Methods for treating cancer
The anti-CTLA4/CD47 bispecific antibody addresses the limitations of current checkpoint inhibitors by synergistically targeting CTLA4 and CD47, enhancing tumor treatment efficacy with improved safety profiles.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Current immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA4 and CD47 have limited therapeutic windows, leading to narrow efficacy and safety issues, such as immune-related adverse effects and hematotoxicities, hindering their broad application in cancer treatment.
Development of an anti-CTLA4/CD47 bispecific antibody with specific amino acid sequences that bind to both CTLA4 and CD47, administered at doses ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 25.0 mg/kg, which synergistically depletes tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells and enhances anti-tumor activity while minimizing adverse effects.
The bispecific antibody demonstrates superior anti-tumor activity with reduced immune-related adverse effects and hematotoxicities, offering a broader therapeutic window compared to single-targeting agents.
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Figure PCTCN2025121997-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
METHODS FOR TREATING CANCER1. Related Applications
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 119472, filed September 18, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 2. Reference to Sequence Listing Submitted Electronically
[0002] This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing as an XML file entitled “720A009WO02_SL. XML” created on September 12, 2025 and having a size of 122, 709 bytes.3. Field
[0003] The present invention relates to molecular biology and cell biology. Provided herein include methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject.4. Background
[0004] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a promising class of molecules for therapeutic development (e.g., those targeting PD-l, Tim-3, and CTLA4) . Despite the success of checkpoint inhibitors such as and and others, the current therapeutics that target CTLA4 or CD47 only had limited success (mainly in melanoma) , due to their narrow therapeutic windows. As such, there is an urgent unmet need for additional cancer therapeutics with improved efficacy and safety, especially those that target CTLA4 and / or CD47. The methods provided in this disclosure address this need and provide related advantages.5. Summary
[0005] Provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject; wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; and wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of body weight of the subject. In some embodiments, (i) the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively; and (ii) the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0006] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH and a heavy chain constant region (CH) ; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain and an Fc region. In some embodiments, (1) C1 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) C2 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a C3 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52 and 53, respectively.
[0007] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, and about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, more than one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered. In some embodiments, at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the bispecific antibody are administered. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administered at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administered as a liquid formulation. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administered by intravenous infusion. In some embodiments, one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered over 60 to 120 minutes. In some embodiments, one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered over about 90 minutes.
[0008] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administered in combination with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered concurrently with the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody is pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody is pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab is administered as a dose of about 200 mg. In some embodiments, the pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab is administered about once every 3 weeks.
[0009] Provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody disclosed herein to the subject. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is infiltrated with immune cell. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, cancer is relapsed, resistant or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.
[0010] In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject has received an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.
[0011] In some embodiments, methods provided herein (1) deplete tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (2) increase cytokine level in TME; (3) enhance T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (4) enhance macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (5) enhance dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or any combination of (1) - (5) . In some embodiments, methods provided herein (1) selectively eliminate CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (2) have a low risk to trigger immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) ; (3) have a low risk to trigger Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) ; or (4) have reduced hematologic toxicity; or any combination of (1) to (4) .6. Brief Description of Drawings
[0012] FIG. 1 provides results in a target gene humanized syngeneic mouse colon carcinoma model (MC38-hCD47 model inoculated in hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPα HuGEMM mice) showing the in vivo anti-tumor activities of HX044. Tumor growth was measured twice a week and is shown as average tumor size per group ± SEM. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0013] FIG. 2 provides results in a target gene humanized syngeneic mouse melanoma model (B16F10-hCD47 model inoculated in hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPα HuGEMM mice) showing the in vivo anti-tumor activities of HX044. Tumor growth was measured twice a week and is shown as average tumor size per group ± SEM. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0014] FIG. 3 provides flow cytometry results showing the tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TIL) collected from mice at the end of the treatment in the syngeneic mouse model (B16F10-hCD47 model inoculated in hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPα mice) . Ipilimumab analog and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0015] FIG. 4 provides flow cytometry results showing effects on lymphocytes composition by HX044 treatment in a syngeneic mouse model (hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPα HuGeMM C57BL / 6J mice) . Ipilimumab analog and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0016] FIG. 5 provides the results of an in vivo study demonstrating the effects of combining HX044 with an anti–PD-1 antibody in C57BL / 6 mice bearing MC38 tumors.
[0017] FIG. 6 provides a schematic overview illustrating the Phase I and Phase IIa trial design.
[0018] FIG. 7 provides a schematic overview illustrating the accelerated titration stage and traditional 3+3 stage.7. Detailed Description
[0019] Provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject. Also disclosed herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject. Combination therapies with anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies are also disclosed herein.
[0020] Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA4) is a classic immune checkpoint that function to suppress T-cell function through blockade of costimulatory receptors B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) on antigen presenting cells (APCs) interacting with co-activator CD28 on T-cells. CTLA4 is constitutively expressed in tumor-infiltrate (TIL) Treg at high levels, higher than in normal blood compartments and also than in activated CD8+ effector T-cells (Teff) within tumor microenvironment (TME) . It is also understood that anti-CTLA4 antibodies block the CTLA4 binding to its ligands of CD80 / CD86 on APCs, resulting in release of CD80 / CD86 mediated secondary signal and reactivation of effective T cells. On the other hand, ADCC effect and / or macrophage mediated depletion of tumor-infiltrated regulatory T cell (Treg) and the remodeling of innate immunity in TME through Fcγ receptor (FcγR) -engagement have also been proved to contribute to CTLA4 antitumor activity. However, currently, anti-CTLA4 antibodies have yet to be broadly successful in cancer treatment due to their narrow therapeutic window, mostly due to high immune related adverse effect (irAE) in system.
[0021] CD47, a “don’ t eat me” receptor, is over-expressed in many human cancers. Together with its ligand on the surface of phagocytic cells, including macrophage and dendric cells (DCs) , CD47 constitutes a key innate, as well as adaptive, immune checkpoint protein and a promising immunotherapy target. Targeting CD47 via anti-CD47 antibody or CD47-trap (i.e., signal regulatory protein α or SIRPα) has also been widely tested, but has thus far yet to demonstrate success in the clinics, also due to its narrow therapeutic window. For one thing, due to the broad CD47 expression on megakaryocytes and erythrocytes, targeting CD47 was found to be associated with dose limiting hematotoxicities (DLT) , e.g., anemia and thrombocytopenia.
[0022] The anti-hCTLA4 / hCD47 bispecific antibody disclosed herein showed synergistic activity in promoting depletion of TIL-Treg and superior anti-tumor activities compared to agents that target either hCTLA4 and hCD47, and very limited hematoxicities and immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) . With a greater therapeutic window than the single-targeting agents, the dual targeting bsAb disclosed herein could serve as safer and more effective therapeutic against cancer.
[0023] Programmed Cell Death 1 protein (PD-1) , also known as DCD1, Programmed Cell Death 1, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility 2, Protein PD-1, HPD-1, CD279 Antigen; HPD-L; HSLE1, or SLEB2, is a cell surface receptor that belongs to the CD28 family of receptors and is expressed on T cells and pro-B cells. PD-1, functioning as an immune checkpoint, plays an important role in down-regulating the immune system by inhibiting the activation of T-cells, which in turn reduces autoimmunity and promotes self-tolerance. PD-1 is known to bind two ligands, Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Programmed Death-Ligand 2 (PD-L2) . PD-L1 is a member of the B7-family of protein that plays a role in suppressing an immune response during particular events. PD-L1 is expressed on a variety of cells, including normal tissues, immune cells and many types of cancer cells. PD-L1 is widely recognized for its role in immune evasion by tumors. High expression of PD-L1 on tumors is often associated with poor prognosis, as it can enable cancer cells to escape immune surveillance. The binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 transmits an inhibitory signal which reduces the proliferation of the PD-1 expressing T cells. PD-L1 is expressed by a variety of cancer cells and the expression thereof is thought to be at least in part responsible for a dampening of an immune response against the cancer cell. Drugs that block PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction are used as immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. A number of antibodies that block the activity of PD-1 or PD-L1 activate the immune system to attack tumors and are therefore used with success to treat some types of cancer.
[0024] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. 7.1 Definitions
[0025] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0026] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0027] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include “A and B, ” “A or B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0028] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In certain embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0029] The terms “peptide chain, ” “peptide, ” “polypeptide, ” “protein, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0030] As used herein and understood in the art, an “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds a target (e.g., a protein) through at least one antigen-binding fragment which is typically within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. An “antibody” can be of many different types and structures. For example, antibodies can be polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, or any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen-binding site. Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, mouse antibodies, camel antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. An antibody can be any of the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) , based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term “antibody” as used herein includes “antigen-binding fragment” of intact antibodies. The term “antigen-binding fragment” as used herein refers to a peptide fragment that specifically binds to an antigen, which can be derived from an antibody, a receptor, or any naturally existing or engineered binding domain that retains specific binding to its target antigen. In some embodiments, such fragments comprise the antigenic determining variable region of an intact antibody. Examples of antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F (ab’) 2, Fv, linear antibodies, single chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv) , heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , single variable domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , and single variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHH) . The term encompasses non-immunoglobulin binding domains engineered or derived from naturally occurring receptors that specifically recognize the same target. For example, antigen-binding fragments targeting CD47 include extracellular domains of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) -such as the N-terminal Ig-like V-set domain (D1) , a D1–D2 tandem, or variants, isoforms, orthologs, and fragments thereof-that specifically bind CD47.
[0031] As used herein and understood in the art, a “bispecific” antibody is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different antigen binding fragments. The two different antigen binding fragments specifically bind two different target antigens. Bispecific antibodies can be formed from antibody fragments. As used herein, an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody refers to a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to both CTLA4 and CD47.
[0032] The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized (see, e.g., FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N. Y. (1989) ) . Typically, immunoglobulins comprise two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L; low molecular weight) chains and one pair of heavy (H; high molecular weight) chains, all four inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
[0033] Each light chain of an immunoglobulin typically includes a light chain variable region ( “VL region” ) and a light chain constant region ( “CL region” ) . There are two distinct types of light chains, referred to as kappa (κ) of lambda (λ) based on the amino acid sequence of the CL region. The amino acid sequences of the CL regions are well known in the art.
[0034] Each heavy chain typically includes a heavy chain variable region (a “VH region” ) and a heavy chain constant region (a “CH region” ) . The VH region can be one of five distinct types, referred to as alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) and mu (μ) , based on the amino acid sequence. When combined with a light chain, these distinct types of heavy chains give rise to five well known classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, respectively. There are four subclasses of IgG, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The amino acid sequences of the CH regions of different classes of antibodies are well known in the art.
[0035] The CH region of immunoglobulins comprise more than one domain. For example, the CH region of an IgG antibody is comprised of three domains, heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , heavy chain constant domain 2 (CH2) , and heavy chain constant domain 3 (CH3) . The highly flexible region between the CH1 and CH2 domains is referred to as the “hinge region. ” Disulfide bonds in the hinge region are part of the interactions between two heavy chains in an immunoglobulin. The “Fc region” refers to the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. In IgG, IgA and IgD isotypes, the Fc region is comprised of the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2–4) . The amino acid sequences of the Fc region of human IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE, and subtypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The native Fc regions can be modified. Modification of the Fc regions are further described below. In some embodiments, a bispecific antibody provided herein can comprise paired Fc domains comprising paired different modifications that promote their association with each other, instead of forming homodimers.
[0036] Unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context, reference to amino acid positions in the constant regions is according to the EU-numbering (Edelman et al., PNAS. 1969; 63: 78-85, Kabat et al., SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, Fifth Edition. 1991 NIH Publication No. 91-3242) . A list of exemplary amino acid sequences for constant domains / regions of the human IgG antibodies is provided below. Some exemplary variants are also included, with more variants disclosed in sections below.
[0037] Table 1. Native human IgG constant regions / domains.
[0038] The term “variable region” refers to a portion of the light or heavy chains of an immunoglobulin that is generally located at the amino-terminal of the light or heavy chain and used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variable region of a light chain is referred to as a “light chain variable region” or “VL region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “light chain variable domain” or “VL. ” The variable region of a heavy chain is referred to as a “heavy chain variable region” or “VH region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “heavy chain variable domain” or “VH. ” The variable domains differ extensively in sequence between different antibodies. A “pair of VL and VH” can associate with each other and form a binding site that specifically binds the target antigen or epitope.
[0039] The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . The variability in sequence is concentrated in the CDRs while the less variable portions in the variable domain are referred to as framework regions (FR) . The CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction of the antibody with antigen. Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk, J Mol Biol 1987; 196: 901-17) .
[0040] A CDR refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VH β-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VL β-sheet framework. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions have been developed and refined over years and include Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Kabat et al, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6609-6616 (1977) ; Kabat, Adv. Prot. Chem. 32: 1-75 (1978) ) . Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs.
[0041] The term “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins. In some instances, the variable region residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody from a non-human species. In some instances, residues of the CDRs are replaced by residues from the CDRs of a non-human species (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, camel, rabbit, goat, shark, llama) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The humanized antibody can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the variable region and / or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The term “human antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody produced by a human or an antibody having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an antibody produced by a human made using any of the techniques known in the art.
[0042] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a protein or a polypeptide with particular sequence features (the “reference protein” or “reference polypeptide” ) refers to a different protein or polypeptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. A functional fragment or a functional variant of a protein or polypeptide maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference protein or polypeptide.
[0043] The term “specifically binds, ” as used herein, means that a polypeptide or molecule interacts more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration, with greater affinity, or with some combination of the above to the epitope, protein, or target molecule than with alternative substances, including related and unrelated proteins. A binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a target molecule (e.g., antigen) can be identified, for example, by immunoassays, ELISAs, Bio-Layer Interferometry ( “BLI” ) , SPR (e.g., Biacore) , or other techniques known to those of skill in the art. Typically, a specific reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and can be more than 10 times background. See, e.g., Paul, ed., 1989, Fundamental Immunology Second Edition, Raven Press, New York at pages 332-336 for a discussion regarding antibody specificity. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means, for instance, that a binding moiety binds a molecule target with a KD of about 0.1 mM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 10 μM or less or about 1 μM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 0.1 μM or less, about 0.01 μM or less, or about 1 nM or less. Because of the sequence identity between homologous proteins in different species, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes a protein or target in more than one species. Likewise, because of homology within certain regions of polypeptide sequences of different proteins, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes more than one protein or target.
[0044] The term “binding affinity” as used herein generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a binding moiety and a target molecule (e.g., antigen) . The binding of a binding moiety and a target molecule is a reversible process, and the affinity of the binding is typically reported as an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) . KD is the ratio of a dissociation rate (koff or kd) to the association rate (kon or ka) . The lower the KD of a binding pair, the higher the affinity. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Specific illustrative embodiments include the following. In some embodiments, the “KD” or “KD value” can be measured by assays known in the art, for example by a binding assay. The KD may be measured in a radiolabeled antigen binding assay (RIA) (Chen, et al., (1999) J. Mol Biol 293: 865-881) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, the Gator system (Probe Life) , or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays (SPR) by Biacore, using, for example, a BIAcoreTM-2000 or a BIAcoreTM-3000 BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) . The binding affinity can also be quantified with EC50, which is the concentration of ligand at which half of the target is present in the bound state in a binding assay.
[0045] The term “CD47 positive” or “CD47+” as used herein in connection with a cell refers to a cell with detectable CD47 expression. In some embodiments, the cell has detectable CD47 expression on its surface. The term “CD47 positive” or “CD47+” as used herein in connection with a cancer or tumor refers to a cancer or tumor having cells with detectable CD47 expression. The term “CTLA4 positive” or “CTLA4+” as used herein in connection with a cell refers to a cell with detectable CTLA4 expression. In some embodiments, the cell has detectable CTLA4 expression on its surface. The term “CTLA4 positive” or “CTLA4+” as used herein in connection with a cancer or tumor refers to a cancer or tumor having cells with detectable CTLA4 expression. A person of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine whether a cancer or tumor has CD47 expression and / or CTLA4 expression using any methods known and available in the art, including, for example, immunohistochemistry (IHC) , immunocytochemistry (ICC) , an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , flow cytometry (FACS) , etc.
[0046] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-1000 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0047] A polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated polypeptides, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors, cells, or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure.
[0048] The term “treat” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition refer to an action, intervention and / or measure that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or disorder being treated. Treatment of osteoporosis can suppress, eliminate, reduce, or ameliorate the symptoms associated with osteoporosis. These symptoms primarily include bone loss, decreased bone density, and an increased risk of fractures, and the treatment aims to slow down the rate of bone loss, strengthen the bones, and reduce the likelihood of fractures.
[0049] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be a compound, a polypeptide, an antibody, a cell, or a population of cells. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0050] The terms “effective amount, ” “therapeutically effective amount, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount that is capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject. The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects. The exact amount required varies from subject to subject, depending on the age, weight, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the judgment of the clinician, and the like. An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
[0051] The term “combination” or its grammatical equivalents as used herein in connection with treatments or therapies means the use of multiple therapeutic agents or approaches to treat a single disease or condition. The treatments can include drugs, radiation, surgery, or other modalities, administered concurrently or sequentially over an extended period, potentially with overlapping treatment cycles. Combination therapies can offer a variety of therapeutic benefits. In some embodiments, the combination of different therapies can work together synergistically. For instance, one drug can alter the disease state or biological environment in a way that enhances the effectiveness of another drug or treatment approach. In some embodiments, the combination therapy can help reduce the overall toxicity compared to monotherapy by allowing lower doses of each agent or by managing side effects more effectively. In some embodiments, combination therapy can prevent or delay the development of resistance. Using multiple therapies that target different pathways or mechanisms can make it harder for the disease to adapt and become resistant.
[0052] When one subject is administered with a combination therapy, the two, three or more therapeutic modalities can be administered “concurrently” or “sequentially. ” As used herein, “concurrent” administration means that the two therapies during the same or overlapping time frame. Two therapies that are administered concurrently may or may not start at the same time or end at the same time. In contrast, “sequential” administration means that the second therapy is administered after the conclusion of the first therapy, without any overlapping treatment period.
[0053] The term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. Mammals include, but are not limited to, farm animals, sport animals, pets, primates, horses, dogs, cats, mice and rats. A human subject who needs the treatment may be a human subject having, at risk for, or suspected of having a disease. A subject having a disease can be identified by routine medical examination, e.g., a physical examination, a laboratory test, an organ functional test, a CT scan, or an ultrasound. A subject suspected of having any of such a disease can show one or more symptoms of the disease. A subject at risk for the disease can be a subject having one or more of the risk factors for that disease. A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition.
[0054] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0055] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) . 7.2 Compositions
[0056] Provided herein are compositions comprising the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are useful in treating cancer.
[0057] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise a bispecific antibody comprising (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise a bispecific antibody comprising (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0058] Table 2A: VL / VH of exemplary anti-CTLA4 antibodies and CDRs
[0059] Table 2B: SIRPα domain
[0060] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise a bispecific antibody comprising (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise a bispecific antibody comprising (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, i.e., HX044. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is isolated. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is substantially pure. The method for preparation of bispecific antibody is well known in the art.
[0061] Table 3: Amino acid sequences of peptide chains of HX044
[0062] Provided herein are also compositions comprising an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody, which can be used in combination with the bispecific antibodies disclosed in the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0063] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody can be nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, penpulimab, zimberelimab, serplulimab, pucotenlimab, finotonlimab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cosibelimab, sugemalimab, envafolimab, adebrelimab, socazolimab, or tagitanlimab. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and nivolumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and pembrolizumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and cemiplimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and dostarlimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and retifanlimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and toripalimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and tislelizumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and camrelizumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and sintilimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and penpulimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and zimberelimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and serplulimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and pucotenlimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and nivolumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and finotonlimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and atezolizumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and durvalumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and avelumab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and cosibelimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and sugemalimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and envafolimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and adebrelimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and socazolimab or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, provided here are compositions comprising HX044 or a variant thereof and tagitanlimab or a variant thereof.
[0064] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is pucotenlimab. Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions having a therapeutically effective amount of pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions having a therapeutically effective amount of HX044 and a therapeutically effective amount of pucotenlimab, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0065] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a material that is suitable for drug administration to an individual along with an active agent without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 19th edition, 1995.
[0066] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise HX044. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are available in liquid form, such as infusion solutions. HX044 can be present at various concentrations. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise HX044 at about 0.05-100 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise HX044 at about 1-20 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise HX044 at about 0.5 mg / mL, about 1.0 mg / mL, about 2.0 mg / mL, about 3.0 mg / mL, about 4.0 mg / mL, about 5.0 mg / mL, about 6.0 mg / mL, about 7.0 mg / mL, about 8.0 mg / mL, about 9.0 mg / mL, about 10.0 mg / mL, about 11.0 mg / mL, about 12.0 mg / mL, about 13.0 mg / mL, about 14.0 mg / mL, about 15.0 mg / mL, about 16.0 mg / mL, about 17.0 mg / mL, about 18.0 mg / mL, about 19.0 mg / mL, about 20.0 mg / mL, about 21.0 mg / mL, about 22.0 mg / mL, about 23.0 mg / mL, about 24.0 mg / mL, or about 25.0 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise HX044 at about 10.0 mg / mL.
[0067] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are available in liquid form, such as infusion solutions. The anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can be present at various concentrations. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) at about 0.05-100 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) at about 1-20 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) at about 0.05 mg / mL, about 1 mg / mL, about 2 mg / mL, about 3 mg / mL, about 4 mg / mL, about 5 mg / mL, about 6 mg / mL, about 7 mg / mL, about 8 mg / mL, about 9 mg / mL, about 10 mg / mL, about 15 mg / mL, or about 20 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) at about 10 mg / mL.
[0068] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that can be used in compositions provided herein include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. In some embodiments, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) . Depending on the route of administration, the active ingredient (e.g., HX044, or HX044 and pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can be coated in a material to protect the active ingredient from the action of acids and other natural conditions that can inactivate the active ingredient.
[0069] In some embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical compositions in liquid form suitable for infusion. In some embodiments, a single dose of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein is about 5 ml of the liquid formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is infused with a solvent for infusion. In some embodiments, the solvent can be sterile water, normal saline (0.9%sodium chloride) , dextrose solutions, or buffer solutions (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline) , or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is normal saline (0.9%sodium chloride) .
[0070] In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions provided herein are provided in single dose units. A “single dose unit” refers to a specific amount or quantity of a drug substance (e.g., HX044, or HX044 and pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) that is intended to be administered as a single dose to an individual. It is a premeasured unit designed for one-time consumption or application. A single dose unit can be a vial, an ampoule, a pre-filled needle or a pre-filled syringe for injection. A single dose unit can be in the form of liquid solution or lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, the single dose unit comprises HX044 in the amount of: about 5 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, or about 100 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit comprises HX044 in the amount of about 5 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit comprises HX044 in the amount of about 25 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit comprises HX044 in the amount of about 50 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit comprises HX044 in the amount of about 75 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit comprises HX044 in the amount of about 100 mg.
[0071] In some embodiments, the single dose unit comprises an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody in the amount of: about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 800 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1500 mg, or about 1800 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit comprises the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) in the amount of about 200 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit can comprise HX044 in the amount of: about 5 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 800 mg, or about 1000 mg, and the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) in the amount of about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, or about 400 mg. In some embodiments, a single dose unit can comprise HX044 in the amount of about 500 mg and pucotenlimab of about 200 mg. 7.3 Methods for treating cancer
[0072] Provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0073] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, i.e., HX044.
[0074] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is isolated. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is substantially pure. The method for preparation of bispecific antibody is well known in the art.
[0075] The present disclosure further contemplates variants and equivalents of the bispecific antibodies provided herein having at least one of the following features: (i) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%of the amino acid sequence identity; (ii) having the same CDRs; (iii) only comprising the conservative amino acid substitution and / or the non-conservative amino acid substitution that does not interfere with the biological activity. For example, variants and equivalents of HX044 having at least one of the following features: (i) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52 and 53, respectively; (ii) having the same CDRs of SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 52; (iii) only comprising the conservative amino acid substitution and / or the non-conservative amino acid substitution that does not interfere with the biological activity.
[0076] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered at a dose of no more than about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, or from about 15 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies (e.g., HX044) are administered at a dose ranging from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. The bispecific antibodies can be administered at a dose ranging or from about 15.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0077] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies (e.g., HX044) are administered at a dose selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 18.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, and about 25 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 0.5 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 1.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 2.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 3.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 4.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 5.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 6.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 7.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 8.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 9.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 10.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 11.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 12.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 13.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 14.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 15.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 16.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 17.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 18.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 19.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 20.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 21.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 22.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 23.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 24.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0078] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, more than one dose of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered to the subject. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered at a dosing interval. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is fixed during the treatment of the methods provided herein. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 18 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 19 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 20 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 21 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 22 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 23 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 24 days.
[0079] In some embodiments, more than one dose of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered to the subject. In some embodiments, at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 4 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 8 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 12 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 16 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 20 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 24 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 28 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 32 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the bispecific antibodies are administered to the subject during the treatment. In some embodiments, 1 dose is administered. In some embodiments, 2 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 3 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 4 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 5 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 6 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 7 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 8 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 9 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 10 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 11 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 12 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 13 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 14 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 15 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 16 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 17 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 18 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 19 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 20 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 21 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 22 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 23 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 24 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 25 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 26 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 27 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 28 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 29 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 30 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 31 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 32 doses are administered. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody is administered to the subject until disease progression.
[0080] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 3 months. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 6 months. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 9 months. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 12 months. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 15 months. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 18 months. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 21 months. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are administered for about 24 months.
[0081] In some embodiments, more than one dose (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses) is administered to the subject, each dose having the same amount of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the amount administered each dose ranges from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the amount administered each dose is selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, and about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 0.1 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 0.5 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 1.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 2.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 4.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 5.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 6.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 7.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 8.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 9.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 10.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 11.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 12.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 13.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 14.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 15.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 16.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 17.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 18.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 19.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 20.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 21.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 22.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 23.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 24.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, each dose includes about 25.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody.
[0082] In some embodiments, more than one dose (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses) is administered to the subject, and the amount of the bispecific antibody administered each dose can vary. In some embodiments, the dose can vary from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the amount of the bispecific antibody administered at a single dosing during the treatment can be 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 0.1 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 0.5 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 1.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 2.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 4.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 8.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 10.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 12.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 15.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 20.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 25.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the subject is administered an initial dose of about 8.0 mg / kg of the bispecific antibody. Following the initial administration, the dose can be escalated to approximately 0.5 mg / kg, 1.0 mg / kg, 2.0 mg / kg, 4.0 mg / kg, 8.0 mg / kg, 10.0 mg / kg, 12.0 mg / kg, 15.0 mg / kg, 20.0 mg / kg, or 25 mg / kg, depending on the treatment protocol and patient response. The dose escalation can occur progressively to ensure optimal efficacy while minimizing potential adverse effects
[0083] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, the bispecific antibody is HX044.
[0084] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) can be administered systemically. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) can be administered by injection. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) can be administered by infusion. The bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) can be administered to a subject by any methods known in the art. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) are administered by parenteral administration. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) are administered intravenous administration.
[0085] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) are administered by infusion. The infusion can be performed using any method known in the art for administering antibodies or treating cancer, including standard cancer treatment infusions. In some embodiments, intravenous (IV) infusion is adopted. In some embodiments, continuous infusion is adopted. Common excipients for antibody infusion can be used for the infusion of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) . In some embodiments, sterile water, normal saline (0.9%sodium chloride) , dextrose solutions, or buffer solutions (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline) , or any combinations thereof can be used for the infusion of the bispecific antibody (e.g., HX044) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody (e.g., HX044) is infused with normal saline (0.9%sodium chloride) .
[0086] The common infusion parameters (e.g., infusion rate, infusion time) known in the art for antibodies can be adopted for the infusion of the bispecific antibodies (e.g., HX044) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are infused over 60 to 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are infused over about 90 minutes. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are infused at a constant infusion rate. In some embodiments, the infusion rate is adjusted during the infusion.
[0087] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, the bispecific antibody is HX044.
[0088] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody. The anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody can be any anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody known in the art. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody can be nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, penpulimab, zimberelimab, serplulimab, pucotenlimab, finotonlimab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cosibelimab, sugemalimab, envafolimab, adebrelimab, socazolimab, or tagitanlimab. Sequence and structure features of these anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody are known in the art; some can be found in Table 4 below.
[0089] Table 4: Amino acid sequences of exemplary anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies
[0090] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with nivolumab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with cemiplimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with dostarlimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with retifanlimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with toripalimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with tislelizumab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with camrelizumab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with sintilimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with penpulimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with zimberelimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with serplulimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with finotonlimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with atezolizumab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with durvalumab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with avelumab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with cosibelimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with sugemalimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with envafolimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with adebrelimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with socazolimab. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with tagitanlimab.
[0091] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 100 mg to about 1800 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 800 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1500 mg, or about 1800 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 200 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 300 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 400 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 500 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 600 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 800 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 1200 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 1500 mg. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 1800 mg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with pucotenlimab, wherein pucotenlimab is administered at a dose of about 200 mg. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) are administered in combination with pembrolizumab, wherein pembrolizumab is administered at a dose of about 200 mg.
[0092] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, more than one dose of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered to the subject. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered at a dosing interval. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is fixed during the treatment of the methods provided herein. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 18 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 19 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 20 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 21 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 22 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 23 days. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is about once every 24 days.
[0093] In some embodiments, more than one dose of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered to the subject. In some embodiments, at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 4 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 8 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 12 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 16 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 20 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 24 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 28 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, at least 32 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered during the treatment. In some embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered to the subject during the treatment. In some embodiments, 1 dose is administered. In some embodiments, 2 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 3 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 4 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 5 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 6 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 7 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 8 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 9 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 10 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 11 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 12 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 13 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 14 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 15 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 16 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 17 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 18 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 19 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 20 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 21 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 22 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 23 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 24 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 25 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 26 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 27 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 28 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 29 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 30 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 31 doses are administered. In some embodiments, 32 doses are administered. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression.
[0094] In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 3 months. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 6 months. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 9 months. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 12 months. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 15 months. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 18 months. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 21 months. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered for about 24 months.
[0095] In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can be administered systemically. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can be administered by injection. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can be administered by infusion. The anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can be administered to a subject by any method known in the art. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered by parenteral administration. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered intravenous administration.
[0096] In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered by infusion. The infusion can be performed using any method known in the art for administering antibodies or treating cancer, including standard cancer treatment infusions. In some embodiments, intravenous (IV) infusion is adopted. In some embodiments, continuous infusion is adopted. Common excipients for antibody infusion can be used for the infusion of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) . In some embodiments, sterile water, normal saline (0.9%sodium chloride) , dextrose solutions, or buffer solutions (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline) , or any combinations thereof can be used for the infusion of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) . In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is infused with normal saline (0.9%sodium chloride) .
[0097] In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) to a subject in need thereof. The administration of therapies can be concurrently or sequentially. In some embodiments, therapies are administered sequentially, for example, HX044 and anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered sequentially. In some embodiments, therapies are administered concurrently, for example, HX044 and the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) and the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can be administered as a single composition, such as a liquid formulation.
[0098] Provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody (e.g., HX044) to the subject, optionally with a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) . In some embodiments, the cancer to be treated by the methods disclosed herein is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a head and neck cancer, such as cancers of the oral cavity nasopharyngeal carcinoma; sinonasal malignancies; salivary gland tumors; thyroid carcinoma; parathyroid carcinoma; tracheal tumors; or esthesioneuroblastoma. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a central nervous system or ocular tumor, such as diffuse gliomas; circumscribed gliomas; ependymoma; medulloblastoma and other embryonal tumors; atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor; primary CNS sarcomas; ocular tumors. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a thoracic malignancy, such as non-small cell lung cancer (adenocarcinoma, squamous, large-cell, sarcomatoid, adenosquamous, and variants) ; small cell lung cancer (including combined histology) ; lung adenocarcinoma, bronchial carcinoid (typical / atypical) and pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma; thymic epithelial tumors; or malignant mesothelioma. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a gastrointestinal or hepatopancreatobiliary cancer; gastric carcinoma; small intestinal adenocarcinoma; ampullary and periampullary carcinomas; colorectal adenocarcinoma; colon cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, appendiceal neoplasms; anal canal carcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma and fibrolamellar carcinoma; cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma; pancreatic malignancies; gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors; or gastrointestinal stromal tumor. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a gynecologic cancer, such as ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma; ovarian sex-cord stromal tumors; ovarian / fallopian / peritoneal germ cell tumors; endometrial carcinoma; uterine sarcomas; cervical carcinoma; vaginal carcinoma; or vulvar carcinoma. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a genitourinary or male reproductive cancer, such as renal cell carcinoma; urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis; urachal carcinoma; prostate adenocarcinoma; testicular germ cell tumors; or adrenocortical carcinoma. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a breast cancer, such as invasive ductal carcinoma or special histologic subtypes. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a cutaneous or adnexal malignancy, such as cutaneous melanoma or mucosal melanoma; non-melanoma skin cancers including basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma; cutaneous adnexal carcinomas; Kaposi sarcoma; cutaneous angiosarcoma; or dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a sarcoma, such as soft-tissue sarcomas or bone sarcomas (osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma / PNET, adamantinoma, malignant giant cell tumor of bone, chordoma) . In some embodiments, the solid tumor is an endocrine or extra-CNS neuroendocrine tumor, such as pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma; pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; or extra-pulmonary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of any site. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a pediatric or developmental tumor, such as neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma; Wilms tumor and other pediatric renal tumors; hepatoblastoma; pleuropulmonary blastoma; pancreatoblastoma; extragonadal germ cell tumors; or pediatric sarcomas and embryonal tumors as described herein. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
[0099] In some embodiments, the cancer to be treated is an advanced cancer or metastatic cancer. As used herein and consistently with the understanding in the art, “advanced cancer” refers to cancer that has grown significantly or spread beyond the primary tumor site but may still be localized to nearby tissues; “metastatic cancer” indicates that the cancer has spread to distant organs or parts of the body. In some embodiments, the cancer to be treated is relapsed, resistant or refractory. As used herein and consistently with the understanding in the art, “relapsed cancer” refers to the reappearance of malignancy after a period of remission or successful initial treatment. This can occur either locally at the primary tumor site or at distant metastatic sites, indicating the ability of residual cancer cells to survive therapy and eventually repopulate. As used herein and consistently with the understanding in the art, “resistant or refractory cancer” refers to cancer that does not respond to therapeutic intervention. In particular, “resistant cancer” refers to cancer that initially responds to a specific treatment but eventually develops resistance, leading to reduced effectiveness over time; whereas “refractory cancer” refers to cancer that does not respond to treatment from the outset, showing no measurable improvement after therapy.
[0100] Provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody (e.g., HX044) to the subject, optionally with a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) . In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer to be treated is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC.
[0101] In some embodiments, the cancer to be treated by methods disclosed herein is refractory to anti-PD-1 and / or anti-PD-L1 treatment. A cancer “resistant or refractory” to anti-PD-1 and / or anti-PD-L1 treatment is one that does not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) or PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) pathways. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant to the anti-PD-1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer is refractory to the anti-PD-1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant to the anti-PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer is refractory to the anti-PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer has progressed during the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer has progressed during the anti-PD-1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer has progressed during the anti-PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer has progressed after the completion of the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer has progressed after the anti-PD-1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer has progressed after the anti-PD-L1 treatment. Accordingly, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody (e.g., HX044) to the subject, wherein the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 and / or anti-PD-L1 treatment.
[0102] Provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody (e.g., HX044) to the subject. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor.
[0103] As used herein and consistently with their understandings in the art, “hot tumors” and “cold tumor” refer to distinct tumor microenvironments (TMEs) that influence how effectively the immune system can recognize and attack cancer cells. “Hot tumors” are also known as “immunologically active” or “inflamed” tumors. These tumors are characterized by the presence of a significant immune cell infiltration, particularly cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) , within the TME. This immune infiltration suggests that the immune system has recognized the tumor as a threat and is attempting to mount a response. Hot tumors often exhibit a higher number of somatic mutations, leading to the production of neoantigens, which are recognized by T cells. They tend to express immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-L1, which allows them to evade immune destruction by suppressing T cell activity. Hot tumors are often associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines like interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) , which help recruit immune cells to the tumor site. Hot tumors typically respond well to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4 therapies, because the immune system is already primed to attack but is held in check by inhibitory signals.
[0104] On the other hand, “cold tumors, ” also referred to as “immunologically inactive” or “non-inflamed” tumors, lack significant immune cell infiltration. The absence of T cells or other immune components in the TME indicates that the immune system has either failed to recognize the tumor or has been effectively excluded or suppressed by the tumor's mechanisms. Cold tumors often have fewer mutations, meaning fewer neoantigens are available to trigger an immune response. These tumors may either actively exclude immune cells from entering the TME (immune exclusion) or have a complete absence of immune activity (immune desert) . Cold tumors often have low or absent PD-L1 expression, meaning immune checkpoint inhibitors are less effective because the immune system is not actively trying to attack the tumor. Cold tumors are frequently surrounded by an immunosuppressive microenvironment, including the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) , regulatory T cells (Tregs) , or other factors that inhibit T cell activation and infiltration. Cold tumors typically do not respond well to immune checkpoint inhibitors because the immune system is not engaged with the tumor.
[0105] Preclinical studies have demonstrated enhanced efficacy and safety of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) using various animal models (rodent / NHP) , including cold tumor models which usually don’ t respond to anti-PD-1 treatment. As such, methods provided herein can effectively treat both hot tumors and cold tumors. In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat a hot tumor. In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat a cold tumor.
[0106] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult. In some embodiments, the subject has previously received an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has previously received an anti-PD-1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has previously received an anti-PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has disease progression during the prior anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has disease progression during the prior anti-PD-1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has disease progression during the prior anti-PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has disease progression after the prior anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has disease progression after the prior anti-PD-1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has disease progression after the prior anti-PD-L1 treatment.
[0107] In some embodiments of the methods for treating cancer provided herein, the subject has adequate organ function (e.g., hematologic, hepatic, renal, or coagulation function) . In some embodiments, the subject has the following laboratory values of hematologic function: (i) hemoglobin ≥ 90 g / L; (ii) absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1.5*109 / L; (iii) platelet count ≥ 100*109 / L. In some embodiments, the subject has the following laboratory values of hepatic function: (i) serum total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 *upper limit of normal (ULN) ; or direct bilirubin≤ULN for patients with total bilirubin levels >1.5 *ULN; (ii) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2.5 *ULN (ALT and AST ≤ 5 *ULN for subjects with liver metastases) . In some embodiments, the subject has the following laboratory values of renal function: serum creatinine ≤1.5 *ULN. In some embodiments, the subject has the following laboratory values of coagulation function: prothrombin time / international normalized ratio ≤1.5 *ULN or activated partial thromboplastin time ≤ 1.5 *ULN (for subjects on anticoagulants, prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time must be within the normal range for anticoagulants) .
[0108] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0109] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, or about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0110] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 2.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 2.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 2.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 2.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 2.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 2.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 2.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0111] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 4.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 4.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 4.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 4.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 4.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 4.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 4.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0112] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 8.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 8.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 8.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 8.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 8.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 8.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 8.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0113] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 10.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 10.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 10.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 10.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 10.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 10.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 10.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0114] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 15.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 15.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 15.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 15.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 15.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 15.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 15.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0115] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 20.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 20.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 20.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 20.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 20.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 20.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 20.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0116] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044 to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 doses of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about one month to about 2 years. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, or about 24 months. In some embodiments, HX044 is administered in combination with pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, HX044 and pucotenlimab are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, each administration comprises administering about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044 and about 200 mg pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, the dose (s) of HX044 (and optionally with pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) is administered to the subject until disease progression. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 4 doses of about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 8 doses of about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 12 doses of about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 24 doses of about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least 32 doses of about 25.0 mg / kg of HX044, optionally in combination with 200 mg pucotenlimab, to the subject at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult.
[0117] Methods provided herein can achieve both enhanced efficacy and improved safety compared to therapeutics targeting CD47 alone or immune checkpoint inhibitors with a single target (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA4) . Without being bound by theory, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) has reduced affinity for human CTLA4 (300 times less than ipilimumab) and minimized “blocking function” to reduce immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) , which is a major safety hurdle for anti-CTLA4 antibodies. It also has reduced affinity for CD47 to reduce hematologic toxicity, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia which have been observed in other CD47-targeting molecules. The reduced affinity for each molecule facilitates the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) to access Treg cells specifically in the TME while being able to avoid nonspecific binding to peripheral cells, including RBCs and systemic Treg cells. Despite the reduced affinity to CTLA4 or CD47 single positive cells, the bispecific antibodies can target Treg with enhanced avidity due to the co-overexpression of CTLA4 and CD47 on Treg cells, which results in efficient cis-binding on Treg.
[0118] Methods provided herein can achieve enhanced efficacy in cancer treatment. In some embodiments, methods provided herein remodel TME in favor of anti-tumor immunity. In some embodiments, methods provided herein selectively eliminate CTLA-4 and CD47 double positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity over CD47 single positive cells. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein deplete tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells. In some embodiments, methods provided herein enhance T cell response against the cancer. In some embodiments, methods provided herein enhance T proliferation and / or activity. Any suitable indicator of an antigen-specific T cell response can be used to measure the antigen-specific T cell response. Non-limiting examples of such suitable indicators include increased T cell proliferation in the presence of the antibody and / or increase cytokine production in the presence of the antibody. In some embodiments, interleukin-2 and / or interferon-γ production by the antigen-specific T cell is stimulated. In some embodiments, methods provided herein increase cytokine level in TME. In some embodiments, methods provided herein increase interleukin-2 in TME. In some embodiments, methods provided herein increase interferon-γ level in TME. In some embodiments, methods provided herein exhibit a low antigen sink effect. In some embodiments, the methods for treating cancer provided herein achieve greater tumor growth inhibition than standard therapy or therapeutics targeting CD47 alone or immune checkpoint inhibitors with a single target (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4) . In some embodiments, the methods for treating cancer provided herein effectively inhibit the tumor growth. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein effectively lead to tumor regression. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant or refractory to anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor.
[0119] Methods provided herein can achieve improved safety in cancer treatment. The bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) . Hematologic toxicity is the adverse effect on the blood and bone marrow, including a decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and / or platelets. As the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) specifically target Treg cells in TME and avoid nonspecific binding to peripheral cells, in some embodiments, methods provided herein have low hematologic toxicity. In some embodiments, the methods for treating cancer provided herein have improved safety (e.g., lower hematological toxicity) than therapeutics targeting CD47 alone (e.g., Sirpα) . Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are inflammatory toxicities that arise when immune checkpoint inhibitors-such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 therapies-disrupt immune self-tolerance and enhance T-cell activity against not only tumor cells but also normal tissues. These events result from an overactivated immune response leading to autoimmune-like effects across various organ systems, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, endocrine glands, lungs, and nervous system. Clinically, irAEs can range from mild to severe and may manifest as dermatitis, colitis, hepatitis, endocrinopathies, pneumonitis, or neuropathies. By having reduced affinity to CTLA4+ / CD47-cells, in some embodiments, methods provided herein have a low risk to trigger irAEs. In some embodiments, methods provided herein haves a low risk to trigger Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein has a reduced risk to trigger irAEs than immune checkpoint inhibitors with a single target (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4) . In some embodiments, the methods provided herein has a reduced risk to trigger CRS than immune checkpoint inhibitors with a single target (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4) . 7.4 Kits
[0120] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a variety of kits for conveniently and / or effectively carrying out methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, provided herein are kits comprising the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies (e.g., HX044) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are also kits comprising the single dose unit of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies (e.g., HX044) as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, kits provided herein also comprise an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody can be nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, penpulimab, zimberelimab, serplulimab, pucotenlimab, finotonlimab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cosibelimab, sugemalimab, envafolimab, adebrelimab, socazolimab, or tagitanlimab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody is pucotenlimab. In some embodiments, provided herein are kits comprising HX044 and pucotenlimab for cancer treatment. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody is pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, provided herein are kits comprising HX044 and pembrolizumab for cancer treatment. In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hot tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cold tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is advanced or metastatic. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory.
[0121] Typically, kits will comprise sufficient amounts and / or numbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject (s) and / or to perform multiple experiments.
[0122] Any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be comprised in a kit. In some embodiments, kits can further include reagents and / or instructions for creating and / or synthesizing compounds and / or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, kits can also include one or more buffers.
[0123] In some embodiments, kit components can be packaged either in aqueous media or in lyophilized form. The container means of the kits will generally include at least one vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe or other container means, into which a component can be placed, and suitably aliquoted. Where there is more than one kit component, (labeling reagent and label may be packaged together) , kits can also generally contain second, third or other additional containers into which additional components may be separately placed. In some embodiments, kits can also comprise a second container means for containing sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffers and / or other diluents. In some embodiments, various combinations of components can be comprised in one or more vials. Kits of the present disclosure can also typically include means for containing compounds and / or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure, e.g., proteins, and any other reagent containers in close confinement for commercial sale. Such containers can include injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which desired vials are retained.
[0124] In some embodiments, kit components are provided in one and / or more liquid solutions. In some embodiments, liquid solutions are aqueous solutions, with sterile aqueous solutions being particularly used. In some embodiments, kit components can be provided as dried powder (s) . When reagents and / or components are provided as dry powders, such powders can be reconstituted by the addition of suitable volumes of solvent. In some embodiments, it is envisioned that solvents can also be provided in another container means.
[0125] In some embodiments, kits can include instructions for employing kit components as well the use of any other reagent not included in the kit. Instructions can include variations that may be implemented. 7.5 Exemplified embodiments
[0126] Embodiment 1: A method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject; wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; and wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of body weight of the subject.
[0127] Embodiment 2: The method of claim 1, wherein (i) the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively; and (ii) the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0128] Embodiment 3: The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH and a heavy chain constant region (CH) ; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain and an Fc region.
[0129] Embodiment 4: The method of claim 3, wherein (1) C1 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) C2 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a C3 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 53.
[0130] Embodiment 5: The method of claim 4, wherein C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52 and 53, respectively.
[0131] Embodiment 6: The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 8 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 8 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, or from about 15 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0132] Embodiment 7: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, and about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0133] Embodiment 8: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 2.0 mg / kg.
[0134] Embodiment 9: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 4.0 mg / kg.
[0135] Embodiment 10: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 8.0 mg / kg.
[0136] Embodiment 11: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 10.0 mg / kg.
[0137] Embodiment 12: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 12.0 mg / kg.
[0138] Embodiment 13: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 15.0 mg / kg.
[0139] Embodiment 14: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 20.0 mg / kg.
[0140] Embodiment 15: The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0141] Embodiment 16: The method of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein more than one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered.
[0142] Embodiment 17: The method of claim 16, wherein at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the bispecific antibody are administered.
[0143] Embodiment 18: The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks.
[0144] Embodiment 19: The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered as a liquid formulation.
[0145] Embodiment 20: The method of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered by intravenous infusion.
[0146] Embodiment 21: The method of claim 20, wherein one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered over 60 to 120 minutes.
[0147] Embodiment 22: The method of claim 21, wherein one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered over about 90 minutes.
[0148] Embodiment 23: The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
[0149] Embodiment 24: The method of claim 23, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer.
[0150] Embodiment 25: The method of claim 23, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic.
[0151] Embodiment 26: The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the cancer is a hot tumor.
[0152] Embodiment 27: The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the cancer is a cold tumor.
[0153] Embodiment 28: The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the cancer is infiltrated with immune cells.
[0154] Embodiment 29: The method of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the cancer is advanced or metastatic.
[0155] Embodiment 30: The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the cancer is relapsed, resistant or refractory.
[0156] Embodiment 31: The method of claim 30, wherein the cancer is resistant or refractory to an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.
[0157] Embodiment 32: The method of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the subject is human.
[0158] Embodiment 33: The method of claim 32, wherein the subject has received an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.
[0159] Embodiment 34: The method of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the method (1) depletes tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (2) increases cytokine level in TME; (3) enhances T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (4) enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (5) enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or any combination of (1) - (5) .
[0160] Embodiment 35: The method of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the method (1) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (2) has a low risk to trigger immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) ; (3) has a low risk to trigger Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) ; or (4) has reduced hematologic toxicity; or any combination of (1) to (4) .
[0161] Embodiment 36: The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody.
[0162] Embodiment 37: A method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody.
[0163] Embodiment 38: The method of claim 37, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0164] Embodiment 39: The method of claim 37 or 38, wherein (i) the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively; and (ii) the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0165] Embodiment 40: The method of any one of claims 37 to 39, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH and a heavy chain constant region (CH) ; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain and an Fc region.
[0166] Embodiment 41: The method of claim 40, wherein (1) C1 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) C2 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a C3 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 53.
[0167] Embodiment 42: The method of claim 41, wherein C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52 and 53, respectively.
[0168] Embodiment 43: The method of any one of claims 37 to 42, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of body weight of the subject.
[0169] Embodiment 44: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, or from about 15 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0170] Embodiment 45: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, and about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0171] Embodiment 46: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 2.0 mg / kg.
[0172] Embodiment 47: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 4.0 mg / kg.
[0173] Embodiment 48: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 8.0 mg / kg.
[0174] Embodiment 49: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 10.0 mg / kg.
[0175] Embodiment 50: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 12.0 mg / kg.
[0176] Embodiment 51: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 15.0 mg / kg.
[0177] Embodiment 52: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 20.0 mg / kg.
[0178] Embodiment 53: The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 25.0 mg / kg.
[0179] Embodiment 54: The method of any one of claims 37 to 53, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered as a liquid formulation.
[0180] Embodiment 55: The method of any one of claims 37 to 54, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered by intravenous infusion.
[0181] Embodiment 56: The method of any one of claims 37 to 55, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks.
[0182] Embodiment 57: The method of any one of claims 37 to 56, wherein at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the bispecific antibody are administered.
[0183] Embodiment 58: The method of any one of claims 37 to 57, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, penpulimab, zimberelimab, serplulimab, pucotenlimab, finotonlimab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cosibelimab, sugemalimab, envafolimab, adebrelimab, socazolimab, or tagitanlimab.
[0184] Embodiment 59: The method of claim 58, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 100 mg to about 1800 mg.
[0185] Embodiment 60: The method of claim 59, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 800 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1500 mg, or about 1800 mg.
[0186] Embodiment 61: The method of any one of claims 37 to 60, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered as a liquid formulation.
[0187] Embodiment 62: The method of any one of claims 37 to 61, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered by intravenous infusion.
[0188] Embodiment 63: The method of any one of claims 37 to 62, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered about once every 2 weeks, about once every 3 weeks, about once every 4 weeks, or about once every 6 weeks.
[0189] Embodiment 64: The method of claim 63, wherein at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody are administered.
[0190] Embodiment 65: The method of any one of claims 37 to 64, wherein the bispecific antibody and the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody are administered concurrently.
[0191] Embodiment 66: The method of any one of claims 37 to 64, wherein the bispecific antibody and the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody are administered sequentially.
[0192] Embodiment 67: The method of claim 58, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is pembrolizumab.
[0193] Embodiment 68: The method of claim 58, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is pucotenlimab.
[0194] Embodiment 69: The method of claim 67 or 68, wherein the anti-PD1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 200 mg.
[0195] Embodiment 70: The method of any one of claims 67 to 69, wherein the anti-PD1 antibody is administered concurrently with the bispecific antibody.
[0196] Embodiment 71: The method of claim 70, wherein the bispecific antibody and the anti-PD1 antibody are administered as a liquid formulation.
[0197] Embodiment 72: The method of claim 71, wherein the liquid formulation is administered by intravenous infusion.
[0198] Embodiment 73: The method of any one of claims 37 to 72, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
[0199] Embodiment 74: The method of claim 73, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer.
[0200] Embodiment 75: The method of claim 74, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic.
[0201] Embodiment 76: The method of any one of claims 37 to 75, wherein the cancer is a hot tumor.
[0202] Embodiment 77: The method of any one of claims 37 to 75, wherein the cancer is a cold tumor.
[0203] Embodiment 78: The method of any one of claims 37 to 77, wherein the cancer is infiltrated with immune cells.
[0204] Embodiment 79: The method of any one of claims 37 to 78, wherein the cancer is advanced or metastatic.
[0205] Embodiment 80: The method of any one of claims 37 to 79, wherein the cancer is relapsed, resistant or refractory.
[0206] Embodiment 81: The method of claim 80, wherein the cancer is resistant or refractory to an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.
[0207] Embodiment 82: The method of any one of claims 37 to 81, wherein the subject is human.
[0208] Embodiment 83: The method of claim 82, wherein the subject has received an anti-PD-2 / PD-L1 treatment.
[0209] Embodiment 84: The method of any one of claims 37 to 83, wherein the method (1) depletes tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (2) increases cytokine level in TME; (3) enhances T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (4) enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (5) enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; (6) reduce tumor immune evasion, or any combination of (1) - (6) .
[0210] Embodiment 85: The method of any one of claims 37 to 84, wherein the method (1) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (2) has a low risk to trigger immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) ; (3) has a low risk to trigger Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) ; or (4) has reduced hematologic toxicity; or any combination of (1) to (4) . 7.6 Experimental
[0211] The examples provided below are for purposes of illustration only, which are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but rather, should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein. 7.6.1 Example 1: Anti-tumor activity of HX044
[0212] 1. In vivo MC-38-hCD47 humanized syngeneic models (HuGeMM) syngeneic model: Humanized syngeneic mouse MC38-hCD47 HuGeMM model was constructed by knocking-in (KI) hCD47 gene into a mouse colon cancer cell line MC-38, and inoculating the tumor cell line into hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPα HuGeMM mice. The mice were randomly grouped and treated when tumor reached ~70 mm3. Different groups of mice were separately administered with low, medium, or high doses of HX044, or of reference antibody / protein (ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc) . The treatment groups included HX044 (0.132, 1.98 and 6.6 mg / kg IP twice weekly, respectively) , SIRPα-Fc (0.092, 1.38 and 4.6 mg / kg IP twice weekly, respectively) , ipilimumab analog (0.172, 2.58 and 8.6 mg / kg IP twice weekly, respectively) and vehicle (PBS) . All treatments were molecularly equivalent. Tumor volumes were evaluated twice a week until average tumor volume reaches 2000 mm3. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated as TGI%= (1-Vtreatment / Vcontrol) ×100.
[0213] As shown in FIG. 1, strong anti-tumor activity of HX044 was observed in the hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPα C57 / B6-based HuGEMM mice (MC38-hCD47 model) , which was significantly higher than that of either SIRPα-Fc or ipilimumab, particularly at the low dose level (<0.2mg / kg) .
[0214] Additionally, a combination study of HX044 and anti-PD-1 was conducted in mice bearing MC38 tumors. Specifically, MC38 murine colorectal cancer cells were inoculated into the right rear flank region of C57BL / 6J mice for tumor development. Once the tumor volume reached approximately 50 mm3, mice were randomized into 4 groups and received the designated treatments as follows: vehicle, HX044 mouse surrogate antibody at 10 mg / kg; anti-mPD-1 at 10 mg / kg, or a combination of HX044 mouse surrogate antibody and anti-mPD-1. All test articles were intraperitoneally injected twice per week for a total of two weeks. Tumor volume and body weight of mice were measured three times per week. As shown in FIG. 5, the anti-tumor effect of an HX044 surrogate combined with an anti-mouse PD-1 antibody was significantly superior to either agent alone. These results demonstrate that combined modulation of the PD-1 / PD-L1 axis together with CTLA-4 and CD47 checkpoint pathways can act synergistically to enhance anti-tumor immunity, supporting that HX044 in combination with PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitors (e.g., pucotenlimab or pembrolizumab) can further improve anti-tumor efficacy.
[0215] 2. In vivo B16F10-hCD47 HuGeMM syngeneic model: Humanized syngeneic mouse B16F10-hCD47 HuGEMM model was constructed by knocking in (KI) of hCD47 gene into a mouse melanoma cell line B16F10 and inoculating the tumor cell line into hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPαHuGeMM mice. The mice were randomly grouped and treated when tumor reaches ~70 mm3. The treatment groups include HX044 (3.3 mg / kg IP dosing for twice followed by 6.6 mg / kg dosing for 4 times) , SIRPα-Fc (2.3 mg / kg IP dosing for twice followed by 4.6 mg / kg dosing for 4 times) , Ipilimumab analog (4.3 mg / kg IP dosing for twice followed by 8.6 mg / kg dosing for 4 times) and vehicle (PBS) . All treatments were molecularly equivalent. Tumor volumes were evaluated twice a week until average tumor volume reaches 2500 mm3. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated as TGI%= (1-Vtreatment / Vcontrol) ×100. At the end of this experiment, tumors and spleens were harvested from 3 mice per group to analyze immune cells using flow cytometry. Treg cells were sorted as CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ cells, whereas helper T cells were sorted as CD3+CD4+Foxp3-and cytotoxic T cells were sorted as CD3+CD8+Foxp3-.
[0216] As shown in FIG. 2, HX044 also demonstrated strong anti-tumor activity in B16F10-hCD47 melanoma model, a traditionally “cold” tumor (5mg / kg followed by 10 mg / kg) , significantly higher than that of either ipilimumab or SIRPα-Fc.
[0217] In addition, as shown in FIG. 3, increases in TIL-T cells and the reduction of TIL-Treg were also observed in tumors in HX044 treatment group, and the increases were significantly greater than that of the ipilimumab treatment group or the SIRPα-Fc treatment group. This observation demonstrated that the TIL-Treg reduction also contributed to the anti-tumor activity of HX044. 7.6.2 Example 2: Hematologic toxicology of HX044
[0218] To evaluate hematologic toxicology of HX044, hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPα HuGeMM C57BL / 6J mice were randomly grouped according to body weight and treated with HX044 (9.2 mg / kg IP dosing twice weekly) , SIRPα-Fc (6.4 mg / kg IP dosing twice weekly) , ipilimumab analog (12 mg / kg IP dosing twice weekly) or vehicle (PBS) for 2 weeks (five doses) . The grouping day was set as Day 0. Blood cell tests were performed on Day 4 and Day 11. Entire blood samples were collected at the termination of the dosing (Day 15) and analyzed for lymphocyte composition. Treg cells were sorted as CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ cells; helper T cells were sorted as CD45+CD4+Foxp3-and cytotoxic T cells were sorted as CD45+CD8+Foxp3-.
[0219] As shown, in non-tumor-bearing HuGEMM mice with high dose treatment, little toxicity on peripheral T-cells (FIG. 4) was observed, demonstrating little adverse effects on lymphocytes composition and therefore little hematologic toxicity.
[0220] All in vivo murine experiments were conducted under sterile conditions at Crown Bioscience SPF facility in strict accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Crown Bioscience (Crown Bioscience IACUC Committee) . The study design all followed the ARRIVE Guideline. 7.6.3 Example 3: Pharmacokinetics (PK) study in cynomolgus monkeys
[0221] The cynomolgus monkey was identified as the pharmacologically relevant species for assessing human risk of HX044. In the PK study, a single-dose intravenous infusion of HX044 at 0.3 mg / kg, or 1 mg / kg, or 3 mg / kg was administrated to cynomolgus monkeys. There were no significant gender difference in the main PK parameters (Cmax and AUC0-last) ; the drug systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC0-last) was positively correlated with the dose levels. HX044 showed a linear pharmacokinetics profile in cynomolgus monkeys. 7.6.4 Example 4: Toxicology study in cynomolgus monkeys
[0222] In toxicology studies, cynomolgus monkeys were given repeated intravenous infusions of HX044 drug substance at doses of 1, 6 and 40 mg / kg, once weekly for 4 consecutive weeks (5 doses in total) , followed by a 6-week recovery period. One animal in the 40 mg / kg dose group died due to infusion reactions and one animal was euthanized moribund due to electrolyte imbalance and malnutrition caused by prolonged loose stool. Animals in 1, 6 and 40 mg / kg dose groups showed decreased white blood cells and neutrophils, decreased red blood cell-related indicators (RBC, HGB and HCT) , increased reticulocytes, increased C-reaction protein (CRP) and decreased cellularity of the thymus; animals in 6 and 40 mg / kg dose groups showed decreased albumin (Alb) , increased UREA, decreased CD3-CD20+, decreased complement and increased cellularity and decreased in adipocytes of the bone marrow (sternum) ; animals in 40 mg / kg dose group showed increased Glb and IgG, decreased cellularity in cortex in the lymph nodes (mesenteric, inguinal, and mandibular) and diffuse hypertrophy or infiltration by mononuclear cells in the portal areas and centrilobular of the liver. No marked effects were noted in cardiovascular system, central nervous system or respiratory system.
[0223] Therefore, under the conditions of this study, the Highest Non-severely Toxic dose (HNSTD) was 6 mg / kg. The human equivalent dose was extrapolated to be around 2 mg / kg and the maximum recommended starting dose is 0.33 mg / kg (1 / 6 × 2mg / kg) . Accordingly, the starting dose of the Phase I trial for HX044 was determined as 0.1 mg / kg. 7.6.5 Example 5: A Phase I / IIa, First-in-Human Study of HX044 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumor Malignancies
[0224] The study consists of a Phase I dose-escalation and a Phase IIa dose-extension component to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and / or recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) , and to evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Initial Antitumor Activity of HX044. Phase I includes HX044 monotherapy dose-escalation and Staggered Dose Escalation Study Design of HX044 in combination with pucotenlimab cohorts. The study is divided into a screening period (28 days before first dose) , treatment period (up to 24 months) , safety follow-up and survival follow-up period.
[0225] Objectives and Endpoints:
[0226] Phase I: Dose-escalation Phase
[0227] Phase IIa: Dose-extension Phase
[0228] Abbreviations: ADAs, antidrug antibodies; AUC0-t, area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to a definite time; Ctrough, Pre-dose Trough Concentration; CL, Clearance; Cmax, maximum concentration of the drug; DCR, disease control rate; DLT, dose-limiting toxicity; DOR, duration of response; iRECIST, immune Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (amodified RECIST 1.1 for immune-based therapeutics) ; mOS: median overall survival; mPFS: median progression-free survival; MTD, maximum tolerated dose; ORR, objective response rate; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; RECIST 1.1, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1; RP2D, recommended Phase 2 dose; t1 / 2, effective terminal elimination half-life; Tmax, time to maximum concentration of the drug; Vd, apparent volume of distribution; Vss, volume of distribution at steady state.
[0229] Study population:
[0230] Approximately up to 60 subjects are enrolled in Phase I, and approximately up to 100 subjects are enrolled in 3 to 5 selected tumor type cohorts in Phase IIa. Subjects must meet the following criteria to be included in this study:
[0231] (1) aged 18 to 75 years, inclusive;
[0232] (2) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 to 1;
[0233] (3) Histologically confirmed advanced malignant solid tumor by cytology or histology:
[0234] Phase I includes subjects with advanced malignant solid tumor that is refractory / relapsed to standard therapy, or for which no effective standard therapy is available, or the subject refuses standard therapy, regardless of prior PD-1 / PD-L1 exposure.
[0235] Phase IIa includes two cohorts of subjects with histologically or cytologically confirmed locally advanced (stage IIIB / IIIC, unsuitable for curative surgery and / or radiotherapy, regardless of concurrent / sequential chemotherapy) or metastatic (stage IV) NSCLC who have previously received PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor therapy (with or without chemotherapy) , with no restriction on PD-L1 expression. Cohort A includes HX044 monotherapy, and Cohort B includes HX044 in combination with pucotenlimab. Cytology is acceptable only when tissue samples are unobtainable (e.g., patients unable to tolerate biopsy) ; if the primary lesion is histologically confirmed, cytology from metastatic lesions may be accepted if imaging (e.g., PET-CT) excludes benign disease. Subjects unsuitable for PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor therapy are also allowed.
[0236] (4) At least 1 measurable tumor (It is acceptable to allow patients with no measurable lesion but evaluable tumor lesion in the first 2 dose levels in Phase I and at least 1 measurable tumor lesion must be present in Phase IIa) according to RECIST v1.1.
[0237] Study drug:
[0238] HX044 (manufactured by Nanjing Probio Biotech Co., Ltd. ) : clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid, 50mg: 5ml per bottle.
[0239] Pucotenlimab injection ( manufactured by Dinkang (Wuhan) Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. ) : colorless to pale yellow with faint opalescence to slight opalescence liquid, 100mg: 10ml per bottle.
[0240] Administration:
[0241] Intravenous infusion: HX044 is infused in a Sodium Chloride 0.9%infusion bag at a constant infusion rate over a period of 90 minutes. Putelizuma is diluted with 0.9%Sodium Chloride to a final concentration of 1.0–10 mg / mL, and infused over 60 minutes (±15 min) .
[0242] Treatment regimens:
[0243] Phase I: Dose-escalation Phase
[0244] HX044 as Monotherapy Dose-escalation Cohort
[0245] The subject receives HX044 treatment via intravenous infusion (IV) once every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . An accelerated Titration method followed by the Traditional “3+3” dose-escalation algorithm is utilized. A single patient is enrolled at 0.1 mg / kg and 0.5mg / kg. If that single patient develops a DLT or ≥ G2 study drug-related AE during the DLT observation period, the cohort reverts to traditional 3+3 design.
[0246] Planned Dose Levels (Intermediated dose levels can be explored according to the decisions during safety review) :
[0247] 0.1 mg / kg: 1 subject
[0248] 0.5 mg / kg: 1 subject
[0249] 1.0 mg / kg: 3 to 6 subjects
[0250] 2.0 mg / kg: 3 to 6 subjects
[0251] 4.0 mg / kg: 3 to 6 subjects
[0252] 8.0 mg / kg: 3 to 6 subjects
[0253] 15.0 mg / kg: 3 to 6 subjects
[0254] 25.0 mg / kg: 3 to 6 subjects
[0255] Accelerated Titration Stage:
[0256] Single-patient cohort until a DLT or ≥ G2 study drug-related AE is observed during the DLT observation period (cycle 1) , at which point dose-escalation reverts to traditional 3+3 design.
[0257] The first subject is administered the starting dose of 0.1 mg / kg and receive up to 1 cycle of study treatment. If at the end of the DLT period there are no major safety concerns, the next subject can begin dosing at the 0.5 mg / kg dose level.
[0258] Traditional 3+3 Stage:
[0259] Once a DLT or ≥ G2 study drug-related AE is observed, the single-patient accelerated titration stage ceases, and the study follows a traditional 3+3 dose-escalation scheme enrolling cohorts of at least 3 subjects sequentially at escalating doses.
[0260] Dose-escalation Cohort of HX044 in combination with PD-1 pucotenlimab injection
[0261] Pucotenlimab injection will be administered at a fixed dose of 200 mg once every 3 weeks (Q3W) by intravenous infusion over 60 minutes (±15 minutes) . A staggered dose escalation study design combined with the traditional “3+3” dose-escalation algorithm is applied to determine the MTD and / or recommended dose. The planned starting dose of HX044 is 2.0 mg / kg (or 4.0, 8.0 mg / kg based on updated monotherapy data) . Following confirmation by the SRC that the monotherapy arm can escalate to the next dose level, enrollment can begin in the corresponding dose-level cohort of the combination-therapy escalation. In other words, when HX044 monotherapy has completed escalation at 2, 4, 8, 15.0, and 25.0 mg / kg, combination therapy is permitted at the respective dose levels. Intermediated dose levels can be explored according to the decisions during safety review. The starting dose of the combination-therapy dose-escalation is determined based on available data from the HX044 monotherapy dose escalation.
[0262] Planned Dose Levels:
[0263] 2.0 mg / kg of HX044 and 200mg of pucotenlimab: 3 to 6 subjects
[0264] 4.0 mg / kg of HX044 and 200mg of pucotenlimab: 3 to 6 subjects
[0265] 8.0 mg / kg of HX044 and 200mg of pucotenlimab: 3 to 6 subjects
[0266] 15.0 mg / kg of HX044 and 200mg of pucotenlimab: 3 to 6 subjects
[0267] 25.0 mg / kg of HX044 and 200mg of pucotenlimab: 3 to 6 subjects
[0268] The subject receives HX044 by intravenous infusion (IV) every 3 weeks (21 ± 3 days) in both monotherapy and combination dose-escalation cohorts. Dose escalation will continue until the MTD is determined or the maximum dose is reached.
[0269] Administration of the first dose of HX044 in each dose-escalation cohort is staggered by a minimum of 24 hours for the first 3 subjects.
[0270] Dose-escalation continues as follows:
[0271] -If none of the 3 subjects in a dose group have a DLT, 3 new subjects are enrolled into the next incremental dose cohort. The original subjects may continue to receive the original dose of treatment.
[0272] -If 1 of the first 3 subjects in a dose cohort develops a DLT within 21 days after the initial administration, an additional 3 subjects is added to the dose cohort. If none of the 3 additional subjects develop a DLT, 3 new subjects can be enrolled into the next incremental dose cohort. If a DLT is present in 1 or more of the 3 additional subjects, the MTD has been exceeded and dose-escalation ceases.
[0273] -If a DLT is present in 2 or more of the first 3 subjects of a dose cohort within 21 days after the initial administration, the MTD has been exceeded and dose-escalation ceases.
[0274] -If the MTD is exceeded, the previous low-dose cohort (or the new dose jointly determined by the SRC to continue to explore) is used to determine the MTD. If this dose cohort is less than 6 subjects, it can be increased to a total of 6 subjects. If less than 2 out of 6 subjects (i.e., less than a third) develop a DLT, that dose is the MTD.
[0275] -If the dose is increased to 25 mg / kg (the maximum dose) and has not reached the MTD, the SRC decides whether to continue the dose-escalation.
[0276] Dose-escalation continues until identification of the MTD or the maximum dose is reached.
[0277] Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) is assessed from the first dose of study treatment (Day 1) until 21 days later (Day 22) . The MTD is defined as the highest dose level with an observed incidence of DLT in fewer than 33% (one third) of the subjects enrolled in a cohort level.
[0278] SRC will assess the study data available during the trial (including PK data, if available at the time of decision-making) to determine, during the dose-escalation phase, whether to proceed to the next dose level, or, based on the data obtained, whether to adjust the escalation dose. The RP2D is recommended directly by the SRC based on the existing comprehensive study data. Intra-patient dose-escalation is permitted.
[0279] Phase IIa: Dose-extension Phase
[0280] Phase IIa enrolls up to 100 subjects with advanced solid tumors across 3 to 5 selected tumor types. Cohort A and Cohort B are established, each enrolling up to 30 subjects with advanced NSCLC who have failed prior PD-1 / PD-L1 therapy, to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of HX044 as monotherapy or in combination with putelizumab, respectively.
[0281] Cohort A includes HX044 monotherapy in subjects with advanced NSCLC who has failed PD-1 / PD-L1 therapy. Cohort B includes HX044 in combination with pucotenlimab in subjects with advanced NSCLC who has failed PD-1 / PD-L1 therapy. Additional selected tumor cohorts are added based on data available from the Phase I stage.
[0282] The subject receives HX044 monotherapy or HX044 in combination with pucotenlimab at the RP2D every 3 weeks (21±3 days) . Study treatment continues every 3 weeks (21±3 days) until an intolerable toxicity, withdrawal informed consent, disease progression, death, lost to follow-up, start of new anticancer treatment or up to study treatment duration of 24 months, whichever comes first.
[0283] A schema illustrating the Phase I and Phase IIa trials is shown in FIG. 5. A schema illustrating the accelerated titration stage and traditional 3+3 stage is shown in FIG. 6.
[0284] Assessments:
[0285] Safety is evaluated throughout the study up until 90 (±7) days after the last dose of study treatment. All TEAEs are summarized by incidence, maximum NCI CTCAE V5.0, and worst relationship to study treatment.
[0286] Blood samples are collected at regular intervals for pharmacokinetics (PK) and immunogenicity evaluation. Pharmacokinetic analysis of Serum HX044 and pucotenlimab (if applicable) is performed by non-compartmental method using validated Phoenix software (Version 8.4 or higher, Certara, USA) . Pharmacokinetic sample time points for HX044 monotherapy / combination escalation phase are shown in the following table:
[0287] Abbreviations: C, cycle; D, day; EOI, end of infusion; PK, pharmacokinetics.
[0288] Pharmacokinetic sample time points for HX044 in combination with pucotenlimab extension phase are shown in the following table:
[0289] Abbreviations: C, cycle; D, day; EOI, end of infusion; PK, pharmacokinetics.
[0290] Antidrug antibodies to HX044 and pucotenlimab injection are evaluated using a validated assay method (electrochemiluminescence) . The blood collection time of each sample is normally consistent with the PK blood collection time to reduce the load on the subjects: Cycles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14, 18, and then every 8 cycles, Day 1: within 60 minutes before the start of the infusion. Unplanned immunogenic blood samples are collected as soon as possible on the day when the subject discontinues study treatment, or an infusion-related reaction (IRR) or a serious adverse event (SAE) occurs.
[0291] Tumor evaluation (including best overall response rate, objective response rate (ORR) , disease control rate (DCR) at 6 and 12 months, duration of response (DOR) , progression-free survival (PFS) , and overall survival (OS) ) to assess efficacy occur every 6 weeks (±7 days) in the first 12 months and every 12 weeks (±7 days) in the second 12 months during treatment until confirmed disease progression or death, treatment / study discontinuation, lost to follow-up, start of new cancer treatment or study completion / closure, whichever occurs first, and during the survival follow-up period, which is assessed by the Investigator using computed tomography (CT) with contrast or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and scored (partial response and / or complete response) in accordance with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1 [RECIST 1.1] and immune RECIST [iRECIST] . The patients who discontinue study treatment for reasons other than disease progression continues imaging assessment every 12 weeks (±7days) until documented disease progression, death, lost to follow-up, study completion / closure, start of new anticancer treatment, or up to a maximum duration of 12 months, whichever occurs first.
[0292] Population for Analyses:
[0293] The analysis sets are defined in the following table:
[0294] Abbreviations: AUC, area under the plasma concentration-time curve; Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; ICF, informed consent form; PK, pharmacokinetic.
[0295] Preliminary Results:
[0296] To date, 19 patients have been enrolled across dose levels of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 10.0 mg / kg. All cohorts from 0.1 to 8.0 mg / kg have completed the DLT observation period without any dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) , indicating that HX044 is well tolerated within this range. Among the 13 patients who underwent at least one post-baseline imaging assessment, one patient with renal cell carcinoma at 4.0 mg / kg achieved a partial response (PR) , and five patients achieved stable disease (SD) : two at 1.0 mg / kg (one with gastric cancer and one with head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma) , one at 2.0 mg / kg (bile duct cholangiocarcinoma) , one at 4.0 mg / kg (lung adenocarcinoma) , and one at 8.0 mg / kg (colon cancer) . These efficacy results indicate the clinical activity of HX044 starting from the explored dose levels. 7.7 References
[0297] The following publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties: 1. Zhang et al., Sci Transl Med, 2021, 13 (605) : eabg8693. 2. Pucotenlimab Injection Instructions, Lepu Biopharma Ltd, 2022. 3. Zhang et al., Cell Rep Med, 2023, 4 (12) : 101301. 4. Saber et al., Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016; 81: 448–456. 5. Buchbinder et al., Am J Clin Oncol, 2016, 39: 98–106. 6. Topalian et al., Cancer Cell, 2015, 27: 450–461. 7. Willsmore et al., Eur J Immunol, 2021, 51: 544–556. 8. Hui et al., Science, 2017, 355: 1428–1433. 9. Das et al., J Immunol, 2015, 194: 950–959. 10. Rupp et al., Transl Oncol, 2022, 20: 101405. 11. Zhou et al., J Clin Invest, 2022, 132 (16) : e161065. 12. Du et al., Cell Res, 2018, 28 (4) : 433–447. 13. Curran et al., PNAS, 2010, 107 (9) : 4275–4280. 14. Wei et al., Cell, 2017, 170: 1109–1119. 15. Wei et al., PNAS, 2019, 116: 22699–22709. 16. Geels et al., Cancer Cell, 2024, 42 (6) : 1051–1066. e7. 17. Tseng et al., PNAS, 2013, 110 (27) : 11103–11108. 18. Liu et al., Nat Med, 2015, 21 (10) : 1209–1215. 19. Soto-Pantoja et al., Cancer Res, 2014, 74 (23) : 6771–6778. 20. Sockolosky et al., PNAS, 2016, 113 (19) : E2646–E2654. 21. Kauder et al., PLoS One, 2018, 13 (8) : e0201832. 22. Hellmann et al., N Engl J Med, 2019, 381 (21) : 2020–2031. 23. Paz-Ares et al., Lancet Oncol, 2021, 22 (2) : 198–211. 24. Socinski et al., J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41: TPS9146. 25. Rolfo et al., J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38: TPS3159. 26. He et al., J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41: 9024. 27. BioNTech and OncoC4 present positive phase 1 / 2 data for antibody candidate BNT316 / ONC-392 in hard-to-treat NSCLC at ASCO. News release. BioNTech SE. June 2, 2023. Accessed June 27, 2023. https: / / www. globenewswire. com / news-release / 2023 / 06 / 02 / 2681039 / 0 / en / BioNTech-and-OncoC4-Present-Positive-Phase-1-2-Data-for-Antibody-Candidate-BNT316-ONC-392-in-Hard-to-Treat-NSCLC-at-ASCO. html. 28. OncoC4 announces fast track designation granted by the U.S. FDA for ONC-392 monotherapy in PD (L) 1-resistant NSCLC. News release. OncoC4. April 26, 2022. Accessed June 28, 2023. https: / / www. globenewswire. com / en / news-release / 2022 / 04 / 26 / 2429043 / 0 / en / OncoC4-Announces-Fast-Track-Designation-Granted-by-the-U-S-FDA-for-ONC-392-Monotherapy-in-PD-L-1-Resistant-NSCLC. html. 29. Xiong et al., Lancet, 2025, 405 (10481) : 839–849. 30. Lakhani et al., Lancet Oncol, 2021, 22 (12) : 1740–1751. 31. Bray et al., CA Cancer J Clin, 2024. 32. Zhang et al., Cell Mol Immunol, 2020, 17 (8) : 807–821. 33. Zhang et al., Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 2023; 11: e006555. 34. Ecker et al., MAbs, 2015, 7 (1) : 9–14. 35. Ulrich et al., MAbs, 2017, 9 (2) : 182–212. 36. FDA Bispecific Antibody Development Programs Final Guidance [J] . 37. Pooya et al., Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1155778. 38. Eladl et al., J Hematol Oncol, 2020, 13 (1) : 96. 39. Chen et al., Oncol Res, 2023, 32 (1) : 49–60. 40. Zhang et al., Sci Transl Med, 2021, 13 (605) : eabg8693. 41. Gao et al., Lancet Oncol. 2023. 24 (10) : 1134–1146. 42. Zhao et al., Lung Cancer. 2023. 184: 107355. 43. Ma et al., J Immunother Cancer. 2023. 11 (6) : e006654. 44. Xiong et al., Eur J Cancer. 2023. 190: 112936. 45. Son et al., Front Immunol. 2022 Nov 11; 13: 1027235. 46. Working Group of the Resuscitation Council. Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions: Guidelines for healthcare providers. 2012. [https: / / www. resus. org. uk / anaphylaxis / emergency-treatment-of-anaphylactic-reactions / Accessed 2019 Mar 14] .
[0298] All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. ***
[0299] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.
[0300] Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.A method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject; wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; and wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of body weight of the subject.2.The method of claim 1, wherein (i) the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively; and (ii) the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH and a heavy chain constant region (CH) ; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain and an Fc region.4.The method of claim 3, wherein (1) C1 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) C2 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a C3 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 53.5.The method of claim 4, wherein C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52 and 53, respectively.6.The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, or from about 15.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, and about 25.0 mg / kg.8.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 2.0 mg / kg.9.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 4.0 mg / kg.10.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 8.0 mg / kg.11.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 10.0 mg / kg.12.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 12.0 mg / kg.13.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 15.0 mg / kg.14.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 20.0 mg / kg.15.The method of claim 6, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 25.0 mg / kg.16.The method of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein more than one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered.17.The method of claim 16, wherein at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the bispecific antibody are administered.18.The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks.19.The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered as a liquid formulation.20.The method of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered by intravenous infusion.21.The method of claim 20, wherein one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered over 60 to 120 minutes.22.The method of claim 21, wherein one dose of the bispecific antibody is administered over about 90 minutes.23.The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer.25.The method of claim 23, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic.26.The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the cancer is a hot tumor.27.The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the cancer is a cold tumor.28.The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the cancer is infiltrated with immune cells.29.The method of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the cancer is advanced or metastatic.30.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the cancer is relapsed, resistant or refractory.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the cancer is resistant or refractory to an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.32.The method of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the subject is human.33.The method of claim 32, wherein the subject has received an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.34.The method of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the method (1) depletes tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (2) increases cytokine level in TME; (3) enhances T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (4) enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (5) enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or any combination of (1) - (5) .35.The method of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the method (1) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (2) has a low risk to trigger immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) ; (3) has a low risk to trigger Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) ; or (4) has reduced hematologic toxicity; or any combination of (1) to (4) .36.The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody.37.A method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody to the subject and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody.38.The method of claim 37, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequences that are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain having the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.39.The method of claim 37 or 38, wherein (i) the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively; and (ii) the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.40.The method of any one of claims 37 to 39, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising the VL and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising the VH and a heavy chain constant region (CH) ; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising the CD47 binding domain and an Fc region.41.The method of claim 40, wherein (1) C1 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 51; (2) C2 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 52; and (3) a C3 has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%identical to SEQ ID NO: 53.42.The method of claim 41, wherein C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52 and 53, respectively.43.The method of any one of claims 37 to 42, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg of body weight of the subject.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 1.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 2.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 8.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 4.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 15.0 mg / kg, from about 8.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg, or from about 15.0 mg / kg to about 25.0 mg / kg.45.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg, about 1.0 mg / kg, about 2.0 mg / kg, about 4.0 mg / kg, about 8.0 mg / kg, about 10.0 mg / kg, about 12.0 mg / kg, about 15.0 mg / kg, about 20.0 mg / kg, and about 25.0 mg / kg.46.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 2.0 mg / kg.47.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 4.0 mg / kg.48.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 8.0 mg / kg.49.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 10.0 mg / kg.50.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 12.0 mg / kg.51.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 15.0 mg / kg.52.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 20.0 mg / kg.53.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dose of about 25.0 mg / kg.54.The method of any one of claims 37 to 53, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered as a liquid formulation.55.The method of any one of claims 37 to 54, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered by intravenous infusion.56.The method of any one of claims 37 to 55, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered at a dosing interval of about once every 3 weeks.57.The method of any one of claims 37 to 56, wherein at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the bispecific antibody are administered.58.The method of any one of claims 37 to 57, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, penpulimab, zimberelimab, serplulimab, pucotenlimab, finotonlimab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cosibelimab, sugemalimab, envafolimab, adebrelimab, socazolimab, or tagitanlimab.59.The method of claim 58, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 100 mg to about 1800 mg.60.The method of claim 59, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 800 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1500 mg, or about 1800 mg.61.The method of any one of claims 37 to 60, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered as a liquid formulation.62.The method of any one of claims 37 to 61, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered by intravenous infusion.63.The method of any one of claims 37 to 62, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is administered about once every 2 weeks, about once every 3 weeks, about once every 4 weeks, or about once every 6 weeks.64.The method of claim 63, wherein at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, at least 16, at least 20, at least 24, at least 28, at least 32 doses of the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody are administered.65.The method of any one of claims 37 to 64, wherein the bispecific antibody and the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody are administered concurrently.66.The method of any one of claims 37 to 64, wherein the bispecific antibody and the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody are administered sequentially.67.The method of claim 58, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is pembrolizumab.68.The method of claim 58, wherein the anti-PD1 or PD-L1 antibody is pucotenlimab.69.The method of claim 67 or 68, wherein the anti-PD1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 200 mg.70.The method of any one of claims 67 to 69, wherein the anti-PD1 antibody is administered concurrently with the bispecific antibody.71.The method of claim 70, wherein the bispecific antibody and the anti-PD1 antibody are administered as a liquid formulation.72.The method of claim 71, wherein the liquid formulation is administered by intravenous infusion.73.The method of any one of claims 37 to 72, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.74.The method of claim 73, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma, or colorectal cancer.75.The method of claim 74, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer; optionally wherein the cancer is locally advanced or metastatic.76.The method of any one of claims 37 to 75, wherein the cancer is a hot tumor.77.The method of any one of claims 37 to 75, wherein the cancer is a cold tumor.78.The method of any one of claims 37 to 77, wherein the cancer is infiltrated with immune cells.79.The method of any one of claims 37 to 78, wherein the cancer is advanced or metastatic.80.The method of any one of claims 37 to 79, wherein the cancer is relapsed, resistant or refractory.81.The method of claim 80, wherein the cancer is resistant or refractory to an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 treatment.82.The method of any one of claims 37 to 81, wherein the subject is human.83.The method of claim 82, wherein the subject has received an anti-PD-2 / PD-L1 treatment.84.The method of any one of claims 37 to 83, wherein the method (1) depletes tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (2) increases cytokine level in TME; (3) enhances T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (4) enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (5) enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; (6) reduce tumor immune evasion, or any combination of (1)- (6) .85.The method of any one of claims 37 to 84, wherein the method (1) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (2) has a low risk to trigger immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) ; (3) has a low risk to trigger Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) ; or (4) has reduced hematologic toxicity; or any combination of (1) to (4) .
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