A BIO-based polyester polyol, process of preparing the same and polyurethane foam
A novel bio-based polyester polyol process using bio-based polyols and mono-acids addresses the limitations of high functionality and cost in existing bio-polyols, offering improved mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness for polyurethane foams.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/107157
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-29
AI Technical Summary
Existing bio-polyols are limited by high functionality, leading to poor phase separation and mechanical properties, and the use of expensive bio-based 1,3-propane diol hinders mass-production and application of biopolymers.
A novel bio-based polyester polyol is developed through a reaction of bio-based polyols with di-acids and mono-acids, allowing tunable functionality and cost-effective production, using glycerol and bio-based monoacids to avoid expensive 1,3-propane diol, with a heating process involving multiple stages to control functionality and acid value.
The solution provides bio-based polyester polyols with tunable functionality and improved mechanical properties, enabling broader formulation freedom and reduced production costs, suitable for use in polyurethane foams.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024107157-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024107157-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024107157-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
A BIO-BASED POLYESTER POLYOL, PROCESS OF PREPARING THE SAME AND POLYURETHANE FOAMFIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a bio-based polyester polyol, a process of preparing it and use in polyurethane foams.BACKGROUND
[0002] Sustainable packaging trend drives packaging industry to recyclable, re-useable, compostable, and renewable feedstocks. Using renewable source to develop end use products such as coatings and adhesives is expected to be one of most efficient and fast realizable approaches to reduce the carbon footprint and global climate impact. Recent years many companies have been looking at the new solutions to use the renewable source to create new materials, new products, and new applications. The 100%bio-based polyols are highly preferred to maximize the bio-based content in final product formulation.
[0003] However, existing bio-polyols are mostly limited to high functionality (≥3) , like vegetable oil or their alkoxylates (Fn=3) , glycerin (Fn=3) , sorbitol (Fn=6) , etc., making formulation freedom of these polyols rather small and usually leading to poor phase separation and mechanical properties. Although bio-polyols made from bio-based diacids (e.g., succinic acid, dimeric acid, etc. ) and bio-based 1, 3-propane diol give 100%bio-content and high mechanical performances, their costs are rather high due to high cost of bio-based 1, 3-propane diol, limiting mass-production and application of the biopolymers.
[0004] Hence, there is still an urgent request for a unique bio-based polyol with broad designability of functionality for greater formulation freedom of bio-based solutions, and a cost effective process of preparing the bio-based polyol.SUMMARY
[0005] After persistent exploration, the inventors have surprisingly developed a novel bio-based polyester polyol with a tunable functionality from 2 to 3 in a cost effective way by using a reaction product of a bio-based polyol (e.g., glycerol) with both bio-based di-acids and mono-acids. The amount of mono-acid is tailored to access the desired end functionality, as the mono-acid is a chain terminator, which allows for access to 100%bio-based multi-functional polyester polyols using cost competitive monomers of bio-based glycerol and bio-based monoacids (e.g., oleic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, etc. ) , thus avoiding the use of expensive bio-based 1, 3-propane diol.
[0006] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, it provides a process for preparing a bio-based polyester polyol via heating and distilling, which comprises:
[0007] (1) providing a mixture of at least one of bio-based C4-C20 di-functional carboxylic acids, at least one of bio-based polyols, and at least one of bio-based monoacids;
[0008] (2) heating the mixture to a temperature in a range of 160-175℃ with a heating ramp of ≤ 30℃ per hour;
[0009] (3) heating the mixture to a temperature in a range of greater than 175℃to 200℃ with a heating ramp of ≤ 30℃ per hour after the mixture of Step (2) is kept at the temperature in a range of 160-175℃ for a digestion time of no less than 0.5 hours; and
[0010] (4) forming the bio-based polyester polyol at a temperature in a range of greater than 175℃to 250℃ for a digestion time of no less than 0.5 hours, optionally in presence of catalysts.
[0011] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, it provides a bio-based polyester polyol prepared by the process, wherein the bio-based polyester polyol meets the following:
[0012] (i) 2≤ average hydroxyl functionality, Fn ≤ 2.5, and acid value, av ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g; or
[0013] (ii) Fn > 2.5, and
[0014] - hydroxyl value, hv ≥ 73.13 mg KOH / g, av ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g, or
[0015] - 50.96 < hv < 73.17 mg KOH / g, and 4.04 < av ≤ 4.99 mg KOH / g.
[0016] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, it provides a polyurethane foam composition which comprises:
[0017] (I) a polyol component, in which there are:
[0018] (a) at least one bio-based polyester polyol,
[0019] (b) at least one catalyst selected from a blowing catalyst and / or a gelling catalyst,
[0020] (c) at least one blowing agent, and
[0021] (d) optionally, a petroleum-based polyol,
[0022] (II) an isocyanate component.
[0023] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, it provides an article (e.g., PU foam) made by using the polyurethane foam composition.
[0024] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] Figure 1 shows SEM Images of the polyurethane foams containing different bio-contents according to the present invention.
[0026] Figure 2 shows solubility spheres of CP450, IE-7 and castor oil according to the present invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0027] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Also, all publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference.
[0028] All percentages, ranges and endpoints thereof herein are inclusive, that is, ″less than about 10 (< 10) ″ includes about 10. ″At least″ is, thus, equivalent to ″greater than or equal to” and ″at most″ is, thus, equivalent ″to less than or equal to. ″ Numbers herein have no more precision than stated. Thus, ″15″ includes at least from 14.5 to 15.49. Furthermore, all lists are inclusive of combinations of two or more members of the list. All ranges from a parameter described as ″at least” ″ greater than” ″greater than or equal to″ or similarly, to a parameter described as ″at most” ″ up to” ″less than” ″ less than or equal to″ or similarly are preferred ranges regardless of the relative degree of preference indicated for each parameter. Thus, a range that has an advantageous lower limit combined with a most preferred upper limit is preferred for the practice of this invention. All amounts, ratios, proportions and other measurements are by weight unless stated otherwise. All percentages refer to weight percent based on total composition according to the practice of the invention unless stated otherwise. Except in the examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages, OH numbers, functionalities and so forth in the specification are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term ″about″ . Unless stated otherwise or recognized by those skilled in the art as otherwise impossible, steps of processes described herein are optionally carried out in sequences different from the sequence in which the steps are discussed herein. Furthermore, steps optionally occur separately, simultaneously or with overlap in timing. For instance, such steps as heating and admixing are often separate, simultaneous or partially overlapping in time in the art. Unless stated otherwise, when an element, material or step capable of causing undesirable effects is present in amounts or in a form such that it does not cause the effect to an unacceptable degree it is considered substantially absent for the practice of this invention. In some instances, variation or deviation in one parameter can be acceptable to achieve another desirable end.
[0029] The term ″comprising″ is synonymous with ″including″ , ″containing″ or ″characterized by″ is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements, material or steps. The term ″consisting of″ indicates that only stated elements, materials or steps are present
[0030] As disclosed herein, “and / or” means “and, or as an alternative” or “additionally or alternatively” . All ranges include endpoints unless otherwise indicated.
[0031] Herein, the term “bio-based” and / or “biomass-based” refers to those substances isolated from, derived from or manufactured from renewable raw material sources, for example, natural oils including animal and vegetable oils, preferably vegetable oils. Examples of vegetable and animal oils that are optionally used include, but are not limited to, soybean oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, tung oil, fish oil, or a blend of any of these oils. Alternatively, any partially hydrogenated or epoxidized natural oil or genetically modified natural oil can be used to obtain the bio-based substances. Examples of such oils include, but are not limited to, high oleic safflower oil, high oleic soybean oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, high oleic canola oil, and high erucic rapeseed oil.
[0032] The term ″renewable resource″ is used herein to designate animal and plant fats or oils as distinguished from, for instance, petroleum oils and derivatives.
[0033] The term ″hydroxyl number″ indicates the concentration of hydroxyl moieties in a composition of polymers, particularly polyols. A hydroxyl number represents mg KOH / g of polyol. A hydroxyl number is determined by acetylation with pyridine and acetic anhydride in which the result is obtained as the difference between two titrations with KOH solution. A hydroxyl number is, thus, defined as the weight of KOH in milligrams that will neutralize the acetic anhydride capable of combining by acetylation with 1 gram of a polyol. A higher hydroxyl number indicates a higher concentration of hydroxyl moieties within a composition. Descriptions of determinations for the hydroxyl number for a composition can be found in texts well-known in the art, for example in Woods, G., The ICI Polvurethanes Book-2nd ed. (ICI Polyurethanes, Netherlands, 1990) .
[0034] The term ″ (average hydroxyl) functionality, Fn″ is used herein to refer to the number of hydroxyl groups in a polyol, polyester polyol, polyether polyol and similar per molecule.
[0035] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the bio-based polyester polyol is prepared from 100%biomass-based raw materials, which comprises:
[0036] (1) at least one of bio-based C4-C20, C6-C16 or C8-C12 di-functional carboxylic acids;
[0037] (2) at least one of bio-based polyols; and
[0038] (3) at least one of bio-based monoacids.
[0039] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the di-functional carboxylic acids are independently selected from sebacic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, malonic acid, heptanoic acid, 2-methyl-1, 6-hexanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and a combination thereof. Based on the total weight of the biomass-based raw materials as 100 %by weight, the di-functional carboxylic acid is in amount of 22-70 %by weight, 22-60 %by weight, 22-50 %by weight, 22-40 %by weight, 22-30 %by weight, 30-70 %by weight, 30-60 %by weight, 30-50 %by weight, 30-40 %by weight, 40-70 %by weight, 40-60 %by weight or 40-50 %by weight.
[0040] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the polyols comprise average hydroxyl functionality of ≥ 3, ≥ 4 or ≥ 5, which are independently selected from triethylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, pentaerythritol and a combination thereof. Based on the total weight of the biomass-based raw materials as 100 %by weight, the polyol is in amount of 6-60 %by weight, 6-50 %by weight, 6-40 %by weight, 6-30 %by weight, 6-20 %by weight, 10-60 %by weight, 10-50 %by weight, 10-40 %by weight, 10-30 %by weight, 10-20 %by weight, 30-60 %by weight, 30-50 %by weight, 30-40 %by weight, 40-60 %by weight, 40-50 %by weight or 50-60 %by weight.
[0041] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the monoacids are those organic acids having 1-30, 4-20 or 8-12 carbon atoms, which can be independently selected from oleic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, capric acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and a combination thereof. Based on the total weight of the biomass-based raw materials as 100 %by weight, the monoacid is in amount of 12-44%by weight, 12-40%by weight, 12-30%by weight, 12-20%by weight, 20-44%by weight, 20-40%by weight, 20-30%by weight, 30-44%by weight, 30-40%by weight or 40-44%by weight.
[0042] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the bio-based polyester polyol can be prepared in a one-pot process with gradual heating process, that is, the mixture of at least one of bio-based C4-C20 di-functional carboxylic acids, at least one of bio-based polyols and at least one of bio-based monoacids can be charged and reacted in a single reaction vessel. In the present invention, the gradual heating process can inhibit explosive boiling of water in reaction system due to the extreme hydrophobicity of the bio-based raw materials.
[0043] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the one-pot process can comprise three heating stages. In a first heating stage, the mixture is heated to a temperature in a range of 160-175℃, 162-173℃ or 165-170℃ with a heating ramp of ≤ 30℃ per hour, ≤ 20℃ per hour, or ≤10℃ per hour. In alternative embodiments, the heating ramp is greater than 0℃ per hour, greater than 1℃ per hour, greater than 5℃ per hour or greater than 10℃ per hour. In some embodiments, the first heating stage comprises heating to 170℃ with stirring at 50-200 rpm and staying at a temperature in a range of 160-175℃, 162-173℃ or 165-170℃ for a digestion time of no less than 0.5 hours, 0.5-20 hours, 1-10 hours or 4-8 hours in an inert atmosphere, for example, with nitrogen flow ≥ 2L / (kg ·min) . In a second heating stage, the mixture is heated to a temperature in a range of 175-200℃, 180-195℃ or 185-190℃ with a heating ramp of ≤ 30℃ per hour, ≤ 20℃ per hour or ≤ 10℃ per hour. In alternative embodiments, the heating ramp is greater than 0℃ per hour, greater than 1℃ per hour, greater than 5℃ per hour or greater than 10℃ per hour. In some embodiments, the second heating stage comprises heating to -175-200℃ with stirring at 50-200 rpm and staying at a temperature in a range of 175-200℃, 180-195℃ or 185-190℃ for a digestion time of no less than 0.5 hours, 0.5-20 hours, 1-10 hours or 4-8 hours in an inert atmosphere, for example, with nitrogen flow ≥ 2L / (kg ·min) . In a third heating stage, the mixture is heated, in presence of catalysts, to a temperature in a range of 175-200℃, 180-195℃ or 185-190℃ with a heating ramp of ≤ 30℃ per hour, ≤ 20℃ per hour or ≤ 10℃ per hour. In alternative embodiments, the heating ramp is greater than 0℃ per hour, greater than 1℃ per hour, greater than 5℃ per hour or greater than 10℃ per hour. In some embodiments, the third heating stage comprises heating to 175-250℃ with stirring at 50-200 rpm and staying at a temperature in a range of 175-250℃, 185-240℃ or 195-235℃ for a digestion time of no less than 0.5 hours, 0.5-20 hours, 1-10 hours or 4-8 hours in an inert atmosphere, for example, with nitrogen flow ≥ 2L / (kg ·min) .
[0044] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the heating is conducted, optionally under stirring, in an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen atmosphere) and / or under a negative pressure in a range of 5-100 mbar, 20-80 mbar or 40-60 mbar.
[0045] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the process comprises: cooling the bio-based polyester polyol down to a temperature in a range of 50-70℃ or 55-65 ℃ before packaging.
[0046] In some embodiments, the catalysts are not limited as long as they can promote reaction for forming polyester polyol, which can comprise titanium esters, such as tetrabutyl titanate, tetrapropyl titanate, etc; organic tin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate, dibutyltin diacetate, tin octylate, tin cycloalkanoate, dibutyltin oxide, and reaction products of phthalates, and dialkyltin diacetate, such as bis (acetylacetonate) dibutyltin; dialkyltin oxide, such as dibutyltin oxide; organic aluminum compounds, such as aluminum triacetylacetylate, aluminum triethylpyruvate, etc. In some embodiments, the catalyst is selected from tetrabutyl titanate, dibutyltin dilaurate, bis (acetylacetonate) dibutyltin, etc., preferably dibutyltin dilaurate or bis (acetylacetonate) dibutyltin.
[0047] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the bio-based polyester polyol meets the following:
[0048] (i) 2≤ average hydroxyl functionality, Fn ≤ 2.5, 2.1≤ Fn ≤ 2.4 or 2.2≤ Fn ≤ 2.3, and acid value, av ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g, av ≤ 0.9 mg KOH / g, av ≤ 0.8 mg KOH / g, av ≤ 0.7 mg KOH / g or av ≤ 0.6 mg KOH / g; or
[0049] (ii) Fn > 2.5, and
[0050] - hydroxyl value, hv ≥ 73.13 mg KOH / g, 75 mg KOH / g, 80 mg KOH / g, 90 mg KOH / g or 100 mg KOH / g and av ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g, 0.8 mg KOH / g, 0.6 mg KOH / g, 0.4 mg KOH / g, or
[0051] - 50.96 < hv < 73.17 mg KOH / g, 52 < hv < 70 mg KOH / g, 55 < hv < 65 mg KOH / g, 58 < hv < 62 mg KOH / g, and 4.04 < av ≤ 4.99 mg KOH / g, 4.1 < av ≤ 4.90 mg KOH / g, 4.2< av ≤ 4.8 mg KOH / g, 4.3< av ≤ 4.7 mg KOH / g or 4.4< av ≤ 4.6 mg KOH / g.
[0052] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the polyurethane foam composition comprises:
[0053] (I) a polyol component, in which there are:
[0054] (a) at least one bio-based polyester polyol of the present invention,
[0055] (b) at least one catalyst for catalyzing water-blowing and / or gelling of the polyurethane,
[0056] (c) at least one blowing agent, and
[0057] (d) optionally, a petroleum-based polyol,
[0058] (II) an isocyanate component.
[0059] In some embodiments, besides the bio-based polyester polyols of the present invention, Part I can further comprise other / additional bio-based polyols which is different from the bio-based polyester polyol of the present invention. The additional bio-based polyols comprises castor oils, soybean oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, flaxseed oil and sunflower oil.
[0060] In the present disclosure, Part (II) , an isocyanate component is any organic compound or mixture having an average of more than 1, preferably an average of at least about 1.8, isocyanate groups per organic molecule, isocyanates which are optionally used in the present invention include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, arylaliphatic and aromatic isocyanates. Examples of suitable aromatic isocyanates can be selected from the group consisting of diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI) , toluene diisocyanate (TDI) , naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) , phenylene diisocyanate, any isomers thereof and any combinations thereof. The isomers of MDI comprise 4, 4'-MDI, 2, 4'-MDI, 2, 2'-MDI, etc.; the isomers of TDI comprise 2, 3-TDI, 2,4-TDI, 2, 5-TDI, 2, 6-TDI, 3, 4-TDI, 3, 5-TDI, etc.; the isomers of NDI comprise 1, 5-NDI, 1, 2-NDI, 1, 3-NDI, 1, 4-NDI, 1, 6-NDI, 1, 7-NDI, 1, 8-NDI, 2, 3-NDI, 2, 6-NDI, 2, 7-NDI, etc; the isomers of phenylene diisocyanate comprise 1, 2-phenylene diisocyanate, 1, 3-phenylene diisocyanate, 1, 4-phenylene diisocyanate, etc.
[0061] Mixtures of isocyanates are optionally used, such as the commercially available mixtures of 2, 4-and 2, 6-isomers of toluene diisocyanates. A crude polyisocyanate (pMDI) is optionally used in the practice of this invention, such as crude toluene diisocyanate obtained by the phosgenation of a mixture of toluene diamine or the crude diphenylmethane diisocyanate obtained by the phosgenation of crude methylene diphenylamine. TDI / MDI blends are optionally used. MDI or TDI based prepolymers are optionally used, made with polyols described herein. In the present invention, isocyanate-terminated prepolymers can be prepared by reacting an excess of polyisocyanate with at least one polyol, including aminated polyols or imines / enamines thereof.
[0062] Examples of aliphatic polyisocyanates include tetramethylene diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) , 1, 12-dodecane diisocyanate, 2, 2, 4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2, 4, 4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2-methyl-1, 5-pentamethylene diisocyanate; alicyclic diisocyanates, as well as dimers and trimers thereof, such as, for example, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dicyclohexyl methane diisocyanate (HMDI) , 1, 4-cyclohexane diisocyanate, 1, 3-bis- (isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane and mixtures thereof.
[0063] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the isocyanate component may comprise at least MDI, TDI, HDI, HMDI, XDI, PDI or their combinations, or their prepolymers. In some embodiments, the isocyanate prepolymer is a reaction product of isocyanate, the bio-based polyester polyol of the present invention and optionally additional bio-based polyols.
[0064] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the blowing agent can comprise a chemical blowing agent and / or a physical blowing agent. Examples of the physical blowing agent suitable for this invention include both unsaturated hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) and unsaturated hydrochlorofluoroolefin (HCFO) . They have negligible (low or zero) ozone-depletion and low global warming potential. Suitable HFO and HCFO blowing agents include but not limited to cis-1, 1 , 1 , 4, 4, 4-Hexafluoro-2-butene (HF 0-1336mzz (Z) ) , trans-1, 1, 1 , 4, 4, 4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzz (E) ) , l, l, l, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5-octafluoro-2-pentene (HFO-1438mzz) , 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) , trans 1, 3, 3, 3-Tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (HFO 1234ze) , heptafluorobutene isomer (HFO1327) , heptafluoropentene isomers (HFO1447) , octafluoropentene isomers (HFO1438) , nonafluoropentene (HFO1429) dichlorotrifluoropropene (HCFO-1223) , l-chloro-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd) , 2-chloro-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf) and mixtures thereof, etc. Some of these blowing agents are commercially available materials known as LB A, GBA, OpteonTM 1100, OpteonTM 1150, etc. Hydrofluoroolefin physical blowing agents that do not contain any chlorine atom are more preferred for use in this invention.
[0065] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide that the polyurethane foam composition further include 1 to 5 wt. %of a chemical blowing agent comprising water, where the wt. %is based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam composition. All individual values and subranges from 1 to 5 wt. %of the chemical blowing agent comprising water; for example, the chemical blowing agent can be from a lower limit of 1, 1.5, 2 or 2.5 wt. %to an upper limit of 5, 4 or 3.5 wt. %of the total weight of the polyurethane foam composition. Additional chemical blowing agents may be used are those CO2 generating materials that are not based on organic acids. Preferably, the chemical blowing agent is water. For the various embodiments, the chemical blowing agent does not contain any formic acid.
[0066] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the polyurethane foam composition further include 0.5 to 6 wt. %of at least one catalyst, where the wt. %is based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.5 to 6 wt. %of the at least one catalyst are included; for example, the at least one catalyst can be from a lower limit of 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 wt. %to an upper limit of 6, 5 or 4 wt. %of the total weight of the polyurethane foam composition. For the various embodiments, the at least one catalyst may be a blowing catalyst, a gelling catalyst, or combinations thereof. As used herein, the blowing catalysts and gelling catalysts may be differentiated by a tendency to favor either the urea (blow) reaction, in the case of the blowing catalyst, or the urethane (gel) reaction, in the case of the gelling catalyst. For the various embodiments, the amount of any one individual catalyst in the at least one or more catalysts can be as low as 0.1 to 0.2 wt. %or less.
[0067] Examples of the blowing catalysts, e.g., catalysts that can tend to favor the blow reaction include, but are not limited to, short chain tertiary amines or tertiary amines containing an oxygen. For instance, blowing catalysts include bis- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether; pentamethyldiethylene-triamine, triethylamine, tributyl amine, N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine, dimethylethanolamine, N, N, N′, N′-tetra-methylethylenediamine, and combinations thereof, among others.
[0068] Examples of the gelling catalysts, e.g., catalyst that can tend to favor the gel reaction, include, but are not limited to, organometallic compounds, cyclic tertiary amines and / or long chain amines, e.g., that contain several nitrogen atoms, and combinations thereof. Organometallic compounds include organotin compounds, such as tin (II) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g., tin (II) diacetate, tin (II) dioctanoate, tin (II) di ethylhexanoate, and tin (II) dilaurate, and dialkyltin (IV) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g., dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate and dioctyltin diacetate. Bismuth salts of organic carboxylic acids may also be utilized as the gelling catalyst, such as, for example, bismuth octanoate. Cyclic tertiary amines and / or long chain amines include dimethylbenzylamine, N,N, N′, N′-tetramethylbutanediamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, triethylenediamine, and combinations thereof, and combinations thereof.
[0069] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the petroleum-based polyol may comprise polyols having Ra2 values of Hansen solubility parameters ≤ 14.0, ≤ 12.0, ≤ 10.0 or ≤ 8.0, with the bio-based polyester polyol of the present invention. Herein, Hansen solubility parameter is generally used to describe solubility between polyols with the bio-based polyester polyol of the present invention, which indicates the association of the polyol molecules with the molecules of bio-based polyester polyol. The stability depends strongly on the intermolecular interactions between the molecules.
[0070] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the polyurethane foam can further contain additives such as surfactants, pigments, crosslinkers, chain extenders, antioxidants, bio-retardant agents, preservatives, flame retardants, colorants, antioxidants, reinforcing agents, solvents, fillers or any combinations thereof.
[0071] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide that the polyurethane foam composition further includes 0.5 to 5 wt. %of at least one surfactant, where the wt. %is based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.5 to 5 wt. %of the at least one surfactant are included; for example, the at least one surfactant can be from a lower limit of 0.5, 1, 2 or 2.5 wt. %to an upper limit of 5, 4 or 3.5 wt. %of the total weight of the polyurethane foam composition.
[0072] For the various embodiments, examples of the surfactant include silicon-based compounds organosilicone-polyether copolymers, such as polydimethyl siloxane and polydimethylsiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers, e.g., polyether modified polydimethyl siloxane, and combinations thereof. Examples of surfactants also include nonsilicone based organic surfactants such as nonylphenol ethoxylates, VORASURFTM 504, available from The Dow Chemical Company. Silicone surfactants are available commercially and include those available under trade names such as NIAXTM, such as NIAXTM L 6900 and NIAXTM L 6988; DABCOTM; and TEGOSTABTM such as TEGOSTABTM B 8427 and TEGOSTABTM B 8491, among others.
[0073] The present disclosure provides an article, e.g., a rigid PU foam, made by using the polyurethane foam composition.
[0074] EXAMPLES
[0075] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in the following examples, wherein all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
[0076] The information of the raw materials used in the examples is listed in the following Table 1:
[0077] Table 1. Raw materials used in the examples
[0078] Inventive Examples 1-10 (IE-1 to IE-10)
[0079] 100%biomass-based polyester polyols in IE-1 to IE-10 were synthesized according to Process-1.
[0080] Process-1: 1-pot, Two-stage process
[0081] Raw materials were carefully weighed and charged into 500 ml glass reactor and mixed completely according to the recipes listed in Table 2. The mixture was then heated to 170-175 ℃ with nitrogen flow ≥ 2L / (kg ·min, sparging into the liquid) with slight agitation (e.g., 20 rpm) . Once the raw materials were turned to liquid, agitation was enhanced (e.g., 240 rpm) . When the temperature of the mixture reaches 170-175 ℃, water began to distill off and the whole mixture was digested at 170-175 ℃ for 3 hours. After that, the mixture was further heated to 190-196 ℃ and kept for 3 hours. After that, the mixture was further heated to 220-245 ℃ and kept for 2 hours. Subsequently, 30 ppm of catalyst tetrabutyl titanate was added at the same temperatures under reduced pressure (20 mm Hg) for 1-2 hours until the acid value reached corresponding requirements listed in Table 2. The reactor was cooled down to 60-70 ℃, and the final product collected without further purification.
[0082] Table 2. 100%biomass-based polyester polyols via one-pot synthesis procedure
[0083] Comparative Examples 1-3 (CE-1 to CE-3)
[0084] Polyester polyols in CE-1 to CE-3 were also synthesized according to Process-1 using the recipes listed in Table 3.
[0085] Comparative Example 4 (CE-4)
[0086] Polyester polyols in CE-4 were synthesized according to Process-2 using the recipes listed in Table 3.
[0087] Process-2: Single stage process -no digestion below 175 ℃
[0088] CE-4 was synthesized similarly according to Process-1, except the digestion at 170- 175 ℃ was skipped. 202.79 g Oleic Acid (52.9 wt%) , 66.11 g Glycerol (17.3 wt%) and 114.42 g Sebacic Acid (29.8 wt%) were carefully weighed and charged into 500 ml glass reactor and mixed completely. The mixture was then directly heated to 190-196 ℃ with nitrogen flow ≥ 2L / (kg ·min) . Serious bumping of the reactants occurred and significant liquid reactants went to the water collector. Process-2 failed.
[0089] Comparative Example 5 (CE-5)
[0090] Polyester polyols in CE-5 were synthesized according to Process-3 using the recipes listed in Table 3.
[0091] Process-3: Single stage process -no digestion below 175 ℃
[0092] CE-5 was synthesized similarly according to Process-1, except the digestion at 190-196 ℃ was skipped. 202.79 g Oleic Acid (52.9 wt%) , 66.11 g Glycerol (17.3 wt%) and 114.42 g Sebacic Acid (29.8 wt%) were carefully weighed and charged into 500 ml glass reactor and mixed completely. The mixture was then heated to 170-175 ℃ with nitrogen flow ≥ 2L / (kg ·min) . When the raw materials were turn to liquid, then started agitation. When the temperature of the mixture reached 170-175 ℃, water was distilled out significantly and the whole mixture was digested at 170-175 ℃ for 3 hours. After that, the mixture was directly heated to 220-245 ℃. Serious bumping of the reactants occurred at 205-210 ℃. Process-3 failed.
[0093] Table 3. 100%biomass-based polyester polyols via one-pot synthesis procedure
[0094] As shown in Table 3, CE-1 was a traditional formulation of 100%bio-mass polyester polyol, which suffered from the following problems: long reaction time due to low reactivity of dimeric acid and high cost due to 1, 3-propane diol.
[0095] As shown in Table 2, IE-1 to IE-5 were inventive examples utilizing novel monomer combinations for synthesizing 100%bio-mass polyester polyols.
[0096] (1) IE-1 and IE-2 were structurally similar to CE-1 because the long side chain of alkyl chains located in dimeric acid (used in CE-1) are moved to short polyol sides in IE-1 and IE-2. However, IE-1 and IE-2 showed much higher reactivity (shorter production cycle time) and better supply availability (lower cost) .
[0097] (2) IE-3 and IE-4 were alternative monomer combinations to IE-1 or IE-2 where the monoacids were bearing shorter and shorter carbon atoms but still belonged to Inventive Examples.
[0098] (3) IE-5 was also alternative inventive example to IE-1 to IE-4, using higher functionality short alcohols instead of glycerin used in IE-1 to IE-4.
[0099] As shown in Table 3, CE-2 defined a boundary that, if Fn > 2.5 and OH value was in a proper range (i.e., 50.96 < hv < 73.17 mg KOH / g) , the acid value cannot go < 4.04 mgKOH / g otherwise the reaction system would gel. CE-3 defined a boundary that, if Fn > 2.5, OH value cannot be too low (e.g., ≤ 50.96 mg KOH / g) , otherwise the acid value cannot go < 8.16 mgKOH / g due to gelation.
[0100] In Table 2, IE-6 to IE10 showed that functionality of the inventive examples can be tuned broadly if controlling the hydroxyl and acid group ratios in specific ranges. Final structures or specifications of the inventive molecules were that:
[0101] (1) If Fn of final polyester polyol is ≤ 2.5, no matter what hydroxyl number is, acid value ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g (IE-1 to IE-6) ;
[0102] (2) If Fn of final polyester polyol is > 2.5,
[0103] a. hv ≥ 73.13 mg KOH / g, av ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g (IE-7 to IE-9)
[0104] b. 50.96 (CE 3) < hv < 73.17 mg KOH / g, 4.04 (CE-2) < av ≤ 4.99 (IE-10) mg KOH / g.
[0105] Compared to IE-2, CE-4 and CE-5 showed that digestions below 175 ℃ or at 176-200 ℃ were indispensable, otherwise the reactants would undergo explosively boiling which causeed safety and / or quality issues.
[0106] Inventive Examples 11-14 (IE-11 to IE-14) and Comparative Examples 6-7 (CE-6 to CE-7)
[0107] According to Formulations listed in Table 4, PU foams were made using different contents of the bio-based polyester polyols synthesized in IE-7. In IE-11 to IE-14, different ratios of IE7 with CP450 were blended to get hybrid polyol components for subsequent PU foam fabrication.
[0108] Preparation of PU foam
[0109] Polyurethane foams were prepared according to Table 4. Firstly, the polyols were premixed in specific weight percentage. The polyol blends, catalysts (Polycat 5 and Polycat 8) , surfactant (AK8850) , physical blowing agent (cyclopentane) , pore opener (PEG-400) and blowing agent (distilled water) were mixed in a plastic cup for 30 s using a high-speed mixer. The pMDI was added quickly into the mixture using a syringe and the mixture was mixed for another 5 s, then recording the string time and tack-free time. Subsequently, the mixture was settled for 24 h prior to analysis.
[0110] Characterization of PU foam
[0111] The apparent density of the PU foam was measured according to the displacement method. The cellular structure of the samples was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscopy instrument (JEOL IT300 SEM) operated at 15 kV. The TGA test was conducted under TA5500. Samples with a weight of approximately 4 mg were heated from room temperature to 800℃ at a rate of 20 ℃ / min in air.
[0112] Table 4. Formulations and properties of representative PU foams with different contents of the bio-based polyester polyols
[0113] Table 5. Foam size information
[0114] As shown in Table 4, CE-6 was a complete petroleum-based PU foam formulation where no bio-based polyols were used. IE-11 to IE-14 were polyurethane foam formulations incorporating 11-49 wt. %of bio-based polyester polyols, which showed similar foam density and thermal conductivity, but significantly improved thermal stability (indicated by the increased temperatures of 50 wt. %loss by TGA) , compared to CE-6.
[0115] CE-7 was a biomass-containing polyurethane foam formulation, based on an incumbent bio-based polyol, castor oil. IE-12 was based on the bio-based polyol of IE-7 with similar molecular weight and functionality to castor oil. Compared to IE-12, CE-7 showed too long gelling time, probably attributed to its secondary OH groups which hampered its reactivity. Furthermore, compared to castor oil, IE-7 showed significantly improved compatibility (indicated by lower Ra2 values of Hansen solubility parameters in Table 4) with petroleum-based polyols, which will benefit future technology proliferations in more polyurethane systems by providing better storage stability and processibility.
[0116] Compared to CE-6 and CE-7, IE-12 also showed improved foam structures (indicated by the reduced cell size and size distribution variations) , as revealed by the SEM images in Figure 1 and foam size analysis of the SEM images in Table 5.
[0117] Solubility Parameters for CP450, IE-7 and Castor oil
[0118] The Hansen solubility parameters were tested for CP450, IE-7 and castor oil. The polyols were blended in various common organic solvents (24 types) with well-known parameters. A predetermined amount of 50 wt%polyols was mixed with organic solvents. The mixture was sealed and mixed vigorously for 2 h. Then, the solubility was measured by using PICA HTR.
[0119] The solubility sphere of CP450, IE-7 and castor oil on three mutually perpendicular axes were shown in Figure 2, where triangles represent solvents with Hansen solubility parameter outside solubility sphere, and circles represent solvents with Hansen solubility parameters inside solubility sphere. The solubility parameters and the interaction radius for CP450 were obtained as 16.98, 8.50 and 12.02 (Mpa) 1 / 2 (for solubility parameters δD, δP, δH, respectively) . For IE-7, they were determined as 17.45, 7.25 and 9.31 (Mpa) 1 / 2 (for solubility parameters δD, δP, δH, respectively) . For castor oil, they were determined as 16.79, 6.14 and 9.14 (Mpa) 1 / 2 (for solubility parameters δD, δP, δH, respectively) . To identify which bio-polyol was more compatible with CP450, the Difference (Ra) between petroleum polyols and bio-based polyols was calculated. The smaller the difference (Ra) was, the more compatible these two polyols were.
[0120] Ra2 = 4 (δDA-δDB) 2+ (δPA-δPB) 2+ (δHA-δHB) 2
[0121] Ra2 (CP450-IE7) =9.7877
[0122] Ra2 (CP450-castor oil) =14.0084
[0123] Table 6. Miscibility Test Results for CP450, IE-7 and Castor Oil
[0124] Note: Soluble (+) and Non-soluble (-)
[0125] Testing and Evaluation
[0126] 1. Hydroxy number, OH#
[0127] In the present disclosure, OH#is titrated according to ASTM D4274.
[0128] 2. Acid number, Acid#
[0129] In the present disclosure, Acid#is titrated by according to ASTM D4662.
[0130] 3. Viscosity
[0131] In the present disclosure, Brookfield Viscosity is measured by a Brookfield viscometer DVII+ with spindle #27 at modified temperature at 50 ℃ according to ASTM D4287.
[0132] 4. Reactivity
[0133] Reactivity was tested following procedure below:
[0134] Polyol, BDO were stored at 90 ℃. MDI was stored at 60 ℃. Index between -NCO and -OH was kept as 1.03 all the time. Total amount of the reactants was fixed at 100 g. The molar ratio between BDO and various polyols was fixed at 3.49, respectively. Time was recorded immediately after mixing of the three components and viscosity was monitored after ca. 10 s of mixing of 2000 rpm. Reactivity was recorded as second (s) when the viscosity reached 2000 mPa*s(environmental temperature is 23 ℃;no additional temperature control was applied) .
Claims
1.A process for preparing a bio-based polyester polyol via heating and distilling, which comprises:(1) providing a mixture of at least one of bio-based C4-C20 di-functional carboxylic acids, at least one of bio-based polyols, and at least one of bio-based monoacids;(2) heating the mixture to a temperature in a range of 160-175℃ with a heating ramp of ≤ 30℃ per hour;(3) heating the mixture to a temperature in a range of greater than 175℃to 200℃ with a heating ramp of ≤ 30℃ per hour after the mixture of Step (2) is kept at the temperature in a range of 160-175℃ for a digestion time of no less than 0.5 hours; and(4) forming the bio-based polyester polyol at a temperature in a range of greater than 175℃to 250℃ for a digestion time of no less than 0.5 hours, optionally in presence of catalysts.2.The process according to claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises 22-70 percent by weight of bio-based C4-C20 di-functional carboxylic acids, 6-60 percent by weight of bio-based polyols, and 12-44 percent by weight of bio-based monoacids.3.The process according to claim 1, wherein the bio-based C4-C20 di-functional carboxylic acids comprise sebacic acid, succinic acid or the combination thereof;the bio-based polyols have an average hydroxyl functionality of ≥3, or comprise glycerol, sorbitol or the combination thereof;the bio-based monoacids comprise oleic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid or the combination thereof.4.The process according to claim 1, wherein the heating is conducted in an inert atmosphere and / or under a negative pressure.5.A bio-based polyester polyol prepared by the process according to claim 1, wherein the bio-based polyester polyol meets the following:(i) 2≤ average hydroxyl functionality, Fn ≤ 2.5, and acid value, av ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g; or(ii) Fn > 2.5, and- hydroxyl value, hv ≥ 73.13 mg KOH / g, av ≤ 1.0 mg KOH / g, or- 50.96 < hv < 73.17 mg KOH / g, and 4.04 < av ≤ 4.99 mg KOH / g.6.The bio-based polyester polyol according to claim 5, wherein the bio-based polyester polyol meets the following:(i) 2≤ Fn ≤ 2.5, and acid value, av ≤ 0.8 mg KOH / g; or(ii) Fn > 2.5, and- hydroxyl value, hv ≥ 80 mg KOH / g, av ≤ 0.8 mg KOH / g, or- 60 < hv < 70 mg KOH / g, and 4.2 < av ≤ 4.8 mg KOH / g.7.A polyurethane foam composition which comprises:(I) a polyol component, in which there are:(a) at least one bio-based polyester polyol according to claim 5,(b) at least one catalyst selected from a blowing catalyst and / or a gelling catalyst,(c) at least one blowing agent, and(d) optionally, a petroleum-based polyol,(II) an isocyanate component.8.The polyurethane foam composition according to claim 7, wherein the blowing agent comprises a chemical blowing agent, a physical blowing agent or both.9.The polyurethane foam composition according to claim 7, wherein the petroleum-based polyol comprises polyols having Ra2 values of Hansen solubility parameters ≤ 14.0 with the bio-based polyester polyol according to claim 5.10.The polyurethane foam composition according to claim 7, wherein the isocyanate component comprises at least MDI, TDI, HDI, HMDI, XDI, PDI or their combinations, or their prepolymers11.An article made by using the polyurethane foam composition according to claim 7.
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