CDMA-based communication in a-IOT system
By enabling CDMA communication with clock calibration and resource allocation, the method addresses synchronization and resource use challenges in A-IoT systems, improving system capacity and efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing CDMA-based communication systems in A-IoT systems face challenges in ensuring time-frequency synchronization and reducing time misalignment due to sampling frequency offset, which affects system capacity and efficiency in D2R transmissions.
Implementing a method where devices exchange indications for enabling CDMA communication, perform clock calibration, and determine resource allocation based on processing delays to enhance CDMA-based D2R transmissions.
Improves communication performance in A-IoT systems by ensuring synchronization and optimizing resource use, thereby enhancing system capacity and efficiency.
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Figure CN2025088632_05032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CDMA-BASED COMMUNICATION IN A-IOT SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to code division multiple access (CDMA) -based communication in an ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) system.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication device, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] A wireless communication system may include an A-IoT device, which has a lower capability in terms of complexity and power consumption. In this case, the wireless communication system may also be referred to as an A-IoT system. Multiple topologies, for example, Topologies 1 to 4, are supported for the A-IoT device. In Topology 1, the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS. In Topology 2, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a BS. In Topology 3, the A-IoT device communicates uidirectionally with a BS and communicates uidirectionally with an assisting node. In Topology 4, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE. However, some transmission enhancements in the A-IoT system, especially, enhancements on CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system considering one or more of the above topologies, are still needed.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system. With the apparatuses and methods, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
[0005] In some implementations, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: receive a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and perform a second transmission to the second device based on the indication.
[0006] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the first device. The method comprises: receiving a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and performing a second transmission to the second device based on the indication.
[0007] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one memory; and a controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to: receive a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and perform a second transmission to the second device based on the indication.
[0008] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include performing clock calibration based on the first transmission. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the first transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform the clock calibration. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, an interval between the first transmission and the second transmission is determined based on a processing delay for the clock calibration.
[0009] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the second transmission may comprise at least one of the following: a device type of the first device; an indication requesting a resource for a code division multiplexed (CDM-ed) transmission from the first device to the second device; or an indication indicating clock calibration completion.
[0010] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include receiving, from the second device, a third transmission indicating resource for a fourth transmission, wherein the fourth transmission is a CDM-ed transmission; and performing the fourth transmission to the second device based on the indicated resource. Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include performing clock calibration based on the third transmission. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the third transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform the clock calibration.
[0011] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include determining, based on the indication, at least one resource available for the second transmission, wherein the second transmission is a CDM-ed transmission; and selecting, from the at least one determined resource, a resource for performing the second transmission.
[0012] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the first device may comprise an A-IoT device, and the second device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) .
[0013] In some implementations, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: perform a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and receive a second transmission from the first device.
[0014] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the second device. The method comprises: performing a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and receiving a second transmission from the first device.
[0015] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one memory; and a controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to: perform a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and receive a second transmission from the first device.
[0016] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the first transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform clock calibration.
[0017] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, an interval between the first transmission and the second transmission may be determined based on a processing delay for clock calibration.
[0018] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the second transmission may comprise at least one of the following: a device type of the first device; an indication requesting a resource for a code division multiplexed (CDM-ed) transmission from the first device to the second device; or an indication indicating clock calibration completion.
[0019] Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include performing a third transmission to the first device, wherein the third transmission indicates a resource for a fourth transmission, wherein the fourth transmission is a CDM-ed transmission; and receiving the fourth transmission from the first device based on the indicated resource. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the third transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform clock calibration.
[0020] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the second transmission may be a CDM-ed transmission, and the indication may be associated with at least one resource available for the second transmission.
[0021] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the first device may comprise an A-IoT device, and the second device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) .BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIGS. 2A to 2C illustrate example types of device-to-reader (D2R) transmissions in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 3 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and
[0032] FIGS. 6 through 7 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0035] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0036] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0037] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0038] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0039] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as 5G new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0040] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with the same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0041] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “UE, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0042] As used herein, the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities. For the A-IoT device, energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. The A-IoT device can also be called a zero-power terminal, a near-zero power terminal, a passive IoT device, an ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, a tag, etc. Compared with low-power and wide-coverage services, such as narrow band (NB) IoT, and enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) , A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
[0043] As used herein, the term “D2R transmission” refers to a transmission performed by an A-IoT device and transmitted to a reader (such as a BS, an intermediate node, an assisting node, or a UE) . As used herein, the term “reader-to-device (R2D) transmission” refers to a transmission performed by a reader and transmitted to an A-IoT device.
[0044] In the present disclosure, the term “a D2R transmission” and the phrase “an uplink transmission from an A-IoT device to a reader” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0045] In the present disclosure, the term “an R2D transmission” and the phrase “a downlink transmission from a reader to an A-IoT device” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0046] In the present disclosure, the terms “CDMA-based” and “CDM-ed” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0047] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0048] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment (NE) ) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0049] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0050] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0051] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0052] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0053] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0054] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0055] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0056] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0057] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0058] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0059] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0060] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0061] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0062] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0063] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0064] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0065] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0066] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0067] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0068] Reference is made to FIGS. 1B to 1E to give example illustrations of the above Topologies 1 to 4. Reference is first made to FIG. 1B, which illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1B, in Topology 1, an A-IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally. The communication between the BS 122 and the A-IoT device 121 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling. This topology includes a possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the A-IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the A-IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
[0069] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1C, in Topology 2, an A-IoT device 131 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 132 between the A-IoT device 131 and base station 133. In this topology, the intermediate node 132 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT. The intermediate node 132 transfers A-IoT data and / or signalling between the BS 133 and the A-IoT device 131.
[0070] Topology 3 may comprise two topology types, i.e., Topology 3A and Topology 3B. FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 with a topology type of 3B associated with aspects of the present disclosure. In Topology 3B, an A-IoT device 141 receives data / signalling from a BS 142 and transmits data / signalling to an assisting node 143. In this topology, the assisting node 143 may be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT. For Topology 3A, the example illustration of FIG. 1D also applies, only with the difference that it has the opposite direction of the A-IoT data / signaling. In Topology 3A, an A-IoT device 141 transmits data / signalling to a BS 142, and receives data / signalling from an assisting node 143.
[0071] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1E, in Topology 4, an A-IoT device 151 communicates bidirectionally with a UE 152. The communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 151 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling.
[0072] The above communicate devices involved in Topologies 1 to 4 with reference to FIG. 1B to FIG. 1E may be implemented by devices involved in the wireless communications system 100 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1A. For example, the BS 122, the BS 133, or the BS 142 may be implemented by the base station 102 in FIG. 1A. For example, the BS intermediate node 132 (when implemented by a UE) , the assisting node 143 (when implemented by a UE) , or the UE 152 may be implemented by the UE 104 in FIG. 1A.
[0073] FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system 160 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1F, the wireless communications system 160 may comprise a first device 161 and a second device 162.
[0074] To transmit data and / or control information, the first device 161 and the second device 162 may perform communications. The communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162 may be direct or indirect. The first device 161 and / or the second device 162 may communicate with one or more further devices not shown in FIG. 1F.
[0075] In some embodiments for Topoloty 1 with reference to FIG. 1B, the first device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 121, and the second device 162 may comprise the BS 122. In some embodiments for Topoloty 2 with reference to FIG. 1C, the first device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 131, and the second device 162 may comprise the intermediate node 132. In some embodiments for Topoloty 3A and Topoloty 3B with reference to FIG. 1D, the first device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 141, and the second device 162 may comprise the BS 142 or the assisting node 143. In some embodiments for Topoloty 4 with reference to FIG. 1E, the first device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 151, and the second device 162 may comprise the UE 152.
[0076] It is to be understood that the particular number of various communication devices and the particular number of various communication links as shown in FIG. 1F is for illustration purposes only without suggesting any limitations. The communications system 160 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be appreciated that there may be various wireless as well as wireline communications (if needed) among all of the communication devices. Further, the communications (for example, between the first device 161 and the second device 162 ) in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0077] A-IoT represents an evolution of IoT in which more and more everyday battery-less things will be interconnected and integrated into the world. A-IoT-enabled devices can detect location, temperature, humidity, and more, and communicate with the wireless infrastructure. A nearby mobile device as well as wireless access points can receive the data generated by A-IoT-enabled devices.
[0078] A-IoT opens up the ability to leverage those IoT devices with standard wireless radios that are used by ubiquitous and numerous mobile devices and wireless access points. This transition enables a large-scale deployment of supply chains, retail channels, and healthcare delivery services using A-IoT technologies, that will have profound benefits for society. Therefore, 6G A-IoT is promising to become a key bridge between the physical and digital worlds, as well as an enabler of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) applications due to the vast data generated.
[0079] Considering the rapidly increasing number of devices as well as the data generated, the key problem faced by 6G A-IoT is how to support massive connections of A-IoT devices in a shorter duration. For 5G A-IoT, time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) have been specified to provide access to multiple A-IoT devices in the D2R transmissions. CDMA is promising to provide further connection opportunities for A-IoT devices given certain time-frequency resources.
[0080] However, the feasibility and performance of applying CDMA to D2R transmissions may be influenced by the problem of system capacity constraints for 6G IoT. For example, how to guarantee time-frequency synchronization between different A-IoT devices, and how to decrease the time misalignment caused by the sampling frequency offset (SFO) between different A-IoT devices may need to be considered for the CDMA in the A-IoT system. In view of the above, how to enhance the D2R transmission, especially, considering the efficient support for the CDMA-based D2R transmission is still an open issue to be solved.
[0081] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution to resolve the above issue that occurred in the A-IoT communication system or any other applicable issue that the solution can solve. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, a first device (for example, an A-IoT device) receives a first transmission from a second device (for example, a reader) . The first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device. Moreover, the first device performs a second transmission to the second device based on the indication.
[0082] By indicating that CDMA is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device in the transmission, this solution can support efficient indication of the CDMA-based communication in the A-IoT system. In this way, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
[0083] Reference is made to FIGS. 2A to 2C to discuss example types of D2R transmissions. Reference is first made to FIG. 2A to discuss an example type (also referred to as a first type or case 1 type) of D2R transmission (also simply referred to case 1 D2R transmission) in the 5G / 5G advance (5G-A) A-IoT system where time synchronization is hard to be maintained due to employing low-cost devices. In the 5G / 5G-A A-IoT system, the interval between an R2D transmission and a corresponding D2R transmission may be defined by a range of [TR2D, min, TR2D, max] . That is to say, it is valid for an A-IoT device to start a D2R transmission with a time offset (within a range of [TR2D, min, TR2D, max] ) relative to a reference point. For example, the reference point may be the ending of the R2D transmission corresponding to the D2R transmission. For simplicity, in this case, the starting point for the D2R transmission may be within a range of [TR2D, min, TR2D, max] in the time domain. As illustrated by FIG. 2A, the time resource for the case 1 type of D2R transmission is denoted by T#1, where the valid starting point for the case 1 type of D2R transmission is defined in the dotted area limited by a range of [TR2D, min, TR2D, max] in the time domain. The parameters of TR2D, min and TR2D, max are used as an example to illustrate the real starting point of D2R transmission that will be impacted by SFO. This does not preclude the case where the time-domain resource for the case 1 type of D2R transmission is indicated by a time offset between the end of the corresponding R2D transmission triggering the D2R transmission and the starting time for the D2R transmission.
[0084] FIGS. 2B and 2C illustrate two example types of CDMA-based D2R transmissions that diminish time misalignment caused by processing delay and / or SFO between different A-IoT devices. For CDMA, the code orthogonality based on good cross-correlation property between the set of selected sequences may usually rely on good time and frequency synchronization between the transmissions overlapped in the same time-frequency resource. Therefore, a constraint starting point for the D2R transmission may be needed to support the CDMA-based D2R transmission.
[0085] For this purpose, another type of (also referred to as a second type or case 2 type) D2R transmission (also simply referred to case 2 D2R transmission) as shown in FIG. 2B may be introduced to indicate the CDMA-based D2R transmission which starts from a starting point in the time domain. As shown in FIG. 2B, the time resource for the case 2 type of D2R transmission is denoted by T#2, where the valid starting point for the case 2 type of D2R transmission is defined by a time point with an offset (denoted as Toffset, 1) relative to a reference point. For example, the reference point may be the end of the R2D transmission corresponding to the D2R transmission. As an example, the durations of multiple D2R transmissions with the case 2 type may be the same.
[0086] The case 2 type of D2R transmission may be a kind of strict CDMA-based D2R transmission, which provides good performance for the reader in terms of success ratio and the complexity of detection. The cost may be that the A-IoT device needs to achieve high timing accuracy and negligible SFO. This can be expected in 6G, where a high-quality clock and / or oscillator may be equipped in a newly introduced A-IoT device. For example, this newly introduced A-IoT device may be called a device with the device type 3 to be differentiated from the devices with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b studied in 5G A-IoT.
[0087] In addition, if CDMA-based D2R transmissions from A-IoT devices with a certain range of SFO may be detected, the capacity for D2R transmissions may be further increased. The feasibility of applying CDMA to A-IoT devices with SFO impacts may be proved for an assumption of an SFO within 103 -104 parts per million (ppm) . Per the technical report (TR) 38.769, for an A-IoT device clock, clock synchronization / calibration based on at least clock counting for a known duration is feasible for A-IoT devices. For clock purpose #1 (sampling) , the accuracy after clock synchronization / calibration at the device side of 104 ppm is achievable with < 1 μW power consumption for the device with the device type 1, and the accuracy after clock synchronization / calibration at the device side of 103 ppm is achievable with < 10 μW power consumption for the devices with the device type 2a and 2b with an initial clock accuracy of 103 -104 ppm. In view of the above analysis, the feasible assumption of an SFO within 103 -104 ppm for CDMA-based D2R transmission may be achieved by clock synchronization / calibration at the device side for device types 1, 2a, and 2b, at a cost of a certain power consumption. In this case, setting constraints on the number of A-IoT devices transmitting data simultaneously on the same time-frequency resource may achieve a balance between the capacity of D2R transmission and detection performance as well as complexity on the reader side.
[0088] Therefore, a further type (also referred to as a third type or case 3 type) of D2R transmission (also simply referred to case 3 D2R transmission) as shown in FIG. 2C may be introduced to indicate the CDMA-based D2R transmission which starts from a starting point in the time domain with a permitted range of SFO (for example, 103 -104 ppm) . As shown in FIG. 2C, the time resource for the case 3 type of D2R transmission is denoted by T#3, where the target starting point for the case 3 type of D2R transmission is defined by a time point with an offset Toffset, 2 relative to a reference point. For example, the reference point may be the ending of the R2D transmission corresponding to the D2R transmission. The real starting point for the case 3 type of D2R transmission may be permitted to have an offset relative to the target starting point due to the SFO within a constraint range. As an example, the durations of multiple D2R transmissions with the case 3 type may be the same.
[0089] Considering the clock synchronization / calibration at a cost of power consumption at the A-IoT device side, whether to perform the clock calibration may be left for device implementation. For example, an A-IoT device may tend not to do clock calibration when the A-IoT device is in the status of low power. In addition, mapping the information bits to CDM-ed bits requires more power consumption and larger memory. From the reader’s view, the case 3 type of D2R transmissions on the same time-frequency resource may be performed by A-IoT devices after the device-side clock calibration. Therefore, whether the case 3 type of D2R transmission is supported and expected by the A-IoT device may be determined by the A-IoT device. Whether the case 3 type of D2R transmission is to be performed by the A-IoT device may be indicated from the A-IoT device to the reader.
[0090] Different implementations considering the above one or more types of D2R transmissions may be discussed for different resource allocation methods (such as contention-based resource allocation or scheduling-based resource allocation) , as to be discussed in detail with reference to FIG. 3.
[0091] FIG. 3 illustrates an example process flow 300 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the processes 300 will be described with reference to FIG. 1F. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 3 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 300 may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0092] As shown in FIG. 3, the second device 162 performs (305) a transmission (also referred to as a first transmission or an R2D transmission) to the first device 161. The first transmission may trigger another transmission (also referred to as a second transmission or a D2R transmission) from the first device 161 to the second device 162. The first transmission may comprise an indication indicating CDMA is enabled for communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162. The first device 161 then performs (310) the second transmission to the second device 162 based on this indication.
[0093] Considering different resource allocation methods (such as contention-based resource allocation or scheduling-based resource allocation) , the interactions between the first device 161 and the second device 162 may be different, as to be discussed in detail respectively below.
[0094] Discussions are first made for an example interaction procedure under the case where contention-based resource allocation is used for the second transmission. In this case, the second transmission may be a CDM-ed D2R transmission. If the second device 162 intends to trigger contention-based random access (CBRA) , where contention-based resource allocation is used for a CDM-ed D2R transmission (for example, a message 1 (Msg1) in a random access procedure) , it may perform the first transmission (for example, a message 0 (Msg0) triggering a random access procedure) comprising an indication indicating CDMA is enabled for communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162. For example, the first transmission may indicate one or more time-frequency (T-F) resources for the second transmission, where a T-F resource of the one or more T-F resources may be associated with an indicator indicating whether CDMA is enabled / disabled. If CDMA is enabled, a code resource may also be provided in the first transmission. Upon receiving the first transmission, if the first device 161 intends to transmit a CDMA-based second transmission (in other words, transmit a D2R transmission on a CDM-ed resource) , the first device 161 may determine, based on the indication, at least one resource available for the second transmission, and then select, from the at least one determined resource, a resource for performing the second transmission. For example, the first device 161 may determine available resource (s) for the CDM-ed D2R transmission according to the above indicator (s) indicating whether CDMA is enabled / disabled. The first transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the second device 162 to perform clock calibration. The first device 161 may perform clock calibration based on the clock calibration signal in the received first transmission if the first device 161 is with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b. The clock calibration may not be needed if the first device 161 is with the device type 3. The first device 161 may further select a resource for the CDM-ed D2R transmission within the available resource (s) , and perform the CDM-ed D2R transmission on the selected resource.
[0095] Discussions are now made for a first example interaction procedure under the case where scheduling-based resource allocation is used for a CDM-ed D2R transmission. If the second device 162 intends to trigger contention-free random access (CFRA) , where scheduling-based resource allocation is used for the CDM-ed D2R transmission (for example, a message 3 (Msg3) in a random access procedure) , it may perform the first transmission (for example, a message 0 (Msg0) triggering the random access procedure) comprising an indication indicating CDMA is enabled for communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162. In this case, the indication comprised in the first transmission may trigger the device-side clock calibration for the first device 161, if the first device 161 is with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b. For example, the indication may be a one-bit indicator. The indication may be included in scheduling information for the second transmission (for example, a Msg 1 in the random access procedure) . The indication may be carried by layer 1 (L1) control signaling or a high layer signaling in the first transmission. For example, the first transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the second device 162 to perform clock calibration. Upon receiving the first transmission with the above indication, if the first device 161 intends to transmit a CDMA-based transmission (also referred to a fourth transmission (for example, a Msg 3 in the random access procedure) ) , the first device 161 may perform clock calibration based on the received first transmission, if the first device 161 is with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b. The clock calibration may not be needed if the first device 161 is with the device type 3. The first device 161 may then perform the second transmission accordingly. The second transmission may comprise at least one of a device type of the first device 161, an indication requesting a resource for a CDM-ed transmission (i.e., the fourth transmission) from the first device 161 to the second device 162 (for example, an indicator requesting a resource for a CDM-ed D2R transmission) , or an indication indicating clock calibration completion (for example, an indicator indicating clock calibration completion) . In this case, an interval (i.e., TR2D, min) between the first transmission and the second transmission may be determined based on a processing delay for the clock calibration. In other words, the processing delay caused by performing the clock calibration may need to be included in the determination of TR2D, min. Upon receiving the second transmission, the second device 162 may determine a resource for the next D2R transmission (i.e., the fourth transmission) from the first device 161 to the second device 162. For example, the second device 162 may determine a CDM-ed resource for the first device 161 with the device type 3 which requests the CDM-ed resource or for the first device 161with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b which completes the clock calibration and requests the CDM-ed resource. The second device 162 may then transmit an R2D transmission (also referred to as a third transmission (for example, a message 2 (Msg 2) in the random access procedure) ) indicating the scheduled resource for the fourth transmission to the first device 161. For example, before determining the resource for the CDM-ed D2R transmission (i.e., the fourth transmission) , the second device 162 may perform SFO estimation based on the previously received D2R transmission (i.e., the second transmission) to guarantee the SFO on the first device 161 satisfying the requirement. Upon receiving the third transmission, the first device 161 may perform the fourth transmission based on the indicated resource as scheduled.
[0096] Discussions are now made for a second example interaction procedure under the case where scheduling-based resource allocation is used for a CDM-ed D2R transmission. If the second device 162 intends to trigger contention-free random access (CFRA) , where scheduling-based resource allocation is used for the CDM-ed D2R transmission (e.g., an Msg3 in a random access procedure) , it may perform the first transmission (for example, a Msg0 triggering the random access procedure) comprising an indication indicating CDMA is enabled for communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162. For example, the first transmission may comprise an indicator indicating whether CDMA is enabled / disabled for a D2R transmission (e.g., Msg3) . In this case, the indication comprised in the first transmission may trigger the device-side clock calibration for the first device 161, if the first device 161 is with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b. For example, the indication may be a one-bit indicator. The indication may be included in scheduling information for the second transmission (for example, a Msg1 in the random access procedure) . The indication may be carried by L1 control signaling or a high layer signaling in the first transmission. Upon receiving the first transmission with the above indication, if the first device 161 intends to transmit a CDMA-based transmission (also referred to a fourth transmission, for example, a Msg3 in the random access procedure) , the first device 161 may then perform the second transmission accordingly. The second transmission may comprise at least one of a device type of the first device 161, or an indication requesting a resource for a CDM-ed transmission (i.e., the fourth transmission) from the first device 161 to the second device 162 (for example, an indicator requesting a resource for a CDM-ed D2R transmission) . Upon receiving the second transmission, the second device 162 may determine a resource for the next D2R transmission (i.e., the fourth transmission) from the first device 161 to the second device 162. For example, the second device 162 may determine a CDM-ed resource for the first device 161 with the device type 3 which requests the CDM-ed resource or for the first device 161with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b which requests the CDM-ed resource. The second device 162 may then transmit an R2D transmission (also referred to as a third transmission (for example, a Msg 2 in the random access procedure) ) indicating the scheduled resource for the fourth transmission to the first device 161. For example, the third transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the first device 161 to perform the clock calibration. Upon receiving the third transmission, the first device 161 may perform clock calibration based on the third transmission if the device is with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b. Then, the first device 161 may perform the fourth transmission based on the scheduled resource indicated in the third transmission.
[0097] In the embodiments where the first device 161 performs clock calibration if the first device 161 is with the device type 1, 2a, or 2b, the R2D transmission (for example, the first transmission or the third transmission) may contain information for the first device 161 to determine the exact number of samples per chip / OFDM symbol. For example, an explicit indication of the exact number of samples per chip / OFDM symbol may be included in the R2D transmission, for example, the control signaling of the R2D transmission. As another example, the R2D transmission may comprise a clock calibration signal for the first device 161 to perform the clock calibration, as described above. The clock calibration signal may have a pre-defined pattern for the first device 161 to deduce the exact number of samples per chip / OFDM symbol. The clock calibration signal may be based on a preamble in the R2D transmission. Upon receiving the R2D transmission, the first device 161 may also determine the actual sample count based on its current clock. By comparing these two sample counts, the first device 161 may either calibrate its clock by correcting its clock / oscillator or compensate the samples by an algorithm. Then, the first device 161 may subsequently perform the D2R transmission (for example, the second transmission or the fourth transmission) utilizing the calibrated clock.
[0098] According to some embodiments with reference to FIGS. 2A to 3, it is allowed to support CDMA-based D2R transmission in an efficient way, such that the problem of system capacity constraints for 6G A-IoT can be solved, which is expected to accommodate rapidly increased IoT devices and generated data. In this way, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
[0099] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device 400 that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 400 may be an example of a first device 161 or a second device 162 as described herein. The device 400 may support wireless communication with one or more other devices in the A-IoT system. The device 400 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 402, a memory 404, a transceiver 406, and, optionally, an I / O controller 408. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0100] The processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0101] In some implementations, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) .
[0102] For example, the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the device 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and a means for performing a second transmission to the second device based on the indication. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and a means for receiving a second transmission from the first device.
[0103] The processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 402 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 402. The processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 404) to cause the device 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0104] The memory 404 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 402 cause the device 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 402 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 404 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0105] The I / O controller 408 may manage input and output signals for the device 400. The I / O controller 408 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 402. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 400 via the I / O controller 408 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 408.
[0106] In some implementations, the device 400 may include a single antenna 410. However, in some other implementations, the device 400 may have more than one antenna 410 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 406 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 410, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 406 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 406 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 410 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 410. The transceiver 406 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0107] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 410 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0108] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 410 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0109] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0110] The processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0111] The controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0112] The controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504. The controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500. The controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
[0113] The memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
[0114] The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 502 and / or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 500 and / or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, and the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0115] The one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 506 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0116] The processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and a means for performing a second transmission to the second device based on the indication. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for performing a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; and a means for receiving a second transmission from the first device.
[0117] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 600 may be performed by a first device 161 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0118] At 610, the method may include receiving a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device. The operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0119] At 620, the method may include performing a second transmission to the second device based on the indication. The operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0120] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 that supports CDMA-based communication in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 700 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 700 may be performed by a second device 162 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0121] At 710, the method may include performing a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device. The operations of 710 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 710 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0122] At 720, the method may include receiving a second transmission from the first device. The operations of 720 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 720 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0123] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0124] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0125] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0126] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0127] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on”shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0128] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A first device of an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) network comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:receive a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; andperform a second transmission to the second device based on the indication.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first device to:perform clock calibration based on the first transmission.3.The first device of claim 2, wherein the first transmission comprises a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform the clock calibration.4.The first device of claim 2, wherein an interval between the first transmission and the second transmission is determined based on a processing delay for the clock calibration.5.The first device of claim 1, wherein the second transmission comprises at least one of the following:a device type of the first device;an indication requesting a resource for a code division multiplexed (CDM-ed) transmission from the first device to the second device; oran indication indicating clock calibration completion.6.The first device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first device to:receive, from the second device, a third transmission indicating resource for a fourth transmission, wherein the fourth transmission is a CDM-ed transmission; andperform the fourth transmission to the second device based on the indicated resource.7.The first device of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first device to:perform clock calibration based on the third transmission.8.The first device of claim 7, wherein the third transmission comprises a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform the clock calibration.9.The first device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first device to:determine, based on the indication, at least one resource available for the second transmission, wherein the second transmission is a CDM-ed transmission; andselect, from the at least one determined resource, a resource for performing the second transmission.10.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first device comprises an A-IoT device, and the second device comprises one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) .11.A second device of an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) network comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:perform a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; andreceive a second transmission from the first device.12.The second device of claim 11, wherein the first transmission comprises a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform clock calibration.13.The second device of claim 11, wherein an interval between the first transmission and the second transmission is determined based on a processing delay for clock calibration.14.The second device of claim 11, wherein the second transmission comprises at least one of the following:a device type of the first device;an indication requesting a resource for a code division multiplexed (CDM-ed) transmission from the first device to the second device; oran indication indicating clock calibration completion.15.The second device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the second device to:perform a third transmission to the first device, wherein the third transmission indicates a resource for a fourth transmission, wherein the fourth transmission is a CDM-ed transmission; andreceive the fourth transmission from the first device based on the indicated resource.16.The second device of claim 15, wherein the third transmission comprises a clock calibration signal for the first device to perform clock calibration.17.The second device of claim 11, wherein the second transmission is a CDM-ed transmission, and the indication is associated with at least one resource available for the second transmission.18.The second device of claim 11, wherein the first device comprises an A-IoT device, and the second device comprises one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) .19.A method performed by a first device, the method comprising:receiving a first transmission from a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; andperforming a second transmission to the second device based on the indication.20.A method performed by a second device, the method comprising:performing a first transmission to a first device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating code division multiple access (CDMA) is enabled for communication between the first device and the second device; andreceiving a second transmission from the first device.
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