Use of nucleotide analogs for inhibiting viral RNA synthesis
Modified nucleoside and nucleotide analogs with 3'hydroxy group substitutions address the inefficiencies of current antiviral drugs by terminating RNA chain elongation, effectively inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication and infection.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Current antiviral drugs for COVID-19, such as nucleoside analogs, are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2's proofreading mechanisms, leading to inefficient drug uptake, off-target effects, and high dose requirements, undermining their therapeutic impact.
Development of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs with specific modifications, such as a substitution at the 3'hydroxy group of the ribose, which are resistant to exonuclease activity, thereby terminating RNA chain elongation and suppressing viral proliferation.
The modified nucleotide analogs effectively inhibit viral RNA synthesis by terminating the RNA chain, reducing viral replication and infection, and are resistant to exonuclease activity, enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
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Abstract
Description
USE OF NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS FOR INHIBITING VIRAL RNA SYNTHESISCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 695,764, filed September 17, 2024, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.BACKGROUND
[0002] SARS-CoV-2 remains a serious public health concern because it is a highly contagious virus, and infection can lead to the COVID-19 disease with severe illness. Currently, a limited number of drugs are available for the treatment of COVID-19. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex of SARS-CoV-2 is a promising drug target because it plays a critical role in the viral replication cycle. Unfortunately, existing nucleoside analogs are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2’s sophisticated proofreading mechanisms, which can remove the incorporated analogs, thereby undermining their therapeutic impact. Further, inefficiencies in drug uptake, off-target effects, and high dose requirements plague current anti-viral drugs. Understanding the intricate interactions between small molecule drugs and RdRp, as well as the virus's proofreading dynamics, is critical for developing potent antiviral therapies. As disclosed herein, the inventors have determined compositions and methods that address this need.SUMMARY
[0003] Disclosed herein are nucleoside analogs and nucleotide analogs (such as the nucleoside analogs shown in Figure 1C) useful for interfering with or suppressing RNA synthesis and therefore useful for inhibiting proliferation of viruses, for treating or preventing infection by viruses, especially RNA viruses. Also provided are corresponding methods for the treatment or prevention of viral infection using one or more of the nucleoside / nucleotide analogs, compositions comprising one or more of the nucleoside / nucleotide analogs and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0004] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides A method of suppressing virus proliferation in a cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises (i) contacting the cell with at least one nucleoside analog; wherein the at least one nucleoside analog comprises a substitution at the 3'hydroxy group of the nucleoside analog ribose, and each of the at least one nucleoside analog is converted to a nucleotide analog; and (ii) incorporating at least one nucleotide analog into an RNA chain during synthesis, thereby suppressing the virus proliferation; wherein the RNA chain comprising the at least one nucleotide analog is resistant to exonuclease, thereby terminating elongation of the RNA chain, thereby suppressing the virus proliferation. In some embodiments, the cell is in the presence of a virus.
[0005] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of suppressing a viral infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one nucleoside analog and a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, (i) the at least one nucleoside analog comprises a substitution at the 3'hydroxy group of the nucleoside analog ribose, and each of the at least one nucleoside analog is converted to a nucleotide analog; (ii) at least one nucleotide analog is incorporated into a virus RNA chain, thereby terminating elongation of the virus RNA chain; and (iii) the virus RNA chain comprising the at least one nucleotide analog is resistant to exonuclease, and the viral infection is thereby suppressed.
[0006] In some embodiments, the substitution at the 3'hydroxy group of the nucleotide analog ribose is a hydrogen.
[0007] In some embodiments, the at least one nucleotide analog comprises a methyl group on the fifth position of the nucleotide analog nucleobase. In some embodiments, the at least one nucleotide analog comprises 3'-dGTP, 3'-dUTP, 3'-dATP, 3'-dCTP, and / or 5-methyl-3’-dUTP.
[0008] In some embodiments, termination of RNA elongation occurs after incorporation of the at least one nucleotide analog into the RNA chain.
[0009] In some embodiments, each of the at least one nucleotide analog is converted from a nucleoside analog by phosphorylation.
[0010] In some embodiments, the exonuclease is a virus exonuclease.
[0011] In some embodiments, the virus is a coronavirus or the viral infection is a coronavirus infection. In some embodiments, the coronavirus is a SARS-CoV-2.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Figures 1A-1C relates to exemplary nucleotide analogs that can function as RNA chain terminators when incorporated into RNA by the nsp12 / 7 / 8 complex (RdRp) . Figure 1A shows the LS15A RNA template (top strand) and LS2U RNA primer (bottom strand) used for RNA extension Assay (Moeller et al., 2022) . The LS15A RNA template contains 40 nucleotides. The LS2U RNA primer contains 20 nucleotides and has a fluorescently labelled 5'overhang. Figure 1B shows the result of incubating RdRp with the LS15A-LS2U RNA duplex and the indicated nucleotide (s) and / or nucleotide analog (s) . Each reaction shows RNA extension, termination, and / or no incorporation. The numbers at the bottom of the figure indicate lane number. Figure 1C shows chemical structures of the natural nucleoside triphosphates (nucleotides or NTPs) and nucleotide analogs of the present disclosure.
[0013] Figures 2A-2E relates to nsp14 / nsp10 exonuclease activity assays. Figure 2A shows a schematic of exonuclease activity assay. The assay is described in the Examples below. “NuA” =nucleotide analog. “nsp12 / 7 / 8” = RbRp. “nsp14 / 10” = exonuclease. Figure 2B shows cleavage of RNA substrates containing 2'-O-methylated ribonucleotides (2'-OMe-GTP, 2'-OMe-UTP, 2'-OMe-ATP, or 2'-OMe-CTP) after addition of nsp14 / nsp10. Figure 2C shows cleavage of RNA substrates containing 6-Aza-UTP or 5-Methyl-3'-dUTP after addition of nsp14 / nsp10. Figure 2D shows cleavage of RNA substrates containing 3'-dGTP, 3'-dUTP, 3'-dATP, or 3'-dCTP after addition of nsp14 / nsp10. Figure 2E shows cleavage of RNA substrates containing 3’-dUTP (3’dUTP) or 5-Methyl-3’-dUTP (5Me3’ dUTP) after addition of nsp14 / nsp10.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONI. Definitions
[0014] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to preferred embodiments and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended, such alteration and further modifications of the disclosure as illustrated herein, being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the disclosure relates.
[0015] The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein to refer to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. The term encompasses nucleic acids containing known nucleotide analogs or modified backbone residues or linkages, which are synthetic, naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring, which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid, and which are metabolized in a manner similar to the reference nucleotides. Examples of such analogs include, without limitation, 3’-hydroxy ribonucleotides, 5-methyl ribonucleotides, and 2’-O-methyl ribonucleotides.
[0016] As used herein, the term “nucleoside” refers to a molecule composed of a nucleobase (also referred to as a “nitrogenous base” ) and a sugar (e.g., a five-carbon sugar molecule or ribose) moiety. Addition of one or more phosphate groups on the sugar molecule at the 5’ carbon produces a nucleotide. Thus, as used herein, the term “nucleotide” refers to a molecule composed of a nucleobase and a sugar moiety, and one or more phosphate groups, e.g., a monophosphate, a diphosphate, or a triphosphate. There two categories of nitrogenous bases: purines (e.g., adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (e.g., cytosine, thymine, and uracil) .
[0017] As used herein, the term “hydroxy, ” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to the moiety –OH.
[0018] As used herein, the term “exogenous, ” when used in reference to a moiety of a molecule, means a chemical moiety that is not present in a natural analog of the molecule. For example, an exogenous label of a nucleotide is a label that is not present on a naturally occurring nucleotide. Similarly, an exogenous label that is present on a polymerase is not found on the polymerase in its native milieu.
[0019] As used herein, the term “extension, ” when used in reference to a nucleic acid, means a process of adding at least one nucleotide to the 3’ end of the nucleic acid. The term “polymerase extension, ” when used in reference to a nucleic acid, refers to a polymerase catalyzed process of adding at least one nucleotide to the 3’ end of the nucleic acid. A nucleotide or nucleotide analog that is added to a nucleic acid by extension is said to be incorporated into the nucleic acid. Accordingly, the term “incorporating” can be used to refer to the process of joining a nucleotide or nucleotide analog to the 3’ end of a nucleic acid by formation of a phosphodiester bond.
[0020] As used herein, the term “extendable, ” when used in reference to a nucleotide or nucleotide analog, means that the nucleotide or nucleotide analog has an oxygen or hydroxy moiety at the 3’ position, and is capable of forming a covalent linkage to a next correct nucleotide if and when incorporated into a nucleic acid. A nucleotide or a nucleotide analog without an oxygen or hydroxy moiety at the 3’ position cannot form a covalent linkage to another nucleotide, and thus will block nucleic acid extension.
[0021] As used herein, the term “excipient” refers to a substance that aids the administration of one or more active agents to a subject. Pharmaceutical excipients useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, coatings, sweeteners, flavors and colors.
[0022] By “pharmaceutically acceptable, ” it is meant that the substance so designated (e.g., a salt or excipient) is not deleterious to the recipient thereof and is compatible with other substances with which it is formulated.
[0023] As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treatment, ” and “treating” refer to an act that results in any indicia of success in the treatment or amelioration of a disease, such as viral infection, or symptom (e.g., shortness of breath) thereof. Treatment may be assessed by objective or subjective parameters such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the symptom, injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; reduction in the rate of symptom progression; decreasing the frequency or duration of the symptom or condition. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on any objective or subjective parameter; including, e.g., the result of a physical examination.
[0024] As used herein, the term “administering” refers to oral, topical, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intranasal, subcutaneous, or intrathecal administration to a subject, as well administration as a suppository or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, in the subject.
[0025] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a person or an animal to whom a nucleoside / nucleotide analog or composition as described herein is administered. In some embodiments, the subject is human, who may of either gender or any age.
[0026] As used herein, the terms “effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” refer to a dose of a drug, such as a nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog that produces therapeutic effects for which it is administered. The exact dose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1 3, 1992) ; Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999) ; Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999) ; Goodman &Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition, 2006, Brunton, Ed., McGraw-Hill; and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, 2005, Hendrickson, Ed., Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins) .
[0027] The terms “about” and “around, ” as used herein to modify a numerical value (e.g., degree of polymerization) , indicate a close range surrounding that explicit value. If “X” were the value, “about X” or “around X” would indicate a value from 0.9X to 1.1X. “About X” thus includes, for example, a value from 0.95X to 1.05X, or from 0.98X to 1.02X, or from 0.99X to 1.01X. Any reference to “about X” or “around X” specifically indicates at least the values X, 0.90X, 0.91X, 0.92X, 0.93X, 0.94X, 0.95X, 0.96X, 0.97X, 0.98X, 0.99X, 1.01X, 1.02X, 1.03X, 1.04X, 1.05X, 1.07X, 1.08X, 1.09X, and 1.10X. Accordingly, “about X” and “around X” are intended to teach and provide written description support for a claim limitation of, e.g., “0.98X. ”
[0028] As used herein, the term “about, ” when modifying any amount, refers to the variation in that amount typically encountered by one of skill in the art. For example, the term “about” refers to the normal variation encountered in measurements for a given analytical technique, both within and between batches or samples. Thus, the term about can include variation of + / -1-10%of the measured value, such as + / -1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%variation of the measured value. The amounts disclosed herein include equivalents to those amounts, including amounts modified or not modified by the term “about. ”
[0029] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. II. Nucleoside Analogs
[0030] Nucleosides are the basic components of nucleic acids and are thus the biopolymers of life’s chemistry. In general, nucleosides are imported into the cell by nucleoside transporters, and the nucleosides are enzymatically phosphorylated to form nucleoside monophosphate, nucleoside diphosphate, or nucleoside triphosphate. These phosphorylated nucleosides are collectively referred to as “nucleotides. ” Nucleotides, e.g., nucleoside triphosphates, can be polymerized to form RNA or DNA, as well as serve as a source of energy (e.g., ATP or GTP) for cellular reactions and signaling pathways.
[0031] A nucleoside analog is an exogenous, synthetic compound that structurally resembles naturally-occurring nucleoside, and as such, can be transported into the cell and enzymatically phosphorylated to form a corresponding nucleotide analog. Thus, a nucleotide analog can compete with naturally occurring nucleotides as a substrate for reactions in the cell.
[0032] Nucleoside analogs and corresponding nucleotide analogs can be used to treat certain viral infections or diseases, for example without limitation, respiratory infections such as coronavirus infection (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19) . In some cases, nucleoside analogs can also be used to treat certain cancers, for example, without limitation, solid tumors and malignant blood disorders. Methods of using nucleoside analogs and nucleotide analogs are discussed in detail below.
[0033] In general, nucleoside analogs are phosphorylated to their triphosphate nucleotide form, and then incorporated into RNA or DNA by a polymerase or viral reverse transcriptase. The presence of the nucleotide analogs in RNA or DNA interferes with RNA or DNA elongation. Thus, incorporation of a nucleotide analog of the present disclosure causes RNA / DNA elongation to terminate, thereby disrupting RNA / DNA synthesis. In the case of RNA viruses, incorporation of a nucleotide analog of the present disclosure into elongating RNA interferes with the virus replication cycle. Thus, in many cases, nucleoside analogs are useful in treating viral infections or cancers due to their ability to inhibit synthesis of viral RNA / DNA or RNA / DNA in the virus-infected cells. In some cases, the nucleoside analogs are also useful in inhibiting DNA replication in rapidly dividing cancer cells. In some cases, the termination of the RNA / DNA chain occurs immediately after one nucleotide analog is incorporated into the RNA / DNA chain. In other cases, the termination is delayed, for example, RNA / DNA elongation may terminate after one or more subsequent endogenous nucleotides and / or nucleotide analogs are incorporated into the elongating chain after a first nucleotide analog is incorporated.
[0034] In the case of treating a coronavirus infection (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19) , nucleotide analogs are incorporated into viral RNA by the coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) . Once embedded, the nucleotide analogs serve as chain terminators or induce mutagenesis, thus impairing the ability of the virus to replicate. RdRp is discussed in detail, for example, in Hillen, Hauke S et al. “Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. ” Nature vol. 584, 7819 (2020) : 154-156. doi: 10.1038 / s41586-020-2368-8.
[0035] After incorporation into an RNA or DNA chain, nucleotide analogs can also be resistant to removal by an exonuclease or by the proof-reading exonuclease activity of a polymerase. In some embodiments, the exonuclease is a virus exonuclease, for example a Coronavirus exonuclease. In some embodiments, the exonuclease is the Coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 virus nsp14 / nsp10 complex. In some embodiments, the exonuclease is an exonuclease that is native to the cell, for example, a human exonuclease. In some embodiments, the exonuclease is a component of a polymerase. In some embodiments, the polymerase is a virus polymerase, for example a Coronavirus exonucleaseor a SARS-CoV-2 exonuclease. In some embodiments, the exonuclease is native to the cell, for example, a human exonuclease.
[0036] Chemical modifications, such as alterations in the sugar moiety or changes in the base or phosphate groups of nucleosides or nucleotides, are disclosed herein to improve the incorporation of nucleotide analogs by polymerase or transcriptase, and to improve resistance against the polymerase or transcriptase exonuclease proofreading activity. Non-limiting examples of modifications include changes in the sugar moiety or in the base or phosphate groups. These modifications strive to balance effective mimicry for polymerase recognition with the robustness to resist proofreading, a key challenge in the design of nucleoside analogs. Sugar modifications on nucleosides are discussed in detail, for example, in Das, Gourav et al. “Influence of Sugar Modifications on the Nucleoside Conformation and Oligonucleotide Stability: A Critical Review. ” Chemical record (New York, N.Y. ) vol. 22, 12 (2022) : e202200174. Non-limiting examples of natural and modified nucleoside triphosphates (natural and modified nucleotides or NTPs) are shown in Figure 1C.
[0037] Each nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog disclosed herein comprises a nucleobase (or a nitrogenous base) that is covalently linked to a ribose (or a five-carbon sugar) to form a ribonucleoside. In the case of a nucleotide analog, the ribonucleoside is further phosphorylated (e.g., a mono-, di-, or tri-phosphate group) to form a ribonucleotide. In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog comprises adenosine (A) , uridine (U) , 5-methyluridine (m5U) , guanosine (G) , or cytidine (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleotide analog comprises adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) , adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) , adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) , uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) , uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) , uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) , thymidine 5'-monophosphate (TMP) , thymidine 5'-diphosphate (TDP) , thymidine 5'-triphosphate (TTP) , guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) , guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) , guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) , cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP) , cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP) , or cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) . See, e.g., Figure 1C.
[0038] In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog comprises a ribonucleoside or ribonucleotide without a 3’-hydroxy group on the ribose. The 3’-hydroxy group in a nucleotide is necessary for phosphodiester bond formation required for RNA and DNA chain elongation. Absence of a 3’-hydroxy group in a nucleoside analog and its corresponding nucleotide analog causes the termination of RNA or DNA chain after the nucleotide analog is incorporated into an elongating RNA or DNA chain.
[0039] In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog comprises a substitution at the 3’ position on the ribose. In some embodiments, the 3’ hydroxy group is replaced by a hydrogen. In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog comprises 3’-deoxyadenosine, 3’-deoxyuridine, 3’-deoxythymidine, 3’-deoxyguanosine, or 3’-deoxycytidine. In some embodiments, the nucleotide analog comprises 3’-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphoate (3’-dAMP) , 3’-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphoate (3’-dADP) , 3’-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphoate (3’-dATP) , 3’-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphoate (3’-dUMP) , 3’-deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphoate (3’-dUDP) , 3’-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphoate (3’-dUTP) , 3’-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphoate (3’-dTMP) , 3’-deoxythymidine 5'-diphosphoate (3’-dTDP) , 3’-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphoate (3’-dTTP) , 3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphoate (3’-dGMP) , 3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphoate (3’-dGDP) , 3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphoate (3’-dGTP) , 3’-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphoate (3’-dCMP) , 3’-deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphoate (3’-dCDP) , or 3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-deoxycytidine (3’-dCTP) . See, e.g., Figure 1C. In some embodiments, the nucleotide analog comprises 3’-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphoate (3’-dATP) , 3’-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphoate (3’-dUTP) , 3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphoate (3’-dGTP) , or 3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-deoxycytidine (3’-dCTP) .
[0040] In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog comprises a substitution at the 3’ position on the ribose and a methyl group on the fifth position of the nucleobase. In some embodiments, the 3’ hydroxy group is replaced by a hydrogen. In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog comprises 5-methyl-3’-deoxyadenosine, 5-methyl-3’-deoxyuridine, 5-methyl-3’-deoxythymidine, 5-methyl-3’-deoxyguanosine, or 5-methyl-3’-deoxycytidine. In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog comprises 5-methyl-3’-deoxyuridine. In some embodiments, the nucleotide analog comprises 5-methyl-3’-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dAMP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dADP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dATP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dUMP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dUDP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dUTP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dTMP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxythymidine 5'-diphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dTDP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dTTP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dGMP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dGDP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dGTP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dCMP) , 5-methyl-3’-deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dCDP) , or 5-methyl-3’-deoxyguanosine 5'-deoxycytidine (5-methyl-3’-dCTP) . See, e.g., Figure 1C. In some embodiments, the nucleotide analog comprises 5-methyl-3’-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphoate (5-methyl-3’-dUTP) .
[0041] In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog comprises a 2'-O-methyl group on the ribose. In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog comprises 2'-O-methyl-adenosine, 2'-O-methyl-uridine, 2'-O-methyl-thymidine, 2'-O-methyl-guanosine, or 2'-O-methyl-cytidine. In some embodiments, the nucleotide analog comprises 2'-O-methyl-adenosine 5'-monophosphoate (2'-O-methyl-AMP) , 2'-O-methyl-adenosine 5'-diphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-ADP) , 2'-O-methyl-adenosine 5'-triphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-ATP) , 2'-O-methyl-uridine 5'-monophosphoate (2'-O-methyl-UMP) , 2'-O-methyl-uridine 5'-diphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-UDP) , 2'-O-methyl-uridine 5'-triphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-UTP) , 2'-O-methyl-thymidine 5'-monophosphoate (2'-O-methyl-TMP) , 2'-O-methyl-thymidine 5'-diphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-TDP) , 2'-O-methyl-thymidine 5'-triphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-TTP) , 2'-O-methyl-guanosine 5'-monophosphoate (2'-O-methyl-GMP) , 2'-O-methyl-guanosine 5'-diphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-GDP) , 2'-O-methyl-guanosine 5'-triphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-GTP) , 2'-O-methyl-cytidine 5'-monophosphoate (2'-O-methyl-CMP) , 2'-O-methyl-cytidine 5'-diphosphoate (2'-O-methyl-CDP) , or 2'-O-methyl-guanosine 5'-deoxycytidine (2'-O-methyl-CTP) . See, e.g., Figure 1C. III. Methods of Use
[0042] Provided herein are methods for suppressing a disease by administering a nucleoside analog or a nucleotide analog to a subject in need thereof. Suppression of a disease can include can include treating the disease, ameliorating symptoms of the disease, preventing the disease, and / or facilitating recovery from the disease. The methods include administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleoside analog of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. As discussed herein and demonstrated in the Examples below, the nucleoside analogs of the present disclosure, after enzymatic conversion to nucleotide analogs in the cell, can interfere with nucleic acid synthesis, e.g., RNA or DNA synthesis, in a cell that is infected with the virus. The nucleotide analogs are incorporated by RdRp into an elongating nucleic acid polymer, thereby terminating RNA or DNA elongation. Thus, nucleoside analogs and nucleotide analogs are useful for inhibiting the proliferation of viruses (e.g., Coronavirus such as SARS-CoV-2) , thereby suppressing viral infection in a cell or in a patient having been exposed to the virus (or the cell / patient is in the presence of the virus) . In some cases, the virus is present in the cell or the patient. As disclosed herein, suppression of a viral infection can include suppressing virus proliferation in a cell / patient, suppressing the spread of the viral infection, ameliorating symptoms of the viral infection, preventing the viral infection, and / or facilitating recovery from the viral infection (e.g., COVID-19) .
[0043] In some embodiments, a method of suppressing a viral infection in a patient or virus proliferation in a cell comprises contacting the cell with one or more nucleoside analogs. In some embodiments, a method of suppressing a viral infection in a patient in need thereof comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one nucleoside analog and one or more pharmaceutical acceptable carriers.
[0044] As discussed above, nucleoside analogs can be converted by the cell to nucleotide analogs by phosphorylation. Methods of suppressing a viral infection in a patient or virus proliferation in a cell comprises incorporating one or more nucleotide analogs of the present disclosure (e.g., 5-Methyl-3'-dGTP, 5-Methyl-3'-dUTP, 5-Methyl-3'-dATP, and 5-Methyl-3'-dCTP) into an elongating RNA or DNA chain. In some embodiments, incorporation of one or more nucleotide analogs into an elongating RNA or DNA chain terminates that RNA / DNA chain, thereby suppressing viral replication and / or viral infection. In some embodiments, the RNA / DNA chain with one or more nucleotide analogs incorporated is resistant to exonuclease. In some embodiments, the exonuclease is a virus exonuclease, for example, a Coronavirus exonuclease, or the SARS-CoV-2 exonuclease nsp14 / nsp10 exonuclease complex.
[0045] In some cases, the disease is a viral infection, for example, an infection by a virus of the Coronaviridae family (acoronavirus) or a respiratory infection caused by other viruses. In some cases, the coronavirus is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) , SARS-CoV, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) , HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, or HCoV-NL63. In some cases, the disease is COVID-19, MERS, or any coronavirus disease. In some embodiments, the respiratory infection is an influenza virus infection (e.g., influenza A virus (IAV) infection) , a parainfluenza virus infection, a rhinovirus infection, a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In some cases, the infection is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, or varicella-zoster (VZV) infection. Provided herein are methods of suppressing virus proliferation in a cell, and methods of suppressing a viral infection in a subject in need thereof.
[0046] In some cases, the disease is a cancer, for example, without limitation, solid tumors and malignant blood disorders such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The nucleoside analogs, after enzymatic conversion to nucleotide analogs in the cell, can interfere with nucleic acid synthesis, e.g., DNA synthesis, in a cancer cell. The nucleotide analogs are incorporated by DNA polymerase into an elongating nucleic acid polymer, thereby terminating DNA elongation. Thus, nucleoside analogs are useful for inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis in the rapidly dividing cancer cells.
[0047] In some embodiments, the subject is a human, an agricultural animal (e.g., livestock such as cows, sheep, pigs, or the like) , or a companion animal (e.g., a pet such as a cat or dog) .
[0048] A nucleoside analog or a nucleotide analog can be administered to subject orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intrathecally, intraarterially, nasally, rectally, topically, or via other routes if indicated. Both local administration and systemic administration are contemplated for use in practicing the present invention. The analog may be administered at any suitable dose that serves as an effective amount to treat the disease. The analog may be administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 milligrams to about 1000 milligrams per kilogram of a subject’s body weight (i.e., about 0.1-1000 mg / kg) . The dose of the analog can be, for example, about 0.1-1000 mg / kg, or about 1-500 mg / kg, or about 25-250 mg / kg, or about 50-100 mg / kg. The dose of the analog can be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the analog is administered in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg / day to about 100 mg / kg / day. In some embodiments, the analog is administered in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg / day to about 1.0 mg / kg / day. The dosages can be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the infection, the route of administration, and the particular formulation being administered. The dose administered to a patient should be sufficient to result in a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient. The size of the dose will also be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that accompany the administration of the drug in a particular patient. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the typical practitioner. The total dosage can be divided and administered in portions over a period of time suitable to treat to the disease.
[0049] A analog can be administered for periods of time which will also vary depending upon the severity of the disease, and the overall medical condition of the subject to whom the analog is administered. Administration can be conducted, for example, hourly, every two hours, three hours, four hours, six hours, eight hours, or twice daily including every 12 hours, or any intervening interval thereof. Administration can be conducted once daily, or once every 36 hours or 48 hours, once per week, twice per week, or three times per week. Following treatment, a subject can be monitored for changes in his or her condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of disease. The dose of the analog can either be increased in the event the subject does not respond significantly to a particular dosage level, or the dose can be decreased if an alleviation of symptoms is observed, or if the disease has been remedied, or if unacceptable side effects are seen with a particular dosage. Treatment of a disease according to the methods of present disclosure can include alleviating one or more symptoms. In the case of a respiratory infection, for example, COVID-19, symptoms such as fever, cough, aches, and / or shortness of breath may be alleviated. In some embodiments, treatment of the disease, e.g., a respiratory infection such as COVID-19, can prevent severe, life-threatening illnesses such as pneumonia.
[0050] The methods and compositions described herein also can be administered prophylactically in subjects at risk for infection with a virus, e.g., a coronavirus such as SARS-CoV-2, to reduce the risk of developing the disease, e.g., COVID-19, especially severe and / or life-threatening disease.
[0051] In some embodiments, the methods further include administering an active agent, such as an analgesic agent (including anti-inflammatory analgesic agents) , an antiviral agent, and an antitussive agent, or a combination thereof to the subject in conjunction with a nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog of the present disclosure. Examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) include, but are not limited to, aceclofenac, 5-amino salicylic acid, aspirin, celecoxib, dexibuprofen, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flufenamic acid, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, loxoprofen, mefenamic acid, nabumetone, naproxen, nimesulide, sulindac, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. NSAIDs can be effective for relieving symptoms such as fever and pain. Additional analgesic agents such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) may also be administered in conjunction with the nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog. Examples of further antiviral agents include, but are not limited to, protease inhibitors (e.g., nirmatrelvir, ritonavir, lopinavir, saquinavir, indinavir, or the like) , nucleic acid polymerase inhibitors (e.g., acyclovir, foscarnet, ganciclovir, ribavirin or the like) , neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g., zanamivir, oseltamivir, or the like) , interferons, and ion channel blockers (e.g., amantadine, rimantadine, or the like) . Examples of antitussive agents include, but are not limited to, codeine, hydrocodone, benzonatate, dextromethorphan, and chlophedianol.
[0052] In some embodiments, the nucleoside analog or nucleotide analog is administered as a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and the nucleoside / nucleotide analog or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The analog may be administered to the subject before administration of one or more active agents, after administration of one or more active agents, or concurrently with administration of one or more active agents. The analog may be administered in a composition separate from the one or more active agents, or in a composition containing one or more active agents. Also provided herein are compositions containing: (i) one or more nucleoside / nucleotide analogs; (ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and optionally (iii) one or more additional active agents, each of which is independently an anti-inflammatory agent, an analgesic agent, an antiviral agent, or an antitussive agent. The compositions may be formulated, e.g., for oral administration, intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, intraperitoneal administration, subcutaneous administration, intrathecal administration, intraarterial administration, nasal administration, or rectal administration.
[0053] The pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy and drug delivery. In general, preparation of the compositions includes the step of bringing the active ingredients into association with a carrier containing one or more accessory ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions are typically prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredients into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. The compositions can be conveniently prepared and / or packaged in unit dosage form.
[0054] The pharmaceutical compositions may be in a form suitable for oral use. Suitable compositions for oral administration include, but are not limited to, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups, elixirs, solutions, buccal patches, oral gels, chewing gums, chewable tablets, effervescent powders, and effervescent tablets. Such compositions can contain one or more agents selected from sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, antioxidants, and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
[0055] Tablets generally contain the active ingredients in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including: inert diluents, such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, calcium phosphate, and sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as corn starch and alginic acid; binding agents, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) , cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG) , starch, gelatin, and acacia; and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc. The tablets can be uncoated or coated, enterically or otherwise, by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time-delayed release material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed. Tablets can also be coated with a semi-permeable membrane and optional polymeric osmogents according to known techniques to form osmotic pump compositions for controlled release. Compositions for oral administration can be formulated as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin) , or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredients are mixed with water or an oil medium (such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil) .
[0056] The pharmaceutical compositions can also be in the form of an injectable aqueous or oleaginous solution or suspension. Sterile injectable preparations can be formulated using non-toxic parenterally-acceptable vehicles including water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution, and acceptable solvents such as 1, 3-butane diol. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono-or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
[0057] Aqueous suspensions contain the active agents in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients include, but are not limited to: suspending agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, oleagino-propylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate, and polyethylene sorbitan monooleate; and preservatives such as ethyl, n-propyl, and p-hydroxybenzoate. Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions can contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin, or cetyl alcohol. These compositions can be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid. Dispersible powders and granules (suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water) can contain the active ingredients in admixture with a dispersing agent, wetting agent, suspending agent, or combinations thereof. Additional excipients can also be present.
[0058] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth; naturally-occurring phospholipids, such as soy lecithin; esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of said partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
[0059] Transdermal delivery can be accomplished by means of iontophoretic patches and the like. The active ingredients can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal delivery. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the active agents with a suitable non-irritating excipient, which remains solid at storage temperatures but becomes liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the active ingredients. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols. EXAMPLES
[0060] The Examples below relate to the effects of various chemically modified nucleotide analogs on the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp in viral RNA synthesis. As discussed below, in vitro biochemical assays and computational modeling methods were used to analyze how alterations to the ribose and base components of nucleotide analogs can affect RdRp efficiency when integrating those analogs into viral RNA, and subsequent chain termination in viral RNA synthesis. A range of nucleotide modifications were investigated, including 2'-fluoro (2'-F) , 2'-O-methyl, and 3'-deoxy substitutions on the sugar, as well as base component changes. Incorporation of the modified nucleotides by RdRp into RNA and resistance of the incorporated nucleotides to proofreading by the nsp14 / nsp10 exonuclease complex are discussed below. The results demonstrate that 2'-OMe-NTP, 3'-dNTP, 6-Aza-UTP can enhance the likelihood of viral RNA chain termination. The results inform the design of new nucleotide analogs with enhanced potency and resistance against SARS-CoV-2 proofreading mechanisms, which enable the development of new and potent antiviral strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other coronaviruses. Example 1 - Materials and Methods
[0061] 1.1. Constructs, expression, and purification of the nsp12 / 7 / 8 complex (RdRp) . The nsp12 / 7 / 8 complex (RdRp) was expressed and purified in the insect cell-baculovirus system. A codon-optimized DNA coding sequence (BstEII-10×His tag-nsp7-TEV site-nsp8-TEV site-nsp12-2×strepII tag-RsrII) was chemically synthesized and cloned into the pKL-pBac backbone via BstEII and RsrII sites, initiated by a 5' ATG start codon, and flanked by two Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage sites for post-translational processing. The baculovirus coding for the RdRp was generated by transfecting the bacmid into Expi-Sf9 cells as P0 virus. P1 virus was amplified by infecting 50 ml fresh Sf9 cells at a density of 2×106 / mL with 1 mL P0 virus. After 5 to 7 days, the clarified culture medium was filtered and supplemented with 0.5%BSA and stored at 4℃ protected from light.
[0062] Expression of the recombinant proteins was carried out in High Five cells, cultured in ESF 921 serum-free medium (Expression Systems) at 27℃. At a density of 2-3 million cells per mL, 200 mL of High Five cells was infected with 10 mL P1 virus for 3 to 5 days. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 500×g for 5 min, and the resultant cell pellets were promptly frozen and preserved at -80℃ for further analysis.
[0063] The insect cell pellets harboring the co-expressed RdRp were resuspended in a binding buffer composed of 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10% (v / v) glycerol, supplemented with an EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (TargetMol) . Cell lysis was performed using a high-pressure homogenizer set to 500 bar. The insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 40,000 rpm (Eppendorf himac CP100NX) for 30 min at 4℃, and further removed by passage through 0.45-μm filter.
[0064] beads at 50%suspension (IBA Lifescience) were washed with 10 volumes of wash buffer and added into a column. The clear supernatant from the cell lysate was added into the column in flow-through mode. Then, the beads were washed with 10 column volumes of wash buffer (50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10% (v / v) glycerol) and eluted with 10 column volumes of elution buffer (50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10% (v / v) glycerol, 100 mM biotin, 2 mM EDTA) .
[0065] 1.2 Constructs, expression, and purification of the nsp14 / 10 complex. The nsp14 / 10 complex was expressed and purified in the insect cell-baculovirus system. A codon-optimized DNA coding sequence (BstEII-10xHis tag-nsp14-TEV site-nsp10-2xstrepII tag-RsrII) was synthesized and cloned into the pKL-pBac backbone via BstEII and RsrII sites. Expression and purification and cleavage of nsp14 / 10 were conducted as described above in Example 1.1 for RdRp, with minor modifications. Cleavage of nsp14 / 10 by RdRp was performed as described below in Example 1.4.
[0066] The baculovirus coding for the nsp14 / 10 complex was generated by transfecting the bacmid into Expi-Sf9 cells as P0 virus. P1 virus was amplified by infecting 50 ml fresh Sf9 cells at a density of 2×106 / mL with 1 mL P0 virus. After 5 to 7 days, the clarified culture medium was filtered and supplemented with 0.5%BSA and stored at 4℃ protected from light.
[0067] Expression of the recombinant proteins was carried out in High Five cells, cultured in ESF 921 serum-free medium (Expression Systems) at 27℃. At a density of 2-3 million cells per mL, 200 mL of High Five cells was infected with 10 mL P1 virus for 3 to 5 days. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 500×g for 5 min, and the resultant cell pellets were promptly frozen and preserved at -80℃ for further analysis.
[0068] The insect cell pellets harboring the co-expressed nsp14 / 10 complex were resuspended in a binding buffer composed of 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10% (v / v) glycerol, supplemented with an EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (TargetMol) . Cell lysis was performed using a high-pressure homogenizer set to 500 bar. The insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 40,000 rpm (Eppendorf himac CP100NX) for 30 min at 4℃, and further removed by passage through 0.45 μm filter.
[0069] BeyoGoldTM His-tag Purification Resin (Beyotime) was washed with 10 volumes wash buffer and added into a column. 200 mL of clarified cell lysate was added into the column in flow-through mode. Then the BeyoGoldTM beads were washed with 10 column volumes of wash buffer (50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10% (v / v) glycerol) and eluted with 10 column volumes of elution buffer (50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10% (v / v) glycerol, 250 mM imidazole) . The eluted buffer was further purified with Streptavidin beads ( 50%suspension (IBA Lifescience) ) as described below.
[0070] 50%suspension (IBA Lifescience) was washed with 10 volumes wash buffer and added into a column. Eluted buffer from Ni-NTA resin purification was added into column in flow-through mode. Then, the beads were washed with 10 column volumes of wash buffer (50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10% (v / v) glycerol) and eluted with 10 column volumes of elution buffer (50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) , 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) , and 10%(v / v) glycerol, 100 mM biotin, 2 mM EDTA) .
[0071] 1.3 RdRp Enzymatic Activity Assay and Its Inhibition by Nucleotide Analogs. In this assay, a fluorescence-labeled short RNA oligonucleotide, referred to as LS2U, with the sequence 5'-FAM-GUCAUUCUCCUAAGAAGCUU-3', was used as the primer strand. For the template strand, a longer RNA oligonucleotide named LS15A, with the sequence 5'-CUAUCCCCAUGUGAUUUUACAAGCUUCUUAGGAGAAUGAC-3', was employed. The SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, purified from insect cells, was utilized at a final concentration of 1 μM. The RdRp was incubated with 0.1 μM of the LS2U-LS15A, double-stranded RNA and 100 μM of rNTPs (ribonucleotide triphosphates) in a reaction buffer. This buffer included 1.14 U / μl RNase inhibitor and was composed of 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5) , 15 mM NaCl, and 5 mM MgCl2. All components were prepared with RNase-free water to ensure the purity of the reaction. The total volume of the reaction mixture was maintained at 10 μL.
[0072] After a 10-minute incubation period at 37℃, a 4 μL aliquot of the reaction mixture was combined with 4 μL of 2x RNA loading buffer, which included formamide and EDTA. The combined sample (8 μL in total) was then loaded onto a 10%Urea-PAGE gel for denaturation analysis. Electrophoresis was conducted at 300V for 20 minutes, followed by imaging with a LI-COR Odyssey M Imager.
[0073] The procedure for evaluating the inhibition of the RdRp enzymatic activity by nucleotide analogs uses the RdRp enzymatic assay described above with one modification –in each inhibition assay, each nucleotide analog was introduced at a final concentration of 100 μM, replacing the corresponding NTP.
[0074] 1.4 Exonuclease Activity Assays with Nucleotide Analog Substitution. The 5′-fluorescein-labeled RNA oligonucleotide, LS2U, previously mentioned in the RdRp Enzymatic Activity Assay, was prepared at a concentration of 0.1 μM. LS2U was combined with an equimolar amount of the complementary RNA strand, LS15A. The LS2U-LS15A duplex was then introduced into a reaction buffer composed of 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5) and 5 mM MgCl2. The enzymatic reaction was initiated by the addition of 1 μM of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) complex and a rNTP mix at a concentration of 100 μM, with each nucleotide analog substituting for the corresponding rNTP. The mixture was incubated at 37℃ for 10 minutes to form stalled RNA products. This was followed by the addition of a series of dilutions of the nsp14 / 10 complex, with a further incubation at 37℃ for an additional 10 minutes. The reactions were halted by the introduction of 2x RNA loading buffer. The resulting reaction products were resolved on a 10%TB-Urea polyacrylamide gel and were visualized using a LI-COR Odyssey M Imager. Example 2 -Nucleoside Analogs Terminate RNA Synthesis by SARS-CoV-2 RNA Polymerase
[0075] In exploring the potential antiviral mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, the effects of various chemically modified nucleoside analogs on the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) were investigated. The modifications of these analogs were designed to interfere with the natural RNA synthesis process. 2’ OMe-GTP, 2’ OMe-UTP, 2’OMe-ATP, and 2’ OMe-CTP were modified with a 2'-O-methyl group on the ribose sugar (Figure 1C) . Use of these analogs resulted in immediate termination of RNA synthesis upon integration into the growing RNA chain, evident from the truncated products observed during gel electrophoresis (Figure 1B: lanes 7, 12, 16, and 19) . 3'-dGTP, 3'-dUTP, 3'-dATP and 3'-dCTP lacking the crucial 3'-hydroxy group necessary for phosphodiester bond formation (Figure 1C) , similarly led to immediate chain termination, underscoring their robust inhibitory effect on RdRp activity (Figure 1B: lanes 10, 15, 18, and 21) . The addition of 5-Methyl-3'-dUTP, which bears a methyl group at the 5' position of the uracil base and is also devoid of the 3'-hydroxy group (Figure 1C) , consistently terminated RNA elongation immediately, further validating the termination effect of a missing 3'-hydroxy group (Figure 1B: lane 14) . In contrast, 6-Aza-UTP, with a nitrogen atom replacing the carbon at the 6-position of uracil (Figure 1C) , acted as a delayed chain terminator (Figure 1B: lane 11) . The polymerase extended several nucleotides past the incorporation point of this analog before halting, indicating a disruption to the enzyme's processivity that is not immediately detrimental (Figure 1B: lane 11) . Each of 2'-F-dGTP, 2'-F-dUTP, 2'-F-dATP and 2'-F-dCTP contains a fluorine atom at the 2'position of the ribose (Figure 1C) , which did not disrupt the elongation process post-incorporation, suggesting that this modification cannot be utilized in therapeutic designs where complete chain termination is desired (Figure 1B: lanes 8, 13, 17, and 20) . Conversely, 3'- (O-Propargyl) -GTP, with a propargyl group linked to the 3'oxygen of the ribose (Figure 1C) , showed no incorporation in the RNA chain, suggesting a possible steric or chemical incompatibility with the RdRp, leading to a non-productive enzyme-nucleotide complex (Figure 1B: lane 9) . These diverse effects –ranging from immediate to delayed termination, as well as complete non-incorporation –illustrate the range of potential interactions between RdRp and modified nucleoside analogs. The termination patterns of these analogs highlight their potential for the development of targeted antiviral therapies, leveraging their structural modifications to disrupt the viral replication machinery. Example 3 -Resistance of RdRp Inhibitors to nsp14 / nsp10 Exonuclease Activity
[0076] The proofreading ability of SARS-CoV-2 poses a challenge for the development of nucleotide analogs and corresponding nucleoside analog antiviral drugs. Hence, this Example relates to evaluating the ability of RdRp-inhibiting nucleoside analogs to resist proofreading degradation by the nsp14 / nsp10 exonuclease complex of SARS-CoV-2. Among the analogs tested in Example 2 above (see Figures 1B and 1C) , only the 3'-dGTP, 3'-dUTP, 3'-dATP, 3'-dCTP, and 5-Methyl-3'-dUTP resisted degradation with increasing concentrations of nsp14 / nsp10 (Figure 2C and 2D) . The presence of a 5-methyl group confers enhanced resistance to cleavage on 3'-dUTP (Figure 2E) . These analogs also produced terminated RNA chains when incubated with RdRp (Figure 1B) . The results suggest that the absence of a 3'hydroxy group may confer some protective effect against exonuclease-mediated degradation.
[0077] In contrast, terminated products resulting from incorporation of 2'OMe-NTP (Figure 2B) and 6-Aza-UTP (Figure 2C) did not resist degradation by nsp14 / nsp10. As shown in Figures 2B and 2C, the gel bands that correspond to the terminated RNA products from these reactions were reduced in the presence of increasing concentrations of nsp14 / nsp10.
[0078] These findings highlight the unique potential of 3’-deoxy nucleotide analogs for developing antiviral strategies that could bypass the viral proofreading mechanism, which is critical for the fidelity of viral replication. References
[0079] The following references relate to the Examples above. 1. Das, G., Harikrishna, S., &Gore, K. R. (2022) . Influence of Sugar Modifications on the Nucleoside Conformation and Oligonucleotide Stability: A Critical Review. Chem Rec, 22 (12) , e202200174. doi: 10.1002 / tcr. 202200174 2.H illen, H. S., Kokic, G., Farnung, L., Dienemann, C., Tegunov, D., &Cramer, P. (2020) . Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. Nature, 584 (7819) , 154-156. doi: 10.1038 / s41586-020-2368-8 3. Kabinger, F., Stiller, C., Schmitzova, J., Dienemann, C., Kokic, G., Hillen, H. S., ... Cramer, P. (2021) . Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 28 (9) , 740-746. doi: 10.1038 / s41594-021-00651-0 4. Liu, C., Shi, W., Becker, S.T., Schatz, D.G., Liu, B., &Yang, Y. (2021) . Structural basis of mismatch recognition by a SARS-CoV-2 proofreading enzyme. Science, 373 (6559) , 1142-1146. doi: 10.1126 / science. abi9310 5. Moeller, N.H., Shi, K., Demir, O., Belica, C., Banerjee, S., Yin, L., ... Aihara, H. (2022) . Structure and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 proofreading exoribonuclease ExoN. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 119 (9) . doi: 10.1073 / pnas. 2106379119 6. Rasmussen, H.B., Jurgens, G., Thomsen, R., Taboureau, O., Zeth, K., Hansen, P.E., & Hansen, P.R. (2021) . Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Phosphorylation of GS-441524: Implications for Its Effectiveness against COVID-19. Viruses, 13 (7) . doi: 10.3390 / v13071369 7. Sanderson, T., Hisner, R., Donovan-Banfield, I., Hartman, H., Lochen, A., Peacock, T.P., & Ruis, C. (2023) . A molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in global SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Nature, 623 (7987) , 594-600. doi: 10.1038 / s41586-023-06649-6 8. Shannon, A., Fattorini, V., Sama, B., Selisko, B., Feracci, M., Falcou, C., ... Canard, B. (2022) . A dual mechanism of action of AT-527 against SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. Nat Commun, 13 (1) , 621. doi: 10.1038 / s41467-022-28113-1 9. Shannon, A., Selisko, B., Le, N.T., Huchting, J., Touret, F., Piorkowski, G., ... Canard, B. (2020) . Rapid incorporation of Favipiravir by the fast and permissive viral RNA polymerase complex results in SARS-CoV-2 lethal mutagenesis. Nat Commun, 11 (1) , 4682. doi: 10.1038 / s41467-020-18463-z 10. Yang, H., &Rao, Z. (2021) . Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol, 19 (11) , 685-700. doi: 10.1038 / s41579-021-00630-8 11. Yin, W., Mao, C., Luan, X., Shen, D.D., Shen, Q., Su, H., ... Xu, H.E. (2020) . Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir. Science, 368 (6498) , 1499-1504. doi: 10.1126 / science. abc1560
[0080] All publications, issued patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
[0081] It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, cell lines, animal species or genera, and reagents described, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, which will be limited only by the appended claims.
Claims
1.A method of suppressing virus proliferation in a cell comprising:i) contacting the cell with at least one nucleoside analog; wherein the at least one nucleoside analog comprises a substitution at the 3' hydroxy group of the nucleoside analog ribose, and each of the at least one nucleoside analog is converted to a nucleotide analog; andii) incorporating at least one nucleotide analog into an RNA chain during synthesis, thereby suppressing the virus proliferation; wherein the RNA chain comprising the at least one nucleotide analog is resistant to exonuclease, thereby terminating elongation of the RNA chain, thereby suppressing the virus proliferation.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is in the presence of a virus.3.A method of suppressing a viral infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one nucleoside analog and a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, whereini) the at least one nucleoside analog comprises a substitution at the 3' hydroxy group of the nucleoside analog ribose, and each of the at least one nucleoside analog is converted to a nucleotide analog;ii) at least one nucleotide analog is incorporated into a virus RNA chain, thereby terminating elongation of the virus RNA chain; andiii) the virus RNA chain comprising the at least one nucleotide analog is resistant to exonuclease, and the viral infection is thereby suppressed.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the substitution at the 3' hydroxy group of the nucleotide analog ribose is a hydrogen.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one nucleotide analog comprises a methyl group on the fifth position of the nucleotide analog nucleobase.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one nucleotide analog comprises 3'-dGTP, 3'-dUTP, 3'-dATP, 3'-dCTP, and / or 5-methyl-3’ -dUTP.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein termination of RNA elongation occurs after incorporation of the at least one nucleotide analog into the RNA chain.8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein each of the at least one nucleotide analog is converted from a nucleoside analog by phosphorylation.9.The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the exonuclease is a virus exonuclease.10.The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the virus is a coronavirus or the viral infection is a coronavirus infection.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the coronavirus is a SARS-CoV-2.
Citation Information
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