Layer 1 or layer 2 triggered mobility
By configuring and managing CSI-RS resources for LTM, the solution addresses LTM challenges in wireless communication systems, improving mobility management through enhanced L1 measurement accuracy and reduced latency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/085452
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently managing layer 1 (L1) or layer 2 (L2) triggered mobility (LTM) due to high latency and overhead, particularly in scenarios involving intra- and inter-central unit (CU) mobility, where synchronization and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements are not optimally utilized.
A network node obtains and transmits a CSI-RS resource configuration to a user equipment (UE) for LTM, including semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resources, enabling activation or deactivation through medium access control control elements (MAC CE) to enhance L1 measurement accuracy and reduce latency.
The solution facilitates efficient LTM by improving L1 measurement accuracy and reducing latency and overhead, thereby enhancing the mobility management in wireless communication systems.
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Figure CN2025085452_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LAYER 1 OR LAYER 2 TRIGGERED MOBILITYTECHNICAL FIELDThe present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to network node, UE and methods supporting layer 1 (L1) or layer 2 (L2) triggered mobility (LTM) .BACKGROUNDA wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication devices, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as UE, or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)) .LTM was introduced to change a serving cell via L1 / L2 signalling, in order to reduce the latency, overhead and interruption time. The scenarios of LTM include intra-central unit (CU) mobility where a UE moves between different cells within a CU, and inter-CU mobility where the UE moves between different cells belonging to different CUs.In Release 18, synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel block (SSB) based L1 measurement was introduced for L1 measurement for LTM. In Release 19, channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) based L1 measurement will be introduced for better L1 measurement for LTM, where a resource type of CSI-RS is periodic or semi-persistent (SP) . For the periodic CSI-RS, the CSI-RS transmission occurs every Nth slot. For the SP CSI-RS, the actual CSI-RS transmission is activated or deactivated by the network. In addition, the CSI-RS is non-zero-power CSI-RS (NZP-CSI-RS) or CSI interference management (CSI-IM) .SUMMARYThe present disclosure relates to network node, UE and methods that support LTM. With the network node, UE and methods, SP CSI-RS based L1 measurement for LTM may be achieved.Some implementations of a first network node described herein may comprise: at least one memory and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first network node to: obtain a first CSI-RS resource configuration, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and transmit the first CSI-RS resource configuration via the transceiver to a UE.In some implementations, the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises an LTM CSI-RS resource set, the LTM CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resource identifiers (IDs) from the one or more candidate cells, and the LTM CSI-RS resource set further comprises one or more LTM candidate IDs, each of the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs identifies a respective one of the one or more CSI-RS resources, each of the one or more LTM candidate IDs identifies an LTM candidate configuration of a respective one of the one or more candidate cells, a resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources is periodic or semi-persistent.In some implementations, the first CSI-RS resource configuration further comprises one of the following: a first indicator associated with the LTM CSI-RS resource set, wherein the first indicator indicates the resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource set; or a bitmap associated with the LTM CSI-RS resource set, wherein each of bits in the bitmap indicates the resource type of a respective one of the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource set.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to: transmit, via the transceiver to the UE, a medium access control control element (MAC CE) to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources, a resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources is semi-persistent.In some implementations, the MAC CE comprises at least one of the following: a target configuration ID indicating an index of an LTM candidate cell for which the MAC CE applies; one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource set ID is an index of a CSI-RS resource set comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and indicates the CSI-RS resource set is to be activated or deactivated; an LTM CSI resource configuration ID, wherein the LTM CSI resource configuration ID is an index of an LTM CSI resource configuration comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and the LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID are to be activated or deactivated; one or more CSI-RS resource IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource ID indicates an index of a CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated; one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state IDs, wherein each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state, wherein the TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for the CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated; or a second indicator indicating whether to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources.In some implementations, the target configuration ID corresponds to the LTM candidate ID minus 1.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to transmit a semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request via the transceiver to a second network node, wherein the request comprises an ID of an LTM candidate cell to which the request applies, wherein an SP CSI-RS resource is a CSI-RS resource with a resource type of SP, and at least one of the following: one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating to request activation or deactivation of one or more CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs; one or more CSI-RS resource IDs indicating to request activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs; an LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicating to request activation or deactivation of the one or more SP CSI-RS resources of an LTM candidate cell within an LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID; or an LTM CSI-RS resource configuration ID indicating to request activation or deactivation of the one or more CSI-RS resource sets within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration ID.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request further comprises a third indicator indicating the request is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the LTM candidate cell.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to transmit a semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request via the transceiver to a second network node, wherein the request comprises an ID of an LTM candidate cell to which the request applies and an indicator indicating the request is for activation or deactivation of the SP CSI-RS resources of the LTM candidate cell.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to: receive an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response from the second network node, wherein the response comprises an ID of an LTM candidate cell to which the response applies and at least one of the following: one or more first CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating one or more first CSI-RS resource sets which are activated, one or more second CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating one or more second CSI-RS resource sets which are failed to be activated, one or more first CSI-RS resource IDs indicating one or more first CSI-RS resources which are activated, or one or more second CSI-RS resource IDs indicating one or more second CSI-RS resources which are failed to be activated.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to: receive an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response from the second network node, wherein the response comprises an ID of an LTM candidate cell to which the response applies and an indicator indicating the SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell are activated or deactivated.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response further comprises one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state IDs, wherein each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state, wherein the TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for an SP CSI-RS resource.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response further comprises a fourth indicator indicating the response is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the LTM candidate cell.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to: transmit a third message via the transceiver to a second network node, wherein the third message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs of the one or more candidate cells, and each candidate cell ID is associated with one of the following: one or more CSI-RS resource IDs indicting one or more semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs are activated; one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating the one or more SP CSI-RS resources within one or more CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs are activated; or one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs indicating the one or more SP CSI-RS resources within the one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configurations indicated by the one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs are activated.In some implementations, the third message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs of one or more candidate cells, and an indicator indicating the SP CSI-RS resources of a respective candidate cell are activated.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to: transmit a first message via the transceiver to a second network node, wherein the first message comprises a candidate cell ID of one of the one or more candidate cells and a fifth indicator, wherein the fifth indicator indicates the second network node to provide one or more CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell indicated by the candidate cell ID.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to receive a second message via the transceiver from the second network node, wherein the second message comprises a CSI-RS resource configuration for the candidate cell, wherein the CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one of the following: one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configurations, wherein each LTM CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resource sets of the candidate cell and a sixth indicator, each CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resources, and the sixth indicator indicates a resource type of CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration; one or more CSI-RS resource sets of the candidate cell, wherein each CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resources and a seventh indicator, wherein the seventh indicator indicates a resource type of CSI-RS resources within the CSI-RS resource set; or one or more CSI-RS resources, where each CSI-RS resource is associated with an eighth indicator indicating a resource type of the CSI-RS resource.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to transmit, via the transceiver to a second network node, the first CSI-RS resource configuration or a second CSI-RS resource configuration, wherein the second CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more candidate cell IDs of the one or more candidate cells, wherein each candidate cell ID is associated with one of the following: one or more CSI-RS resource IDs indicating one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the CSI-RS resource IDs are semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resources; one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource set ID is associated with the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs and indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs within one or more CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs are SP CSI-RS resources; or one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs, wherein each LTM CSI-RS resource configuration ID is associated with the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, each CSI-RS resource set ID is associated with the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs and indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs within the CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the CSI-RS resource set IDs within the LTM CSI-RS resource configurations indicated by the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs are SP CSI-RS resources.In some implementations, the first network node comprises a source distributed unit (DU) , and the second network node comprises a central unit (CU) ; or the first network node comprises a source base station, and the second network node comprises a candidate base station.In some implementations, the first network node comprises a CU, and the second network node comprises a candidate DU or a source DU; or the first network node comprises a source base station, and the second network node comprises a candidate base station.Some implementations of a UE described herein may comprise: at least one memory and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first communication device to: receive a first CSI-RS resource configuration via the transceiver from a first network node, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and store the first CSI-RS resource configuration.In some implementations, the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises an LTM CSI-RS resource set, the LTM CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resource IDs from the one or more candidate cells, and the LTM CSI-RS resource set further comprises one or more LTM candidate IDs, each of the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs identifies a respective one of the one or more CSI-RS resources, each of the one or more LTM candidate IDs identifies an LTM candidate configuration of a respective one of the one or more candidate cells, a resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources is periodic or semi-persistent.In some implementations, the first CSI-RS resource configuration further comprises one of the following: a first indicator associated with the LTM CSI-RS resource set, wherein the first indicator indicates the resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource set; or a bitmap associated with the LTM CSI-RS resource set, wherein each of bits in the bitmap indicates the resource type of a respective one of the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource set.In some implementations, the processor is further configured to: receive, via the transceiver from the first network node, a MAC CE to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources, a resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources is semi-persistent.In some implementations, the MAC CE comprises at least one of the following: a target configuration ID indicating an index of an LTM candidate cell for which the MAC CE applies; one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource set ID is an index of a CSI-RS resource set comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and indicates the CSI-RS resource set is to be activated or deactivated; an LTM CSI resource configuration ID, wherein the LTM CSI resource configuration ID is an index of an LTM CSI resource configuration comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and the LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID are to be activated or deactivated; one or more CSI-RS resource IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource ID indicates an index of a CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated; one or more TCI state IDs, wherein each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state, wherein the TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for the CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated; or a second indicator indicating whether to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources.In some implementations, the target configuration ID corresponds to the LTM candidate ID minus 1.Some implementations of a method described herein may include: obtaining a first CSI-RS resource configuration, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and transmitting the first CSI-RS resource configuration to a UE.Some implementations of a method described herein may include: receiving a first CSI-RS resource configuration from a first network node, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and storing the first CSI-RS resource configuration.Some implementations of a processor described herein may include at least one memory and a controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to: receive a first CSI-RS resource configuration via a transceiver from a first network node, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and store the first CSI-RS resource configuration.It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFig. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;Figs. 2A, 2B and 2C illustrate an example of a wireless communications system that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, respectively;Fig. 3 illustrates a signaling diagram illustrating an example process that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;Fig. 4 illustrates a signaling diagram illustrating an example process that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;Fig. 5 illustrates a signaling diagram illustrating an example process that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a device that supports LTM in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure;Fig. 7 illustrates an example of a processor that supports LTM in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure; andFigs. 8 and 9 illustrate a flowchart of a method that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, respectively.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONPrinciples of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described less than or equal to.In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.The present disclosure provides a solution that supports LTM. In this solution, a first network node obtains a first CSI-RS resource configuration. The first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS. In turn, the first network node transmits the first CSI-RS resource configuration to a UE. With the solution, SP CSI-RS based L1 measurement for LTM may be achieved.Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one at least one of network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment (NE) ) , one or more terminal devices or UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.The network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station (BS) , a network element, a radio access network (RAN) node, a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface. The network entities 102 may be collectively referred to as network entities 102 or individually referred to as a network entity 102. Hereinafter, some implementations of the present disclosure will be described by taking a gNB as an example of the network entity 102. Thus, the network entity 102 may be used interchangeably with the gNB 102. For example, the gNBs 102 may comprise a gNB 102-1 and a gNB 102-2, as shown in Fig. 1.A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an internet-of-things (IoT) device, an internet-of-everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in Fig. 1. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) (e.g., a near-real time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a non-real time RIC (Non-RT RIC)) , a service management and orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU)) .Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160.Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) , Session Management functions (SMF) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (510 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.Fig. 2A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 200A that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 2A, the wireless communications system 200A may comprise the UE 104 in Fig. 1, a first network node 210 and a second network node 220.In some implementations, each of the first network node 210 and the second network node 220 may be implemented as one of the following: a gNB, a base station, a network element, a RAN node, a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, or an eNB. For example, the first network node 210 and the second network node 220 may be implemented as the gNB 102-1 and 102-2, respectively.In some implementations, initially, the UE 104 may access to a first cell of the first network node 210. Then, the UE 104 may perform an LTM procedure to a second cell of the second network node 220. In such implementations, if the first network node 210 and the second network node 220 are implemented as the gNBs 102-1 and 102-2, respectively, the first network node 210 is referred to as a source gNB 102-1, and the second network node 220 is referred to as a candidate or target gNB 102-2.Fig. 2B illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 200B that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 2B, the wireless communications system 200B may comprise the UE 104 in Fig. 1 as well as the first network node 210, the second network node 220 and a third network node 230.In some implementations, the first network node 210 and the second network node 220 may be collectively implemented as the network entity 102 in Fig. 1. In such implementations, the first network node 210 and the second network node 220 may be collectively implemented as a gNB.Alternatively, in some implementations, the first network node 210, the second network node 220 and the third network node 230 may be collectively implemented as the network entity 102 in Fig. 1. In such implementations, the first network node 210, the second network node 220 and the third network node 230 may be collectively implemented as a gNB.In some implementations, each of the first network node 210 and the third network node 230 may be implemented as a gNB-DU, and the second network node 220 may be implemented as a gNB-CU. The gNB-CU and the gNB-DU may be connected via F1 interface. For example, the first network node 210 may be implemented as a source gNB-DU, and the third network node 230 may be implemented as a candidate gNB-DU.In some implementations, the gNB-CU may be a logical node hosting RRC, SDAP and PDCP protocols of the gNB or RRC and PDCP protocols of the en-gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs. The gNB-CU terminates the F1 interface connected with the gNB-DU.In some implementations, the gNB-DU may be a logical node hosting RLC, MAC and PHY protocols of the gNB or en-gNB, and its operation is partly controlled by gNB-CU. One gNB-DU supports one or multiple cells. One cell is supported by only one gNB-DU. The gNB-DU terminates the F1 interface connected with the gNB-CU.Fig. 2C illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 200C that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 2C, the wireless communications system 200C may comprise the UE 104 in Fig. 1 as well as the first network node 210, the second network node 220 and the third network node 230.The wireless communications system 200C is similar to the wireless communications system 200B. The wireless communications system 200C is different from the wireless communications system 200B in that the first network node 210 may be implemented as a gNB-CU, and each of the second network node 220 and the third network node 230 may be implemented as a gNB-DU. For example, the second network node 220 may be implemented as a source gNB-DU, and the third network node 230 may be implemented as a candidate gNB-DU. Alternatively, the second network node 220 may be implemented as a candidate gNB-DU, and the third network node 230 may be implemented as a source gNB-DU.Fig. 3 illustrates a signaling diagram illustrating an example process 300 that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The process 300 may involve the first network node 210 and the UE in Fig. 2A or 2B. For the purpose of discussion, the process 300 will be described with reference to Fig. 2A or 2B.As shown in Fig. 3, the first network node 210 obtains 310 a first CSI-RS resource configuration. The first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS.In the present disclosure, the term “candidate cell” may be used interchangeably with the term “LTM candidate cell” , the term “candidate DU” may be used interchangeably with the term “target DU” or “candidate gNB-DU” or “target gNB-CU” , the term “source DU”may be used interchangeably with the term “source gNB-DU” , the term “CU” may be used interchangeably with the term “gNB-CU” , and the term “candidate base station” may be used interchangeably with the term “target base station” .In turn, the first network node 210 transmits 320 the first CSI-RS resource configuration to the UE 104.Upon receiving the first CSI-RS resource configuration, the UE 104 stores 330 the first CSI-RS resource configuration.With the process 300, SP CSI-RS based L1 measurement for LTM may be achieved.Fig. 4 illustrates a signaling diagram illustrating an example process 400 that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The process 400 may be considered as an example implementation of the process 300. The process 400 may involve the first network node 210, the second network node 220, the third network node 230 and the UE in Fig. 2B. For the purpose of discussion, the process 400 will be described with reference to Fig. 2B.Generally, in the process 400, the UE 104 may move from a first cell of the first network node 210 to a second cell of the third network node 230. The second network node 220 may be implemented as a gNB-CU 220, the first network node 210 may be implemented as a source gNB-DU 210, and the third network node 230 may be implemented as a candidate gNB-DU 230.As shown in Fig. 4, the UE 104 transmits 401 a MeasurementReport message (L3 measurement result) to the source gNB-DU 210. The MeasurementReport message may contain measurements of neighbouring cells. The source gNB-DU 210 transmits an UL RRC MESSAGE TRANSFER message conveying the received MeasurementReport message to the gNB-CU 220.The gNB-CU 220 determines 402 to initiate LTM configuration.The gNB-CU 220 transmits 403 a UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message to the candidate gNB-DU 230 for each candidate cell. The UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message may contain one candidate cell ID of a candidate cell.In some implementations, if there are multiple candidate gNB-DUs, the gNB-CU 220 may transmit a UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message to each of the multiple candidate gNB-DUs for each candidate cell.In some implementations, the UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message may comprise a fifth indicator. The fifth indicator may indicate the candidate gNB-DU 230 to provide one or more CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell indicated by the candidate cell ID. Alternatively, the fifth indicator may indicate the candidate gNB-DU 230 to provide one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell. An SP CSI-RS resource is a CSI-RS resource with a resource type of SP.Alternatively or additionally, in some implementations, the UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message may further comprise one or more LTM CSI resource configuration IDs. An LTM CSI resource configuration ID (represented by “LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID” ) is an index of an LTM CSI resource configuration (represented by “LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig” ) comprising one or more CSI-RS resources.Alternatively or additionally, in some implementations, the UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message may further comprise one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs. A CSI-RS resource set ID (represented by “CSI-RS-ResourceSetID) is an index of a CSI-RS resource set comprising one or more CSI-RS resources. A CSI-RS resource set (represented by “CSI-RS-ResourceSet” ) defines a set of CSI-RS resources and set-specific parameters.Alternatively or additionally, in some implementations, the UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message may further comprise one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs. An LTM CSI-RS resource configuration ID (represented by “LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID” ) is an index of an LTM CSI-RS resource configuration (represented by “LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfig” ) . An LTM CSI-RS resource configuration defines a group of one or more CSI-RS resource sets for one LTM candidate cell.If the candidate gNB-DU 230 accepts the request of LTM configuration, the candidate gNB-DU 230 responds 404 with a UE CONTEXT SETUP RESPONSE message including a CSI-RS resource configuration for the candidate cell.In Option 1, the CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more LTM CSI-RS resource sets of the candidate cell. Each LTM CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.In one example, the UE CONTEXT SETUP RESPONSE message comprises an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigToAddModList information element (IE) , where the IE comprises one or more LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfig. Each LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfig comprises an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID, one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs, and a sixth indicator (e.g., LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceType) . The sixth indicator indicates a resource type of CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration, e.g., periodic or SP, where the CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration are with the same resource type. Table 1 gives an example of the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigToAddModList IE.Table 1In another example, the UE CONTEXT SETUP RESPONSE message comprises an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSetToAddModList IE, where the IE comprises one or more CSI-RS resource sets, and each CSI-RS resource set is associated with a seventh indicator (e.g., resourceType) . The seventh indicator indicates the resource type of CSI-RS resources within the corresponding CSI-RS resource set. That is, different CSI-RS resource sets may have different resource types. Table 2 gives an example of the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSetToAddModList IE.Table 2In Option 2, the CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell. For example, the UE CONTEXT SETUP RESPONSE message comprises an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList IE, where the IE comprises one or more CSI-RS resources, and each CSI-RS resource is associated with an eighth indicator. The eighth indicator (e.g., resourceType) indicates the resource type of the corresponding CSI-RS resource. Table 3 gives an example of the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList IE.Table 3It shall be noted that the CU-initiated UE Context Modification procedure may be initiated for preparing candidate cells in the source gNB-DU 210 as specified in steps 403 and 404.The gNB-CU 220 transmits 405 a UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION REQUEST message to the source gNB-DU 210. The UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION REQUEST message comprises a first CSI-RS resource configuration (also referred to as a first common CSI-RS resource configuration) or a second CSI-RS resource configuration (also referred to as a second common CSI-RS resource configuration) of all candidate cells to the source gNB-DU 210.In Option 1, the first common CSI-RS resource configuration is included in the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig. The LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig defines a group of one or more CSI resources for one or more LTM candidate configurations. An LTM candidate configuration is a configuration of an LTM candidate cell, such as the physical cell group configuration and report configuration.In Sub-option 1-1 of Option 1, the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig comprises an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet. The LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet comprises one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs from one or more candidate cells, and one or more LTM-CandidateIDs. An LTM-CandidateID identifies an LTM candidate configuration of a candidate cell. The number of CSI-RS-ResourceIDs is the same as the number of LTM-CandidateIDs. For example, the first CSI-ResourceID is associated with the first LTM-CandidateID, the second CSI-ResourceID is associated with the second LTM-CandidateID, and so on. In addition, the LTM-CSI-ResourceSet may further comprise a first indicator (e.g., resourceType) associated with the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet. The first indicator indicates the resource type of the CSI-RS resources included in the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet. It means the CSI-RS resources within the same LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet have the same resource type. Table 4 gives an example of the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig IE.Table 4In Sub-option 1-2 of Option 1, the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig comprises an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet. The LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet comprises one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs from one or more candidate cells, and one or more LTM-CandidateIDs. The number of CSI-RS-ResourceIDs is the same as the number of LTM-CandidateIDs. For example, the first CSI-ResourceID is associated with the first LTM-CandidateID, the second CSI-ResourceID is associated with the second LTM-CandidateID, and so on. In addition, the LTM-CSI-ResourceSet may further comprise a bitmap. Each of bits in the bitmap indicates the resource type of a respective one of one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM-CSI-ResourceSet. For example, the first bit is associated with the first CSI-RS resource, the second bit is associated with the second CSI-RS resource, and so on. The value of the bit indicates the resource type, e.g., value 0 indicates the period CSI-RS while value 1 indicates the SP CSI-RS. With this method, the CSI-RS resources within the same LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet may have different resource types. Table 5 gives an example of the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig IE.Table 5In Sub-option 1-3 of Option 1, the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig comprises an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet for periodic CSI-RS and an LTM-SP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet for SP CSI-RS. The LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceSet or the LTM-SP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet comprises one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs from one or more candidate cells, and one or more LTM-CandidateIDs. The number of CSI-RS-ResourceIDs is the same as the number of LTM-CandidateIDs. For example, the first CSI-ResourceID is associated with the first LTM-CandidateID, the second CSI-ResourceID is associated with the second LTM-CandidateID, and so on. Table 6 gives an example of the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig IE.Table 6In Option 2, the second common CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more candidate cell IDs. For each candidate cell indicated by the candidate cell ID, the second common CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more SP CSI-RS resources.In Sub-option 2-1 of Option 2, for each candidate cell, the second common CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs, indicating the CSI-RS resources indicated by the CSI-RS-ResourceIDs are SP CSI-RS resources.In Sub-option 2-2 of Option 2, for each candidate cell, the second common CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceSetID is associated with one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceSetID indicates the CSI-RS resources indicated by the CSI-RS-ResourceIDs within the CSI-RS-ResourceSet indicated by the CSI-RS-ResourceSetID are SP CSI-RS resources.In Sub-option 2-3 of Option 2, for each candidate cell, the second common CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs. Each LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID is associated with one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceSetID is associated with one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceSetID indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs within the CSI-RS-ResourceSet indicated by the CSI-RS-ResourceSetID within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration indicated by the LTM-CSI-RS-ResoureConfigID are SP CSI-RS resources.Alternatively or additionally, in some implementations, the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID, the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID or the CSI-RS-ResourceSetID is received from the candidate gNB-DU 230 in step 404.In one example, if the candidate gNB-DU 230 receives multiple LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs in step 403, the candidate gNB-DU 230 determines the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID from the multiple LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs for one or more candidate cells.In another example, if the candidate gNB-DU 230 receives multiple LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs in step 403, the candidate gNB-DU 230 determines the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID from the multiple LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs for one or more candidate cells.In a futher example, if the candidate gNB-DU 230 receives multiple CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs in step 403, the candidate gNB-DU 230 determines the CSI-RS-ResourcesetID from the multiple CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs for one or more candidate cells.The source gNB-DU 210 responds 406 with a UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION RESPONSE message.The gNB-CU 220 may transmit 407 a UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION REQUEST message to the candidate gNB-DU 230. The UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION REQUEST message may comprise a first common CSI-RS resource configuration or a second common CSI-RS resource configuration of all accepted candidate cells. The detailed description of the first common CSI-RS resource configuration or the second common CSI-RS resource configuramtion is illustrated in step 405.The candidate gNB-DU 230 responds 408 with a UE CONTEXT MODIFICATION RESPONSE message.The gNB-CU 220 transmits 409 a DL RRC MESSAGE TRANSFER message to the source gNB-DU 210. The DL RRC MESSAGE TRANSFER message comprises the generated RRCReconfiguration message with the LTM configuration.The RRCReconfiguration message comprises the first common CSI-RS resource configuration of all accepted candidate cells, where the detailed description of the first common CSI-RS resource configuration is illustrated in step 405.The source gNB-DU 210 forwards 410 the received RRCReconfiguration message to the UE 104.The UE 104 responds 411 to the source gNB-DU 210 with an RRCReconfigurationComplete message.The source gNB-DU 210 forwards 412 the RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the gNB-CU 220 via an UL RRC MESSAGE TRANSFER message.In step 413, early timing advance (TA) acquisition to the one or more candidate cells may be performed.The candidate gNB-DU 230 transmits 414 a DU-CU TA INFORMATION TRANSFER message to the gNB-CU 220. The DU-CU TA INFORMATION TRANSFER message comprises the TA values, and the associated PRACH resource information.The gNB-CU 220 forwards 415 the TA value, and the associated PRACH resource information to the source gNB-DU 210 in the CU-DU TA INFORMATION TRANSFER message.If the source gNB-DU 210 decides to activate or deactivate one or more SP CSI-RS resources in the candidate cell, the source gNB-DU 210 transmits 416 an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request to the gNB-CU 220.In Option 1, the request comprises a candidate cell ID of a candidate cell to which the request applies and one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceSetID indicates to request activation or deactivation of the SP CSI-RS resources within a CSI-RS resource set of the candidate cell indicated by the CSI-RS resource set ID.In Option 2, the request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceID indicates to request activation or deactivation of an SP CSI-RS resource of the candidate cell indicated by the CSI-RS resource ID.In Option 3, the request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID. The LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID indicates to request activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell within an LTM CSI resource configuration of the candidate cell indicated by the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID.In Option 4, the request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID. The LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID indicates to request activation or deactivation of the SP CSI-RS resources within one or more CSI-RS resource sets within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration of the candidate cell indicated by the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request comprises a third indicator indicating the request is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.In some implementations, the CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an indicator indicating the request is for activation or deactivation of the SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.In one example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request is included in a UE Context Modification Required message.In another example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request is included in a dedicated or new message, e.g., DU-CU SP CSI-RS Resource Activation / Deactivation Request message, or DU-CU CSI-RS Coordination Request message.The gNB-CU 220 forwards 417 the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request to the candidate gNB-DU 230. The detailed description of the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request is illustrated in step 416.In one example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request is included in a UE Context Modification Request message.In another example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request is included in a dedicated or new message, e.g., CU-DU SP CSI-RS Resource Activation / Deactivation Request message, or CU-DU CSI-RS Coordination Request message.The candidate gNB-DU 230 transmits 418 an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response to the CU.In some implementations, if the candidate gNB-DU 230 receives an SP CSI-RS resource activation request in step 417, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises one or more SP CSI-RS resources that are successfully activated, and may further comprise one or more SP CSI-RS resources that are failed to be activated.In Option 1, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises one or more first CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs indicating the SP CSI-RS resources within the corresponding CSI-RS resource sets are successfully activated. The SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response may further comprise one or more second CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs indicating the SP CSI-RS resources within the corresponding CSI-RS resource sets are failed to be activated.In Option 2, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises one or more first CSI-RS-ResourceIDs indicating the corresponding SP CSI-RS resources are successfully activated. The SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response may further comprise one or more second CSI-RS-ResourceIDs indicating the corresponding SP CSI-RS resources are failed to be activated.In some implementations, if the candidate gNB-DU 230 receives an SP CSI-RS resource activation request in step 417, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an indicator indicating the SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell are activated or deactivated.In some implementations, for the SP CSI-RS resources that are successfully activated, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response may further comprise one or more TCI state IDs for each SP CSI-RS resource. A TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state and is used to identify one TCI state configuration. The TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for an SP CSI-RS resource. The TCI state associates one or two downlink (DL) reference signals (e.g., SSB) with a corresponding quasi-colocation type.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resources and the DL reference signals contained in the TCI states are associated with the same candidate cell.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response further comprises a fourth indicator indicating the response is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.In one example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response is included in a UE Context Modification Response message.In another example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response is included in a dedicated or new message, e.g., DU-CU SP CSI-RS Resource Activation / Deactivation Response message, or DU-CU CSI-RS Resource Coordination Response message.The gNB-CU 220 forwards 419 the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response to the source gNB-DU 210. The detailed description of the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response is illustrated in step 418.In one example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response is included in a UE Context Modification Confirm message.In another example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response is included in a dedicated or new message, e.g., CU-DU SP CSI-RS Resource Activation / Deactivation Response message, or CU-DU CSI-RS Resource Coordination Response message.The source gNB-DU 210 transmits 420 a MAC CE to the UE 104, to activate or deactivate one or more SP CSI-RS resources configured on the UE 104. The MAC CE is also referred to as an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation MAC CE.In some implementations, the MAC CE comprises at least one of the following:● a target configuration ID indicating an index of an LTM candidate cell for which the MAC CE applies;● one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource set ID is an index of a CSI-RS resource set comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and indicates the CSI-RS resource set is to be activated or deactivated;● an LTM CSI resource configuration ID, wherein the LTM CSI resource configuration ID is an index of an LTM CSI resource configuration comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and the LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID are to be activated or deactivated;● one or more CSI-RS resource IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource ID indicates an index of a CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated;● one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state IDs, wherein each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state, wherein the TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for the CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated; or● an indicator indicating whether to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources.In Option 1, the MAC CE comprises the target configuration ID, one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs, one or more TCI state IDs, and an eighth indicator.Each target configuration ID indicates an index of an LTM candidate cell for which the MAC CE applies. The target configuration ID corresponds to an LTM-CandidateID for the LTM candidate cell minus 1.Each CSI-RS-ResourceSetID is an index of a CSI-RS-ResourceSet comprising SP CSI-RS resources, and indicates the CSI-RS-ResourceSet is to be activated or deactivated.Each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state. The TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for a CSI-RS resource within the CSI-RS resource set indicated by the CSI-RS-ResourceSetID. For example, TCI State ID0 indicates TCI State for the first CSI-RS resource within the set, TCI State ID1 for the second CSI-RS resource within the set and so on.The eighth indicator indicates whether to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs. For example, value 1 of the eighth indicator indicates activation while value 0 of the eighth indicator indicates deactivation.In Option 2, the MAC CE comprises the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID, one or more TCI state IDs, and a ninth indicator.The LTM CSI resource configuration ID is an index of an LTM CSI resource configuration comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources. The LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID are to be activated or deactivated.Each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state. The TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for a CSI-RS resource within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID. For example, TCI State ID0 indicates TCI State for the first CSI-RS resource within the LTM CSI resource configuration, TCI State ID1 for the second CSI-RS resource within the LTM CSI resource configuration and so on.The ninth indicator indicates whether to activate or deactivate the indicated LTM CSI resource configuration. For example, value 1 of the ninth indicator indicates activation while value 0 of the ninth indicator indicates deactivation.In Option 3, the MAC CE includes the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID, the target configuration ID, one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs, one or more TCI state IDs, and the ninth indicator.The LTM CSI resource configuration ID is an index of an LTM CSI resource configuration comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources. The LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID are to be activated or deactivated.The target configuration ID indicates an index of an LTM candidate cell for which the MAC CE applies. The target configuration ID corresponds to an LTM-CandidateID for the LTM candidate cell minus 1.Each CSI-RS-ResourceID indicates an index of a CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated.Each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state. The TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for a CSI-RS resource within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID. For example, TCI State ID0 indicates TCI State for the first CSI-RS resource within the LTM CSI resource configuration, TCI State ID1 for the second CSI-RS resource within the LTM CSI resource configuration and so on.The ninth indicator indicates whether to activate or deactivate the indicated LTM CSI resource configuration. For example, value 1 of the ninth indicator indicates activation while value 0 of the ninth indicator indicates deactivation.In Option 4, the MAC CE comprises the target configuration ID, one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs, one or more TCI state IDs and a tenth indicator.The target configuration ID indicates an index of an LTM candidate cell for which the MAC CE applies. The target configuration ID corresponds to an LTM-CandidateID of the LTM candidate cell minus 1.Each CSI-RS-ResourceID indicates an index of an SP CSI-RS resource that shall be activated or deactivated.The TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state. The TCI state is used as quasi-colocation source for the CSI-RS resource indicated by the CSI-RS-ResourceID. For example, TCI State ID0 indicates TCI State for the first CSI-RS resource, TCI State ID1 for the second CSI-RS resource and so on.The tenth indicator indicates whether to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs. For example, value 1 of the tenth indicator indicates activation while value 0 of the tenth indicator indicates deactivation.The UE transmits 421 the L1 measurement result to the source gNB-DU 210.The source gNB-DU 210 decides 422 to execute LTM to a target cell.The source gNB-DU 210 transmits 423 a Cell Switch Command to the UE 104.The source gNB-DU 210 transmits 424 a third message to the gNB-CU 220 to indicate the initiation of the Cell Switch Command to the UE 104.In some implementations, the third message comprises a DU-CU CELL SWITCH NOTIFICATION message.In some implementations, the third message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs of one or more candidate cells, and one or more SP CSI-RS resources of a respective candidate cell that are activated.In Option 1, the third message comprises one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs. The one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs indicate one or more SP CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs are activated.In Option 2, the third message comprises one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs. The one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs indicate the SP CSI-RS resources within the CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs are activated.In Option 3, the third message comprises one or more LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs. The one or more LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs indicates the SP CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource configurations indicated by the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs are activated.In Option 4, the third message comprises one or more LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs. The one or more LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs indicates the SP CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI resource configurations indicated by the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs are activated.In some implementations, the third message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs of one or more candidate cells, and an indicator indicating the SP CSI-RS resources of a respective candidate cell are activated.The gNB-CU 220 transmits 425 a CU-DU CELL SWITCH NOTIFICATION message to the candidate gNB-DU 230 to indicate the initiation of the Cell Switch Command to the UE 104.The CU-DU CELL SWITCH NOTIFICATION message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs, and one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the corresponding candidate cell that are activated. The detailed description is illustrated in step 424.The candidate gNB-DU 230 detects 426 the UE 104 access.The candidate gNB-DU 230 transmits 427 an ACCESS SUCCESS message to the gNB-CU 220 with a target cell ID.The UE 104 transmits 428 an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the candidate gNB-DU 230.The candidate gNB-DU 230 forwards 429 the RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the gNB-CU 220 via an UL RRC MESSAGE TRANSFER message.It shall be noted that although the process 400 has been described with reference to Fig. 2B, the process 400 may be applicable to the wireless communications system 200C in Fig. 2C. Details of such implementations are omitted for brevity.Fig. 5 illustrates a signaling diagram illustrating an example process 500 that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The process 500 may be considered as another example implementation of the process 300. The process 500 may involve the first network node 210, the second network node 220 and the UE in Fig. 2A.For the purpose of discussion, the process 500 will be described with reference to Fig. 2A.Generally, in the process 500, the UE 104 may move from a first cell of the first network node 210 to a second cell of the second network node 220. The first network node 210 may be implemented as a source gNB 102-1, and the second network node 220 may be implemented as a candidate gNB 102-2. In the present disclosure, the term “candidate gNB” is used interchangeably with the term “target gNB” , and the term “candidate base station” is used interchangeably with the term “target base station” .In the process 500, before a mobility procedure is performed, the UE 104 receives user data from an UPF 240 via the source gNB 102-1, or transmits user data to the UPF 240 via the source gNB 102-1. Mobility control information is provided by an AMF 250.As shown in Fig. 5, the UE 104 transmits 501 a MeasurementReport message (L3 measurement result) to the source gNB 102-1 containing measurements of neighbouring cells.The source gNB 102-1 decides 502 to configure inter-gNB LTM.The source gNB 102-1 requests 503 inter-gNB LTM for one or more candidate cells belonging to one or more candidate gNB (s) . The source gNB 102-1 initiates a HANDOVER REQUEST message per candidate cell containing one candidate cell ID.The message may comprise a first indicator, which indicates the candidate gNB to provide the CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell. Alternatively, the first indicator may indicates the candidate gNB to provide the SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.The message may further comprise one or more LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs.The message may further comprise one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs (i.e., CSI-RS-ResourceSetID) .The message may further comprise one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs (i.e., LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID) .In step 504, Admission Control may be performed by one or more candidate gNBs. The one or more candidate gNBs may comprise the candidate gNB 102-2 and one or more potential candidate gNBs 260.Each of the candidate gNB 102-2 and one or more potential candidate gNBs 260 prepares 505 one or more LTM configurations and transmit inter-gNB response (HO REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE) to the source gNB 102-1, including the CSI-RS resource configuration for the accepted candidate cell.The detailed description of how to provide the CSI-RS resource configuration of the candidate cell is illustrated in step 404 in Fig. 4.If the candidate gNB 102-2 receives multiple LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs in step 504, the candidate gNB 102-2 determines the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID from the multiple LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigIDs for one or more candidate cells.If the candidate gNB 102-2 receives multiple LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs in step 504, the candidate gNB 102-2 determines the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID from the multiple LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigIDs for one or more candidate cells.If the candidate gNB 102-2 receives multiple CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs in step 504, the candidate gNB 102-2 determines the CSI-RS-ResourceSetID from the multiple CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs for one or more candidate cells.The source gNB 102-1 transmits 506 an LTM CONFIGURATION UPDATE message to each of the candidate gNB 102-2 and one or more potential candidate gNBs 260 to update the LTM configurations of one or more candidate cells.The message comprises a first common CSI-RS resource configuration or a second common CSI-RS resource configuration of all accepted candidate cells. The detailed description of how to provide the first common CSI-RS resource configuration or the second common CSI-RS resource configuration is illustrated in step 405 in Fig. 4.Each of the candidate gNB 102-2 and one or more potential candidate gNBs 260 transmits 507 the LTM CONFIGURATION UPDATE ACKNOWLEDGE message to the source gNB 102-1.The source gNB 102-1 transmits 508 an RRCReconfiguration message to the UE.The message comprises the first common CSI-RS resource configuration of all accepted candidate cells.The UE 104 stores 509 the LTM candidate configurations and transmits an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the source gNB 102-1.If early data forwarding is applied, the source gNB 102-1 transmits 509a the EARLY STATUS TRANSFER message to each of the candidate gNB 102-2 and one or more potential candidate gNBs 260.Each of the candidate gNB 102-2 and one or more potential candidate gNBs 260 transmits 511 the TA INFORMATION TRANSFER message to the source gNB 102-1 if early TA acquisition is performed to the candidate gNBs.If the source gNB 102-1 decides to activate or deactivate one or more SP CSI-RS resources in one or more candidate cells, the source gNB 102-1 transmits 512 an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request to each of the candidate gNB 102-2 and one or more potential candidate gNBs 260.In Option 1, the request comprises a candidate cell ID of a candidate cell to which the request applies and one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceSetID indicates to request activation or deactivation of SP CSI-RS resources within a CSI-RS resource set of the candidate cell indicated by the CSI-RS resource set ID.In Option 2, the request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and one or more CSI-RS-ResourceIDs. Each CSI-RS-ResourceID indicates to request activation or deactivation of an SP CSI-RS resource of the candidate cell indicated by the CSI-RS resource ID.In Option 3, the request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID. The LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID indicates to request activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell within an LTM CSI resource configuration of the candidate cell indicated by the LTM-CSI-ResourceConfigID.In Option 4, the request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID. The LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID indicates to request activation or deactivation of SP CSI-RS resources within one or more CSI-RS resource sets within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration of the candidate cell indicated by the LTM-CSI-RS-ResourceConfigID.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request comprises a third indicator indicating the request is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.In some implementations, the CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an indicator indicating the request is for activation or deactivation of the SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.In one example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request is included in an LTM Configuration Update message.In another example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request is included in a dedicated or new message, e.g., SP CSI-RS Resource Activation / Deactivation Request message, or CSI-RS Coordination Request message.The candidate gNB 102-2 transmits 513 an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response to the source gNB 102-1.In some implementations, if the candidate gNB 102-2 receives an SP CSI-RS resource activation request in step 512, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises one or more SP CSI-RS resources that are successfully activated, and may further comprise one or more SP CSI-RS resources that are failed to be activated.In Option 1, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises one or more first CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs indicating the SP CSI-RS resources within the corresponding CSI-RS resource sets are successfully activated. The SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response may further comprise one or more second CSI-RS-ResourceSetIDs indicating the SP CSI-RS resources within the corresponding CSI-RS resource sets are failed to be activated.In Option 2, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises one or more first CSI-RS-ResourceIDs indicating the corresponding SP CSI-RS resources are successfully activated. The SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response may further comprise one or more second CSI-RS-ResourceIDs indicating the corresponding SP CSI-RS resources are failed to be activated.In some implementations, if the candidate gNB 102-2 receives an SP CSI-RS resource activation request in step 512, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response comprises the candidate cell ID of the candidate cell and an indicator indicating the SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell are activated or deactivated.In some implementations, for the SP CSI-RS resources that are successfully activated, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response may further comprise one or more TCI state IDs for each SP CSI-RS resource. A TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state and is used to identify one TCI state configuration. The TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for an SP CSI-RS resource. The TCI state associates one or two DL reference signals (e.g., SSB) with a corresponding quasi-colocation type.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resources and the DL reference signals contained in the TCI states are associated with the same candidate cell.In some implementations, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response further comprises a fourth indicator indicating the response is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell.In one example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response is included in an LTM Configuration Update Acknowledge message.In another example, the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response is included in a dedicated or new message, e.g., SP CSI-RS Resource Activation / Deactivation Response message, or CSI-RS Coordination Response message.The source gNB 102-1 transmits 514 an SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation MAC CE to the UE 104 to activate or deactivate one or more SP CSI-RS resources configured on the UE 104. The detailed description of the MAC CE is illustrated in step 420 in Fig. 4.The UE 104 performs 515 L1 measurements on the one or more configured LTM candidate cells and transmits L1 measurement reports to the source gNB 102-1. L1 measurement should be performed as long as RRC reconfiguration (step 508) is applicable.The source gNB 102-1 determines 516 to initiate inter-gNB LTM.The source gNB 102-1 decides to execute cell switch to a target cell and transmits 517 an LTM cell switch command MAC CE triggering cell switch by including a target configuration ID which indicates the index of the candidate configuration of the target cell. The UE 104 switches to the target cell and applies the candidate configuration indicated by the target configuration ID.The source gNB 102-1 transmits 518 the CELL SWITCH NOTIFICATION message to the candidate gNB 102-2 to indicate the initiation of Cell Switch command to the UE 104.The message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs, and one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the corresponding candidate cell that are activated. The detailed description is illustrated in step 424 in Fig. 4.In some implementations, the message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs of one or more candidate cells, and an indicator indicating the SP CSI-RS resources of a respective candidate cell are activated. The detailed description is illustrated in step 424 in Fig. 4.Alternatively, the source gNB 102-1 transmits 518 the LTM Configuration Update message to the candidate gNB 102-2, where the message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs, and one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the corresponding candidate cell that are activated. The detailed description is illustrated in step 424 in Fig. 4.The candidate gNB 102-2 detects 519 the UE 104 access.The candidate gNB 102-2 transmits 520 the HANDOVER SUCCESS message to the source gNB 102-1 to inform that the UE 104 has successfully accessed the target cell.Optionally, the source gNB 102-1 may transmit 521 a secondary node (SN) STATUS TRANSFER message to the candidate gNB 102-2.The UE 104 transmits 522 an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the target gNB 102-2.The new source gNB (i.e., the target gNB 102-2) transmits 523 the LTM CONFIGURATION UPDATE message to the one or more potential candidate gNBs 260.Each of the one or more potential candidate gNBs 260 responds 524 the LTM CONFIGURATION UPDATE ACKNOWLEDGE message to the new source gNB 102-2.The new source gNB 102-2 may transmit 525 the UE CONTEXT RELEASE message to inform the old source gNB 102-1 to release radio and C-plane related resources associated to the UE context if no LTM candidate cell (s) exist in the old source gNB 102-1. Any ongoing data forwarding may continue.Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a device 600 that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 600 may be an example of a network entity 102 or a UE 104 as described herein. The device 600 may support wireless communication with one or more network entities 102, UEs 104, or any combination thereof. The device 600 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 602, a memory 604, a transceiver 606, and, optionally, an I / O controller 608. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .The processor 602, the memory 604, the transceiver 606, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 602, the memory 604, the transceiver 606, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.In some implementations, the processor 602, the memory 604, the transceiver 606, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 602 and the memory 604 coupled with the processor 602 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 602, instructions stored in the memory 604) .For example, the processor 602 may support wireless communication at the device 600 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 602 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing the following: obtaining a first CSI-RS resource configuration, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and transmitting the first CSI-RS resource configuration to a UE.Alternatively, the processor 602 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing the following: receiving a first CSI-RS resource configuration from a first network node, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and storing the first CSI-RS resource configuration.The processor 602 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 602 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 602. The processor 602 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 604) to cause the device 600 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.The memory 604 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 604 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 602 cause the device 600 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 602 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 604 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.The I / O controller 608 may manage input and output signals for the device 600. The I / O controller 608 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 608 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 608 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 608 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 606. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 600 via the I / O controller 608 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 608.In some implementations, the device 600 may include a single antenna 610. However, in some other implementations, the device 600 may have more than one antenna 610 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 606 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 610, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 606 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 606 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 610 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 610. The transceiver 606 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 610 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 610 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.Fig. 7 illustrates an example of a processor 700 that supports LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 700 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 700 may include a controller 702 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 700 may optionally include at least one memory 704, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 700 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 706. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .The processor 700 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 700) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .The controller 702 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 700 to cause the processor 700 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 702 may operate as a control unit of the processor 700, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 700. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.The controller 702 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 704 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 700 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 702 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 704. The controller 702 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 702 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 700 to cause the processor 700 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 702 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 700. The controller 702 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 700.The memory 704 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 700 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementation, the memory 704 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 700) . In some other implementations, the memory 704 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 700) .The memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 700, cause the processor 700 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 702 and / or the processor 700 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 704 to cause the processor 700 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 700 and / or the controller 702 may be coupled with or to the memory 704, the processor 700, the controller 702, and the memory 704 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 700 may include multiple processors and the memory 704 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.The one or more ALUs 706 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementation, the one or more ALUs 706 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 700) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 706 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 700) . One or more ALUs 706 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 706 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 706 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 706 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 706 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.The processor 700 may support wireless communication at the device 600 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 700 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing the following: obtaining a first CSI-RS resource configuration, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and transmitting the first CSI-RS resource configuration to a UE.Alternatively, the processor 700 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing the following: receiving a first CSI-RS resource configuration from a first network node, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS; and storing the first CSI-RS resource configuration.Fig. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method 800 supporting LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 800 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 800 may be performed by the first network node 210 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.At 810, the method may include obtaining a first CSI-RS resource configuration. The first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS. The operations of 810 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 810 may be performed by a device as described with reference to Fig. 1, 2A, 2B or 2C.At 820, the method may include transmitting the first CSI-RS resource configuration to a UE. The operations of 820 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 820 may be performed by a device as described with reference to Fig. 1, 2A, 2B or 2C.Fig. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method 900 supporting LTM in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 900 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 900 may be performed by the UE 104 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.At 910, the method may include receiving a first CSI-RS resource configuration from a first network node. The first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for LTM measurement based on CSI-RS. The operations of 910 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 910 may be performed by a device as described with reference to Fig. 1, 2A, 2B or 2C.At 920, the method may include transmitting, based on the first information, a command for mobility of the UE to the UE. The operations of 920 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 920 may be performed by a device as described with reference to Fig. 1, 2A, 2B or 2C.
[0001] It shall be noted that implementations of the present disclosure which have been described with reference to Figs. 1 to 5 are also applicable to the device 600, the processor 700 as well as the methods 800 and 900.It should be noted that the methods described herein describes possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
A first network node, comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:obtain a first channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource configuration, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for layer 1 or layer 2 triggered mobility (LTM) measurement based on CSI-RS; andtransmit the first CSI-RS resource configuration via the transceiver to a user equipment (UE) .The first network node of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit a semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request via the transceiver to a second network node, wherein the request comprises an identifier (ID) of an LTM candidate cell to which the request applies, wherein an SP CSI-RS resource is a CSI-RS resource with a resource type of SP, and at least one of the following:one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating to request activation or deactivation of one or more CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs;one or more CSI-RS resource IDs indicating to request activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs;an LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicating to request activation or deactivation of the one or more SP CSI-RS resources of an LTM candidate cell within an LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID; oran LTM CSI-RS resource configuration ID indicating to request activation or deactivation of the one or more CSI-RS resource sets within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration ID.The first network node of claim 2, wherein the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation request further comprises a third indicator indicating the request is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the LTM candidate cell.The first network node of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive a semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response from the second network node, wherein the response comprises an identifier (ID) of an LTM candidate cell to which the response applies and at least one of the following:one or more first CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating one or more first CSI-RS resource sets which are activated,one or more second CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating one or more second CSI-RS resource sets which are failed to be activated,one or more first CSI-RS resource IDs indicating one or more first CSI-RS resources which are activated, orone or more second CSI-RS resource IDs indicating one or more second CSI-RS resources which are failed to be activated.The first network node of claim 4, wherein the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response further comprises one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state IDs, wherein each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state, wherein the TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for an SP CSI-RS resource.The first network node of claim 4, wherein the SP CSI-RS resource activation or deactivation response further comprises a fourth indicator indicating the response is for activation or deactivation of one or more SP CSI-RS resources of the LTM candidate cell.The first network node of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit a third message via the transceiver to a second network node, wherein the third message comprises one or more candidate cell IDs of the one or more candidate cells, and each candidate cell ID is associated with one of the following:one or more CSI-RS resource IDs indicting one or more semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs are activated;one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs indicating the one or more SP CSI-RS resources within one or more CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs are activated; orone or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs indicating the one or more SP CSI-RS resources within the one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configurations indicated by the one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs are activated.The first network node of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit a first message via the transceiver to a second network node, wherein the first message comprises a candidate cell identifier (ID) of one of the one or more candidate cells and a fifth indicator, wherein the fifth indicator indicates the second network node to provide one or more CSI-RS resources of the candidate cell indicated by the candidate cell ID.The first network node of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive a second message via the transceiver from the second network node, wherein the second message comprises a CSI-RS resource configuration for the candidate cell, wherein the CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one of the following:one or more LTM CSI-RS resource configurations, wherein each LTM CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resource sets of the candidate cell and a sixth indicator, each CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resources, and the sixth indicator indicates a resource type of CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration;one or more CSI-RS resource sets of the candidate cell, wherein each CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resources and a seventh indicator, wherein the seventh indicator indicates a resource type of CSI-RS resources within the CSI-RS resource set; orone or more CSI-RS resources, where each CSI-RS resource is associated with an eighth indicator indicating a resource type of the CSI-RS resource.The first network node of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit, via the transceiver to a second network node, the first CSI-RS resource configuration or a second CSI-RS resource configuration, wherein the second CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more candidate cell identifiers (IDs) of the one or more candidate cells, wherein each candidate cell ID is associated with one of the following:one or more CSI-RS resource IDs indicating one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the CSI-RS resource IDs are semi-persistent (SP) CSI-RS resources;one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource set ID is associated with the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs and indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs within one or more CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs are SP CSI-RS resources; orone or more LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs, wherein each LTM CSI-RS resource configuration ID is associated with the one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, each CSI-RS resource set ID is associated with the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs and indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources indicated by the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs within the CSI-RS resource sets indicated by the CSI-RS resource set IDs within the LTM CSI-RS resource configurations indicated by the LTM CSI-RS resource configuration IDs are SP CSI-RS resources.The first network node of any of claims 2 to 7, wherein the first network node comprises a source distributed unit (DU) , and the second network node comprises a central unit (CU) ; orthe first network node comprises a source base station, and the second network node comprises a candidate base station.The first network node of any of claims 2 to 10, wherein the first network node comprises a central unit (CU) , and the second network node comprises a candidate distributed unit (DU) or a source distributed unit (DU) ; orthe first network node comprises a source base station, and the second network node comprises a candidate base station.A user equipment (UE) , comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:receive a first channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource configuration via the transceiver from a first network node, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for layer 1 or layer 2 triggered mobility (LTM) measurement based on CSI-RS; andstore the first CSI-RS resource configuration.The UE of claim 13, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises an LTM CSI-RS resource set, the LTM CSI-RS resource set comprises one or more CSI-RS resource identifiers (IDs) from the one or more candidate cells, and the LTM CSI-RS resource set further comprises one or more LTM candidate IDs, each of the one or more CSI-RS resource IDs identifies a respective one of the one or more CSI-RS resources, each of the one or more LTM candidate IDs identifies an LTM candidate configuration of a respective one of the one or more candidate cells, a resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources is periodic or semi-persistent.The UE of claim 14, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration further comprises one of the following:a first indicator associated with the LTM CSI-RS resource set, wherein the first indicator indicates the resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource set; ora bitmap associated with the LTM CSI-RS resource set, wherein each of bits in the bitmap indicates the resource type of a respective one of the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI-RS resource set.The UE of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive, via the transceiver from the first network node, a medium access control control element (MAC CE) to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources, a resource type of the one or more CSI-RS resources is semi-persistent.The UE of claim 16, wherein the MAC CE comprises at least one of the following:a target configuration identifier (ID) indicating an index of an LTM candidate cell for which the MAC CE applies;one or more CSI-RS resource set IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource set ID is an index of a CSI-RS resource set comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and indicates the CSI-RS resource set is to be activated or deactivated;an LTM CSI resource configuration ID, wherein the LTM CSI resource configuration ID is an index of an LTM CSI resource configuration comprising the one or more CSI-RS resources, and the LTM CSI resource configuration ID indicates the one or more CSI-RS resources within the LTM CSI resource configuration indicated by the LTM CSI resource configuration ID are to be activated or deactivated;one or more CSI-RS resource IDs, wherein each CSI-RS resource ID indicates an index of a CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated;one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state IDs, wherein each TCI state ID is an index of a TCI state, wherein the TCI state is used as a quasi-colocation source for the CSI-RS resource to be activated or deactivated; ora second indicator indicating whether to activate or deactivate the one or more CSI-RS resources.The UE of claim 17, wherein the target configuration ID corresponds to the LTM candidate ID minus 1.A method for wireless communication, comprising:obtaining a first channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource configuration, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for layer 1 or layer 2 triggered mobility (LTM) measurement based on CSI-RS; andtransmitting the first CSI-RS resource configuration to a user equipment (UE) .A method for wireless communication, comprising:receiving a first channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource configuration from a first network node, wherein the first CSI-RS resource configuration comprises one or more CSI-RS resources of one or more candidate cells for layer 1 or layer 2 triggered mobility (LTM) measurement based on CSI-RS; andstoring the first CSI-RS resource configuration.
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