Polar hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) techniques for higher-order quadrature amplitude modulation
Polar coding techniques for higher-order modulation schemes in wireless communications systems enhance decoding efficiency by assigning bit groups based on channel capacity and reliability, improving retransmission reliability and efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/105659
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-22
AI Technical Summary
Wireless communications systems face challenges in successfully decoding modulated bits due to the use of higher-order quadrature amplitude modulation schemes, leading to inefficiencies in retransmissions, particularly when incremental redundancy hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) techniques are employed.
The implementation of polar coding techniques for higher-order modulation schemes, where messages are initially transmitted with a first modulation order and retransmitted with a second modulation order, with bit groups assigned based on channel capacity and reliability, utilizing polar encoding to enhance decoding efficiency.
This approach improves the reliability and efficiency of retransmissions by leveraging different bit reliability levels in higher-order modulation schemes, enhancing the polarization of bit channels and optimizing retransmission strategies.
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Figure CN2024105659_22012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
POLAR HYBRID AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST (HARQ) TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHER-ORDER QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
[0001] FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including polar hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) techniques for higher-order quadrature amplitude modulation.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .
[0004] Wireless communications systems may include the use of various modulation schemes for modulating transmissions. For example, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) , among other modulation schemes may be used to modulate an amplitude, phase, or other attribute of a waveform for an uplink or downlink signal to indicate different bits of information. In some examples, the wireless communications systems may include a transmitter that transmits modulated bits to a receiver but the receiver may not be able to successfully decode the modulated bits. Accordingly, the transmitter may transmit one or more retransmissions of a message, for example, using an incremental redundancy (IR) hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) scheme.SUMMARY
[0005] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0006] A method for wireless communications by a wireless device is described. The method may include transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order, computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message, determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits, assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message, and transmitting a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0007] A wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to transmit a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order, compute a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message, determine the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits, assign respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message, and transmit a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0008] Another wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include means for transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order, means for computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message, means for determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits, means for assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message, and means for transmitting a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0009] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to transmit a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order, compute a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message, determine the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits, assign respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message, and transmit a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0010] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits may include operations, features, means, or instructions for assigning two or more identical groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective sets of channels of the set of multiple channels based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order.
[0011] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the second modulation order may be different than the first modulation order and the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium may include further operations, features, means, or instructions for assigning at least one zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the set of multiple channels based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order, where the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits may be assigned to the respective channels in accordance with the quantity of reliability levels, and where the at least one zero-capacity group may be excluded from the transmitted second message.
[0012] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits may include operations, features, means, or instructions for assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels to correspond to respective bit groups of the first set of multiple bits of the first message, where the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits may be assigned based on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.
[0013] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, a set of multiple channels associated with the first message includes at least one first zero-capacity group based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the first modulation order and the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable medium may include further operations, features, means, or instructions for assigning at least one second zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the set of multiple channels, where the at least one second zero-capacity group may be excluded from the transmitted second message.
[0014] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first modulation order may be the same as the second modulation order and the set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding the second set of multiple bits may have a same configuration as a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding the first set of multiple bits of the first message based on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.
[0015] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first message includes one or more zero-capacity groups assigned to one or more of the set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding the first set of multiple bits and the retransmission of the first message may be transmitted using at least one of the one or more zero-capacity groups.
[0016] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for interleaving the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits after encoding the second set of multiple bits using the polar code and prior to transmitting the second message.
[0017] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for interleaving the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits prior to encoding the second set of multiple bits using the polar code.
[0018] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first set of multiple bits and the second set of multiple bits include shaping bits and information bits.
[0019] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to the respective channels of the set of multiple channels may be further based on a polar capacity computation, a finite block length capacity formula, a subblock allocation sequence, a bit reliability sequence, or a combination thereof.
[0020] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports polar hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) techniques for higher-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 3 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 4 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 5 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 6 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 7 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIGs. 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that support polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIGs. 13 and 14 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] Wireless communications systems may include the use of various modulation schemes for modulating transmissions. For example, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) , among other modulation schemes, may be used to modulate an amplitude, phase, or other attribute of a waveform for an uplink or downlink signal to indicate different bits of information. In some examples, the wireless communications systems may include a transmitter that transmits modulated bits to a receiver but the receiver may not be able to successfully decode the modulated bits. Accordingly, the transmitter may transmit retransmissions of a message, for example, using an incremental redundancy (IR) -hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) scheme.
[0034] Additionally, polar coding techniques may be used for efficient and relatively low-complexity decoding of wireless communications. Polar coding involves assigning information bits to different bit channels and encoding the bits such that some bit channels are associated with increased reliability and other bit channels are associated with decreased reliability (such that respective bit channels may be “polarized” in terms of reliability) . A device may sort the bit-channels by levels of reliability, such as by most reliable bit-channel to least reliable bit-channel. For example, bit channels may be associated with respective reliabilities, and a wireless communication device may assign known bits (e.g., frozen bits) to low-reliability bit channels and assign information bits to high-reliability bit channels. In such examples, bit channels associated with the relatively higher reliability may be associated with reduced noise compared to the relatively lower reliability bit channels.
[0035] In some cases (such as for higher-order modulation schemes) , a polar code may be partitioned (e.g., divided) into multiple sub-blocks that each have a similar structure. Here, a transmitting wireless communication device may apply a polar transform (for example, using a polar transformation matrix) to a polar code of block length N that partitions the polar code into the multiple sub-blocks that have a same block length. Partitioning the polar code into the respective sub-block may be in accordance with an order of a modulation scheme, and the respective sub-blocks may each correspond to a different bit channel having a corresponding reliability, and different bit groups may be associated with respective bit channels. Put another way, polar coding for higher-order modulation schemes (such as QAM) may include the partitioning of information bits into multiple sub-blocks that each have a similar structure, and the sub-blocks may be transmitted on respective channels. Such techniques may provide improvements to polar coding procedures by utilizing different bit reliability levels of QAM symbols, and polar coding performed on such symbols may take advantage of such reliability levels to enhance a code design (for example, by providing improved polarization due to bit grouping) . Thus, it may be advantageous to implement bit grouping for higher-order modulation schemes and with IR-HARQ techniques to improve retransmissions in a wireless communications system.
[0036] As described herein, IR-HARQ techniques may be used for messages that are encoded using a polar code and transmitted using relatively higher-order modulation schemes, where retransmission of the messages in accordance with the IR-HARQ techniques may be polar encoded and include one or more bit groups based on the initial transmission of a message. For example, a transmitter, such as a user equipment (UE) or a network entity, may transmit a first set of bits in an initial transmission, where the first set of bits are transmitted using polar coding that groups sets of bits and modulated using a first modulation order. The transmitter may transmit a second set of bits in a retransmission that are encoded using polar coding, where the second set of bits are modulated using a second modulation order, which may be the same or different from the first modulation order. For the retransmission, the transmitter may compute a channel capacity for the channels used for retransmission (e.g., retransmission channels) . The transmitter may determine the second set of bits for the retransmission based on the reliability associated with each of the first set of bits. The transmitter may assign groups of bits to be transmitted via the retransmission channels based on the channel capacity, where the groups of bits are based on the second modulation order. The transmitter may transmit the second set of bits based on the groups via the retransmission channels.
[0037] In some examples, the second modulation order may be different than (e.g., smaller than) the first modulation order. In such examples, the same group of bits may be transmitted via multiple channels (e.g., identical group of bits) and / or at least one of the retransmission channels is assigned with a zero-capacity group, where the zero-capacity group channel is unused during retransmission. In some examples, the first modulation order may be the same modulation order as the second modulation order, and the first modulation order may be associated with at least one zero-capacity group. In such examples, the retransmission channels may include the same retransmission channels as the initial transmission (e.g., same structure) . In some examples, the retransmission may be partially transmitted through the same channels as the initial transmission, such that at least some of the zero-capacity groups are used. In some examples, the second plurality of bits may be interleaved for the retransmission via the retransmission channels. The first set of bits and the second set of bits may include shaping bits and / or information bits.
[0038] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM.
[0039] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0040] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0041] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0042] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0043] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0044] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0045] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU)) .
[0046] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2)) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0047] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some examples, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0048] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor) , IAB node (s) 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130) . That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170, in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link) . The IAB donor and IAB node (s) 104 may communicate via an F1 interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an F1 AP protocol) . Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including a CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of another portion of a backhaul link.
[0049] IAB node (s) 104 may refer to RAN nodes that provide IAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities) . A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node (s) 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with IAB node (s) 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through other IAB node (s) 104) . Additionally, or alternatively, IAB node (s) 104 may also be referred to as parent nodes or child nodes to other IAB node (s) 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node (s) 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104) to receive signaling from a parent IAB node (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104) , and a DU interface (e.g., a DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node to signal to a child IAB node or UE 115.
[0050] For example, IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as parent nodes that support communications for child IAB nodes, or may be referred to as child IAB nodes associated with IAB donors, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wired or wireless connection (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) to the core network 130 and may act as a parent node to IAB node (s) 104. For example, the DU 165 of an IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB node (s) 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an F1 interface to IAB node (s) 104, and the IAB node (s) 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) . That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB node (s) 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface to MT of IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., other IAB node (s) ) . Communications with IAB node (s) 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of the IAB donor or of IAB node (s) 104.
[0051] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0052] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0053] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0054] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0055] In some examples, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN) ) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT) .
[0056] The communication link (s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network entity 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network entity 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode) .
[0057] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz) ) . Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network entities 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include network entities 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.
[0058] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0059] One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (Δf) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.
[0060] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0061] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0062] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)) .
[0063] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0064] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0065] The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of the network entities 105) may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, network entities 105 may have different frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of network entities 105) may, in some examples, not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.
[0066] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently) . In some examples, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications) , or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.
[0067] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0068] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0069] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0070] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0071] The wireless communications system 100 may also operate using a super high frequency (SHF) region, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or using an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz) , also known as the millimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115 and the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170) , and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques may facilitate using antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.
[0072] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0073] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0074] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0075] A network entity 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beamforming operations. For example, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a network entity 105 multiple times along different directions. For example, the network entity 105 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a network entity 105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the network entity 105.
[0076] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105 or a UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as another network entity 105 or UE 115) . In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the network entity 105 along different directions and may report to the network entity 105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.
[0077] In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a network entity 105 or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a network entity 105 to a UE 115) . The UE 115 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The network entity 105 may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)) , which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook) . Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted along one or more directions by a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal along a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device) .
[0078] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may perform reception operations in accordance with multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105) , such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may perform reception in accordance with multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal) . The single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions) .
[0079] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP-based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network entity 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.
[0080] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully. HARQ feedback is one technique for increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly via a communication link (e.g., the communication link (s) 125, a D2D communication link 135) . HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) ) , forward error correction (FEC) , and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ) ) . HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in relatively poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise conditions) . In some examples, a device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received via a previous symbol in the slot. In some other examples, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.
[0081] In some examples, the wireless communications systems 100 may include the use of various modulation schemes for modulating transmissions. For example, QPSK, BPSK, QAM, PAM, among other modulation schemes may be used to modulate an amplitude, phase, or other attribute of a waveform for an uplink or downlink signal to indicate different bits of information. The wireless communications systems 100 may include a transmitter, (e.g., the UE 115 and / or the network entity 105) that transmits modulated bits to a receiver but the receiver may not be able to successfully decode the modulated bits. Accordingly, the transmitter may transmit redundancy bits in a retransmission, for example, using an IR-HARQ scheme.
[0082] Additionally, polar coding techniques may be used for efficient and relatively low-complexity decoding of wireless communications. Polar coding involves assigning information bits to different bit channels and encoding the bits such that some bit channels are associated with increased reliability and other bit channels are associated with decreased reliability (such that respective bit channels may be “polarized” in terms of reliability) . Further, polar coding for higher-order modulation schemes (such as QAM) may include the partitioning of information bits into multiple sub-blocks that each have a similar structure, and the sub-blocks may be transmitted on respective channels. Such techniques may provide improvements to polar coding procedures by utilizing different bit reliability levels of QAM symbols, and polar coding performed on such symbols may take advantage of such reliability levels to enhance a code design (for example, by providing improved polarization due to bit grouping) . Thus, it may be advantageous to implement bit grouping for higher-order modulation schemes and with IR-HARQ techniques to improve retransmissions in a wireless communications system.
[0083] A transmitter, such as a UE 115 or a network entity 105, may transmit a first set of bits in an initial transmission, where the first set of bits are transmitted using polar coding that groups set of bits and modulated using a first modulation order. The transmitter may transmit a second set of bits in a retransmission, where the second set of bits are modulated using a second modulation order, which may be the same or different from the first modulation order. For the retransmission, the transmitter may compute a channel capacity for the channels used for retransmission (e.g., retransmission channels) . The transmitter may determine the second set of bits for the retransmission based on the reliability associated with each of the first set of bits. The transmitter may assign groups of bits to be transmitted via the retransmission channels based on the channel capacity, where the groups of bits are based on the second modulation order. The transmitter may transmit the second set of bits based on the groups via the retransmission channels.
[0084] In some examples, the second modulation order may be smaller than the first modulation order. In such examples, the same group of bits may be transmitted via multiple channels (e.g., identical group of bits) and / or at least one of the retransmission channels is assigned with a zero-capacity group, where the zero-capacity group channel is unused during retransmission. In some examples, the first modulation order may be the same modulation order as the second modulation order and the first modulation order may be associated with at least one zero-capacity group. In such examples, the retransmission channels may include the same retransmission channels as the initial transmission (e.g., same channel structure) . In some examples, the retransmission may be partially transmitted through the same channels as the initial transmission, such that at least some of the zero-capacity groups are used.
[0085] In some examples, the second plurality of bits may be interleaved for the retransmission via the retransmission channels. For example, respective sets of bits for the retransmission may be interleaved either before transmission. In other examples, respective set of bits for the retransmission may be interleaved before a final polar transformation (which may include the inclusion of an interleaver prior to a last polarization step) .
[0086] In some aspects, the first set of bits and the second set of bits may include shaping bits and / or information bits. For example, a set of shaping bits may be treated as information bits for retransmissions in accordance with the various techniques described herein, for example, with reference to FIGs. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
[0087] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 200 may implement aspects of or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the wireless communications system 200 includes a UE 115-a and a network entity 105-a, which may be examples of a UE 115 and a network entity 105 described with respect to FIG. 1.
[0088] In some examples, data may be polar-coded and modulated before transmission. A first transmission may include a first set of information bits, K bits, that are coded via a polar transform coding, which may use a generator matrix, GN, with a block length, N, of the polar code. The encoded bits may be transmitted through one or more channels, W, which may be referred to as bit channels or some similar terminology. In some examples, the transmitter may send a retransmission of the data, for example, when the receiver communicates a negative acknowledgment of (NACK) of the data.
[0089] A retransmission may include a copy of the bits K that are split into two portion of bits, K’ and K” (e.g., or may be denoted as K-and K+, respectively) . As such, for a retransmission that is encoded using a polar code, a block length (e.g., a total block length) of the polar code may be double the length of the polar code associated with the initial transmission (e.g., the block length for the retransmission may be equivalent to 2N).
[0090] In examples described herein, such as with reference to FIGs. 3–7, a polar code retransmission structure is illustrated to show aspects of the polar encoding, including what may be referred to as a top half and a bottom half. For example, for the retransmission, the bottom half of the polar code retransmission structure (e.g., including a corresponding sub-block) may correspond to the initial transmission and / or K” . Here, K information bits associated with an initial transmission may be split into K’ and K” (or, similarly, K-and K+ bits) for the retransmission. The transmitter (e.g., encoder) may determine the most reliable bits and the least reliable bits of the initial transmission, where K” may include a copy of the most reliable bits (e.g., without modification in the bottom half of the polar code retransmission structure) . The remaining bits (e.g., K’ =K-K” bits) may be copied to the most reliable positions in K’ (e.g., in the top half of the polar code retransmission structure) . For the retransmission, the copied K’ bits may be used as information bits in the top half and may further be used as parity check bits for the bottom half of the polar code retransmission structure (where the parity check bits may be equivalent to the corresponding copies in K” ) .
[0091] In some examples, bit-grouping polar code design may be based on higher-order modulation. Generating the polar code may be defined by a mother code that is transformed to a rate-matched code, for example, an (N=2m, K) mother code → (M, K) rate-matched code, where N represents a block length of the polar code, K represents information bits, and M represents a codeword length. In some cases, the group bits may be grouped according to QAM bit reliability levels (e.g., four levels for 256QAM, three levels for 64QAM and an extra zero-capacity or one-capacity level depending on puncturing or shortening) . In some examples, each subblock of the coded bits may be shortened last or punctured first to coded bits. In such cases, a transmitting wireless communication device may apply a polar transform (for example, using a polar transformation matrix) to a polar code of block length N that partitions the polar code into multiple sub-blocks that have a same block length (for example, a block length of for a 256 QAM scheme) . Partitioning the polar code into the respective sub-block may be in accordance with an order of a modulation scheme, and the respective sub-blocks may each correspond to a different bit channel having a corresponding reliability. The transmitting device may assign information bits of an information bit vector to bit channels using the multiple sub-blocks, resulting in respective code blocks.
[0092] For the first transmission of the first set of bits, each subblock of coded bits may include a quantity of information bits allocated to respective subblocks. A QPSK polar code design with punctured first coded bits or shortened last coded bits may be applied to each of the subblock. However, determining allocation and bit grouping for the subblocks for the retransmission may be difficult.
[0093] As discussed herein, IR-HARQ techniques based on polar codes with grouping for high-order modulation may applied for the retransmission. Higher-order modulation may be associated with more than one channel (e.g., channels W0, W1, W2, W3, instead of a single channel W) . For example, the IR-HARQ techniques may be applied to different modulation orders for the retransmission of polar-encoded information bits, as well as for joint coding and shaping bits in the retransmission.
[0094] In the wireless communications system 200, polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM may be applied for bits that are transmitted from a transmitter (e.g., a UE 115-a or a network entity 105-a) to a receiver (e.g., a UE 115-a or a network entity 105-a) . Although the following descriptions describe the UE 115-a as the transmitter and the network entity 105-a as the receiver, the techniques described herein may apply to the UE 115-a operating as the receiver and the network entity 105-a as the transmitter.
[0095] For example, the network entity 105-a may communicate with the UE 115-a using a communication link 125. In some examples, the communication link 125 may include a first channel 225-a for transmitting data from the UE 115-a to the network entity 105-a and a second channel 225-b for transmitting data from the network entity 105-a to the UE 115-a. The communication link 125 may be an example of an NR or LTE link between the UE 115-a and the network entity 105-a. The communication link 125 may include a bi-directional link that enables both uplink and downlink communications, for example, via the channels 225. For example, the UE 115-a may transmit uplink messages 245 (e.g., uplink transmissions) , such as uplink control signals or uplink data signals, to the network entity 105-a using the first channel 225-a (e.g., of the communication link 125) and the network entity 105-a may transmit downlink messages 250 (e.g., downlink transmissions) , such as downlink control signals or downlink data signals, to the UE 115-a using the second channel 225-b (e.g., of the communication link 125) . In some examples, the downlink messages 250 may be part of control signaling transmitted from the network entity 105-a.
[0096] The UE 115-a may transmit a first uplink message 245-a to the network entity 105-a, where the first uplink message 245-a include a first set of bits in an initial transmission. The first set of bits are transmitted using polar coding that groups set of bits and modulated using a first modulation order. The network entity 105-a may transmit a first downlink message 250-a including a NACK, indicating that the first uplink message 245-a cannot be properly decoded to retrieve the message. The network entity 105-a may also transmit a second downlink message 250-b, indicating polar coding schemes that incorporate IR-HARQ for relatively higher-order modulation orders, such as 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, and the like. In particular, the second downlink message 250-b may be associated with specific procedures for polar encoding a retransmission, with the possibility of different techniques used when the modulation order of the retransmission is the same as or different from the modulation order of the original transmission (e.g., of the first downlink message 250-a) .
[0097] Accordingly, the UE 115-a may transmit a second uplink message 245-b to the network entity 105-a that includes the retransmission based on one of the specific procedures defined by the network entity 105-a. The retransmission may include a second set of bits based on the first set of bits. In particular, IR-HARQ techniques may be used for messages that are encoded using a polar code and transmitted using relatively higher-order modulation schemes, where retransmission of the messages in accordance with the IR-HARQ techniques may be polar encoded and include one or more bit groups based on the initial transmission of a message. For example, a transmitter, such as the UE 115-a or the network entity 105-a, may transmit a first set of bits in an initial transmission, where the first set of bits are transmitted using polar coding that groups sets of bits and modulated using a first modulation order. The transmitter may transmit a second set of bits in a retransmission that are encoded using polar coding, where the second set of bits are modulated using a second modulation order, which may be the same or different from the first modulation order. For the retransmission, the transmitter may compute a channel capacity for the channels used for retransmission (e.g., retransmission channels) . The transmitter may determine the second set of bits for the retransmission based on the reliability associated with each of the first set of bits. The transmitter may assign groups of bits to be transmitted via the retransmission channels based on the channel capacity, where the groups of bits are based on the second modulation order. The transmitter may transmit the second set of bits based on the groups via the retransmission channels.
[0098] In some examples, the second modulation order may be different than (e.g., smaller than) the first modulation order. In such examples, the same group of bits may be transmitted via multiple channels (e.g., identical group of bits) and / or at least one of the retransmission channels is assigned with a zero-capacity group, where the zero-capacity group channel is unused during retransmission. In some examples, the first modulation order may be the same modulation order as the second modulation order, and the first modulation order may be associated with at least one zero-capacity group. In such examples, the retransmission channels may include the same retransmission channels as the initial transmission (e.g., same structure) . In some examples, the retransmission may be partially transmitted through the same channels as the initial transmission, such that at least some of the zero-capacity groups are used. In some examples, the second plurality of bits may be interleaved for the retransmission via the retransmission channels.
[0099] The first set of bits and the second set of bits may include shaping bits and / or information bits. For instance, a transmission a may include K information bits and S shaping bits, for example, for joint coding and shaping (e.g., shaping gain for all retransmissions) . As such, the techniques described with respect to FIGs. 3–7, may include both shaping bits and information bits, where the shaping bits may be determined as information bits in the decoder. That is, the shaping bits may be included with the information bits, and may be handled similar to the information bits for the transmission and retransmission of a message.
[0100] In some cases, the transmitting wireless device (e.g., the UE 115-a, the network entity 105-a) may use various techniques to determine (e.g., compute, calculate, apply, generate) what information bits are copied (e.g., from the K” bits) and where the bits are copied (e.g., which bit channels the copied bits are copied to / correspond to) , which may be based on respective capacities of the bit channels. For example, the transmitting wireless device may use density evolution (DE) techniques for higher order modulation schemes (which may be referred to as DE for QAM (DE-Q) or some similar terminology) to determine what information bits are copied and which channels the bits are copied to, where polar capacity computations may be used to determine bit reliabilities. In another example, the transmitting wireless device may use mutual information-based polarization (MIP) techniques for higher-order modulation schemes (which may be associated with a FRActally eNhanced Kernel (FRANK) polar code construction, and may also be referred to as MIP for QAM (MIP-Q) , Finite Block Length (FBL) -MIP, FBL-MIP-Q, or the like) to determine what information bits are copied and which channels the bits are copied to, where a finite block length capacity formula is used to determine a quantity of bits in subblocks (e.g., subblock) and a QPSK recursive design to determine positions. Additionally, or alternatively, a universal sequence techniques may be used to determine what information bits are copied and which channels the bits are copied to, where a subblock allocation sequence may be used to determine the quantity of information bits in subblocks (e.g., subblocks) along with a universal bit reliability sequence to determine positions.
[0101] FIG. 3 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The HARQ retransmission structure may include a transmission 300-a and a retransmission 300-b. The transmission 300-a may include a first set of bits 305-a (K bits) inputted into a polar encoder 315 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a first set of channels 310-a, including channels W0, W1, W2, W3. In some examples, such as when the receiver does successful decode the initially transmitted message, the message may be retransmitted in the retransmission 300-b via channels 310-b.
[0102] However, the channels 310-b may be associated with different channel reliability levels and the bits may be grouped based on polarization gains. Additionally, the retransmission 300-b may be associated with a different modulation order than the transmission 300-a. Accordingly, the techniques discussed herein may address varying channel reliability and modulation orders. For example, the techniques discussed herein may describe how to generate the second transmission (e.g., group the bits and how to transmit via the respective channels) .
[0103] In some examples, the transmission 300-a may be associated with a first modulation order of 256QAM and the retransmission 300-b may be associated with a second modulation order of 256QAM, such that the modulation orders are the same and the modulation order is a high-order QAM. In such examples, the channel structure may be the same for the transmission 300-a and the retransmission 300-b. The techniques discussed herein with respect to FIGs. 3–7 may involve determining a quantity of a second set of bits 305-b, K’ , (e.g., information bits and / or coding bits) to allocate to each of the channels 310-b, W0, W1, W2, W3, and determining where to position each of the second set of bits 305-b (e.g., which channels to use) to facilitate a successful and efficient retransmission. The bits that are computed as most reliable from the initial transmission may be allocated to K’ and used for a parity check.
[0104] A polar QAM structure may be used to compute which bits are to be copied for the second set of bits 305-b and where to allocate them via the channels 310-b. In some examples, such computation may include a DE-Q design that involves using polar capacity computation to determine bit reliabilities. Additionally, or alternatively, such computations may include a MIP-Q design that uses a finite block length capacity formula to determine a quantity of information bits of the second set of bits 305-b to include in each subblock that is transmitted via a respective channel (e.g., subblocks associated with four channels (W0, W1, W2, W3) ) . A QPSK recursive techniques may be used to determine bit positions (e.g., allocation of bits or subblock of bits transmitted via the respective channels) . Additionally, or alternatively, the computations may include a universal sequence, which includes using a subblock allocation sequence to determine a quantity of information bits in the subblocks and use a universal bit reliability sequence to determine the bit allocation positions.
[0105] FIG. 4 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The HARQ retransmission structure may include a transmission 400-a, a first retransmission 400-b, and a second retransmission 400-c. The transmission 400-a may include a first set of bits 405-a (K bits) inputted into a polar encoder 415 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a first set of channels 410-a, including channels W0, W1, W2, W3. The retransmission 400-b may include a second set of bits 405-b (K’ bits) inputted into the polar encoder 415 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a second set of channels 410-b. The retransmission 400-c may include a third set of bits 405-c (K’ bits) inputted into the polar encoder 415 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a third set of channels 410-c.
[0106] The transmission 400-a may be associated with a first modulation order of 256QAM and the retransmission 400-b and the retransmission 400-c may be associated with a second modulation order that is less than the first modulation order. For example, the second modulation order may be 16QAM or 64QAM. In such examples, the channel assignment or structure for the retransmission 400-b and retransmission 400-c may be different than the channel assignment of transmission 400-a. The retransmission 400-b and retransmission 400-c may be alternatives for when the second modulation order is less than the first modulation order.
[0107] In some examples, determining the quantity of channels 410 may be based on the QAM for the transmission 400-a, and the QAM may be divided by the quantity of level of channels in the transmission 400-a. For example, the transmission 400-a includes 256QAM with the first set of bits 405-a transmitted via the first set of channels 410-a, which includes four channels. The 256QAM divided by the four channels may result in 4 bits communicated via each of the first set of channels 410-a. In the first retransmission 400-b, the 16QAM divided by the four channel levels of the first set of channels 410-a, W0, W1, W2, W3, of the transmission 400-a may result in four levels, further divided between the K’ and the K” , resulting in two levels for the K’ .
[0108] Accordingly, in the first retransmission 400-b, the second set of channels 410-b may correspond to two levels of identical channels. The encoded second set of bits 405-b may be transmitted via the two equal levels of the second set of channels 410-b, including W0, W0, W1, W1 (e.g., four channels total for K’ ) . The quantity of the second set of bits 405-b may be the same for each of the levels (e.g., four bits for the transmission and retransmission) . For example, the same quantity of the second set of bits 405-b may be transmitted via each of the two second set of channels 410-b corresponding to W0 (e.g., 4 bits each) .
[0109] In some examples, dividing the QAM for the transmission 400-a by the quantity of level of channels in the transmission 400-a may not result in an even quantity. For example, the second retransmission 400-c may be associated with a 64QAM modulation order. The 64QAM modulation order may be associated with approximately three levels. In other examples, a 256QAM modulation order may be associated with four levels, a 16QAM modulation order may be associated with two levels, and the like for other QAM modulation orders. The closest quantity of levels may be selected based on the approximate quantity of levels. For example, a quantity of three levels may be selected for the second retransmission 400-c based on the approximately three levels.
[0110] Accordingly, in the second retransmission 400-c, the third set of channels 410-c may correspond to three levels. The encoded third set of bits 405-c may be transmitted via the three levels of the third set of channels 410-c, including W0, W1, and W2. To facilitate transmitting via the three channels, for example, rather than four, one of the channels of the third set of channels 410-c may be assigned a zero-capacity, such that data is not transmitted via the zero-capacity channel. Thus, the second set of channels 410-b and the third set of channels 410-c both include four channels, corresponding to the four channels of the first set of channels 410-a. The same quantity of channels 410 used in the transmission 400-a and the retransmissions 400-b and 400-c, may facilitate less complex encoding and successful retransmissions.
[0111] FIG. 5 shows an example of HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The HARQ retransmission structure may include a transmission 500-a, a first retransmission 500-b, and a second retransmission 500-c. The transmission 500-a may include a first set of bits 505-a (K bits) inputted into a polar encoder 515 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a first set of channels 510-a, including channels 0, W0, W1, and W2. The retransmission 500-b may include a second set of bits 505-b (K’ bits and / or K” bits) inputted into the polar encoder 515 and the coded second set of bits 505-b may be transmitted via a second set of channels 510-b. The retransmission 500-c may include a third set of bits 505-c (K’ bits and / or K” bits) inputted into the polar encoder 515 and the coded third set of bits 505-c may be transmitted via a third set of channels 510-c. The transmission 500-a may be associated with a first modulation order of 256QAM and the retransmission 500-b and the retransmission 500-c may be associated with a second modulation order that is the same as the first modulation order (e.g., not a high order QAM) .
[0112] In the first retransmission 500-b, the channel structure of the second set of channels 510-b may be the same as the channel structure of the first set of channels 510-a of the transmission 500-a. In some examples, the same structure may be based on the same modulation orders. The first set of channels 510-a of the transmission 500-a may include the four channels, where one of the four channels includes a single zero-capacity channel so that the first set of channels 510-a includes channels 0, W0, W1, W2. Bits may not be communicated via zero-capacity channels. Accordingly, the channel structure of the second set of channels 510-b having the same channel structure as the first set of channels 510-a may also include channels 0, W0, W1, and W2. Channels W0, W1, and W2 may be used for transmitting the encoded second set of bits 505-b.
[0113] In the second retransmission 500-c, some zero-capacity channels may be used and the channel structure may correspond to the first set of channels 510-a. For example, the channel structure for transmitting the third set of bits 505-c via the third set of channels 510-c may include a zero-capacity level (e.g., two identical zero-capacity channels) . Each of the subblocks K of the first set of bits 505-a and K’ and K” of the third set of bits 505-c, may include the same quantity of channels (e.g., four channels) . Since the channel structure for transmitting the third set of bits 505-c includes two zero-capacity channels for the subblock corresponding to K, a single non-zero-capacity channel of the K” subblock may be used for transmitting the third set of bits 505-c. That is, the third set of channels 510-c may include channels from the K’ and the K” subblocks to have the channel structure of the third set of channels 510-c correspond to the channel structure of the first set of channels 510-a, which includes transmitting via three channels and includes only one zero-capacity channel (e.g., rather than two zero-capacity channels) .
[0114] FIG. 6 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The HARQ retransmission channel structure may include a transmission 600-a and retransmission 600-b. The transmission 600-a may include a first set of bits 605-a (K bits) inputted into a polar encoder 615 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a first set of channels 610-a, including channels W0, W1, W2, and W3. The retransmission 600-b may include a second set of bits 405-b (K’ bits and / or K” bits) inputted into the polar encoder 615 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a second set of channels 610-b.
[0115] In such examples, the second set of bits 605-b of the retransmission 600-b (e.g., 265QAM) may be interleaved at an interleaver 620 prior to transmitting the second set of bits 605-b. Accordingly, channel capacities for the second set of channels 610-b may be computed prior to interleaving and transmission. However, in some examples, the bits to be assigned to the channels 610-b may not be determined or may be disregarded because the bits may be interleaved. Each of the channels of the second set of channels 610-b may correspond to an average channel (W) capacity. The modulation order of the transmission 600-a and the retransmission 600-b may be disregarded when applying the interleaver 620.
[0116] FIG. 7 shows an example of a HARQ retransmission structure that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The HARQ retransmission channel structure may include a transmission 700-a and retransmission 700-b. The transmission 700-a may include a first set of bits 705-a (K bits) inputted into a polar encoder 715 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a first set of channels 710-a, including channels W0, W1, W2, and W3. The retransmission 700-b may include a second set of bits 705-b (K’ bits and / or K” bits) inputted into the polar encoder 715 and the coded bits may be transmitted via a second set of channels 710-b.
[0117] The components of the retransmission 700-b may operate similarly to the components of the retransmission 600-b of FIG. 6. However, the second set of bits 605-b may be interleaved using the interleaver 720, prior to the final polarization transform. In such examples, determining the subblock K’ of the second set of bits 705-b may include using a QPSK design for determining the channel capacity (e.g., Ei [Wi (-) ] where E refers to expectation or average capacity and W refers to channels for the second set of bits 705-b) . Determining the subblock K” of the second set of bits 705-b may include using a QAM design for channel capacities of the subblock K” , such as the second set of channels 710-b, W0, W1, W2, and W3. In some examples, a decoder may include the interleaver 720 before the last polarization step of the modulation.
[0118] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow 800 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 800 may implement aspects of or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the process flow 800 may include a UE 115-b (e.g., transmitter) and a network entity 105-b (e.g., receiver) , which may be an example of a UE 115 and a network entity 105 as described herein. In the following description of the process flow 800, the operations performed by the UE 115-b and the network entity 105-b may be performed in different orders or at different times than the exemplary order shown. Some operations may also be omitted from the process flow 800, or other operations may be added to the process flow 800. Further, while operations in the process flow 800 are illustrated as being performed by the UE 115-b and the network entity 105-b, the examples herein are not to be construed as limiting, as the described features may be associated with any quantity of different devices.
[0119] At 805, the UE 115-b may transmit a first message including a first set of bits. The first message may be transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order. At 810, the UE 115-b may compute a channel capacity for a set of channels associated with polar encoding a second set of bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message.
[0120] At 815, the UE 115-b may determine the second set of bits for the retransmission based on the first set of bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of bits. The second set of bits may include a subset of bits copied from the first plurality of bits. In some examples, the first set of bits and the second set of bits comprise shaping bits and information bits.
[0121] At 820, the UE 115-b may assign respective bit groups of the second set of bits to respective channels of the set of channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of bits using a polar code. The respective bit groups may be based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message. Assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of bits may include assigning two or more identical groups of the second set of bits to respective sets of channels of the set of channels based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order. In some examples, assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of bits to the respective channels of the set of channels is further based on a polar capacity computation, a finite block length capacity formula, a subblock allocation sequence, a bit reliability sequence, or a combination thereof.
[0122] In some examples, at 825, the UE 115-b may interleave the respective bit groups of the second set of bits after encoding the second set of bits using the polar code and prior to transmitting the second message. In some examples, the UE 115-b may interleave the respective bit groups of the second set of bits prior to encoding the second set of bits using the polar code. At 830, the UE 115-b may transmit a second message including the second set of bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0123] In some examples, when the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, the UE 115-b may assign at least one zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the set of channels based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order, where the respective bit groups of the second set of bits are assigned to the respective channels in accordance with the quantity of reliability levels, and where the at least one zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message. In some examples, assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of bits may include the UE 115-b assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of bits to respective channels of the set of channels to correspond to respective bit groups of the first set of bits of the first message, where the respective bit groups of the second set of bits are assigned based on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order. When the plurality of channels associated with the first message includes at least one first zero-capacity group based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the first modulation order, the UE 115-b may assign at least one second zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the set of channels, where the at least one second zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.
[0124] In some examples, the first modulation order may be the same as the second modulation order, and the set of channels associated with polar encoding the second set of bits may have a same configuration as a set of channels associated with polar encoding the first set of bits of the first message based on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order. In some examples, the first message may include one or more zero-capacity groups assigned to one or more of the set of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits, and the retransmission of the first message may be transmitted using at least one of the one or more zero-capacity groups.
[0125] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0126] The receiver 910 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0127] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM) . In some examples, the transmitter 915 may be co-located with a receiver 910 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 915 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0128] The communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0129] In some examples, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , a central processing unit (CPU) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0130] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0131] In some examples, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0132] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0133] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for increasing a retransmission that is successful decoded in a HARQ procedure, for example, for higher-order QAM.
[0134] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one or more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, the communications manager 1020) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0135] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0136] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM) . In some examples, the transmitter 1015 may be co-located with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1015 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0137] The device 1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include a message communication manager 1025, a channel capacity manager 1030, a channel assignment manager 1035, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0138] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The message communication manager 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order. The channel capacity manager 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message. The message communication manager 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits. The channel assignment manager 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message. The message communication manager 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0139] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1120 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920, a communications manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include a message communication manager 1125, a channel capacity manager 1130, a channel assignment manager 1135, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0140] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The message communication manager 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order. The channel capacity manager 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message. In some examples, the message communication manager 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits. The channel assignment manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message. In some examples, the message communication manager 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0141] In some examples, to support assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits, the channel assignment manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning two or more identical groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective sets of channels of the set of multiple channels based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order.
[0142] In some examples, the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, and the channel assignment manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning at least one zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the set of multiple channels based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order, where the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits are assigned to the respective channels in accordance with the quantity of reliability levels, and where the at least one zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.
[0143] In some examples, to support assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits, the channel assignment manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels to correspond to respective bit groups of the first set of multiple bits of the first message, where the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits are assigned based on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.
[0144] In some examples, a set of multiple channels associated with the first message includes at least one first zero-capacity group based on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the first modulation order, and the channel assignment manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning at least one second zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the set of multiple channels, where the at least one second zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.
[0145] In some examples, the first modulation order is the same as the second modulation order. In some examples, the set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding the second set of multiple bits have a same configuration as a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding the first set of multiple bits of the first message based on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.
[0146] In some examples, the first message includes one or more zero-capacity groups assigned to one or more of the set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding the first set of multiple bits. In some examples, the retransmission of the first message is transmitted using at least one of the one or more zero-capacity groups.
[0147] In some examples, the channel assignment manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for interleaving the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits after encoding the second set of multiple bits using the polar code and prior to transmitting the second message.
[0148] In some examples, the channel assignment manager 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for interleaving the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits prior to encoding the second set of multiple bits using the polar code.
[0149] In some examples, the first set of multiple bits and the second set of multiple bits include shaping bits and information bits.
[0150] In some examples, assigning the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to the respective channels of the set of multiple channels is further based on a polar capacity computation, a finite block length capacity formula, a subblock allocation sequence, a bit reliability sequence, or a combination thereof.
[0151] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of or include components of a device 905, a device 1005, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1205 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more other devices (e.g., network entities 105, UEs 115, or a combination thereof) . The device 1205 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1220, an input / output (I / O) controller, such as an I / O controller 1210, a transceiver 1215, one or more antennas 1225, at least one memory 1230, code 1235, and at least one processor 1240. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1245) .
[0152] The I / O controller 1210 may manage input and output signals for the device 1205. The I / O controller 1210 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1205. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1210 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1240. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1205 via the I / O controller 1210 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1210.
[0153] In some cases, the device 1205 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1205 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1215 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1225 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1215 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1215 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1225 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1225. The transceiver 1215, or the transceiver 1215 and one or more antennas 1225, may be an example of a transmitter 915, a transmitter 1015, a receiver 910, a receiver 1010, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0154] The at least one memory 1230 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The at least one memory 1230 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1235. The code 1235 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1240, cause the device 1205 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1235 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1240 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1230 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0155] The at least one processor 1240 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1240. The at least one processor 1240 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM) . For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include at least one processor 1240 and at least one memory 1230 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1240, the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0156] In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1230 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1240) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1230) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1240 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1235 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1230 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0157] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message.
[0158] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 may support techniques for increasing a retransmission that is successful decoded in a HARQ procedure, for example, for higher-order QAM.
[0159] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1215, the one or more antennas 1225, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1220 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1240, the at least one memory 1230, the code 1235, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1235 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1240 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM as described herein, or the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0160] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1300 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1300 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 12. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0161] At 1305, the method may include transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order. The operations of 1305 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1305 may be performed by a message communication manager 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0162] At 1310, the method may include computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message. The operations of 1310 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1310 may be performed by a channel capacity manager 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0163] At 1315, the method may include determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits. The operations of 1315 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1315 may be performed by a message communication manager 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0164] At 1320, the method may include assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message. The operations of 1320 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1320 may be performed by a channel assignment manager 1135 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0165] At 1325, the method may include transmitting a second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message. The operations of 1325 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1325 may be performed by a message communication manager 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0166] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supports polar HARQ techniques for higher-order QAM in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1400 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1400 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 12. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0167] At 1405, the method may include transmitting a first message including a first set of multiple bits, where the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order. The operations of 1405 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed by a message communication manager 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0168] At 1410, the method may include computing a channel capacity for a set of multiple channels associated with polar encoding a second set of multiple bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message. The operations of 1410 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed by a channel capacity manager 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0169] At 1415, the method may include determining the second set of multiple bits for the retransmission based on the first set of multiple bits and a reliability associated with each of the first set of multiple bits, where the second set of multiple bits includes a subset of bits copied from the first set of multiple bits. The operations of 1415 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1415 may be performed by a message communication manager 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0170] At 1420, the method may include assigning respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits to respective channels of the set of multiple channels based on the channel capacity and encoding the second set of multiple bits using a polar code, where the respective bit groups are based on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message. The operations of 1420 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1420 may be performed by a channel assignment manager 1135 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0171] At 1425, the method may include interleaving the respective bit groups of the second set of multiple bits after encoding the second set of multiple bits using the polar code and prior to transmitting a second message. The operations of 1425 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1425 may be performed by a channel assignment manager 1135 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0172] At 1430, the method may include transmitting the second message including the second set of multiple bits based on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message including the retransmission of the first message. The operations of 1430 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1430 may be performed by a message communication manager 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0173] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0174] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at a wireless device, comprising: transmitting a first message comprising a first plurality of bits, wherein the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order; computing a channel capacity for a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding a second plurality of bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message; determining the second plurality of bits for the retransmission based at least in part on the first plurality of bits and a reliability associated with each of the first plurality of bits, wherein the second plurality of bits comprises a subset of bits copied from the first plurality of bits; assigning respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on the channel capacity and encoding the second plurality of bits using a polar code, wherein the respective bit groups are based at least in part on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message; and transmitting a second message comprising the second plurality of bits based at least in part on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message comprising the retransmission of the first message.
[0175] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, and wherein assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits further comprises: assigning two or more identical groups of the second plurality of bits to respective sets of channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order.
[0176] Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, wherein the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, the method further comprising: assigning at least one zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned to the respective channels in accordance with the quantity of reliability levels, and wherein the at least one zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.
[0177] Aspect 4: The method of aspect 1, wherein the first modulation order is the same as the second modulation order, and wherein assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits further comprises: assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels to correspond to respective bit groups of the first plurality of bits of the first message, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.
[0178] Aspect 5: The method of aspect 4, wherein a plurality of channels associated with the first message includes at least one first zero-capacity group based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the first modulation order, the method further comprising: assigning at least one second zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels, wherein the at least one second zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.
[0179] Aspect 6: The method of aspect 1, wherein the first modulation order is the same as the second modulation order, and the plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the second plurality of bits have a same configuration as a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits of the first message based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.
[0180] Aspect 7: The method of aspect 6, wherein the first message comprises one or more zero-capacity groups assigned to one or more of the plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits, and the retransmission of the first message is transmitted using at least one of the one or more zero-capacity groups.
[0181] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, further comprising: interleaving the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits after encoding the second plurality of bits using the polar code and prior to transmitting the second message.
[0182] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, further comprising: interleaving the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits prior to encoding the second plurality of bits using the polar code.
[0183] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the first plurality of bits and the second plurality of bits comprise shaping bits and information bits.
[0184] Aspect 11: The method of any of aspects 1 through 10, wherein assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to the respective channels of the plurality of channels is further based at least in part on a polar capacity computation, a finite block length capacity formula, a subblock allocation sequence, a bit reliability sequence, or a combination thereof.
[0185] Aspect 12: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.
[0186] Aspect 13: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.
[0187] Aspect 14: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.
[0188] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0189] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0190] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0191] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0192] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0193] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0194] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ”
[0195] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “acomponent” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “acomponent” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0196] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0197] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0198] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0199] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:transmit a first message comprising a first plurality of bits, wherein the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order;compute a channel capacity for a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding a second plurality of bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message;determine the second plurality of bits for the retransmission based at least in part on the first plurality of bits and a reliability associated with each of the first plurality of bits, wherein the second plurality of bits comprises a subset of bits copied from the first plurality of bits;assign respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on the channel capacity and encoding the second plurality of bits using a polar code, wherein the respective bit groups are based at least in part on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message; andtransmit a second message comprising the second plurality of bits based at least in part on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message comprising the retransmission of the first message.2.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein, to assign the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits, the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:assign two or more identical groups of the second plurality of bits to respective sets of channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order.3.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, and the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:assign at least one zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned to the respective channels in accordance with the quantity of reliability levels, and wherein the at least one zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.4.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein, to assign the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits, the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:assign the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels to correspond to respective bit groups of the first plurality of bits of the first message, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.5.The wireless device of claim 4, wherein a plurality of channels associated with the first message includes at least one first zero-capacity group based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the first modulation order, and the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:assign at least one second zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels, wherein the at least one second zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.6.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein:the first modulation order is the same as the second modulation order, andthe plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the second plurality of bits have a same configuration as a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits of the first message based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.7.The wireless device of claim 6, wherein:the first message comprises one or more zero-capacity groups assigned to one or more of the plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits, andthe retransmission of the first message is transmitted using at least one of the one or more zero-capacity groups.8.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:interleave the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits after encoding the second plurality of bits using the polar code and prior to transmitting the second message.9.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:interleave the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits prior to encoding the second plurality of bits using the polar code.10.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein:the first plurality of bits and the second plurality of bits comprise shaping bits and information bits.11.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to the respective channels of the plurality of channels is further based at least in part on a polar capacity computation, a finite block length capacity formula, a subblock allocation sequence, a bit reliability sequence, or a combination thereof.12.A method for wireless communications at a wireless device, comprising:transmitting a first message comprising a first plurality of bits, wherein the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order;computing a channel capacity for a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding a second plurality of bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message;determining the second plurality of bits for the retransmission based at least in part on the first plurality of bits and a reliability associated with each of the first plurality of bits, wherein the second plurality of bits comprises a subset of bits copied from the first plurality of bits;assigning respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on the channel capacity and encoding the second plurality of bits using a polar code, wherein the respective bit groups are based at least in part on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message; andtransmitting a second message comprising the second plurality of bits based at least in part on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message comprising the retransmission of the first message.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, and wherein assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits further comprises:assigning two or more identical groups of the second plurality of bits to respective sets of channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order.14.The method of claim 12, wherein the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, the method further comprising:assigning at least one zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned to the respective channels in accordance with the quantity of reliability levels, and wherein the at least one zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.15.The method of claim 12, wherein the first modulation order is the same as the second modulation order, and wherein assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits further comprises:assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels to correspond to respective bit groups of the first plurality of bits of the first message, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.16.The method of claim 15, wherein a plurality of channels associated with the first message includes at least one first zero-capacity group based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the first modulation order, the method further comprising:assigning at least one second zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels, wherein the at least one second zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.17.The method of claim 12, wherein:the first modulation order is the same as the second modulation order, andthe plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the second plurality of bits have a same configuration as a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits of the first message based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.18.The method of claim 17, wherein:the first message comprises one or more zero-capacity groups assigned to one or more of the plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits, andthe retransmission of the first message is transmitted using at least one of the one or more zero-capacity groups.19.The method of claim 12, further comprising:interleaving the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits after encoding the second plurality of bits using the polar code and prior to transmitting the second message.20.The method of claim 12, further comprising:interleaving the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits prior to encoding the second plurality of bits using the polar code.21.The method of claim 12, wherein the first plurality of bits and the second plurality of bits comprise shaping bits and information bits.22.The method of claim 12, wherein assigning the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to the respective channels of the plurality of channels is further based at least in part on a polar capacity computation, a finite block length capacity formula, a subblock allocation sequence, a bit reliability sequence, or a combination thereof.23.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to:transmit a first message comprising a first plurality of bits, wherein the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order;compute a channel capacity for a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding a second plurality of bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message;determine the second plurality of bits for the retransmission based at least in part on the first plurality of bits and a reliability associated with each of the first plurality of bits, wherein the second plurality of bits comprises a subset of bits copied from the first plurality of bits;assign respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on the channel capacity and encoding the second plurality of bits using a polar code, wherein the respective bit groups are based at least in part on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message; andtransmit a second message comprising the second plurality of bits based at least in part on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message comprising the retransmission of the first message.24.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the instructions to assign the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are further executable by the one or more processors to:assign two or more identical groups of the second plurality of bits to respective sets of channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order.25.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the second modulation order is different than the first modulation order, and the instructions are further executable by the one or more processors to:assign at least one zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the second modulation order, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned to the respective channels in accordance with the quantity of reliability levels, and wherein the at least one zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.26.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the instructions to assign the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are further executable by the one or more processors to:assign the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels to correspond to respective bit groups of the first plurality of bits of the first message, wherein the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits are assigned based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.27.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 26, wherein a plurality of channels associated with the first message includes at least one first zero-capacity group based at least in part on a quantity of reliability levels associated with the first modulation order, and the instructions are further executable by the one or more processors to:assign at least one second zero-capacity group to at least one channel of the plurality of channels, wherein the at least one second zero-capacity group is excluded from the transmitted second message.28.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein:the first modulation order is the same as the second modulation order, andthe plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the second plurality of bits have a same configuration as a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding the first plurality of bits of the first message based at least in part on the first modulation order being the same as the second modulation order.29.A wireless device, comprising:a processing system that includes processor circuitry and memory circuitry that stores code, the processing system configured to cause the wireless device to:transmit a first message comprising a first plurality of bits, wherein the first message is transmitted in accordance with a first modulation order;compute a channel capacity for a plurality of channels associated with polar encoding a second plurality of bits corresponding to a retransmission of the first message;determine the second plurality of bits for the retransmission based at least in part on the first plurality of bits and a reliability associated with each of the first plurality of bits, wherein the second plurality of bits comprises a subset of bits copied from the first plurality of bits;assign respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits to respective channels of the plurality of channels based at least in part on the channel capacity and encoding the second plurality of bits using a polar code, wherein the respective bit groups are based at least in part on a second modulation order of the retransmission of the first message; andtransmit a second message comprising the second plurality of bits based at least in part on the respective bit groups assigned to the respective channels, the second message comprising the retransmission of the first message.30.The wireless device of claim 29, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the wireless device to:interleave the respective bit groups of the second plurality of bits prior to encoding the second plurality of bits using the polar code.
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