Multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering in ambient IoT
A multi-tone, multi-transmitter CW transmission scheme with adaptive preamble and channel coding enhances backscatter communication reliability and efficiency in ambient IoT devices by optimizing signal diversity and adaptability to varying channel conditions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/110634
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
Backscatter communication systems in ambient IoT devices face challenges in signal strength, range, and reliability due to their passive nature, with existing techniques failing to adequately address energy efficiency, synchronization, and adaptability to varying channel conditions.
Implementing a multi-tone, multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission scheme where a reader generates symmetrically positioned CW signals at different frequencies across antennas, employing frequency and antenna hopping, and adapting preamble transmissions based on channel conditions, along with fine-tuned channel coding to enhance communication reliability and efficiency.
The described techniques improve communication reliability and robustness in ambient IoT systems by providing diversity gain, efficient spectrum use, and adaptability to diverse deployment scenarios, while maintaining low computational complexity.
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Figure CN2024110634_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MULTI-TONE AND MULTI-TRANSMITTER CONTINUOUS WAVE TRANSMISSION FOR DEVICE-TO-READER BACKSCATTERING IN AMBIENT IOTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates generally to wireless communication, and more specifically, to multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission techniques for device-to-reader backscattering in ambient Internet of Things (IoT) applications.BACKGROUND
[0002] There is growing interest in ambient Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where IoT devices operate with minimal power consumption by harvesting energy from radio waves in their environment. These ambient IoT devices often utilize backscatter communications, a technique where devices reflect and modulate existing radio frequency signals rather than generating their own carrier waves. This approach allows for low power consumption, enabling smaller and more cost-effective IoT devices compared to previous generations of IoT technologies.
[0003] Backscatter communication systems typically involve a reader device that transmits a continuous wave (CW) signal, which is then modulated and reflected by the IoT device to transmit data back to the reader. This device-to-reader (D2R) link presents challenges in terms of signal strength, range, and reliability due to the passive nature of the backscatter technique.
[0004] Efforts to improve the performance of backscatter communication systems have explored various techniques. However, implementing such techniques in the context of ambient IoT applications introduces additional considerations related to energy efficiency, synchronization, and adaptability to varying channel conditions. Furthermore, the design of preamble structures for backscatter communications requires careful consideration to ensure reliable synchronization and channel estimation, particularly in scenarios involving frequency or antenna hopping. The preamble design should balance the need for robust synchronization with the constraints of low-power operation and spectral efficiency.SUMMARY
[0005] The systems, methods and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0006] One innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a reader for wireless communication. The reader includes a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the reader to: generate a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency; generate a second CW signal at a second frequency, wherein the second CW signal is a complex conjugate of the first CW signal; transmit the first CW signal via a first antenna; transmit the second CW signal via a second antenna; and receive a backscattered signal, wherein the backscattered signal is associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal.
[0007] In some examples, the first frequency and the second frequency are symmetrically positioned within a resource block or within a system bandwidth. In some examples, the reader applies half-tone shifting when generating the CW signals. In some examples, the reader swaps the first frequency and the second frequency between the first antenna and the second antenna after a time period. In some examples, the reader switches transmission of the CW signals to a third antenna and a fourth antenna after a time period. In some examples, the reader obtains an indication of a phase difference between the CW signals associated with the backscattered signal and adjusts at least one of the frequencies based on the phase difference.
[0008] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a reader for wireless communication. The reader includes a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the reader to: receive, from a network entity, configuration information for continuous wave (CW) signal transmission; determine CW transmission parameters associated with the configuration information, the CW transmission parameters including at least one of: a number of tones, tone locations, a number of transmit antennas, or a hopping configuration; and transmit one or more CW signals according to the determined CW transmission parameters.
[0009] In some examples, the hopping configuration includes at least one of: a frequency hopping pattern, an antenna hopping pattern, or a hopping periodicity. In some examples, the hopping configuration includes a configuration of multiple rounds of transmission of CW signals. In some examples, the reader receives a preamble transmission associated with the CW signal transmission, wherein the preamble transmission is adapted based on the hopping configuration.
[0010] Yet another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a device for wireless communication. The device includes a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to:
[0011] receive one or more continuous wave (CW) signals; obtain an indication of a hopping configuration associated with the received CW signals; and adapt a preamble transmission of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission based on the determined hopping configuration.
[0012] In some examples, adapting the preamble transmission includes transmitting a single preamble at the beginning of a D2R transmission, wherein a duration of the single preamble is scaled based on a number of hops in the hopping configuration. In some examples, the D2R transmission is associated with a convolutional coding, and the device performs channel coding with different polynomials in different hops to achieve a lower coding rate. In some examples, the device modulates the received CW signals to generate a backscattered signal and transmits the backscattered signal. In some examples, the device determines a power level of the received CW signals and adjusts a backscatter modulation depth associated with the determined power level.
[0013] While aspects and implementations are described in this application by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that additional implementations and use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Innovations described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, packaging arrangements. For example, aspects and / or uses may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described innovations may occur. Implementations may range in spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more aspects of the described innovations. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also necessarily include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, radio frequency (RF) -chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . It is intended that innovations described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0014] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0015] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of this disclosure may be realized by reference to the following figures. In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.
[0016] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating details of an example wireless communication system that supports reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects.
[0017] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating examples of a network node and a user equipment (UE) that support reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects.
[0018] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with a backscatter-based passive radio frequency identification (RFID) device that supports reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects.
[0019] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with ambient internet of things (IoT) devices that supports reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects.
[0020] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating examples associated with use cases for ambient IoT devices that support reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects.
[0021] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with backscatter communications for ambient IoT devices that support reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects.
[0022] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating examples associated with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communications for ambient IoT devices that support reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects.
[0023] FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performable at a reader device that supports multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering according to one or more aspects.
[0024] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example reader device that supports multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering according to one or more aspects.
[0025] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performable at a reader device that supports configurable continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering according to one or more aspects.
[0026] FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example reader device that supports configurable continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering according to one or more aspects.
[0027] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performable at an ambient IoT device that supports adaptive preamble transmission for device-to-reader backscattering according to one or more aspects.
[0028] FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an example ambient IoT device that supports adaptive preamble transmission for device-to-reader backscattering according to one or more aspects.
[0029] FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an example device manager that supports adaptive preamble transmission for device-to-reader backscattering according to one or more aspects.
[0030] FIG. 15 is a diagram of CW frequencies strategically configured for transmission.
[0031] FIG. 16 is a diagram of half-tone shifting for transmission.
[0032] FIG. 17 is a diagram of two exemplary hopping techniques, including frequency hopping and antenna hopping.
[0033] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] The detailed description set forth herein, in connection with the appended figures, is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Rather, the detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the inventive subject matter. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in every case and that, in some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form for clarity of presentation.
[0035] Aspects of this disclosure relate to techniques for continuous wave (CW) signal transmission in wireless communication systems, particularly for device-to-reader (D2R) backscattering in ambient Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In one aspect, the disclosure employs a multi-tone, multi-transmitter (Tx) CW transmission scheme. A reader device generates two CW signals at different frequencies and transmits them via separate antennas. These frequencies are positioned, either symmetrically within a resource block or across the system bandwidth, to optimize spectral efficiency. The two CW signals may be complex conjugates of each other, enabling a time-shifted envelope of the composite signal based on the phase difference between transmitters.
[0036] Aspects of the disclosure may also incorporate hopping mechanisms in which a reader may swap frequencies between antennas or switch transmission to additional antennas after predetermined time periods. Frequency and antenna hopping contributes to both frequency and spatial diversity to improve communication link robustness. With respect to configurability, the reader may generate and select various CW transmission parameters, including the number of tones, tone locations, number of transmit antennas, and hopping configurations. This allows for adaptation to different channel conditions and system requirements.
[0037] Aspects of the disclosure may also utilize adaptive preamble transmission, both from the reader and device perspectives. The reader may adapt its preamble transmission based on a hopping configuration, while the ambient IoT device may adjust its preamble transmission in response to the reader's CW signal characteristics. Each device may scale preamble duration or transmit preambles at specific intervals during hopping.
[0038] Aspects of the disclosure may utilize smaller subcarrier spacing than regular NR transmission, such as 7.5 kHz or 3.75 kHz, for CW waveform generation. This provides finer frequency resolution and improved adaptation to channel conditions. And, to improve error correction capabilities (e.g., a lower coding rate without the need for interleaving) and maintain simplicity, different polynomials for channel coding in subsequent hops are utilized.
[0039] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. Described techniques provide a solution for enhancing performance, reliability, and efficiency of D2R backscattering in ambient IoT systems. For example, the described multi-tone, multi-Tx CW transmission scheme provides diversity gain without complex interleaving or repetition coding at the device. As a result, communication reliability and robustness is improved.
[0040] Also, strategic positioning of CW frequencies, either within a resource block or across the system bandwidth, enables efficient use of available spectrum. For example, different symmetries may be utilized within a given resource block.
[0041] Frequency and antenna hopping mechanisms also improve diversity and system performance. Such dynamic changes in transmission characteristics may mitigate fading and interference.
[0042] A high degree of configurability of CW transmission parameters allows fine-tuned adaptation to various channel conditions and system requirements. This flexibility improves performance across diverse deployment scenarios, e.g., from dense urban areas to sparse rural environments.
[0043] Adaptive preamble transmission, implemented at either or both of reader and device levels, facilitates improved synchronization and system performance. Adjusting preamble characteristics based on CW configuration helps maintain reliable communication in dynamic channel conditions. Also, smaller subcarrier spacing for CW waveform generation offers finer frequency resolution, potentially leading to more precise adaptation to channel conditions, improved signal quality, and reduced interference.
[0044] Further, the use of different polynomials for channel coding in subsequent hops lowers coding rate without the complexity of interleaving. This approach enhances error correction capabilities while maintaining low computational requirements without the need for a complex interleaver.
[0045] Aspects of this disclosure are described in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to a specific structure or function discussed herein. Rather, the aspects are provided so that this disclosure is thorough and complete and fully conveys the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect discussed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of this disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of this disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality, in addition to or other than the various aspects of this disclosure. It should be understood that any aspect of this disclosure may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0046] Various aspects of wireless communication systems are described herein with reference to various devices and methods, which are illustrated in the accompanying figures by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, or the like (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0047] While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with a 5G or New Radio (NR) radio access technology (RAT) , aspects of this disclosure can be applied to other RATs, such as a 3G RAT, a 4G RAT, and / or a RAT subsequent to 5G (e.g., 6G) .
[0048] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating details of an example wireless communication system that supports reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to one or more aspects. The wireless communication system may include wireless network 100. Wireless network 100 may include one or more network entities 110 and one or more UEs 120. As appreciated by those skilled in the art, components appearing in FIG. 1 are likely to have related counterparts in other network arrangements including, for example, cellular-style network arrangements and non-cellular-style-network arrangements (e.g., device to device or peer-to-peer or ad hoc network arrangements, etc. ) . In some examples, wireless network 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-APro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0049] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a UE, a BS, a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 110) , and non-terrestrial aspects, such as satellite 140 and aircraft 145, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs. In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 110, UEs 120, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0050] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 120, which may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) , a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player, a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, an internet of things (IoT) device (e.g., an ambient IoT device) , an always on (AON) device, an edge processing device, or another similar device. A UE 120 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, or a handset, among other examples.
[0051] BSs 110 may wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 120 via communications links 170. The communications links 170 between BSs 110 and UEs 120 may carry uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 120 to a BS 110 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 110 to a UE 120. The communications links 170 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0052] A BS 110 may include, for example, a network node, a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB) , a next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio network node, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmission reception point, and / or others. A BS 110 may provide communications coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 112, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., a small cell provided by a BS 110a may have a coverage area 112’ that overlaps the coverage area 112 of a macro cell) . A BS 110 may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering a relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) ) , and / or other types of cells.
[0053] While BSs 110 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 110 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a stations 110, e.g., a network node, may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , one or more radio units (RUs) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a network node may be virtualized. More generally, a BS (e.g., BS 110) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a BS includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a BS that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a BS including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as having a disaggregated radio access network architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) architecture or a Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 3 depicts and describes an example disaggregated BS architecture.
[0054] Different BSs 110 within wireless communications network I 00 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G, among other examples. For example, BSs 110 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an SI interface) . BSs 110 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 110 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interfaces) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0055] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FRI) as including 410 MHz -7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24,250 MHz -52,600 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . A network node configured to communicate using mmWave or near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave network node such as BS 110b) may utilize beamforming (e.g., as shown by 182) with a UE (e.g., 120) to improve path loss and range.
[0056] The communications links 170 between BSs 110 and, for example, UEs 120, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and / or other bandwidths) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. In some examples, allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0057] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain network nodes (e.g., BS 110b in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming with a UE 120 to improve path loss and range, as shown at 182. For example, BS 110b and UE 120 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 110b may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 120 in one or more transmit directions 182'. UE 120 may receive the beamformed signal from BS 110b in one or more receive directions 182, ” UE 120 may also transmit a beamformed signal to BS 110b in one or more transmit directions 182” . BS 110b may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 120 in one or more receive directions 182'. BS 110b and UE 120 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 110b and UE 120. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 110b may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 120 may or may not be the same.
[0058] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0059] Certain UEs 120 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0060] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 161, other MMEs 162, a Serving Gateway 163, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 164, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 165, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 166, such as in the depicted example. MME 161 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 167. MME 161 is a control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 120 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 161 provides bearer and connection management.
[0061] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 163, which is connected to PDN Gateway 166. PDN Gateway 166 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 166 and the BM-SC 165 are connected to IP Services 168, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0062] BM-SC 165 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 165 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 164 may distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 110 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0063] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 191, other AMFs 192, a Session Management Function (SMF) 193, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 194. AMF 191 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 195.
[0064] AMF 191 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 120 and 5GC 190. AMF 191 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management. IP packets are transferred through UPF 194, which is connected to the IP Services 196, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 196 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0065] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated network node, a disaggregated network node, a component of a network node, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a combination thereof.
[0066] Filtering techniques, such as passive bandpass filtering techniques may be used by wireless communications devices such as UEs 120 and BSs 110 to isolate or filter out one or more frequencies that lie within a band or range of frequencies. The cut-off frequency or fc point in a bandpass filter may be controlled using a single resistor in series with a non-polarized capacitor, whose ordering determines whether the filter is a high-pass filter or a low-pass filter. A bandpass filter may allow wireless communication devices to receive and process signals within a certain “band” or “spread” of frequencies without distorting the input signal or introducing extra noise. In some examples, low-cost passive bandpass filtering may be used for frequencies of hundreds of kHz in the 400-900 MHz range (e.g., 0.02%3 dB fractional bandwidth for 418 MHz equates to ~84 kHz of bandpass filtering range) for surface acoustic wave and surface mounted devices. In some other examples, passive bandpass filter designs may operate in relatively higher frequency bands (e.g., ~50 MHz FBW in 2.5 GHz band) using passive Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) fabrication. Some other designs of passive filters (e.g., microstrip-line based filters) support relatively smaller frequency ranges (e.g., ~100 MHz) . Some passive bandpass filters may also be used to isolate or filter out certain frequencies that lie within different frequency ranges, or may be used for other signal detection and processing techniques such as envelope detection.
[0067] Devices operating in the wireless communication network 100 may implement techniques to report an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities by using certain waveform types used to carry data. In some cases, the ambient IoT device may be an example of a passive or ambient tag (e.g., an RFID tag) , a UE, a network device, or any other device capable of supporting ambient IoT communications. In some cases, ambient IoT devices may be associated with passive or ambient communication technologies (e.g., backscatter communications) , which may be associated with low power communications (e.g., including communications that support low power consumption for devices and low overall network power consumption) , low device cost, or both. In some examples, wireless communication network 100 may support RFID technologies. An RFID system may support low powered backscattering communications using RFID “tags” to automatically capture data using a small microchip attached to an object such as UE 120 or integrated within a device, and one or more “reader” devices are used to scan or send information to the tag. Reporting techniques may be used by low-power devices such as a passive tag, UE 120, or other ambient IoT devices to detect propagating waveforms and recover the encoded data while supporting the low-complexity, low cost, and low energy targets.
[0068] In some examples, an ambient IoT device may receive downlink information using different oscillators, antennas, or a combination thereof, than those used for backscattering in a different band. Additionally or alternatively, a reader device may transmit downlink information in a first band while transmitting a continuous wave (for backscattering and for wireless power transfer (WPT) ) and receiving uplink information in a second band. Both the ambient IoT device and the reader device can support uplink and downlink ambient IoT communications via corresponding uplink and downlink bands separated by several GHz of bandwidth.
[0069] To support efficient reporting of ambient IoT device filtering capabilities, wireless communication network 100 may support a dual-band configuration. For example, downlink data transmission may occur on a lower band (e.g., a 700 MHz band) , while continuous wave transmission (used for backscattering) and other uplink communications occurs on a higher band (e.g., a 4 GHz band) . In such dual-band configurations, the uplink and downlink bands may be significantly separated in frequency to allow for passive filtering techniques and dual-tone filtering on the downlink band to reduce co-source transmission interference, while the higher band can be used to support device-originated traffic from a relatively large number of ambient IoT devices or tags present in wireless communication network 100.
[0070] FIG. 2 depicts aspects of an example BS 110 and UE 120 that support reporting an ambient IoT device’s filtering capabilities according to certain aspects. Generally, BS 110 includes various processors (e.g., 220, 230, 238, and 240) , antennas 234a-t (collectively 234) , transceivers 232a-t (collectively 232) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 212) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 239) . For example, BS 110 may send and receive data between BS 110 and UE 120. BS 110 includes controller / processor 240, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0071] Generally, UE 120 includes various processors (e.g., 258, 264, 266, and 280) , antennas 252a-r (collectively 252) , transceivers 254a-r (collectively 254) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 262) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 260) . UE 120 includes controller / processor 280, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0072] For an example downlink transmission, BS 110 (e.g., any network node) includes a transmit processor 220 that may receive data from a data source 212 and control information from a controller / processor 240. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , the physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , the physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , the group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or other channels. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0073] Transmit processor 220 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , the secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , the PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or the channel state information reference signal (CST-RS) . Transmit processor 220 can facilitate transmitting a waveform to a UE or the like, and further facilitate transmitting frequency resource configuration information and / or time resource configuration information. And each can be associated with a UE’s filtering capability as described herein.
[0074] Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 232a-232t. Each modulator in transceivers 232a-232t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 232a-232t may be transmitted via the antennas 234a-234t, respectively.
[0075] UE 120 includes antennas 252a-252r that may receive the downlink signals from BS 110 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 254a-254r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 254a-254r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0076] MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 254a-254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for UE 120 to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 280. Receive processor 258 can facilitate the UE receiving frequency resource configuration information and / or time resource configuration information. Such configuration information can be associated with the UE’s filtering capability as described herein.
[0077] For an example uplink transmission, UE 120 further includes a transmit processor 264 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) ) from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 280. Transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS) ) . The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 254a-254r (e.g., for single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) ) , and transmitted to BS 110. Transmit processor 264 can facilitate transmitting an indication of the UE’s filtering capability to a network node. This can be effectuated using a backscattered signal associated with a modulated waveform as described herein.
[0078] At BS 110, the uplink signals from UE 120 may be received by antennas 234a-234t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 232a-232t, detected by a MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 120. Receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 240. Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes (e.g., processor-executable instructions, computer-executable instructions) for BS 110 and UE 120, respectively. Scheduler 244 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0079] In various aspects, BS 110 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 212, scheduler 244, memory 242, transmit processor 220, controller / processor 240, TX MIMO processor 230, transceivers 232a-t, antenna 234a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 234a-t, transceivers 232a-t, receive (RX) MIMO detector 236, controller / processor 240, receive processor 238, scheduler 244, memory 242, a network interface, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0080] In various aspects, UE 120 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 262, memory 282, transmit processor 264, controller / processor 280, TX MTMO processor 266, transceivers 254a-t, antenna 252a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 252a-t, transceivers 254a-t, RX MIMO detector 256, controller / processor 280, receive processor 258, memory 282, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0081] In some aspects, a processor may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) data to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data.
[0082] While blocks in FIG. 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component or in various combinations of components. For example, the functions described with respect to the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MTMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.
[0083] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station network node, or a network equipment may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a network node (such as a Node B (NB) , an evolved NB (eNB) , an NR BS, a 5G NB, an AP, a TRP, or a cell, among other examples) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing network node functionality, may be implemented as an aggregated network node (also known as a standalone network node or a monolithic network node) or a disaggregated network node. “Network entity” or “network node” may refer to a disaggregated network node, or to one or more units of a disaggregated network node (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof) .
[0084] An aggregated network node (e.g., an aggregated network node) may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit) . A disaggregated network node (e.g., a disaggregated network node) may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs) . In some examples, a CU may be implemented within a network node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other network nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples.
[0085] Network node-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of network node functionality. For example, disaggregated network nodes may be utilized in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) to facilitate scaling of communication systems by separating network node functionality into one or more units that can be individually deployed. A disaggregated network node may include functionality implemented across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated network node can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit of the disaggregated network node.
[0086] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 associated with a backscatter-based passive radio frequency identification (RFID) device according to certain aspects. RFID has applications in inventory and asset management (both inside and outside the warehouse) , IoT, sustainable sensor networks in factories and / or agriculture, smart homes, or the like. RFID devices include small transponders (also referred to as tags) that emit information-bearing signals upon receiving a signal. RFID devices may be operated without battery with low operating expense, low maintenance cost, and a long life-cycle.
[0087] A passive RFID device may harvest energy over the air. For example, a passive RFID device may harvest energy from an energy signal received from an RFID reader. The harvested energy may power the transmission and / or reception circuitry, where the transmitted signal is typically backscatter modulated.
[0088] A semi-passive RFID device may have a battery or capacitor to store energy but may be unable to generate a signal autonomously (e.g., a semi-passive RFID device may use backscattering technology to communicate) . An active RFID device may be equipped with a battery and may generate a signal autonomously. Semi-passive or active RFID devices may have higher associated costs than passive RFID devices.
[0089] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with ambient IoT devices according to certain aspects. As 5G continues to expand into industrial verticals other than enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) (e.g., ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) , machine type communication (MTC) , or the like) , telecommunications technology may be expanded to support ambient IoT for use cases including MTC, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , reduced capability for MTC, or the like. However, current 5G technology may be unable to efficiently support ambient IoT devices (e.g., a pervasive RFID-type sensor) in many future use cases, such as asset management, logistics, warehousing, manufacturing, or the like.
[0090] As shown, telecommunication standards may enable management of ambient IoT devices. For example, as shown by reference number 610, a network entity (e.g., BS 110) may read and / or write information stored on ambient IoT devices and / or provide energy to the ambient IoT devices. As shown by reference number 620, the network entity may receive information-bearing signals reflected by the ambient IoT devices, read the reflected information-bearing signals to decode the information transmitted by the ambient IoT devices, or the like.
[0091] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating examples 500, 510, 520, and 530 associated with use cases for ambient IoT devices according to certain aspects. Example 500 is associated with a conventional battery-powered wireless sensor network (WSN) . In example 500, sensors with batteries transmit data to one or more network nodes. Sensors with depleted batteries may be unable to transmit data to the network node (s) .
[0092] Example 510 is associated with a wireless power transfer (WPT) -enabled WSN. Various WPT-enabled devices may harvest energy from hybrid energy sources (e.g., the network, solar, wind, or the like) . WPT-enabled WSNs may thereby avoid manual battery replacement and may offer longer device lifetimes.
[0093] Example 520 is associated with backscatter-based passive RFID, as illustrated in, and described in connection with, FIG. 3. Example 530 is associated with WPT-enabled active RFID. WPT-enabled active RFID scenarios may offer bigger ranges than passive RFID scenarios. In WPT-enabled active RFID scenarios, energy may be gathered over longer durations than the duration of information transfer.
[0094] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with backscatter communications for ambient IoT devices according to certain aspects. Some wireless communication devices may be considered IoT devices. IoT technology may include ambient IoT (e.g., passive IoT, such as NR passive IoT for 5G Advanced, semi-passive IoT, active IoT, or ultra-light IoT, among other examples) . In passive IoT, a terminal (e.g., an RFID device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. Additionally, the terminal may accumulate solar energy to supplement accumulated energy from radio signaling. In passive IoT, a communication distance may be up to approximately 30 meters to facilitate feasible network coverage over a large area (e.g., 5000 square meters) , such as in a warehouse. Moreover, the power consumption of a passive IoT terminal (e.g., a UE) may be less than 0.1 milliwatts (mW) , to support operation without a battery, and the terminal may be relatively inexpensive, to facilitate cost-sensitive uses. A positioning accuracy of a passive IoT terminal may be approximately 3-5 meters in the horizontal and the vertical directions.
[0095] Ambient IoT may be useful in connection with industrial sensors, for which battery replacement may be prohibitively difficult or undesirable (e.g., for safety monitoring or fault detection in smart factories, infrastructures, or environments) . Additionally, features of ambient IoT devices, such as low cost, small size, maintenance-free, durable, long lifespan, or the like, may facilitate smart logistics / warehousing (e.g., in connection with automated asset management by replacing RFID tags) . Furthermore, ambient IoT may be useful in connection with smart home networks for household item management, wearable devices (e.g., wearable devices for medical monitoring for which patients do not need to replace batteries) , and / or environment monitoring. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, 5G+ / 6G wireless networks may utilize ambient IoT devices.
[0096] As shown in FIG. 6, a backscatter device 605 (e.g., a tag, a sensor, or the like) , which may be one example of a passive IoT device, may employ a simplified hardware design (e.g., including a power splitter, an energy harvester, and a microcontroller) that does not include a battery, such that the backscatter device 605 relies on energy harvesting for power, and that does not include a radio wave generation circuit, such that the backscatter device 605 is capable of transmitting information only by reflecting a radio wave. More particularly, the backscatter device 605 communicates with a reader 608 (e.g., a UE 120, a BS 110, or another network device) by modulating a reflecting radio signal from an RF source 610 (e.g., a BS 110, a UE 120, or another network device) . In some examples, the RF source 610 and the reader 608 may be the same device and / or may be co-located. For example, in some cases, the reader 608 and the RF source 610 may be associated with the same BS 110.
[0097] To facilitate communication of the backscatter device 605, the RF source 610 may transmit an energy harvesting wave to the backscatter device 605. The energy harvesting wave may be transmitted for a sufficient duration in order to enable a communication phase for a target range between the reader 608 and the backscatter device 605. Additionally, or alternatively, in some cases, a range between the RF source 610 and the backscatter device 605 may be limited by a minimum received power for triggering energy harvesting at the backscatter device 605, such as -20 decibel milliwatts (dBm) .
[0098] Once energy is sufficiently accumulated at the backscatter device 605, the backscatter device 605 may begin to reflect the radio wave that is radiated onto the backscatter device 605 via a backscatter link 615. For example, the RF source 610 may initiate a communication session (sometimes referred to as a query-response communication) with a query, which may be a modulating envelope of a continuous wave (CW) . The backscatter device 605 may respond by backscattering the CW. Thus, the backscatter device 605 may support envelope detection. The communication session may include multiple rounds, such as for purposes of contention resolution when multiple backscatter devices respond to a query. A channel between the RF source 610 and the backscatter device 605 of the backscatter link 615 may be associated with a first backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a first backscatter link channel coefficient or a first backscatter link gain value) , hBD. As described below, the backscatter device 605 may have reflection-on periods and reflection-off periods that follow a pattern that is based at least in part on the transmission of information bits by the backscatter device 605. The reader 608 may detect the reflection pattern of the backscatter device 605 and obtain the backscatter communication information via the backscatter link 615. A channel between the reader 608 and the backscatter device 605 of the backscatter link 615 may be associated with a second backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a second backscatter link channel coefficient or a second backscatter link channel gain value) , hDu. In addition, the RF source 610 and the reader 608 may communicate (e.g., reference signals and / or data signals) via a direct link 620. A channel between the RF source 610 and the reader 608 of the direct link 620 may be associated with a direct link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a direct link channel coefficient or a direct link channel gain value) , hBu.
[0099] The backscatter device 605 may use an information modulation scheme, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation or on-off keying (OOK) modulation. For ASK or OOK modulation, the backscatter device 605 may switch on reflection when transmitting an information bit “I” and switch off reflection when transmitting an information bit “0. ” In backscatter communication, the RF source 610 may transmit a particular radio wave (e.g., a reference signal or a data signal, such as a PDSCH) , which may be denoted as x (n) . The reader 608 may receive this radio wave, x (n) , directly from the RF source 610 via the direct link 620, as well as from the backscatter device 605 modulating and reflecting the radio wave to the reader 608 via the backscatter link 615. The signal received at the reader 608 via the direct link 620, denoted as hBu (n) x (n) and indicated by reference number 625, is the product of the radio wave transmitted by the RF source 610, x (n) , multiplied by the direct link channel response value, hBu, plus any signal noise. The information bits signal of the backscatter device 605 may be denoted as s (n) where s (n) E {0, 1} . Accordingly, the signal received at the reader 608 via the backscatter link 615, denoted as ofhBD (n) hDu (n) s (n) x (n) and indicated by reference number 630, is the product of the signal transmitted by the RF source 610, x (n) , multiplied by the first backscatter link channel response value, hBD, the second backscatter link channel response value, hDU, the information bits signal from the backscatter device 605, s (n) , and a reflection coefficient associated with the backscatter device 605, of, plus any noise.
[0100] Thus, the resulting signal received at the reader 608, which is the superposition of the signal received via the direct link 620 and the signal received via the backscatter link 615, may be denoted as y (n) where y (n) = (hBU (n) + ofhBD (n) hDU (n) s (n) ) x (n) + noise. This signal, y (n) , is shown by reference number 635. As shown, when s (n) = 0 (indicated by reference number 640 in the plot shown at reference number 630) , the backscatter device 605 may switch off reflection, such that the signal component ofhBD (n) hDU (n) s (n) equals zero, and thus the reader 608 receives only the direct link 620 signal (e.g., y (n) = hBU (n) x (n) + noise) . When s (n) = 1 (indicated by reference number 645 in the plot shown at reference number 630) , the backscatter device 605 may switch on reflection, such that signal component ofhBD (n) hDU (n) s (n) equals ofhBD (n) hDU (n) , and thus the reader 608 receives a superposition of both the direct link 620 signal and the backscatter link 615 signal (e.g., y (n) = (hBU (n) + ofhBD (n) hDu (n) ) x (n) + noise) . To receive the information bits transmitted by the backscatter device 605, the reader 608 may first decode x (n) based at least in part on the direct link channel response value of h8u (n) by treating the backscatter link 615 signal as interference. The reader 608 may then detect the existence of the signal component ofhBD (n) hDU (n) x (n) by subtracting hBU (n) x (n) from y (n) . In some cases, the backscatter device 605 may not maintain a state from communication session to communication session except of what is stored in the backscatter device 605 memory, such as an EPC associated with backscatter device 605 or similar information.
[0101] Ambient-IoT-style backscattering differs from traditional-RFID-style in at least three respects. First, ambient-IoT-style backscattering may use existing RF signals. As a result, ambient IoT devices may operate without deployment of a special-purpose power infrastructure -such as an RFID reader -to transmit a high-power (e.g., 1 W) signal to nearby devices. Thus, ambient-IoT-style backscattering may avoid installation and maintenance costs that could, if unavoidable, make such a system impractical (e.g., in outdoor environments, environments that span large areas, or the like) . Second, and relatedly, ambient-IoT-style backscattering may have a small environmental footprint because ambient IoT devices may avoid consuming additional energy beyond that which is already being transmitted over the air. Third, ambient ambient-IoT-style backscattering may enable D2D communication. By contrast, traditional RFID systems may be not enable D2D communication because, in traditional RFID systems, tags communicate exclusively with an RFID reader and may be unable to detect transmissions from other, nearby tags.
[0102] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating examples 700 and 710 associated with OFDM communications for ambient IoT devices according to certain aspects. OFDM is a common modulation scheme in many modem communication systems. As shown in example 700, an ambient IoT device receives an OFDM signal. The ambient IoT device may transfer power from the OFDM signal from the antenna to the rectifier via the matching network. The ambient IoT device may obtain power from the rectifier, filter the OFDM signal, and transmit a reflected signal.
[0103] As shown in example 710, the filtering may involve providing data to a plurality of narrowband filters that operate within respective frequency ranges. For example, each narrowband filter may filter one or more subcarrier frequencies. The narrowband filters may pass or nullify respective clusters, which may be summed and transmitted via the antenna.
[0104] Some UEs (e.g., ambient IoT devices) may perform subcarrier-wise backscattering communications (e.g., over OFDM) . In some cases, reflected transmissions from multiple ambient IoT devices may collide with each other. In some cases, transmissions from other devices (e.g., legacy devices) may interfere with reflected transmissions from an ambient IoT device. Collisions and interference may cause the ambient IoT device transmissions to fail (e.g., the transmissions may not be successfully received or processed by a receiving device) .
[0105] Considering the foregoing, aspects of this disclosure relate to continuous wave (CW) signal transmission for device-to-reader (D2R) backscattering in ambient Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Aspects can involve simultaneous transmission of CW signals from multiple transmitters on different frequencies, e.g., a multi-tone, multi-transmitter (Tx) CW transmission scheme. A reader device can generate two CW signals at different frequencies, denoted as f1 and f2. The generated signals can be transmitted simultaneously via separate antennas, denoted as Tx1 and Tx2.
[0106] As seen in FIG. 15, according to an aspect, CW frequencies are strategically configured for transmission. In one example, two tones for multi-tone and multi-Tx CW are located at symmetric positions within the frequency spectrum. Here, at least two options for this symmetric positioning are considered. According to a first option, the symmetric positions are within a Physical Resource Block (PRB) . For example, considering a set of subcarriers including subcarrier 0 –subcarrier 11, the tones may be positioned at subcarrier 3 and subcarrier 8, subcarrier 5 and subcarrier 6, at subcarrier 1 and subcarrier 10, and so on. According to a second option, the symmetric positions span system bandwidth. In this case, if k represents a subcarrier index, the tones are positioned at subcarrier k and subcarrier N-k, where N represents the FFT size denoting the system bandwidth. The sampling rate is expressed as N·Δf where Δf is subcarrier spacing. Referring to FIG. 16, for the first option, where symmetry is maintained within a PRB, the reader may apply half-tone shifting when generating the first CW signal and the second CW signal, and the time continuous signal sk (t) for sub-carrier index k′ is defined by:
[0107] In this equation, and k′ ranges from 0 to 11 (considering again a set of subcarriers including subcarrier 0 –subcarrier 11) , denoting the sub-carrier index within one PRB. The term 1 / 2 within the bracket denotes half-tone shifting for generating the CW signal. The term Δf represents the sub-carrier spacing, which may be, e.g., 15 kHz or 30 kHz, and the relation 1 / Ts=fs=N·Δf holds true.
[0108] For the second option, where symmetry spans the system bandwidth, the time continuous signal sk (t) for sub-carrier index k is defined by:
[0109] sk (t) =ej·2πkΔft for 0≤t<NcwTs
[0110] Here, k ranges from 0 to denoting the sub-carrier index within the entire system bandwidth.
[0111] A complex conjugate relationship exists between the two CW baseband signals from the two transmitters. This relationship holds true for both of the foregoing options.
[0112] In the first option, where the relationship is expressed as:
[0113] For the second option, where k2=N-k1, the relationship is:
[0114] This complex conjugate relationship enables the envelope of the composite signal of the two-tone and two-Tx CW to be time-shifted based on the phase difference between the two transmitters. This holds true when the periodicity of the CW is substantially smaller than the D2R symbol duration, as it allows for achievement of diversity gain.
[0115] The CW baseband signals can be generated using a single baseband signal generator, leveraging the complex conjugate relationship. These signals are then further processed through IQ modulation and up-converted to the carrier frequency. This up-conversion process can utilize a single local oscillator (LO) and a mixer.
[0116] An additional feature is the potential use of smaller sub-carrier spacing for CW waveform generation. Sub-carrier spacings as small as 7.5 kHz or 3.75 kHz may be employed, which is smaller than those typically used in regular transmissions. This finer frequency resolution improves adaptation to various channel conditions.
[0117] The composite signal envelope changes with different phase relationships between the transmitters. The time-shifted nature of the composite signal envelope, based on the phase difference between transmitters, achieves diversity gain, e.g., when the CW periodicity is significantly smaller than the D2R symbol duration.
[0118] By leveraging multi-tone, multi-Tx CW transmission with complex conjugate signal relationships and strategic frequency positioning, described techniques improve D2R backscattering. This facilitates diversity gain and spectral efficiency in, e.g., IoT communication systems.
[0119] According to another aspect, hopping mechanisms further improve the multi-tone and multi-transmitter (Tx) continuous wave (CW) transmission scheme for device-to-reader (D2R) backscattering in ambient Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The hopping mechanisms build upon the previously described technique of generating and transmitting two CW signals at different frequencies via separate antennas.
[0120] Referring to FIG. 17, at least two hopping techniques, i.e., 1710 and 1720, including frequency hopping and antenna hopping, are illustrated. When frequency hopping a reader device may swap the frequencies of the CW signals between two transmitters after a predetermined time period. For example, if a first transmitter initially transmits a CW signal at frequency f1 and a second transmitter initially transmits a CW signal at frequency f2, after the predetermined time period, the first transmitter may switch to transmitting at frequency f2 while the second transmitter switches to transmitting at frequency f1.
[0121] Antenna hopping, which may be implemented with or without frequency hopping, involves switching the transmission of CW signals from one pair of antennas to another pair of antennas after a predetermined time period. In an exemplary implementation, a reader device may initially transmit CW signals using a first pair of antennas (e.g., Tx1 and Tx2) and subsequently switch to transmitting using a second pair of antennas (e.g., Tx3 and Tx4) .
[0122] These hopping mechanisms may be implemented independently or in combination. For instance, a combined frequency and antenna hopping scheme may involve a first transmitter transmitting at frequency f1, followed by a second transmitter transmitting at frequency f2 after the predetermined time period.
[0123] Instead of employing simple repetition for hopping, implementations may transmit different coded bits in different hops by using a different polynomial of a convolutional code (CC) with a rate of 1 / 2 for a second hop. This approach effectively achieves a lower coding rate, such as CC-1 / 4, without the need for an interleaver. For example, assuming four set of coded bits for CC-1 / 4 are denoted by c1, c2, c3 and c4, for the first hop, the coded bits c1 and c2 are transmitted, and the other two coded bits c3 and c4 are transmitted in the second hop. Alternatively, the first hop corresponds to c1 and c3, and the second hop corresponds to c2 and c4. Since the coded bits c1, c2, c3 and c4 are associated with a different polynomial of the convolutional code with rate-1 / 4, the reader can combine the coded bits received from two hops for decoding instead of separately decoding as rate 1 / 2 for better performance. By using different polynomials for channel coding in subsequent hops, the system can improve error correction capabilities and avoid complexity.
[0124] Implementations can also utilize preamble transmission adaptation. According to a first option, a single preamble may be transmitted at the beginning of the D2R transmission, with its duration scaled based on the number of hops in the transmission sequence. According to a second option, a preamble may be transmitted at each hop interval. The choice between these options may depend on factors such as channel coherence time and the specific requirements of the IoT application.
[0125] Described hopping mechanisms, coupled with an enhanced coding scheme and adaptive preamble transmission, extends the capabilities of the multi-tone, multi-Tx CW transmission techniques discussed herein.
[0126] According to another aspect, a reader device may generate configuration information for CW signal transmission. The configuration information can serve as a basis for selecting CW transmission parameters, which may include, but are not limited to, the number of tones, tone locations, number of transmit antennas, and hopping configuration.
[0127] The number of tones parameter determines how many distinct CW signals are generated and transmitted. While some aspects focus on two-tone systems, this configurable approach allows for flexibility in the number of tones used. The tone locations parameter specifies the frequencies at which these CW signals are transmitted and may be selected to optimize spectral efficiency or to avoid known sources of interference.
[0128] The number of transmit antennas parameter allows the system to utilize varying degrees of spatial diversity. This parameter may be adjusted based on the available hardware resources and the desired level of diversity. The hopping configuration parameter encompasses various aspects of described hopping mechanisms, including frequency hopping patterns, antenna hopping patterns, and hopping periodicity.
[0129] Options are available for the number of transmit antennas and associated hopping configurations. For example, where the number of transmit antennas NTx is set to 2 and the number of CW tones is also 2, four distinct hopping configurations are supported. This is illustrated in Table 1:
[0130] Table 1
[0131] As seen, a configuration denoted by '00' represents single-tone transmission with frequency hopping. In this mode, Tx1 transmits at frequency f1, followed by Tx2 transmitting at frequency f2. A configuration denoted by '01' implements two-tone CW transmission with antenna hopping. Here, Tx1 transmits at both frequencies f1 and f2, followed by Tx2 transmitting at both f1 and f2. A configuration denoted by '10' utilizes two-tone CW transmission without frequency swapping. In this mode, Tx1 continuously transmits at f1 while Tx2 continuously transmits at f2. A configuration denoted by '11' employs two-tone CW transmission with frequency swapping. This involves Tx1 transmitting at f1 and Tx2 transmitting at f2, followed by Tx1 switching to f2 and Tx2 switching to f1.
[0132] Configuration information may also include a frequency hopping configuration for multiple rounds of transmission of CW signals, wherein frequency hopping is applied across multiple rounds of transmission but not within a round. For example, the reader transmits the CW signal for multiple rounds of D2R communications. The CW signal for the first round is at frequency f1, the second round at frequency f2, and so on.
[0133] Once the CW transmission parameters are selected, the reader device transmits one or more CW signals according to these parameters. Transmission can involve generating the appropriate CW signals based on the selected number of tones and tone locations, routing these signals to the specified number of transmit antennas, and implementing any selected hopping patterns.
[0134] Configurability extends to preamble transmission as well. The reader device may adapt its preamble transmission based on whether hopping is used and the specific characteristics of the selected hopping configuration. At least two approaches to preamble adaptation are contemplated. According to a first approach, the reader can transmit a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission. The duration of the single preamble may be scaled based on the number of hops indicated in the configuration information. Scaling allows the preamble to adequately cover the entire hopping sequence. According to a second approach, the reader can transmit a preamble at each hop of a hopping periodicity indicated in the configuration information. Doing so provides a fresh synchronization opportunity at each hop. The choice between preamble adaptation approaches may depend on factors such as the expected channel coherence time, the hopping periodicity, and the specific requirements of the IoT application.
[0135] In view of the foregoing, the reader device can include the capability to generate and process the configuration information, select appropriate parameters, and adapt its transmission behavior accordingly. IoT devices, on the other hand, can include the capability to interpret the configuration information and adjust reception strategies to match the reader’s transmission parameters. The reader device can communicate the selected configuration to the IoT devices using appropriate signaling mechanisms, allowing the receiving devices to adapt reception strategies accordingly.
[0136] The ability to adjust the number of tones and their locations allows for efficient use of available spectrum. And flexibility in the number of transmit antennas and hopping configuration enables the system to balance performance and complexity considering different deployment scenarios. Finally, while some aspects focus on scenarios with two transmit antennas and two CW tones, the configurable nature of different implementations allows for potential expansion to scenarios with different numbers of antennas or tones.
[0137] According to another aspect, an IoT device may adapt its preamble transmission based on characteristics of the CW waveform generation. This is relevant when hopping is used in the CW transmission because the hopping pattern can influence optimal preamble structure. At least two preamble adaptation approaches are considered. According to a first approach, the IoT device transmits a single preamble at the beginning of the D2R transmission. Preamble duration can be dependent on the number of hops used in the CW transmission. This dependency is communicated to the IoT device, enabling it to adjust preamble duration accordingly. For example, preamble duration may be scaled based on the number of hops, with the specific scaling factor determined based on system requirements and channel conditions.
[0138] The first approach involves a CW transmission from two transmitters, tx1 and tx2, using frequencies f1 and f2. The D2R transmission begins with a single preamble of extended duration, followed by data transmission. Data can be encoded using, e.g., a rate 1 / 2 convolutional code (CC-1 / 2) , although other coding schemes may be employed depending on system requirements. The first approach can be particularly suitable in scenarios where channel conditions remain relatively stable across multiple hops.
[0139] According to a second approach, the IoT device inserts a preamble and / or a midamble at each hop, coinciding with the hopping periodicity of the CW waveform. Doing so provides frequent synchronization opportunities throughout the transmission duration. Here, relatively short preambles or midambles are inserted at regular intervals, which can correspond to each frequency or antenna hop in the CW transmission.
[0140] The second approach involves alternating CW transmission between frequencies f1 and f2 across transmitters tx1 and tx2, with preamble or midamble insertions between data segments. The second approach can be particularly suitable in scenarios with rapidly changing channel conditions or where maintaining synchronization over time is crucial.
[0141] The IoT device can be capable of adjusting its preamble generation and transmission based on the indicated CW waveform characteristics. For the first approach, this can involve modifying the preamble generator to produce a preamble sequence of appropriate duration based on the number of hops. For the second approach, the IoT device can implement a mechanism to insert preambles or midambles at regular intervals during the transmission.
[0142] The reader device can communicate a chosen preamble approach and relevant parameters, such as the number of hops or hopping periodicity, to the IoT device. The communication may be incorporated into the initial configuration or signaling process between the reader and the IoT device.
[0143] Figure 8 shows a flowchart illustrating an example process 800 performable by or at a reader that supports multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering. The operations of method 800 may be implemented by a reader or its components as described herein. For example, method 800 may be performed by a reader device, such as BS 110 or UE 120 illustrated in Figure 1 or reader 608 illustrated in Figure 6.
[0144] At step 802, a reader generates a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency. This step may involve configuring a signal generator to produce a sinusoidal waveform at the specified first frequency. The frequency may be selected based on various factors such as regulatory requirements, channel conditions, or system bandwidth.
[0145] At step 804, the reader generates a second CW signal at a second frequency, wherein the second CW signal is a complex conjugate of the first CW signal. This step ensures that the two CW signals have a specific phase relationship, which may be beneficial for subsequent signal processing and backscatter detection. The complex conjugate relationship may be achieved through appropriate signal processing techniques or hardware configurations described herein.
[0146] At step 806, the reader transmits the first CW signal via a first antenna. This step may involve routing the generated first CW signal to a specific antenna port and activating the corresponding power amplifier.
[0147] At step 808, the reader transmits the second CW signal via a second antenna. Similar to step 806, this step involves routing the second CW signal to a different antenna port, enabling simultaneous transmission of both CW signals.
[0148] At step 810, the reader receives a backscattered signal, wherein the backscattered signal is associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal. This step involves configuring the receiver circuitry to detect and process the reflected signals from ambient IoT devices in the vicinity.
[0149] In some implementations, the first frequency and the second frequency are symmetrically positioned within a resource block. This configuration may provide spectral efficiency and may simplify signal processing at both the transmitter and receiver ends. In such cases, the reader may apply half-tone shifting when generating the first CW signal and the second CW signal.
[0150] In other implementations, the first frequency and the second frequency are symmetrically positioned within a system bandwidth. This approach may offer greater flexibility in frequency allocation and potentially improve system capacity.
[0151] Method 800 may include additional steps to enhance performance or adapt to changing conditions. For example, the reader may swap the first frequency and the second frequency between the first antenna and the second antenna after a time period. This frequency hopping technique may provide additional diversity and potentially mitigate interference.
[0152] In some scenarios, the reader may switch transmission of the first CW signal and the second CW signal to a third antenna and a fourth antenna, respectively, after a time period. This antenna switching may offer spatial diversity and may improve coverage or link reliability.
[0153] Method 800 may also incorporate adaptive techniques. For instance, the reader may obtain an indication of a phase difference between the first CW signal and the second CW signal associated with the backscattered signal. Based on this information, the reader may adjust at least one of the first frequency or the second frequency to optimize reception or mitigate interference.
[0154] In some implementations, the reader may receive configuration information from a network entity for CW signal transmission. The reader may then determine CW transmission parameters associated with this configuration information, including parameters such as the number of tones, tone locations, number of transmit antennas, or a hopping configuration. The reader may then transmit CW signals according to these determined parameters.
[0155] The method may also involve receiving adapted preamble transmissions from IoT devices. These preamble transmissions may be adapted based on the hopping configuration used by the reader. The reader may receive a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, where the preamble duration is scaled based on the number of hops, or it may receive preambles at each hop of a hopping periodicity.
[0156] Figure 9 shows a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 900 that supports multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering. Device 900 may be an example of aspects of the a wireless communication device functioning as a reader, such as UE 120 or BS 110 illustrated in Figure 1 or reader 608 illustrated in Figure 6. Device 900 includes various components, and one or more components may include at least one processor coupled with at least one memory to support or enable the described techniques. These components may communicate with each other via one or more buses.
[0157] Device 900 includes a processing system 902 coupled to a transceiver 908. Transceiver 908 is configured to transmit and receive signals via antenna 910, including the continuous wave signals and backscattered signals described in method 800. Processing system 902 is configured to perform processing functions for device 900, including generating and processing the signals transmitted and received by device 900.
[0158] Processing system 902 includes one or more processors 920 coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 930 via bus 906. Computer-readable medium / memory 930 is configured to store instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors 920, cause the one or more processors 920 to perform method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, or any aspect related to it.
[0159] Device 900 includes circuitry for generating a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency (circuitry 935) . Device 900 also includes, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 930, code for generating a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency (code 940) .
[0160] Device 900 includes circuitry for generating a second CW signal at a second frequency (circuitry 945) . In some implementations, this circuitry ensures the second CW signal is a complex conjugate of the first CW signal. Device 900 also includes corresponding code stored in computer-readable medium / memory 930 (code 950) .
[0161] Device 900 includes circuitry for transmitting the first CW signal via a first antenna and the second CW signal via a second antenna (circuitry 955) . Code for transmitting the first CW signal via a first antenna and the second CW signal via a second antenna is stored in computer-readable medium / memory 930 (code 960) .
[0162] Device 900 includes circuitry for receiving a backscattered signal associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal (circuitry 965) . Code for receiving a backscattered signal associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal is stored in computer-readable medium / memory 930 (code 970) .
[0163] Device 900 may include additional circuitry and code to support the various implementations described in method 800. For example, device 900 may include circuitry and code for positioning the first and second frequencies symmetrically within a resource block or system bandwidth. It may also include circuitry and code for swapping frequencies between antennas or switching transmission to additional antennas after a time period. It may also include circuitry and code for obtaining phase difference indications and adjusting frequencies based on these indications. It may also include circuitry and code for performing channel coding with different polynomials in different hops.
[0164] Device 900 also includes a communications manager 975, which may support the described wireless communications techniques. Its features may be implemented through specialized circuitry or through the execution of software by processors 920.
[0165] Various components of device 900 may provide means for performing method 800. For example, means for transmitting may include transceiver 908 and antenna 910. Means for receiving may include transceiver 908 and antenna 910. Means for generating signals and processing received signals may include processors 920 executing instructions stored in computer-readable medium / memory 930.
[0166] Figure 10 shows a flowchart illustrating an example process 1000 performable by or at a reader that supports configurable continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering. The operations of method 1000 may be implemented by a reader or its components as described herein. For example, method 1000 may be performed by a reader device, such as BS 110 or UE 120 illustrated in Figure 1 or reader 608 illustrated in Figure 6.
[0167] At step 1002, the reader receives, from a network entity, configuration information for continuous wave (CW) signal transmission. This step may involve receiving parameters that take into account current channel conditions, system requirements, and device capabilities for optimal CW transmission.
[0168] At step 1004, the reader determines CW transmission parameters associated with the received configuration information. These parameters include at least one of: a number of tones, tone locations, a number of transmit antennas, or a hopping configuration. The determination process may involve analyzing the received configuration information and selecting parameters that best suit the current operating conditions.
[0169] At step 1006, the reader transmits one or more CW signals according to the determined CW transmission parameters. This step involves configuring the reader's transmitter components based on the determined parameters and initiating the transmission of the CW signals.
[0170] In some implementations, the hopping configuration determined in step 1004 includes at least one of: a frequency hopping pattern, an antenna hopping pattern, or a hopping periodicity. These hopping configurations may provide additional diversity and potentially improve system performance in challenging environments. The hopping configuration may also include a configuration for multiple rounds of transmission of CW signals.
[0171] The method may include additional steps related to preamble reception. For example, at step 1008, the reader may receive a preamble transmission associated with the CW signal transmission, where the preamble transmission is adapted based on the hopping configuration. This reception may take two primary forms:
[0172] In one implementation, receiving the adapted preamble transmission includes receiving a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, where the duration of the single preamble is scaled based on a number of hops indicated in the configuration information. This approach may provide efficient synchronization for hopping-based transmissions.
[0173] In another implementation, receiving the adapted preamble transmission includes receiving a preamble at each hop of a hopping periodicity indicated in the configuration information. This approach may ensure consistent synchronization throughout the transmission, particularly in scenarios with rapidly changing channel conditions.
[0174] Method 1000 provides a flexible framework for configuring CW transmissions in device-to-reader backscattering systems. By allowing dynamic determination of transmission parameters based on network-provided configuration and supporting reception of adaptive preamble strategies, the reader may optimize its performance across various operating conditions and system requirements.
[0175] Figure 11 shows a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 1100 that supports configurable continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering. Device 1100 may be an example of aspects of the wireless communication device described with reference to Figure 1. For example, device 1100 may be implemented as UE 120 or BS 110 illustrated in Figure 1, or reader 608 illustrated in Figure 6.
[0176] Device 1100 includes a processing system 1102 coupled to a transceiver 1108. Transceiver 1108 is configured to transmit and receive signals via antenna 1110, including the configurable continuous wave signals described in method 1000. Processing system 1102 is configured to perform processing functions for device 1100, including generating configuration information, selecting parameters, and processing signals transmitted and received by device 1100.
[0177] Processing system 1102 includes one or more processors 1120 coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1130 via bus 1106. Computer-readable medium / memory 1130 is configured to store instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors 1120, cause the one or more processors 1120 to perform method 1000 described with respect to Figure 10, or any aspect related to it.
[0178] Device 1100 includes circuitry for generating configuration information for continuous wave (CW) signal transmission (circuitry 1135) . Device 1100 also includes, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1130, code for generating configuration information for continuous wave (CW) signal transmission (code 1140) .
[0179] Device 1100 includes circuitry for selecting CW transmission parameters associated with the configuration information (circuitry 1145) . These parameters include at least one of: a number of tones, tone locations, a number of transmit antennas, or a hopping configuration. Device 1100 also includes corresponding code stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1130 (code 1150) .
[0180] Device 1100 includes circuitry for transmitting one or more CW signals according to the selected CW transmission parameters (circuitry 1155) . Corresponding code is stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1130 (code 1160) .
[0181] Device 1100 may include additional circuitry and code to support the various implementations described in method 1000. For example, device 1100 may include circuitry and code for implementing hopping configurations, including frequency hopping patterns, antenna hopping patterns, or hopping periodicity. It may also include circuitry and code for adapting preamble transmission based on whether hopping is used, including scaling preamble duration or transmitting preambles at each hop.
[0182] Device 1100 also includes a communications manager 1175, which may support the described configurable wireless communications techniques. Its features may be implemented through specialized circuitry or through the execution of software by processors 1120.
[0183] Various components of device 1100 may provide means for performing method 1000. For example, means for generating configuration information may include processors 1120 executing instructions stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1130. Means for selecting parameters and transmitting signals may include processors 1120, transceiver 1108, and antenna 1110.
[0184] Figure 12 shows a flowchart illustrating an example method 1200 performable by or at a wireless communication device that supports adaptive preamble transmission for device-to-reader backscattering. The operations of method 1200 may be implemented by a wireless communication device or its components as described herein. For example, method 1200 may be performed by a wireless communication device, such as an ambient IoT device illustrated in Figure 1 or backscatter device 605 illustrated in Figure 6.
[0185] At step 1202, the wireless communication device receives one or more continuous wave (CW) signals. This step involves configuring the device's receiver to detect and process incoming CW signals from a reader device.
[0186] At step 1204, the wireless communication device obtains an indication of a hopping configuration associated with the received CW signals. This may involve analyzing the received signals to identify frequency or antenna hopping patterns, or receiving explicit configuration information from the reader device.
[0187] At step 1206, the wireless communication device adapts a preamble transmission of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission based on the determined hopping configuration. This adaptation can take different forms depending on the specific hopping configuration and system requirements.
[0188] In one implementation, as described in step 1208, adapting the preamble transmission includes transmitting a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission. The duration of this single preamble is scaled based on the number of hops in the hopping configuration. This approach can provide efficient synchronization for hopping-based transmissions while minimizing overhead.
[0189] In another implementation, as described in step 1210, adapting the preamble transmission includes transmitting a preamble at each hop of a hopping periodicity indicated in the hopping configuration. This approach ensures consistent synchronization throughout the transmission, which can be beneficial in scenarios with rapidly changing channel conditions.
[0190] Method 1200 may include additional steps related to the D2R transmission. For example, at step 1212, if the D2R transmission is associated with a convolutional coding, the device may perform channel coding with a first polynomial in a first hop and channel coding with a second polynomial in a second hop. The first polynomial is different from the second polynomial, and the combining of the first hop and the second hop is associated with a lower coding rate.
[0191] At step 1214, the wireless communication device may modulate the received CW signals to generate a backscattered signal, and then transmit this backscattered signal to the reader device.
[0192] The method may also incorporate adaptive techniques based on signal characteristics. At step 1216, the wireless communication device may determine a power level of the received CW signals and adjust a backscatter modulation depth associated with this determined power level.
[0193] At step 1218, the wireless communication device may receive configuration information from the reader, where this configuration information indicates the hopping configuration associated with the CW signals.
[0194] Finally, at step 1220, the wireless communication device may select between a first mode of operation using a single antenna and a second mode of operation using multiple antennas based on the hopping configuration. The device then adapts its preamble transmission based on this selected mode of operation.
[0195] Figure 13 shows a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 1300 that supports adaptive preamble transmission for device-to-reader backscattering. Device 1300 may be an example of aspects of the wireless communication device described with reference to Figure 1. For example, device 1300 may be implemented as a wireless communication device, such as back scatter device 605 illustrated in Figure 6.
[0196] Device 1300 includes a processing system 1302 coupled to a transceiver 1308. Transceiver 1308 is configured to transmit and receive signals via antenna 1310, including the continuous wave signals and backscattered signals described in method 1200. Processing system 1302 is configured to perform processing functions for device 1300, including adapting preamble transmission and processing signals received by device 1300.
[0197] Processing system 1302 includes one or more processors 1320 coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1330 via bus 1306. Computer-readable medium / memory 1330 is configured to store instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors 1320, cause the one or more processors 1320 to perform method 1200 described with respect to Figure 12, or any aspect related to it.
[0198] Device 1300 includes circuitry for receiving one or more continuous wave (CW) signals (circuitry 1335) . Device 1300 also includes, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1330, code for receiving one or more continuous wave (CW) signals (code 1340) .
[0199] Device 1300 includes circuitry for obtaining an indication of a hopping configuration associated with the received CW signals (circuitry 1345) . Device 1300 also includes corresponding code stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1330 (code 1350) .
[0200] Device 1300 includes circuitry for adapting a preamble transmission based on the determined hopping configuration (circuitry 1355) . Corresponding code is stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1330 (code 1360) .
[0201] Device 1300 may include additional circuitry and code to support the various implementations described in method 1200. For example, device 1300 may include circuitry and code for transmitting a single preamble with scaled duration or transmitting preambles at each hop. It may also include circuitry and code for selecting between single-antenna and multi-antenna modes of operation. It may also include circuitry and code for modulating received CW signals and transmitting backscattered signals. It may also include circuitry and code for determining power levels of received signals and adjusting backscatter modulation depth.
[0202] Device 1300 also includes a communications manager 1375, which may support the described adaptive preamble transmission techniques. Its features may be implemented through specialized circuitry or through the execution of software by processors 1320.
[0203] Various components of device 1300 may provide means for performing method 1200. For example, means for receiving CW signals may include transceiver 1308 and antenna 1310. Means for obtaining hopping configuration indications and adapting preamble transmission may include processors 1320 executing instructions stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1330.
[0204] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram 1400 of communications manager 1475 that supports reporting a filtering capability of an ambient IoT device in accordance with one or more aspects of this disclosure. Communications manager 1475 may be an example of aspects of communications manager 1075, communications manager 1275, or both. Communications manager 141475, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of reporting a filtering capability of a device in ambient IoT communications as described herein. For example, communications manager 1475 may include a control signaling component 1425, a waveform processing component 1430, a data modulation component 1435, a backscattering component 1440, a downlink signal processing component 1445, a filter 1450, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) . Communications manager 1475 may support wireless communications at wireless communication devices (e.g., an ambient IoT device and / or a reader device) in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.
[0205] Control signaling component 1425 can be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a control message including an uplink grant for the wireless communication device to send one or more backscattered uplink messages. Control signaling component 1425 can also be capable of, configured to, or operable to transmit a waveform (e.g., a continuous waveform) to a UE.
[0206] Waveform processing component 1430 can be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving and processing a waveform.
[0207] Data modulation component 1435 can be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for modulating the waveform with data comprising an indication of a filtering capability of a UE.
[0208] Backscattering component 1440 can be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for sending a backscattered signal of a modulated waveform. Backscattering component 1440 can also be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving an indication of a filtering capability of the UE on a backscattered signal associated with the modulated waveform.
[0209] Downlink signal processing component 1445 can be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving at least one of a frequency resource configuration and a time resource configuration for backscatter communications, the at least one frequency resource configuration and the time resource configuration associated with the filtering capability. Downlink signal processing component 1445 can also be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting at least one of a frequency resource configuration and a time resource configuration for backscatter communications, the at least one frequency resource configuration and the time resource configuration associated with the filtering capability.
[0210] Filter component 1450 can be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing one or more filtering operations consistent with the indication sent by the wireless device. Filter component 1450 can also be capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for configuring or instructing a wireless device to utilize one or more filtering operations consistent with the indication sent by the wireless device.
[0211] In one or more aspects, techniques that support multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering in accordance with one or more aspects of this disclosure may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below or in connection with one or more other processes or devices described elsewhere herein. In a first aspect, support for multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission may include an apparatus configured to generate a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency and a second CW signal at a second frequency, wherein the second CW signal is a complex conjugate of the first CW signal. The apparatus is also configured to transmit the first CW signal via a first antenna and the second CW signal via a second antenna. The apparatus is further configured to receive a backscattered signal, wherein the backscattered signal is associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal. Additionally, the apparatus may perform or operate according to one or more aspects as described below. In some implementations, the apparatus includes a wireless device, such as a reader device or an AP. The apparatus may include at least one processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The processor may be configured to perform operations described herein with respect to the apparatus. In some other implementations, the apparatus may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon and the program code may be executable by a computer for causing the computer to perform operations described herein with reference to the apparatus. In some implementations, the apparatus may include one or more means configured to perform operations described herein. In some implementations, a method of wireless communication may include one or more operations described herein with reference to the apparatus.
[0212] In some aspects, described techniques may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below or in connection with one or more other processes or devices described elsewhere herein. It is noted that one or more blocks (or operations) described with reference to any of Figures 1-13 may be combined with one or more blocks (or operations) described with reference to another of the figures. For example, one or more blocks (or operations) of Figure 8 may be combined with one or more blocks (or operations) of Figure 10. As another example, one or more blocks associated with Figures 8-10 may be combined with one or more blocks (or operations) associated with Figures 1-7. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more operations described above with reference to Figures 1-7 may be combined with one or more operations described with reference to Figures 11, 12, or 13, and so on.
[0213] The wireless communication devices (e.g., UE or network node) may execute additional blocks (or the wireless communication devices may be configured further perform additional operations) in other implementations. For example, the wireless communication devices (e.g., UE or network node) may perform one or more operations described above, such as described with reference to FIGS. 1-14. As another example, the wireless communication devices may perform one or more aspects as presented below.
[0214] In a first aspect, a method for multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering involves a reader generating a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency and a second CW signal at a second frequency, wherein the second CW signal is a complex conjugate of the first CW signal. The reader transmits the first CW signal via a first antenna, and the second CW signal via a second antenna. The reader then receives a backscattered signal associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal.
[0215] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the first frequency and the second frequency are symmetrically positioned within a resource block.
[0216] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the above aspects, the reader applies half-tone shifting when generating the first CW signal and the second CW signal.
[0217] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the above aspects, the first frequency and the second frequency are symmetrically positioned within a system bandwidth.
[0218] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the above aspects, the reader swaps the first frequency and the second frequency between the first antenna and the second antenna after a time period.
[0219] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the above aspects, the reader switches transmission of the first CW signal and the second CW signal to a third antenna and a fourth antenna, respectively, after a time period.
[0220] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the above aspects, the reader obtains an indication of a phase difference between the first CW signal and the second CW signal associated with the backscattered signal, and adjusts at least one of the first frequency or the second frequency based on the phase difference.
[0221] In an eighth aspect, a method for configurable continuous wave transmission for device-to-reader backscattering involves a reader receiving, from a network entity, configuration information for continuous wave (CW) signal transmission. The reader determines CW transmission parameters associated with the configuration information, including at least one of: a number of tones, tone locations, a number of transmit antennas, or a hopping configuration. The reader then transmits one or more CW signals according to the determined CW transmission parameters.
[0222] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with the eighth aspect, the hopping configuration includes at least one of: a frequency hopping pattern, an antenna hopping pattern, or a hopping periodicity.
[0223] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the eighth and ninth aspects, the hopping configuration includes a configuration of multiple rounds of transmission of CW signals.
[0224] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the eighth through tenth aspects, the reader receives a preamble transmission associated with the CW signal transmission, wherein the preamble transmission is adapted based on the hopping configuration.
[0225] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the eighth through eleventh aspects, receiving the adapted preamble transmission includes receiving a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, wherein a duration of the single preamble is scaled based on a number of hops indicated in the configuration information.
[0226] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the eighth through twelfth aspects, receiving the adapted preamble transmission includes receiving a preamble at each hop of a hopping periodicity indicated in the configuration information.
[0227] In a fourteenth aspect, a method for adaptive preamble transmission in device-to-reader backscattering involves a device receiving one or more continuous wave (CW) signals, obtaining an indication of a hopping configuration associated with the received CW signals, and adapting a preamble transmission of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission based on the determined hopping configuration.
[0228] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with the fourteenth aspect, adapting the preamble transmission includes transmitting a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, wherein a duration of the single preamble is scaled based on a number of hops in the hopping configuration.
[0229] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the fourteenth and fifteenth aspects, the D2R transmission is associated with a convolutional coding, and the device performs channel coding with a first polynomial in a first hop and with a second polynomial in a second hop, wherein the first polynomial is different from the second polynomial, and the combining of the first hop and the second hop is associated with a lower coding rate.
[0230] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the fourteenth through sixteenth aspects, adapting the preamble transmission includes transmitting a preamble at each hop of a hopping periodicity indicated in the hopping configuration.
[0231] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the fourteenth through seventeenth aspects, the device receives configuration information from the reader, the configuration information indicating the hopping configuration associated with the CW signals.
[0232] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the fourteenth through eighteenth aspects, the device modulates the received CW signals to generate the backscattered signal and transmits the backscattered signal.
[0233] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the fourteenth through nineteenth aspects, the device determines a power level of the received CW signals and adjusts a backscatter modulation depth associated with the determined power level.
[0234] In one or more aspects, techniques for multi-tone and multi-transmitter continuous wave transmission may include an apparatus having a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors. The processing system is configured to cause the device to generate a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency and a second CW signal at a second frequency, wherein the second CW signal is a complex conjugate of the first CW signal. The processor system also causes the device to transmit the first CW signal via a first antenna and the second CW signal via a second antenna. The processing system also causes the device to receive a backscattered signal, wherein the backscattered signal is associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal. In some implementations, the apparatus includes a wireless device, such as a reader device or an access point. In some implementations, the apparatus may include at least one processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The processor may be configured to perform operations described herein with respect to the wireless device. In some other implementations, the apparatus may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon and the program code may be executable by a computer for causing the computer to perform operations described herein with reference to the wireless device. In some implementations, the apparatus may include one or more means configured to perform operations described herein.
[0235] Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0236] Components, the functional blocks, and the modules described herein with respect to FIGs. 1-13 include processors, electronics devices, hardware devices, electronics components, logical circuits, memories, software codes, firmware codes, among other examples, or any combination thereof. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, application, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, and / or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language or otherwise. In addition, features discussed herein may be implemented via specialized processor circuitry, via executable instructions, or combinations thereof.
[0237] Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of this disclosure. Skilled artisans will also readily recognize that the order or combination of components, methods, or interactions that are described herein are merely examples and that the components, methods, or interactions of the various aspects of this disclosure may be combined or performed in ways other than those illustrated and described herein.
[0238] The various illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules, circuits and algorithm processes described in connection with the implementations disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. The interchangeability of hardware and software has been described generally, in terms of functionality, and illustrated in the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits and processes described above. Whether such functionality is implemented in hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0239] The hardware and data processing apparatus used to implement the various illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose single-or multi-chip processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or, any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. In some implementations, a processor may be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. In some implementations, particular processes and methods may be performed by circuitry that is specific to a given function.
[0240] In one or more aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, digital electronic circuitry, computer software, firmware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents thereof, or in any combination thereof. Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification also may be implemented as one or more computer programs, that is one or more modules of computer program instructions, encoded on a computer storage media for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.
[0241] If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. The processes of a method or algorithm disclosed herein may be implemented in a processor-executable software module which may reside on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that may be enabled to transfer a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that may be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that may be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection may be properly termed a computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD) , laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Additionally, the operations of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and instructions on a machine readable medium and computer-readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.
[0242] Various modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to some other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and the novel features disclosed herein.
[0243] Additionally, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate, the terms “upper” and “lower” are sometimes used for ease of describing the figures, and indicate relative positions corresponding to the orientation of the figure on a properly oriented page, and may not reflect the proper orientation of any device as implemented.
[0244] Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations also may be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also may be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
[0245] Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Further, the drawings may schematically depict one more example processes in the form of a flow diagram. However, other operations that are not depicted may be incorporated in the example processes that are schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the illustrated operations. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. Additionally, some other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims may be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.
[0246] As used herein, including in the claims, the term “or, ” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items may be employed by itself, or any combination of two or more of the listed items may be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, or C, the composition may contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination. Also, as used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items prefaced by “at least one of” indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C” means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (that is A and B and C) or any of these in any combination thereof. The term “substantially” is defined as largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified (and includes what is specified; for example, substantially 90 degrees includes 90 degrees and substantially parallel includes parallel) , as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. In any disclosed implementations, the term “substantially” may be substituted with “within [a percentage] of” what is specified, where the percentage includes . 1, 1, 5, or 10 percent.
[0247] The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A reader device for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the reader to:generate a first continuous wave (CW) signal at a first frequency;generate a second CW signal at a second frequency, wherein the second CW signal is a complex conjugate of the first CW signal;transmit the first CW signal via a first antenna;transmit the second CW signal via a second antenna; andreceive a backscattered signal, wherein the backscattered signal is associated with at least one of the first CW signal or the second CW signal.2.The reader device of claim 1, wherein the first frequency and the second frequency are symmetrically positioned within a resource block.3.The reader device of claim 2, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the reader to:apply half-tone shifting when generating the first CW signal and the second CW signal.4.The reader device of claim 1, wherein the first frequency and the second frequency are symmetrically positioned within a system bandwidth.5.The reader device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the reader to:swap the first frequency and the second frequency between the first antenna and the second antenna after a time period.6.The reader device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the reader to:switch transmission of the first CW signal and the second CW signal to a third antenna and a fourth antenna, respectively, after a time period.7.The reader device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the reader to:obtain an indication of a phase difference between the first CW signal and the second CW signal associated with the backscattered signal; andadjust at least one of the first frequency or the second frequency based on the phase difference.8.A reader for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the reader to:receive, from a network entity, configuration information for continuous wave (CW) signal transmission;determine CW transmission parameters associated with the configuration information, the CW transmission parameters including at least one of: a number of tones, tone locations, a number of transmit antennas, or a hopping configuration; andtransmit one or more CW signals according to the determined CW transmission parameters.9.The reader device of claim 8, wherein the hopping configuration includes at least one of: a frequency hopping pattern, an antenna hopping pattern, or a hopping periodicity.10.The reader device of claim 8, wherein the hopping configuration includes a frequency hopping configuration of multiple rounds of transmission of CW signals.11.The reader device of claim 8, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the reader to:receive a preamble transmission associated with the CW signal transmission, wherein the preamble transmission is adapted based on the hopping configuration.12.The reader device of claim 11, wherein receiving the adapted preamble transmission includes:receiving a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, wherein a duration of the single preamble is scaled based on a number of hops indicated in the configuration information.13.The reader device of claim 11, wherein receiving the adapted preamble transmission includes:receiving a preamble at each hop of a hopping periodicity indicated in the configuration information.14.A device for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to:receive one or more continuous wave (CW) signals;obtain an indication of a hopping configuration associated with the received CW signals; andadapt a preamble transmission of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission based on the determined hopping configuration.15.The device of claim 14, wherein adapting the preamble transmission includes:transmitting a single preamble at the beginning of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, wherein a duration of the single preamble is scaled based on a number of hops in the hopping configuration.16.The device of claim 14, wherein the D2R transmission is associated with coding, the processing system is further configured to cause the device to:transmit a first plurality of coded bits in a first hop; andtransmit a second plurality of coded bits in a second hop;wherein the first plurality of coded bits is different from the second plurality of coded bits, and the combining of the first coded bits and the second coded bits is associated with a lower coding rate.17.The device of claim 16, wherein the first coded bits are based on a first polynomial set of a convolutional coding, and the second coded bits are based on a second polynomial set of the convolutional coding, wherein the first polynomial set is different from the second polynomial set.18.The device of claim 14, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the device to:receive configuration information from the reader, the configuration information indicating the hopping configuration associated with the CW signals.19.The device of claim 14, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the device to:modulate the received CW signals to generate the backscattered signal; andtransmit the backscattered signal.20.The device of claim 14, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the device to:determine a power level of the received CW signals; andadjust a backscatter modulation depth associated with the determined power level.
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