

[0181] Media, cultivation and cell lysis

[0182] Two media are used to cultivate B. subtilis: i.e., a complex medium like a rich Luria Broth (LB) and a minimal medium for shake flask cultures. The LB medium consisted of 1% tryptone peptone (Difco), 0.5% yeast extract (Difco) and 0.5% sodium chloride (VWR). Luria Broth agar (LBA) plates consisted of the LB media, with 12 g / L agar (Difco) added. The minimal medium contained 2.00 g / L (NH4)2SO4, 7.5 g / L KH2PO4, 17.5 g / L K2HPO4, 1.25 g / L Na-citrate, 0.25 g / L MgSO4.7H2O, 0.05 g / L tryptophan, from 10 up to 30 g / L glucose (or another carbon source including but not limited to fructose, maltose, sucrose, glycerol and maltotriose), 10 mL / L trace element mix and 10 mL / L Fe-citrate solution. The medium was set to a pH of 7 with 1 M KOH. The trace element mix consisted of 0.735 g / L CaCI2.2H2O, 0.1 g / L MnCI2.2H2O, 0.033 g / L CUCI2.2H2O, 0.06 g / L CoCI2.6H2O, 0.17 g / L ZnCI2, 0.0311 g / L H3BO4, 0.4 g / L Na2EDTA.2H2O and 0.06 g / L Na2MoO4. The Fe-citrate solution contained 0.135 g / L FeCl3.6H2O, 1 g / L Na-citrate (Hoch 1973 PMC1212887). Complex medium, e.g., LB, was sterilized by autoclaving (121°C, 21 min) and minimal medium by filtration (0.22 pm Sartorius). When necessary, the medium was made selective by adding an antibiotic. B. subtilis strains were initially grown on LB agar to obtain single colonies. These plates were grown over night at 37°C. Starting from a single colony, a preculture was grown over night in 5 mL at 37°C, shaking at 200 rpm. Subsequent 125 L shake flask experiments were inoculated with 2% of this preculture, in 25 mL media. These shake flasks were incubated at 37°C with an orbital shaking of 200 rpm for 72h, or shorter of longer. At the end of the cultivation experiment samples were taken to measure the supernatant concentration (extracellular sugar concentrations, after 5 min. spinning down the cells), or by boiling the culture broth for 15 min at 90°C or for 60 min at 60°C before spinning down the cells (= whole broth concentration, i.e., intra- and extracellular sugar concentrations). A soft release of the product was established by physically disrupting cells by means of sonication. Other commonly used methods known in the art are methods such as, freeze thawing and / or shear stress through mixing, a homogenizer and / or French press.

[0183] Strains, plasmids and mutations

[0184] B. subtilis 168 is used as available at the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center (Ohio, USA). Plasmids for gene deletion via Cre / lox are constructed as described by Yan et al. (Appl & Environm microbial, Sept 2008, p5556-5562). Gene disruption is done via homologous recombination with linear DNA and transformation via the electroporation as described by Xue et al. (J. microb. Meth. 34 (1999) 183-191). The method of gene knockouts is described by Liu et al. (Metab. Engine. 24 (2014) 61-69). Integrative vectors as described by Popp et al. (Sci. Rep., 2017, 7, 15158) are used as expression vector and could be further used for genomic integrations if necessary. A suitable promoter for expression can be derived from the part repository (iGem): sequence id: BBa_K143012, BBa_K823000, BBa_K823002 or BBa_K823003. Cloning can be performed using Gibson Assembly, Golden Gate assembly, Cliva assembly, LCR or restriction ligation.

[0185] D. Corynebacterium qlutamicum

[0186] Media, cultivation and cell lysis

[0187] Two different media are used, namely complex medium like e.g., a rich tryptone-yeast extract (TY) medium, and a minimal medium for shake flask (MMsf). The minimal medium uses a lOOOx stock trace element mix. Trace element mix consisted of 10 g / L CaCI2, 10 g / L FeSO4.7H2O, 10 g / L MnSO4.H2O, 1 g / L ZnSO4.7H2O, 0.2 g / L CuSO4, 0.02 g / L NiCI2.6H2O, 0.2 g / L biotin (pH 7) and 0.03 g / L protocatechuic acid. The minimal medium for the shake flasks (MMsf) experiments contained 20 g / L (NH4)2SO4, 5 g / L urea, 1 g / L KH2PO4, 1 g / L K2HPO4, 0.25 g / L MgSO4.7H2O, 42 g / L MOPS, from 10 up to 30 g / L glucose or another carbon source including but not limited to fructose, maltose, sucrose, glycerol and maltotriose when specified in the examples and 1 ml / L trace element mix. The TY medium consisted of 1.6% tryptone (Difco, Erembodegem, Belgium), 1% yeast extract (Difco) and 0.5% sodium chloride (VWR. Leuven, Belgium). TY agar (TYA) plates consisted of the TY media, with 12 g / L agar (Difco, Erembodegem, Belgium) added. Complex medium, e.g., TY, was sterilized by autoclaving (121°C, 21 min) and minimal medium by filtration (0.22 pm Sartorius). When necessary, the medium was made selective by adding an antibiotic.

[0188] A preculture was started from a cryovial or a single colony from a TY plate, in 6 mL TY and was incubated overnight at 37 °C on an orbital shaker at 200 rpm. Subsequent 125 mL shake flask experiments were inoculated with 2% of this preculture, in 25 mL MMsf medium. These shake flasks were incubated at 37°C with an orbital shaking of 200 rpm for 72h, or shorter of longer. At the end of the cultivation experiment samples were taken to measure the supernatant concentration (extracellular sugar concentrations, after 5 min. spinning down the cells), or by boiling the culture broth for 15 min at 90°C or for 60 min at 60°C before spinning down the cells (= whole broth concentration, i.e., intra- and extracellular sugar concentrations). A soft release of the product was established by physically disrupting cells by means of sonication. Other commonly used methods known in the art are methods such as, freeze thawing and / or shear stress through mixing, a homogenizer and / or French press.

[0189] Strains and mutations

[0190] Corynebacterium glutamicum was used as available at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 13032). Integrative plasmid vectors were made using the Cre / loxP technique as described by Suzuki et al. (Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2005 Apr, 67(2):225-33) and temperature-sensitive shuttle vectors as described by Okibe et al. (Journal of Microbiological Methods 85, 2011, 155-163) are constructed for gene deletions, mutations and insertions. Suitable promoters for (heterologous) gene expression can be derived from Yim et al. (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 2013 Nov, 110(ll):2959-69). Cloning can be performed using Gibson Assembly, Golden Gate assembly, Cliva assembly, LCR or restriction ligation.

[0191] E. Optical density

[0192] Cell density of the cultures was frequently monitored by measuring optical density at 600 nm (Implen Nanophotometer NP80, Westburg, Belgium or with a Spark 10M microplate reader, Tecan, Switzerland). The maximum growth speed (mumax) was calculated based on the observed optical densities at 600nm using the R package grofit.

[0193] F. Growth rate / speed measurement

[0194] The maximal growth rate (pMax) was calculated based on the observed optical densities at 600 nm using the R package grofit.

[0195] G. Heterologous and homologous expression

[0196] Genes that needed to be expressed, be it from a plasmid or from the genome were synthetically synthetized with one of the following companies: IDT or Twist Bioscience. Proteins described in present disclosure are summarized in Table 1. Unless stated otherwise, the UniProt IDs of the proteins described correspond to their sequence version 01 as present in the UniProt Database version release 2023_02 of 03 May 2023. Expression could be further facilitated by optimizing the codon usage to the codon usage of the expression host. Genes were optimized using the tools of the supplier.

[0197] Table 1 Overview of proteins and their corresponding UniProt IDs (seguence version 01, UniProt Database 2023_02 of 03 May 2023) a described in present disclosure (* = GenPept identifier)

[0198] H. Analysis

[0199] To determine carbohydrates HPAEC-PAD system (Dionex) is used with a Dionex CarboPac PAI Guard, 2 x 50 mm and Dionex CarboPac PAI Separation, 2 x 250 mm is used with gradient of sodium acetate (IM) (A), sodium hydroxide (200mM) (B), water (C) and sodium acetate (25mM) (D), wherein the gradient from

[0200] 0-10 min is 5% B, 88% C and 7% D, from 10-15 min changing B from 5% to 17% and C from 88% to 76%, from 15-25 min changing B from 17% to 93% and C from 76% to 0%, from 25-28.1 min changing A from 0% to 20% and B from 93% to 73%, from 28.1 min to 32 min maintaining the percentages of A, B C and D, from 32 to 32.1 min changing A from 20 to 0%, B from 73 to 0%, C from 0% to 88%, from 32.1 to 50 min maintaining the percentages of A, B, C, and D.

[0201] To determine nucleotide sugars the same system was used, albeit with a different gradient: sodium hydroxide (1 mM) (A) and sodium acetate (IM) in sodium hydroxide (1 mM) (B), wherein the gradient from 0-10 min changing A from 80% to 45% and B from 20% to 55%, from 10-25 min is 45% A and 55% B, from 25-35 changing A from 45% to 20% and B from 55% to 80%, from 35-40 min changing A from 20% to 0% and B from 80% to 100%, from 40-50 min is 0% A and 100% B, from 50-50.001 min changing A from 0% to 80% and B from 100% to 20% and from 50.001-60 min is 80% A and 20% B.

[0202] / . Enzyme purification

[0203] Cleared lysates containing N-terminal histidine-tagged enzymes in 50 mM Tris pH 7.0, 250 mM NaCI and 10 mM imidazole were applied on an AKTA Pure Protein Purification System, equipped with a Ni-NTA column. Bound protein was washed with five column volumes of wash buffer (50mM Tris, pH 7.0, 250 mM NaCI, 20-50 mM imidazole and eluted with elution buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.0, 250 mM NaCI, 250 mM imidazole) and the protein of interest was collected. Buffer exchange was afterwards performed on a Amicon Centrifugal Filter with the appropriate MW cutoff. Other commonly used purification methods known in the art are methods such as salting out, size exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and / or any combination of the aforementioned methods.

[0204] J. SDS-PAGE and Western Blot

[0205] Three microL Laemmli 4x buffer containing 2-mercaptoethanol (1:10) was added to 9 microL of protein sample (final protein concentration of 5 mg / mL for cell extract or 0.05-0.5 mg / mL for purified protein) and heated for 5 min at 95°C. The protein samples were loaded together with a protein ladder and run atl20-220 V. After electrophoresis, gels were either stained (1 h in Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250) or transferred to a blot membrane for Western Blot. The membrane with transferred protein was blocked for at least 30 minutes with 5% milk powder and 0.2% Tween 20, prior to the application of the primary antibody (anti-His). After 2 hours of incubation, the membrane was washed and HRP-linked secondary antibody was applied for one hour. Finally, the membrane was washed again and the his-tagged proteins were visualised by means of chemiluminescence.

[0206] Example 2: Expression of active sucrose phosphorylase

[0207] An E. coll NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the sucrose phosphorylase from B. adolescentis or S. mutans with UniProt ID A0ZZH6 or P10249, respectively. Expression of the enzymes was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis on the cleared cell lysates was performed as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzymes. Activity was verified by incubating 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) for 24 h at 37°C and analysing the formation of glucose-l-phosphate and fructose as described in Example 1.

[0208] Example 3: Expression of active UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase

[0209] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase from E. coli or S. tokodaii with UniProt ID P0AEP3 or Q975F9, respectively. Expression of the enzymes was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis on the cleared cell lysates was performed as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzymes. Activity was verified by incubating 10 mM glucose-l-phosphate, 10 mM UTP and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 6.5) for 24 h at 37°C and analysing the formation of UDP-glucose as described in Example 1.

[0210] Example 4: Expression of active UDP-glucose-4-epimerase

[0211] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase from either E. coli, B. longum, Pyrobaculum or C. jejuni with UniProt ID P09147, E8MF10, A0A0K1E1Q5 or Q0P9C3, respectively. Expression of the enzymes was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis on the cleared cell lysates was performed as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzymes. Activity was verified by incubating 10 mM UDP- glucose and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 6.5) for 24 h at 37°C and analysing the formation of UDP-galactose as described in Example 1.

[0212] Example 5: Expression of active beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase

[0213] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) from N. meningitidis or P. multocida with UniProt ID Q51116 or D0EAD4, respectively. Expression of the enzyme was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis on the cleared cell lysate was performed as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzyme. Activity was verified by incubating 10 mM UDP-galactose, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM MgCL and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) for 24 h at 37°C and analysing the formation of lactose as described in Example 1.

[0214] Example 6: Expression of active glucose isomerase An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the glucose isomerase from E. coli, S. murinis, Arthrobacter or T. ethanolicus with UniProt ID P00944, P37031, P12070 or D2DK62, respectively. Expression of the enzymes was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis on the cleared cell lysates was performed as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzymes. Activity was verified by incubating 100 mM fructose, 10 mM MgCL and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 6.5) for 24 h at 37°C and analysing the formation of glucose as described in Example 1.

[0215] Example 7: Activity of sucrose phosphorylase at elevated temperature

[0216] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the sucrose phosphorylase from B. adolescentis with UniProt ID A0ZZH6. Expression of the enzyme was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Activity was verified by incubating 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) for 1 h at 60°C and analysing the formation of glucose-l-phosphate and fructose as described in Example 1.

[0217] Example 8: Expression of active UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase at elevated temperature An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase from S. tokodaii with UniProt ID Q975F9. Expression of the enzymes was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis on the cleared cell lysates was performed as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzymes. Activity was verified by incubating 10 mM glucose-l-phosphate, 10 mM UTP and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 6.5) for 1 h at 60°C and analysing the formation of UDP-glucose as described in Example 1.

[0218] Example 9: Activity of UDP-glucose-4-epimerase at elevated temperature

[0219] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding for the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase Pyrobaculum with UniProt ID A0A0K1E1Q5. Expression of the enzyme was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Activity was verified by incubating 10 mM UDP-glucose and 50% (v / v) GalE cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 6.5) for 1 h at 60°C and analysing the formation of UDP- galactose as described in Example 1.

[0220] Example 10: Activity of glucose isomerase at elevated temperature

[0221] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1 was transformed with an inducible expression plasmid containing the gene coding forthe glucose isomerase from T. ethanolicus with UniProt ID D2DK62. Expression of the enzyme was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Activity was verified by incubating 100 mM fructose, 10 mM MgCL and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 6.5) for 1 h at 60°C and analysing the formation of glucose as described in Example 1.

[0222] Example 11: Co-expression of sucrose phosphorylase, UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase, UDP-glucose-4-epimerase and beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase

[0223] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1, natively expressing an UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase with UniProt ID P0AEP3, was transformed with an expression plasmid containing a constitutive transcriptional unit for the sucrose phosphorylase from B. adolescentis with UniProt ID A0ZZH6, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GalE) from Pyrobaculum with UniProt ID A0A0K1E1Q5, and a constitutive transcriptional unit for the beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) from N. meningitidis with UniProt ID Q51116. Expression of the enzymes was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis was performed on the cleared cell lysates as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzymes.

[0224] Example 12: Co-expression of sucrose phosphorylase, UDP-glucose-4-epimerase, beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase and glucose isomerase

[0225] An E. coli NiCo21(DE3) strain as described in Example 1, natively expressing an UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase with UniProt ID P0AEP3, was transformed with an expression plasmid containing a constitutive transcriptional unit for the sucrose phosphorylase from B. adolescentis with UniProt ID A0ZZH6, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GalE) from Pyrobaculum with UniProt ID A0A0K1E1Q5, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) from N. meningitidis with UniProt ID Q51116 and a constitutive transcriptional unit for the glucose isomerase (XylA) from T. ethanolicus with UniProt ID D2DK62. Expression of the enzymes was performed in a shake flask and cells were harvested and lysed as described in Example 1. Western blot analysis was performed on the cleared cell lysates as described in Example 1 and confirmed the expression of the target enzymes.

[0226] Example 13: In vitro synthesis of lactose via cell extracts of individually expressed enzymes

[0227] Cell lysates from strains expressing a sucrose phosphorylase as described in Example 2, an UTP-glucose- l-phosphate uridylyltransferase as described in Example 3, a UDP-glucose-4-epimerase as described in Example 4, and a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase as described in Example 5 were mixed with substrate in a one-pot multi-enzyme reaction containing 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM glucose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate, 20 mM UTP, 10 mM MgCL and three times 16.6% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1.

[0228] Example 14: In vitro synthesis of lactose via cell extracts of individually expressed enzymes

[0229] Cell lysates from strains expressing a sucrose phosphorylase as described in Example 2, an UTP-glucose- 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase as described in Example 3, a UDP-glucose-4-epimerase as described in Example 4, a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase as described in Example 5, and a glucose isomerase as described in Example 6 were mixed with substrate in a one-pot multi-enzyme reaction containing 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate, 20 mM UTP, 10 mM MgCL and four times 12.5% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1.

[0230] Example 15: In vitro synthesis of lactose via cell extracts of co-expressed enzymes

[0231] Cell lysates from strains co-expressing the four enzymes, as described in Example 11, were mixed with substrate in a one-pot multi-enzyme reaction containing 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM glucose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate, 20 mM UTP, 10 mM MgCL and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1.

[0232] Example 16: In vitro synthesis of lactose via cell extracts of co-expressed enzymes

[0233] Cell lysates from strains co-expressing the five enzymes, as described in Example 12, were mixed with substrate in a one-pot multi-enzyme reaction containing 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate, 20 mM UTP, 10 mM MgCL and 50% (v / v) cell extract in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1.

[0234] Example 17: In vitro synthesis of lactose via purified enzymes

[0235] Cell lysates from strains expressing a sucrose phosphorylase as described in Example 2, an UTP-glucose- 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase as described in Example 3, a UDP-glucose-4-epimerase as described in Example 4, a beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase as described in Example 5, and a glucose isomerase as described in Example 6, were purified as described in Example 1. The purified enzymes were subsequently mixed in a one-pot multi-enzyme reaction containing 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate, 20 mM UTP, 10 mM MgCL and 0.1 mg / ml purified enzyme in 50 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0) and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1.

[0236] Example 18: In vivo synthesis of lactose

[0237] An E. coli K-12 MG1655 strain modified for growth on sucrose and deficient in the breakdown of lactose and natively expressing an UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase with UniProt ID P0AEP3, as described in Example 1, was transformed with an expression plasmid containing a constitutive transcriptional unit for the sucrose phosphorylase from either B. adolescentis or S. mutans with UniProt ID A0ZZH6 or P10249, respectively, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GalE) from either E. coli, B. longum, Pyrobaculum or C. jejuni with UniProt ID P09147, E8MF10, A0A0K1E1Q5 or Q0P9C3, respectively, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase (GalT) from N. meningitidis or P. multocida with UniProt ID Q51116 or D0EAD4, respectively, and a constitutive transcriptional unit for the glucose isomerase (XylA) from either S. murinus, Arthrobacter or T. ethanolicus with UniProt ID P37031, P12070 or D2DK62, respectively. The novel strains were evaluated in a 96-well plate for production of lactose according to the culture conditions provided in Example 1 in which the strains were cultivated in minimal medium with 30 g / L sucrose. After 72h of incubation, the culture broth was harvested, and the formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1.

[0238] Example 19: Whole cell biotransformation synthesis of lactose

[0239] An E. coli K-12 MG1655 strain as described in Example 1, natively expressing an UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase with UniProt ID P0AEP3, was transformed with an expression plasmid containing a constitutive transcriptional unit for the sucrose phosphorylase from B. adolescentis with UniProt ID A0ZZH6, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase from xxx with UniProt ID xxx, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GalE) from Pyrobaculum with UniProt ID A0A0K1E1Q5, a constitutive transcriptional unit for the beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase (GalT) from N. meningitidis with UniProt ID Q51116 and a constitutive transcriptional unit for the glucose isomerase (XylA) from T. ethanolicus with UniProt ID D2DK62. The strain was cultivated in a shake flask and cells were harvested and prepared for whole cell biotransformation as described in Example 1. A reaction vessel containing 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM inorganic phosphate, 20 mM UTP, 100 mM MOPS, 15 mM MgSO4and 50 mg / mL cells, pH 7 was incubated for 48 hours at 21 °C and 175 rpm. The formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1.

[0240] Example 20: Recovery on the synthesis enzymes

[0241] The enzymes may be recovered from the solution by means of ultrafiltration, wherein the molecular cutoff of the ultrafiltration membrane is smaller than the molecular weight of the enzymes (i.e. for sucrose phosphorylase between 40 and 100 kDa, for UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase between 20 and 80 kDa, for UPD-glucose-4-epimerase between 30 and 80 kDa, for beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase between 30 and 45 kDa, for glucose isomerase between 40 and 200 kDa and for trehalose synthase between 45 and 200 kDa). The retained enzymes are recycled to the reaction vessel of column, while the filtrate with the residual substrates, byproducts and salts are further purified to form highly purified lactose.

[0242] Typical ultrafiltration membranes are PES membranes (Synder), PAN membranes (synder), PVDF membranes (Synder), SPES membranes or ceramic membranes (Tami) with molecular weight cutoff ranging between lkDa and lOOkDa.

[0243] In a preferred production setup, the ultrafiltration recycling of the enzymes is performed in a continuous manner, enabling continuous lactose synthesis.

[0244] Example 21: Removal of protein, cells, other carbohydrates and salts from the lactose solution

[0245] After the synthesis of lactose as described in the previous examples, typical impurities are sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and buffer components (phosphate salts and cations such as magnesium).

[0246] These impurities need to be removed from the solution, yet separating sugars with from each other in a solution is not trivial. These sugars have similar properties and molecular weights and are hence not easily separated.

[0247] The use of a selective yeast to purify lactose

[0248] A solution containing lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and buffer components and the synthesis enzymes was inoculated with baker's yeast (for instance Bruggeman yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This yeast converts sucrose, fructose, galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP- galactose to biomass and ethanol but leaves the lactose in solution.

[0249] After this conversion, the yeast was centrifuged off, leaving in the supernatant lactose, the buffer, and the metabolites formed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (e.g. ethanol, acetate, glycerol) and cell debris. The formation of these metabolites and debris poses a new challenge, these need to be removed. An alternative method for the removal of the yeast is flocculation and decantation or microfiltration with pore size 0.1 to 10pm (ceramic, PES, PVDF membranes).

[0250] To this end, the cell debris is removed by ultrafiltration resulting in a solution with less than 100 mg protein per kg dry solid, a DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and an endotoxin was below 10000 EU per gram dry solid. The ultrafiltration was followed by a nanofiltration step in which the buffer salts and yeast metabolites are separated from the lactose. For the nanofiltration a NFX membrane (Synder) with a molecular weight cut-off of 300Da is used at 50°C, which has >99% rejection for lactose. The membrane has a salt rejection <40% which allows easy removal of salts and yeast metabolites while preforming diafiltrations with water. The lactose yield after this step is higher than 95%. During the nanofiltration the solution is further concentrated to a solution of >15% dry matter.

[0251] An alternative nanofiltration membrane is NFW (Synder, with molecular weight cut-off <600Da). This membrane has a lactose rejection of >98.5%, salt rejection of <20.0%, which allows easy removal of the salts and yeast metabolites in a diafiltration step. The ash content on total solid after diafiltration is reduced to <5% on total solid.

[0252] The use of an invertase to selectively hydrolyse sucrose

[0253] A solution containing lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and buffer components and the synthesis enzymes was treated with an invertase (Beta-fructofuranosidase, Novozymes, approx. 1 g / L, pH 5, 50°C). The residual sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose during this treatment, while leaving the lactose intact.

[0254] After the sucrose inversion, the enzymes are removed by ultrafiltration resulting in a solution with less than 100 mg protein per kg dry solid, a DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and an endotoxin was below 10000 EU per gram dry solid. The ultrafiltration was followed by a nanofiltration step in which the buffer salts and monosaccharides are separated from the lactose. For the nanofiltration a DL series membrane (Suez) with a molecular weight cut-off of 300Da is used at 50°C, which has >99% rejection for lactose but a low rejection for monosaccharides (5-10%). By diafiltration the monosaccharides and the salts are removed in this step. During the nanofiltration the solution is further concentrated to a solution of >15% dry matter. The ash content on total solid after diafiltration is reduced to <5% on total solid.

[0255] Example 22: Removal of protein, cells, other carbohydrates and salts from the lactose solution

[0256] After the synthesis of lactose as described in the previous examples, typical impurities are trehalose glucose, galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and buffer components (phosphate salts and cations such as magnesium).

[0257] These impurities need to be removed from the solution, yet separating sugars with from each other in a solution is not trivial. These sugars have similar properties and molecular weights and are hence not easily separated.

[0258] The use of a selective yeast to purify lactose

[0259] A solution containing lactose, trehalose, glucose, galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and buffer components and the synthesis enzymes was inoculated with baker's yeast (for instance Bruggeman yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This yeast converts trehalose, glucose, galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose to biomass and ethanol but leaves the lactose in solution.

[0260] After this conversion, the yeast was centrifuged off, leaving in the supernatant lactose, the buffer, and the metabolites formed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (e.g. ethanol, acetate, glycerol) and cell debris. The formation of these metabolites and debris poses a new challenge, these need to be removed. An alternative method for the removal of the yeast is flocculation and decantation or microfiltration with pore size 0.1 to 10pm (ceramic, PES, PVDF membranes).

[0261] To this end, the cell debris is removed by ultrafiltration resulting in a solution with less than 100 mg protein per kg dry solid, a DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and an endotoxin was below 10000 EU per gram dry solid. The ultrafiltration was followed by a nanofiltration step in which the buffer salts and yeast metabolites are separated from the lactose. For the nanofiltration a NFX membrane (Synder) with a molecular weight cut-off of 300Da is used at 50°C, which has >99% rejection for lactose. The membrane has a salt rejection <40% which allows easy removal of salts and yeast metabolites while preforming diafiltrations with water. The lactose yield after this step is higher than 95%. During the nanofiltration the solution is further concentrated to a solution of >15% dry matter.

[0262] An alternative nanofiltration membrane is NFW (Synder, with molecular weight cut-off <600Da). This membrane has a lactose rejection of >98.5%, salt rejection of <20.0%, which allows easy removal of the salts and yeast metabolites in a diafiltration step. The ash content on total solid after diafiltration is reduced to <5% on total solid.

[0263] Example 23: Demineralization of the lactose solution

[0264] The solutions from examples 13 to 19 all contain residual salts and nucleotide sugars after treatment. To fully remove the salts from the solution, the solution is treated with a cation and anion exchange resin. The solutions are first passed through a strong acid cation exchange resin containing column (IL of Amberlite IR120) in the proton form at a temperature of 10°C, resulting in exchange of all cations with a proton in the liquid. The liquid resulting from the cation exchange step was subjected to a weak base anion exchange resin containing column (IL of Amberlite IR400) in the hydroxide form at a temperature of 10°C, exchanging the anions in the liquid for hydroxide ions. After both cation and anion exchange, the pH was set to a pH between 6 and 7. The lactose recovery is between 95 and 98%. The ash content on total solid after ion exchange is reduced to <1% on total solid.

[0265] Alternative cation and anion exchange resins are Amberlite IR100, Amberlite IR120, Amberlite FPC22, Dowex 50WX, Finex CS16GC, Finex CS13GC, Finex CS12GC, Finex CS11GC, Lewatit S, Diaion SK, Diaion UBK, Amberjet 1000, Amberjet 1200 and Amberjet 4200, Amberjet 4600, Amberlite IR400, Amberlite IR410, Amberlite IR458, Diaion SA, Diaion UBA120, Lewatit MonoPlus M, Lewatit S7468.

[0266] Example 24: color removal

[0267] To achieve decolourization, several samples throughout the process were subjected to activated charcoal treatment with Norit SX PLUS activated charcoal (0.5% m / v). Color removal was measured with a spectrophotometer at 420 nm. In all samples the color intensity at 420nm was reduced 50 to 100-fold. The activated charcoal is filtered of by means of a plate filter or chamber filter press preferably at elevated temperatures.

[0268] Example 25: Concentration

[0269] Nanofiltration was carried out with an NF-2540 membrane (DOW) with a cut off of 200 Da to concentrate the de-ionized solutions after ion exchange, nanofiltation up to 25 Brix or the raw solution after ultrafiltration. During the filtration process a pressure across the membrane in the range of 20-25 bar was used and a process temperature of 45°C. The solution was continuous recirculated over the membrane for concentration, leading to a dry matter content of the concentrate up to 25% Brix.

[0270] An alternative method of concentration is falling film evaporation or wiped film evaporation, wherein at high temperature the lactose concentration before drying or crystallization can be increased up to 80%. Typical temperatures are 50-100°C.

[0271] Example 26: Spray drying of enzymatically synthesized lactose

[0272] The lactose containing solutions from examples 13 to 25 are spray dried with pilot spray dry equipment. The equipment has an evaporation capacity of 2 kg / h.

[0273] For spray drying the liquid was heated to a temperature between 50 and 100°C, to lower the viscosity. The pH of the liquid was set to a pH of 4 to 6. More preferably the pH is set to 4 to 5 and temperatures are kept between 50 and 70°C.

[0274] The lactose concentration in the feed is between 5% and 80% Brix, depending on if the solution was concentrated or treated with nanofiltration. These concentrations were obtained by rotary evaporation or wiped film evaporation (example 25). The concentrated liquids were fed to the spray dryer at a rate between 50 and 90%. The higher the percentage brix, the faster the feed rate.

[0275] The used inlet temperature ranged between 120 and 280°C. The outlet temperature ranged between 100°C and 180°C. The atomizer wheel rotation speed was set between 10000 and 28000 rpm. In one specific test the inlet temperature was set at 184°C, outlet temperature was set at 110°C and atomizer rate was set at 21500 rpm.

[0276] The obtained spray dried powder after ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and active charcoal treatment had a white to off white colour and the pH after dissolving in water at a concentration of 10%, is between 4 and 6. The purity of the lactose was above 80% of oligosaccharides on dry solid. The spray dried oligosaccharide mixtures had about 3 to 10% of water content, the protein content was below 100 mg per kg dry solid, the DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and the endotoxin was below 10000 EU per gram dry solid. No GMO DNA could be detected in the powder. The powder that was treated with ion exchange resins has an ash content below 1% on total solid, the Lead content was lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, the Arsenic content was lower than 0.2 mg / kg solid, the Cadmium content was lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid and the Mercury content was lower than 0.5 mg / kg solid.

[0277] Example 27: Crystallization of lactose

[0278] The crystallization process is conducted in an agitated jacketed crystallizer. The concentrated lactose solution from example 25 has a temperature 65 °C and 70 °C, and is cooled to between 20 °C and 25 °C to maximize lactose crystal yield over a period of 12 to 48 h. As the solution is cooled, the lactose crystals crystallized because of the increase in supersaturation. The yield of crystalline lactose in one cycle is about 80%. The mother liquor can be concentrated again by either passing the mother liquor through the nanofiltration step again (to remove concentrated impurities) or concentrated again to a dry matter content of approx. 50%.

[0279] Example 28: Separation of lactose from disaccharides by SMB

[0280] For SMB chromatography, a closed loop SMB system equipped with 12 glass columns with the same dimensions can be used. Each glass column comprises a strong cation ion exchanger resin, typical the resins that are used are Dowex Monosphere in the Ca2+ form. The SMB can be run at ambient temperature, but is preferably run above 50°C. The flow rates are adapted over de different zones in the SMB system with a constant feed rate to the SMB. As eluent typically water is used, but food grade ethanol may be used for better separation up to about 10% (v / v).

[0281] Example 29: Synthesis of lactose in E. coli

[0282] An E. coli K-12 MG1655 strain as described in Example 1, natively expressing an UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GalE) and an UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalU) with UniProt ID P09147 and P0AEP3, respectively, was further modified with a constitutive transcriptional unit for a sucrose phosphorylase (SP) from B. adolescentis with UniProt ID A0ZZH6 and transformed with an expression plasmid containing a constitutive transcriptional unit for a beta-1, 4-galactosylstransferase (GalT) either from either N. meningitidis with UniProt ID Q51116 or from P. multocida with UniProt ID D0EAD4, as described in Example 1. For both GalT enzymes different transcriptional units (TUs) were evaluated, differing in their promotor, 5'-untranslated region and / or terminator sequence, as described in Example 1. The novel strains were evaluated in a growth experiment for production of lactose according to the culture conditions provided in Example 1 in which the strains were cultivated in minimal medium with 30 g / L sucrose, 10 g / L glucose. The strains were grown in four biological replicates in a 96-well plate. After 72h of incubation, the culture broth was harvested and the formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1. Lactose production was observed for several expression variants (Table 2). Table 2 Lactose production in a modified E. coii strain (production normalised to the production of N. meningitidis GalT (expression variant 4))

[0283] Example 30: Synthesis of lactose in E. coii in a bioreactor

[0284] An E. coii K-12 MG1655 strain as described in Example 1, natively expressing an UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GalE) and an UTP-glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalU) with UniProt ID P09147 and P0AEP3, respectively, was further modified with a constitutive transcriptional unit for a sucrose phosphorylase (SP) from B. adolescentis with UniProt ID A0ZZH6 and transformed with an expression plasmid containing a constitutive transcriptional unit for a beta-1, 4-galactosylstransferase (GalT) from P. multocida with UniProt ID D0EAD4, as described in Example 1. The resulting strain was subsequently evaluated at bioreactor scale in a fed-batch process, as described in Example 1. Sucrose and glucose were added in the batch medium and sucrose and glucose were added during the fed-batch phase via an additional feed. The formation of lactose at the end of the process was analysed as described in Example 1 and compared to the formation in a microtiter plate. The production was almost 7 times as high in a bioreactor as compared to a microtiter plate (Table 3).

[0285] Table 3 Comparison of the lactose production of the same strain in a bioreactor versus a microtiter plate (lactose production in a bioreactor normalised to the production in a microtiter plate)

[0286] Example 31: Synthesis of lactose from sucrose and maltodextrin in E. coii

[0287] An E. coii K-12 MG1655 strain as described in Example 29 and 30, was evaluated in a growth experiment for production of lactose according to the culture conditions provided in Example 1 in which the strain was cultivated in minimal medium with either 15 g / L sucrose and 20 g / L glucose or 15 g / L sucrose and 20 g / L maltodextrin. The strain was grown in a 96-well plate in four biological replicates for each condition and after 72h of incubation, the culture broth was harvested and the formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1. Combination of sucrose with either glucose or maltodextrin resulted in the same production of lactose (Table 4).

[0288] Table 4 Lactose production in minima / medium supplemented with different carbon sources (values normalised to the lactose production in the sucrose + glucose medium)

[0289] Example 32: Synthesis of lactose from maltodextrin in E. coli

[0290] An E. coli K-12 MG1655 strain as described in Example 29 and 30 was evaluated in a growth experiment for production of lactose according to the culture conditions provided in Example 1 in which the strain was cultivated in minimal medium with either 15 g / L sucrose and 20 g / L glucose, or 40 g / L maltodextrin. The strain was grown in a 96-well plate in four biological replicates for each condition and after 72h of incubation, the culture broth was harvested and the final OD of the culture and the formation of lactose were measured as described in Example 1. Similar lactose production was observed for both conditions proving that production of lactose can be achieved from maltodextrin as the sole carbon source and the cell using its endogenous phosphorylases acting on alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bonds (Table 5).

[0291] Table 5 Lactose production in minimal medium supplemented with different carbon sources (values normalised to the lactose production in the sucrose + glucose medium)

[0292] Example 33: Synthesis of lactose in E. coli strains bearing GalE and GalU expression variants

[0293] An E. coli K-12 MG1655 strain as described in Example 29 and 30 was further modified by adding an additional transcription unit (TU) of the naturally present UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GalE) and UTP- glucose-l-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalU) with UniProt ID P09147 and P0AEP3, respectively. The TUs differ in their promotor, 5'-untranslated region and / or terminator sequence, as described in Example 1 and constitutively express the GalE and GalU genes. The novel strains were evaluated in a growth experiment for production of lactose according to the culture conditions provided in Example 1 in which the strains were cultivated in minimal medium with 15 g / L sucrose and 20 g / L glucose. The strains were grown in four biological replicates in a 96-well plate. After 72h of incubation, the culture broth was harvested and the formation of lactose was analysed as described in Example 1. Several strains showed a higher lactose production (from 9 to 22% better), showing that finetuning the GalE and GalU expression improves lactose production (Table 6).

[0294] Table 6 Lactose production in modified E. co / i strains bearing different expression variants of GalE and GalU (production normalised to the production of the reference strain that is devoid of additional GalE and GalU expression variants)

Claims

Claims1. A method for the production of lactose, characterised in that said method comprises use of i) a phosphorylase and ii) inorganic phosphate, to form glucose-l-phosphate, and iii) use of a beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase.

2. The method according to claim 1, said method further comprising use of i) an UTP-glucose-1- phosphate uridylyltransferase and ii) UTP, to convert said glucose-l-phosphate to UDP-glucose.

3. The method according to claim 2, said method further comprising use of an UDP-glucose-4-epimerase to convert said UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said UDP-galactose is a galactose donor for said beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase to form lactose, preferably said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase converts glucose with said UDP-galactose to form lactose and UDP, preferably said beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase uses glucose as an acceptor and UDP-galactose as a donor, preferably said beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is a lactose synthase.

7. The method according to any one of previous claims, wherein said phosphorylase further forms glucose or fructose.

8. The method according to any one of previous claims, said method further comprising the use of an alpha-phosphoglucomutase and a beta-phosphoglucomutase.

9. The method according to any one of previous claims, said method further comprising addition of glucose, fructose, (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, inorganic phosphate and / or UTP.

10. The method according to any one of previous claims, wherein said phosphorylase is selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of a sucrose phosphorylase, a trehalose phosphorylase, a sophorose phosphorylase, a laminaribiose phosphorylase, a cellobiose phosphorylase, a cellodextrin phosphorylase, a sucrose 6'-phosphate phosphorylase, an 1,4-alpha- glucan phosphorylase, a 1,2-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a trehalose 6-phosphate phosphorylase, a kojibiose phosphorylase, a nigerose phosphorylase, a maltose phosphorylase, a glucosylrhamnose phosphorylase, a 1,3-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, a 1,3-beta-glucan phosphorylase, a cellobionic acid phosphorylase, and a glucosylglycerate phosphorylase.

11. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein said fructose is converted to glucose.

12. The method according to any one of previous claims, wherein said method is a fermentation process, a bioconversion, or an enzymatic process.

13. The method according to any one of previous claims, wherein said method is an enzymatic process and wherein i) at least one of the enzymes used in said enzymatic process is / are immobilized and / or at least one reaction in said enzymatic process is performed between 50°C and 80°C, preferably between 55°C and 70°C.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein said method is a fermentation process or a bioconversion and wherein the enzymatic conversions in said fermentation process or bioconversion are performed by at least one enzyme produced by a cell synthesizing said enzyme.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, 14, wherein said method is a fermentation process characterised in that said lactose is produced by a cell genetically engineered to produce all enzymes needed for production of lactose.

16. The method according to any one of previous claims, wherein the carbon source used by said phosphorylase is one or more selected from the list comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1, 2- gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1,3-alpha- glucan, 1,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of sucrose and maltodextrin, combination of sucrose and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of trehalose and maltodextrin, combination of trehalose and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'-phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6-phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1,3-beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16 , wherein said lactose is produced by using any one or more of sucrose, trehalose, sophorose, laminaribiose, cellobiose, cellodextrin, beta-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide, sucrose 6'-phosphate, maltose, maltodextrin, alpha-1, 4-gluco-oligosaccharide, (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, beta-1, 2- gluco-oligosaccharide, trehalose 6-phosphate, kojibiose, nigerose, glucosylrhamnose, 1,3-alpha-glucan, 1,3-beta-glucan, cellobionic acid, glucosylglycerate, combination of sucrose and glucose, combination of sucrose and maltodextrin, combination of sucrose and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of trehalose and glucose, combination of trehalose and maltodextrin, combination of trehalose and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, combination of sophorose and glucose, combination of laminaribiose and glucose, combination of cellobiose and glucose, combination of cellodextrin and glucose, combination of beta-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of sucrose 6'-phosphate and glucose, combination of maltose and glucose, combination of maltodextrin and glucose, combination of alpha-1, 4-gluco- oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, combination of amylose and glucose, combination of amylopectin and glucose, combination of glycogen and glucose, combination of beta-1, 2-gluco-oligosaccharide and glucose, combination of trehalose 6-phosphate and glucose, combination of kojibiose and glucose, combination of nigerose and glucose, combination of glucosylrhamnose and glucose, combination of 1,3-alpha-glucan and glucose, combination of 1,3-beta-glucan and glucose, combination of cellobionic acid and glucose, combination of glucosylglycerate and glucose as a carbon source, and wherein said production is catalysed by a plurality of enzyme combinations.

18. The method according to any one of claim 16 or 17, whereinA 1) said phosphorylase is a sucrose phosphorylase, A 2) said carbon source is sucrose and A 3):A 3) i) said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and fructose,A 3) ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from A 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose, A 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from A 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, A 3) iv) said fructose from A 3) i) is converted into glucose, and said UDP-galactose from A 3) iii) and said glucose from A 3) iv) are converted into lactose; or B 1) said phosphorylase is a sucrose phosphorylase, B 2) said carbon source is a combination of sucrose and glucose, and B 3):B 3) i) said sucrose is converted with said sucrose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and fructose,B 3) ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from B 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose, B 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from B 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and said UDP-galactose from B 3) iii) and said glucose are converted into lactose, or C 1) said phosphorylase is a trehalose phosphorylase, C 2) said carbon source is trehalose and C 3):C 3) i) said trehalose is converted with said trehalose phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and glucose,C 3) ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from C 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose, C 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from C 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, andsaid glucose from C 3) i) and said UDP-galactose from C 3) iii) are converted into lactose, or D 1) said phosphorylase is a 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, D 2) said carbon source is a combination of (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 and glucose, and D 3):D 3) i) said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted with said 1,4- alpha-glucan phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l with n equal to or larger than 3,D 3) ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from D 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose,D 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from D 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactose, and said UDP-galactose from D 3) iii) and said glucose are converted into lactose; or E 1) said phosphorylase is a 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase, E 2) said carbon source is (alpha-1, 4- D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3, and E 3):E 3) i) said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n with n equal to or larger than 3 is converted with said 1,4- alpha-glucan phosphorylase into glucose-l-phosphate and (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l with n equal to or larger than 3,E 3) ii) said glucose-l-phosphate from E 3) i) is converted into UDP-glucose,E 3) iii) said UDP-glucose from E 3) ii) is converted into UDP-galactoseE 3) iv) said (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n from E 1) or (alpha-1, 4-D-glucosyl)n-l from E 3) i) is converted into glucose; preferably by alpha-amylase or glucoamylase, and said UDP-galactose from E 3) iii) and said glucose from E 3) iv) are converted into lactose.

19. The method according to any one of previous claims, wherein said method further comprises i) separating and / or purifying said lactose and / or ii) purifying said lactose by at least one of the following purification steps: microfiltration, centrifugation, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, ion exchange, cation exchange, anion exchange, Simulated Moving Bed, colour removal, preferably further comprising concentration, spray drying and / or crystallization.

20. The method according to any one of previous claims, wherein said method comprises a step of drying or crystallisation of said lactose, preferably said step of drying comprises any one or more of spray drying, lyophilization, evaporation, precipitation, spray freeze drying, freeze spray drying, band drying, belt drying, vacuum band drying, vacuum belt drying, drum drying, roller drying, vacuum drum drying, vacuum roller drying, and agitated thin film drying.

21. The method according to any one claims 19 to 20, wherein the lactose purity before separation and / or purification is < 70%, < 60%, < 50%, < 40%, < 30%, < 20%, < 10% on total solids, and / or the purity at the end of said method comprising separation and / or purification is higher than > 80%, > 85%, > 90%, > 95%, > 97%, > 98% and / or > 99% on dry solids.

22. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 21, wherein said separated and / or purified lactose hasA. an ash content below 1% on total solid, preferably below 0.5% on total solid, preferably with one or more of: e. Lead content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; f. Arsenic content lower than 0.2 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.02 mg / kg solid; g. Cadmium content lower than 0.1 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.01 mg / kg solid; or h. Mercury content was lower than 0.5 mg / kg solid, preferably lower than 0.005 mg / kg solid; and / orB. at least one or more of: i) a protein content below 100 mg per kg dry solid, ii) DNA content below 10 ng per gram dry solid and iii) endotoxin content below 10000 EU per gram dry solid.