Low-complex square minimum shift keying waveform generation
A-IoT devices use a state transition rule for MSK-based modulation to generate square MSK waveforms with continuous phase, addressing the lack of defined techniques for MSK modulation and improving signaling performance and spectral efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-04
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-09
AI Technical Summary
Low-complexity A-IoT devices lack the ability to perform minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation, leading to suboptimal backscattered signals and wasted signaling resources, and there are no defined techniques for implementing continuous phase and chip value of square MSK waveforms across bit boundaries.
A-IoT devices implement MSK-based modulation using a state transition rule to generate square MSK waveforms with continuous phase and chip value across bit boundaries, by receiving parameters and applying inter-bit and intra-bit state transitions based on repetition parameters, initial phase offset, and base frequency.
This approach improves signaling performance, reduces bandwidth requirements, minimizes channel leakage, and enhances spectral efficiency while reducing generation complexity and configuration overhead.
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Figure CN2024123232_09042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LOW-COMPLEX SQUARE MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING WAVEFORM GENERATION
[0001] INTRODUCTION
[0002] Field of the Disclosure
[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for supporting minimum shift keying (MSK) waveform generation.
[0004] Description of Related Art
[0005] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0006] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0007] Certain aspects provide a method for wireless communications by an apparatus. The method includes receiving, from a reader device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme; modulating a plurality of bits in accordance with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme; generating a waveform based at least in part on the one or more parameters and a state transition rule, the waveform comprising a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits; and sending the waveform to the reader device.
[0008] Certain aspects provide a method for wireless communications by an apparatus. The method includes sending, to a device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme; sending, to the device, a carrier wave signal; and receiving, via a waveform according to a state transition rule and the one or more parameters from the device, a plurality of modulated bits associated with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0009] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks. An apparatus may comprise one or more memories; and one or more processors configured to cause the apparatus to perform any portion of any method described herein. In some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software.
[0010] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0011] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0013] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0014] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities and a user equipment (UE) .
[0015] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0016] FIG. 5A depicts an example backscattering wireless communications device.
[0017] FIG. 5B depicts an example frame structure for forward link and backward link communications using backscattering wireless communications devices.
[0018] FIGS. 6A-6E depict example deployment scenarios for a backscattering wireless communications device.
[0019] FIGS. 7A-7D depict example aspects of a minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation scheme.
[0020] FIG. 8 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0021] FIGS. 9A-9B depict example waveforms generated by an MSK modulation scheme.
[0022] FIGS. 10A-10B depict example state transitions between bits of a waveform.
[0023] FIGS. 11A-11B depict example state transitions between bits of a waveform.
[0024] FIG. 12 depicts example intra-bit state transitions for a waveform.
[0025] FIG. 13 depicts examples of unit square waveforms.
[0026] FIG. 14 depicts example waveforms.
[0027] FIG. 15 depicts a process flow for communications in a network between a reader device and an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.
[0028] FIG. 16 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0029] FIG. 17 depicts another method for wireless communications.
[0030] FIG. 18 depicts aspects of an example communications device.
[0031] FIG. 19 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for minimum shift keying (MSK) waveform generation using a state transition rule for an ambient Internet-of-Things (A-IoT) device.
[0033] In some aspects, an A-IoT device may interact with a network entity or a user equipment (UE) , each of which may be examples of reader devices, that may communicate with the A-IoT device via a reader-to-device (R2D) communication link. For example, the reader device may send signals to the A-IoT device via the R2D communication link, and the A-IoT may, in response, send signals (such as a backscattered signal) back to the reader device via a device-to-reader (D2R) communication link. In some aspects, the R2D communication link may be referred to as a forward link (FL) , and the D2R communication link may be referred to as a backward link or backscatter link (BL) .
[0034] A-IoT devices typically have low complexity designs configured to use low power for communicating (e.g., transmitting and / or receiving) wireless signals. For example, an A-IoT device may not include active RF components and instead may use passive radio equipment (e.g., a backscatter-type radio) for communicating. In some aspects, A-IoT devices are generally capable of asynchronous communication and may not have a power amplifier or a low-noise amplifier. A-IoT devices may generally utilize a light protocol stack. In certain aspects, an A-IoT device, using passive radio equipment, is configured to modulate and reflect incident RF signals (e.g., a carrier wave (CW) ) . For example, the reader device (e.g., UE, network entity, etc. ) may transmit a CW in the direction of the A-IoT device via the R2D communication link or FL, and the A-IoT device, using the passive radio equipment, modulates and reflects the CW (e.g., backscatters on the CW) to communicate data via the D2R communication link or BL.
[0035] A-IoT devices may be classified in various ways based on their capabilities. In one example, three A-IoT device types: 1, 2a, and 2b may be considered.
[0036] A-IoT devices of type 1 backscatter communications based on energy storage and an energy harvester. Harvested energy can be stored in the device and used later to power up, for example, an integrated circuit. Type 1 A-IoT devices may use RF envelope-based detection for downlink (DL) reception and backscatter for uplink (UL) transmission. In some examples, peak power consumption of a type 1 A-IoT device may be around 1uW.
[0037] A-IoT devices of type 2a backscatter communications with energy storage and an energy harvester. Harvested energy can be stored in type 2a A-IoT devices and used later to power up, for example, an integrated circuit. Type 2a A-IoT devices may use RF envelope-based detection for DL reception and backscatter for UL transmission. Additionally, type 2a A-IoT devices may use receiver and transmitter amplification to improve sensitivity. In some examples, peak power consumption of a type 2a A-IoT device may be in the range of 100-200uW.
[0038] A-IoT device of type 2b actively generate a carrier signal with stored energy. Harvested energy can be stored in type 2b A-IoT devices and used later to power up, for example, an integrated circuit or power active RF component. In some cases, either an RF-based receiver chain or a mixer-based approach may be implemented in a type 2b A-IoT device, where the latter approach may provide better sensitivity, but may also require higher power consumption. Additionally, a type 2b A-IoT device may generate transmissions internally to send to a reader device instead of or in addition to backscattering on a CW. In some example, peak power consumption of a type 2b A-IoT device may be in the range of 100-200uW.
[0039] In some aspects, the A-IoT device may support different data modulation and line coding techniques in order to transmit data to the reader device. For example, the A-IoT device may perform square wave data modulation on uncoded bits (e.g., input bits) or coded bits and then subsequently use, for example, amplitude shift keying (ASK) or phase shift keying (PSK) backscatter modulation on the square wave. Additionally or alternatively, the A-IoT may support frequency shift keying (FSK) techniques, such as minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation (atype of continuous phase FSK (CP-FSK) ) to enhance spectral efficiency and reduce the non-linear distortion of backscattered signals transmitted by the A-IoT device. In some cases, however, the relatively low complexity A-IoT device may lack the ability to perform MSK modulation or may be otherwise configured to support different kinds of FSK modulation.
[0040] In order to support the use of MSK modulation, the A-IoT device may implement different techniques to approximate MSK square wave modulation using FSK square wave modulation. For example, the A-IoT device may modify the FSK square wave such that the FSK square wave approximates a square MSK waveform. A first modification may include setting the two frequencies of the FSK square wave to have a minimum frequency spacing that is the same as the square MSK waveform (e.g., the minimum frequency spacing may be a minimum frequency that allows signals of different bits to be orthogonal) . A second modification may include modifying the phase or chip value of the square MSK waveform to be continuous across bit boundaries.
[0041] One or more technical problems arise for the A-IoT device to modulate a backscattered signal. For example, the backscattered signal may not be an optimal signal. This may be the case when a frequency shift is expected to be used to separate the backscattered signal from a frequency used for the CW. If the backscattered signal is not optimal, the backscattered signal may fail and signaling resources may be wasted. Accordingly, the utilization of MSK-based modulation may improve the communications quality and increase the spectral efficiency for the backscattered signal conveyed via the D2R link. Additionally, as described above, the utilization of MSK-based modulation may result in a backscattered signal that has a continuous phase and / or chip value of the square MSK waveform across bit boundaries. However, techniques for implementing the continuous phase and / or chip value of the square MSK waveform using MSK-based modulation across bit boundaries may not be defined for A-IoT devices.
[0042] The techniques and apparatuses described herein provide a technical solution for implementing the continuous phase and / or chip value of a square MSK waveform using MSK-based modulation across bit boundaries based on a state transition rule. For example, an A-IoT device may receive one or more parameters for the MSK-based modulation and may modulate a plurality of bits (e.g., received via a CW) in accordance with the MSK-based modulation. Subsequently, the A-IoT device may generate a waveform (e.g., square MSK waveform) based on the one or more parameters and the state transition rule, where the waveform includes a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits, and then may send the waveform to the reader device.
[0043] In some aspects, the state transition rule may include inter-bit state transitions between consecutive bits of the plurality of bits and / or intra-bit state transitions between consecutive repetitions of a bit of the plurality of bits. For the inter-bit state transition, the A-IoT device may perform a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a first bit of the plurality of bits to a second state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a second bit of the plurality of bits. Additionally or alternatively, for the intra-bit state transition, the A-IoT device may perform a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion of a first repetition corresponding to a bit to a second state for an initial waveform portion of a second repetition corresponding to the bit. Accordingly, based on the inter-bit state transitions and / or the intra-bit state transitions, the A-IoT device may generate the waveform, such that a phase and / or chip value of the waveform is continuous across bit boundaries.
[0044] That is, the A-IoT device may generate square MSK waveforms using state transitions with the indicated one or more parameters for the MSK-based modulation, such that a continuous phase of the square MSK waveforms at bit boundaries is achieved by transitions of a start chip for one or more bits of the plurality of bits. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may determine whether to apply a state transition based on the one or more parameters for the MSK-based modulation. For example, the one or more parameters for the MSK-based modulation may include a repetition parameter for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits, an initial phase offset for the plurality of modulated bits, and a base frequency for generation of the waveform. Accordingly, the A-IoT device may apply the inter-bit state transition between consecutive bits based on a number of repetitions configured for generation of the square MSK waveform, where the number of repetitions is an odd number of repetitions. Additionally or alternatively, the A-IoT device may determine to apply the intra-bit state transition between repetitions of a bit based on a value of the bit, a frequency that includes a 1.5 multiple of a base frequency (or another multiple that corresponds to a minimum spacing that makes the frequency and the base frequency orthogonal) and is configured for modulation of the bit, or both the value of the bit and the frequency.
[0045] In certain aspects, the techniques for implementing a continuous phase and / or chip value of a square MSK waveform using MSK-based modulation across bit boundaries based on a state transition rule as described herein may provide various beneficial effects and / or advantages. For example, the continuous phase and / or chip value of the square MSK waveform achieved by using the state transition rule may improve the performance of signaling, reduce the bandwidth needed relative to some other modulation types, and reduce the likelihood of channel leakage or interference. Additionally, applying the state transition rule based on indicated parameters for the MSK-based modulation may support flexible parameters that a reader device can adjust to improve performance of the MSK-based modulation and / or improve backscattered communications. In some aspects, the application of the state transition rule may reduce generation complexity of the square MSK waveform. Additionally, the application of the state transition rule may reduce configuration signaling overhead for the MSK-based modulation based on the state transition rule being defined for the A-IoT device rather than a reader device indicating additional parameters for the MSK-based modulation.
[0046] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0047] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, and / or other generations of wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0048] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0049] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 may include terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects (also referred to herein as non-terrestrial network entities) . A non-terrestrial network entity may include satellite 140, which may be an example of an aerial or space-borne platform. In some examples, satellite 140 may include one or more network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs. For example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a regenerative architecture (also referred to as a non-transparent architecture) , and a gNB implemented at satellite 140 may implement higher-layer network functions. As another example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a transparent architecture, and may perform a physical or other lower-layer repeater function for UEs and a network entity (such as a gateway associated with the satellite 140) .
[0050] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 or a 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links. In some aspects, a core network, such as a 6G core, may implement a converged service-based architecture. In a converged service-based architecture, functions traditionally split between a core network (such as 5GC network 190) and a radio access network (RAN) (such as BS 102) may be implemented at a single network entity. For example, a mobility network entity may perform both core network functions and RAN functions related to mobility of UEs 104 attached to the wireless communications network 100. “Network entity” can refer to a BS 102, a network entity of EPC 160 or 5GC network 190, or a network entity of a converged service-based architecture.
[0051] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104. UE 104 may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a Global Positioning System device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player, a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an always on (AON) device, an edge processing device, a data center, or another similar device. A UE 104 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0052] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. A communications link 120 between a BS 102 and a UE 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. A communications link 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0053] A BS 102 may include a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB) , a next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmission reception point (TRP) , a radio unit (RU) , a distributed unit (DU) , or the like. A given BS 102 may provide communications coverage for a coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap another coverage area 110 (e.g., a small cell provided by a BS 102′) may have a coverage area 110′that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS 102 may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering a relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a home) , or another type of cell.
[0054] The term “cell” may refer to a portion, partition, or segment of wireless communication coverage served by a network entity within a wireless communications network 100. A cell may have geographic characteristics, such as a geographic coverage area, as well as radio frequency characteristics, such as time and / or frequency resources dedicated to the cell. For example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by multiple cells employing different frequency resources (e.g., bandwidth parts) and / or different time resources. As another example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by a single cell. In some contexts (e.g., a carrier aggregation scenario and / or multi-connectivity scenario) , the terms “cell” or “serving cell” may refer to or correspond to a specific carrier frequency (e.g., a component carrier) used for wireless communications, and a “cell group” may refer to or correspond to multiple carriers used for wireless communications. As examples, in a carrier aggregation scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple (serving) cells in the same cell group, and in a multi-connectivity (e.g., dual connectivity) scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple cell groups.
[0055] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more DUs, one or more RUs, a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. A base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. Implementing a base station in this fashion may provide efficiency gains by enabling cloud-based implementation of certain (e.g., non-time-sensitive) higher-layer functions while physical-layer or other lower-layer functions can be implemented at or in proximity to a geographic coverage area of a corresponding cell. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as having a disaggregated RAN architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated RAN architecture.
[0056] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or 6G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or the 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., an X2 or XN interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0057] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24, 250 MHz –71, 000 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . In some cases, FR2 may be further defined in terms of sub-ranges, such as a first sub-range FR2-1 including 24,250 MHz –52, 600 MHz and a second sub-range FR2-2 including 52, 600 MHz –71,000 MHz. A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0058] A communications links 120 may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and / or other bandwidths) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0059] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., BS 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming (indicated by reference number 182) with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182’ . UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182” . UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182” . BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182’ . BS 180 and UE 104 may perform beam training to determine suitable receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0060] Wireless communications network 100 may include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0061] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. In some examples, D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) . D2D communications link 158 may be implemented using a variety of technologies, such as a radio access technology (e.g., 5G, ProSe sidelink) , a WiFi technology, a Bluetooth technology, or the like.
[0062] EPC 160 may include various functional components, such as a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is a control node that processes signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0063] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166. Serving gateway 166 is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0064] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0065] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, such as an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0066] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and the 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0067] IP packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197. UPF 195 may provide UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0068] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a core network entity, or a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0069] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more CUs 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 or other CUs 210 via a backhaul link (such as backhaul link 134) , or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links (such as communication link 120) . In some implementations, a UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0070] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or a processor or controller providing instructions to the interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as a RF transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium.
[0071] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230 for network control and signaling.
[0072] The DU 230 may be or correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0073] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0074] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more DUs 230 and / or one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0075] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0076] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0077] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities 300 and 302 and a UE 304.
[0078] FIG. 3 includes a first network entity 300 and a second network entity 302. In some examples, first network entity 300 may be an example of a CU 210 or a DU 230. In some examples, second network entity 302 may be an example of a DU 230 or an RU 240. First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may communicate with one another via a communications link, such as a midhaul link. In some examples, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be implemented at a same BS (e.g., BS 102) . For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be co-located. In some other examples, first network entity 300 may be implemented separately from second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a function (e.g., one or more processes) running on a server, such as in a cloud (e.g., a public or private cloud) . As another example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a virtual computing instance (e.g., virtual machine, container, etc. ) or as a physical server.
[0079] First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 each include a processing system 306, illustrated as “processing system 306a” at first network entity 300 and “processing system 306b” at second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , system-in-packages (SiPs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 306. A processing system 306 includes one or more processors 308 (illustrated as “processor (s) 308a” and “processor (s) 308b” ) and one or more memories 310 (illustrated as “memory (ies) 310a” and “memory (ies) 310b” ) coupled to the one or more processors 308. The one or more processors 308 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0080] In some aspects, the processing system 306 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 306 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0081] The one or more memories 310 may include one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . The one or more memories 310 may store data and program code for first network entity 300 and / or second network entity 302.
[0082] As further shown, second network entity 302 includes one or more transceivers 312 (illustrated as “transceiver (s) 312” ) . The one or more transceivers 312 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as UE 304. The one or more transceivers 312 may include one or more radio frequency (RF) components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RF front-end (RFFE) ) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 312 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 314.
[0083] The one or more antennas 314 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 314 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0084] UE 304 may be an example of UE 104. As shown, UE 304 includes a processing system 316. For example, UE 304 may include one or more chips, SoCs, SiPs, chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 316. A processing system 316 includes one or more processors 318, and one or more memories 320 coupled to the one or more processors 318. Further, UE 304 includes one or more antennas 322, one or more transceivers 324, and / or other components that enable wireless transmission and reception of data.
[0085] The one or more processors 318 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as CPUs, GPUs, NPUs (also referred to as neural network processors or DLPs) and / or DSPs) , processing blocks, ASICs, PLDs (such as FPGAs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. In some aspects, the processing system 316 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 316 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0086] As shown, in some examples, the one or more processors 318 may include one or more modems 326, one or more application processors (APs) 328, one or more AI processors 330, a combination thereof, and / or another form of processor.
[0087] The one or more modems 326 may include a digital signal processor that converts information into a waveform for analog signal transmission (e.g., via modulation) and / or converts the waveform of a received signal into information (e.g., via demodulation) . The one or more modems 326 may process information or waveforms in connection with signal transmission or reception. For example, the one or more modems 326 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0088] The one or more APs 328 may perform processing relating to an operating system and / or a higher layer application of the UE 304. For example, the one or more APs 328 may provide a higher-level operating system (HLOS) , software, audio or video processing, graphics processing, or the like. In some examples, the one or more APs 328 may be a data source (e.g., for transmissions) or a data sink (e.g., for receptions) .
[0089] The one or more transceivers 324 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as other UEs 304 or second network entity 302. The one or more transceivers 324 may include one or more RF components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RFFE) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 324 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 322.
[0090] The one or more antennas 322 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 322 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0091] For an example downlink transmission by second network entity 302, the processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may receive data and / or control information. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0092] The processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The processing system 306 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0093] The processing system 306 (e.g., a TX MIMO processor) may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to one or more modulators of the processing system 306. The one or more modulators may process one or more respective output symbol streams to obtain an output sample stream. The one or more transceivers 312 may process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Second network entity 302 may transmit the downlink signal via the one or more antennas 314.
[0094] In order to receive the downlink transmission at UE 304 (or a sidelink transmission from another UE) , the one or more antennas 322 may receive the downlink signal and may provide received signals to the one or more transceivers 324. The one or more transceivers 324 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signals to obtain input samples. The one or more transceivers 324 and / or the processing system 316 may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0095] The processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, an RX MIMO detector) may obtain the received symbols, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, a receive processor) may process (e.g., de-interleave and decode) the detected symbols. The processing system 316 may provide decoded data for the UE 304 (e.g., to an AP 328) and / or decoded control information (e.g., to a controller / processor of the processing system 316) .
[0096] For an example uplink transmission or a sidelink transmission from UE 304, the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a transmit processor) may receive and process data and / or control information to obtain a set of symbols for transmission. The data may be for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , and may be received from a data source such as the AP 328. The control information may be for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , and may be received, for example, from a controller / processor of the processing system 316. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, the transmit processor) may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a demodulation reference signal, a phase tracking reference signal, or the like) . In some examples, the symbols and / or reference signals may be precoded by the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a TX MIMO processor) , further processed by the one or more transceivers 324 (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to second network entity 302.
[0097] At second network entity 302, the uplink signals from UE 304 may be received by the one or more antennas 314, conditioned by the one or more transceivers 312 (e.g., filtered, amplified, downconverted, and digitized) , detected (e.g., by the processing system 306b such as a modem and / or an RX MIMO detector) , and further processed by the processing system 306b (e.g., a modem and / or a receive processor) to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 304. The processing system 306b may provide the decoded data and the decoded control information (such as to a controller / processor of the processing system 306b, an AP, first network entity 300, or another entity) .
[0098] In various aspects, a wireless communication device, such as first network entity 300, second network entity 302, BS 102, UE 104, or UE 304 may be described as sending, transmitting, obtaining, or receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” or “sending” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from a processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “sending” or “transmitting” by a device may include sending (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) to a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “sending” or “transmitting” may include sending internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process to memory. “Receiving” or “obtaining” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from the processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “receiving” or “obtaining” by a device may include obtaining (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) from a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “receiving” or “obtaining” may include obtaining internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process from memory. As used herein, “communicating” by a device may include sending, obtaining, receiving, and / or transmitting a communication. “Communicating” can refer to communication with another device or internal communication of the device.
[0099] In various aspects, the processing system 306 or the processing system 316 may include one or more AI processors (such as AI processor 330 of the processing system 316) . An AI processor may perform AI processing. The AI processor may include AI accelerator hardware or circuitry such as one or more neural processing units (NPUs) , one or more neural network processors, one or more tensor processors, one or more deep learning processors, etc. As an example, the AI processor may perform AI-based beam management, AI-based channel state feedback (CSF) , AI-based antenna tuning, and / or AI-based positioning (e.g., non-line of sight positioning prediction) . In some cases, at the UE 104, the AI processor may process feedback generated by the UE 304 (e.g., CSF) using hardware accelerated AI inferences and / or AI training. In some cases, at the second network entity 302, the AI processor may decode compressed CSF from the UE 304, for example, using a hardware accelerated AI inference associated with the CSF. In certain cases, the AI processor may perform certain RAN-based functions including, for example, network planning, network performance management, energy-efficient network operations, etc.
[0100] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0101] FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0102] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. One or more subcarriers may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0103] In some examples, a wireless communications frame structure may be implemented using frequency division duplexing (FDD) . In FDD, some subcarriers may be configured for DL communication, and other subcarriers (which may overlap in time with the DL subcarriers) may be configured for UL communication. In some other examples, wireless communications frame structures may be implemented using time division duplexing (TDD) . In TDD, for a particular set of subcarriers, some subframes are configured for DL communication and other subframes are configured for UL communication.
[0104] In FIGs. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is implemented using TDD. “D” indicates DL time resources, “U” indicates UL time resources, and “X” indicates flexible time resources for use or later reconfiguration for either DL or UL communication. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 12 or 14 symbols, depending on the cyclic prefix (CP) type (e.g., 12 symbols per slot for an extended CP or 14 symbols per slot for a normal CP) . Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0105] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe (e.g., a slot duration in a subframe) is based on a numerology. A numerology may define a frequency domain subcarrier spacing and symbol duration, and may be configured for a given bandwidth part, carrier, cell, or network entity. In certain aspects, given a numerology μ, there are 2μ slots per subframe. Thus, numerologies (μ) 0 to 6 may allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 slots, respectively, per subframe. In some cases, an extended CP (e.g., 12 symbols per slot) may be used with a specific numerology, such as numerology μ = 2 allowing for 4 slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2^μ×15 kHz. As an example, the numerology μ=0 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the numerology μ=6 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 960 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of a slot format having 14 symbols per slot (e.g., a normal CP) and a numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. In such a case, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0106] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB) ) that extends across, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . An RE may include a single subcarrier in the frequency domain and a single symbol in the time domain. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme including, for example, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
[0107] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (shown as “RS” ) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include a demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or a channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may additionally or alternatively include a beam measurement RS (BRS) , a beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or a phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0108] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0109] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0110] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0111] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (SSB) , and in some cases, referred to as a synchronization signal block (SSB) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0112] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as “R” for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0113] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0114] Aspects Related to Backscattering Devices
[0115] FIG. 5A depicts an example backscattering wireless communications device 506. The backscattering wireless communications device 506 may be, for example, an A-IoT device, or a backscattering UE (e.g., similar to UE 104 of FIG. 1) .
[0116] As shown, backscattering wireless communications device 506 includes an antenna 552, an energy harvesting (EH) circuit 554, a microcontroller 556, a switch 558, and impedance circuits 560. In other aspects, backscattering wireless communications device 506 may include additional components (e.g., a battery or capacitor) , or fewer components (e.g., removal of EH circuit 554) .
[0117] Antenna 552 may be similar to antenna 332 of FIG. 3. Antenna 552 is coupled to EH circuit 554. EH circuit 554 may include one or more power converters and / or the like for receiving (e.g., RF) energy and converting it into usable energy for backscattering wireless communications device 506. EH circuit 554 is further coupled to microcontroller 556. In other aspects, microcontroller 556 may be directly coupled to antenna 552.
[0118] In some aspects, the EH circuit 554 may be referred to as an RF energy harvester and may include multiple components (e.g., an impedance matching circuit, a voltage multiplier, a capacitor, etc. ) configured to collect RF signals and convert them into electricity. In some aspects, a module of the backscattering wireless communications device 506 (e.g., a power management module) determines whether to store the electricity obtained from the EH circuit 554 or to use the electricity for information transmission immediately. Additionally, the backscattering wireless communications device 506 may include an energy storage component (e.g., a battery or a capacitor) that is configured to store energy converted by the EH circuit 554. In some aspects, RF energy may be harvested from various signal types. For example, RF energy may be harvested via one or more of a deterministic signal (e.g., a pilot signal) , a random signal such as a circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random signal, and / or an improper complex Gaussian random signal (e.g., a signal in which real and imaginary components have different variances) .
[0119] Microcontroller 556 is coupled to switch 558 and configured to control switch 558 to selectively couple impedance circuits 560 to the circuit including antenna 552. Impedance circuits 560 may be any components that provide impedance.
[0120] FIG. 5A further depicts a wireless communications device 501, such as a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) , network entity (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) , or the like. Wireless communications device 501 further includes antennas 534a and 534b, which may be similar to antenna 314 of FIG. 3. In some aspects, the wireless communications device 501 may include and / or be referred to as a reader device.
[0121] In certain aspects, wireless communications device 501 is configured to transmit a CW from antenna 534a. A CW is a waveform (e.g., sinusoidal waveform) that can be modulated with data (e.g., an information-bearing signal) to generate a modulated signal that conveys the data.
[0122] In certain aspects, backscattering wireless communications device 506 is configured to receive the CW, transmitted by wireless communications device 501, at antenna 552. Backscattering wireless communications device 506 modulates the CW by switching the switch 558 to vary the impedance coupled to the antenna 552. In particular, the switch 558 varies the impedance by switching a number or size of impedance circuits 560 coupled to antenna 552. Varying the impedance coupled to the antenna 552 varies an amplitude and / or phase of the CW. For example, when the antenna 552 is coupled to a high impedance, the mismatch between the antenna and load impedance reflects all the power received on antenna 552 back. When the antenna 552 is coupled to an impedance matched to an impedance of the antenna, the match between the antenna and load impedances causes the power to be absorbed at backscattering wireless communications device 506 and little power is reflected on antenna 552. Therefore, switching between a high impedance and matched impedance modulates an amplitude of the CW reflected. The frequency of switching between the impedances may be associated with a data rate of communicating data.
[0123] Accordingly, the microcontroller 556 controls the switch 558 to modulate the CW with data, to generate a modulated backscattered signal. For example, microcontroller 556 controls the switch 558 to perform amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation to vary the amplitude of the CW and / or phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation to vary the phase of the CW. Backscattering wireless communications device 506 transmits (e.g., reflects) the modulated backscattered signal via antenna 552 in this example. In some aspects, the modulated backscattered signal may represent different bits (e.g., bit ‘0’ or bit ‘1’ ) by varying the amplitude and / or phase of the CW. In the example of FIG. 5A, a bit ‘0’ may be represented in the modulated backscattered signal by higher amplitude portions of the modulated backscattered signal, and a bit ‘1’ may be represented in the modulated backscattered signal by lower amplitude portions of the modulated backscattered signal.
[0124] In certain aspects, wireless communications device 501 is configured to receive the modulated backscattered signal on antenna 534b. The wireless communications device 501 may process the modulated backscattered signal to decode the data transmitted by backscattering wireless communications device 506.
[0125] FIG. 5B depicts an example frame structure for FL and BL communications using backscattering devices, such as backscattering wireless communications device 506 of FIG. 5A and other A-IoT devices.
[0126] In this example, FL 510 includes a CW portion for energy harvesting 512, a FL synchronization portion 514, a wake-up signal (WUS) portion 516, and a FL control data and payload data portion 518. As above, in some cases, the FL control data will explicitly include one or more device ID (s) for one or more target backscattering device (s) intended to receive the FL payload data. In other examples, the FL control data may implicitly indicate the one or more target backscattering device (s) , such as by CRC masking. In some aspects, the FL 510 may be referred to as a R2D communication link.
[0127] Further in this example, backward link (BL) 520 includes a BL preamble portion 522 (e.g., for channel estimation and timing synchronization) , BL control data and payload data portion 524 (e.g., including an acknowledgement of the control data and / or payload data) , and BL scheduling request 526. The BL 520 is supported by a CW for backscattering 528 in this example. In some aspects, the BL 520 may be referred to as a D2R communication link.
[0128] Note that FIG. 5B is just one example of a frame structure for FL and BL transmissions, and many others are possible.
[0129] FIGS. 6A-6E depict example deployment scenarios for a backscattering wireless communications device 606, such as an A-IoT device.
[0130] FIG. 6A depicts a monostatic deployment scenario, whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 (e.g., backscattering wireless communications device 506 of FIG. 5A) is configured to receive a CW from and reflect a modulated backscattered signal to the same wireless communications device 601 (e.g., UE 104 or BS 102 of FIG. 1, first network entity 300 or second network entity 302 or UE 304 of FIG. 3, wireless communications device 501 of FIG. 5A) . For example, wireless communications device 601 may be capable of full duplex communications. As shown, wireless communications device 601 transmits a signal to backscattering wireless communications device 606 that serves as both a CW and an FL signal that carries control signaling. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the signal as a BL signal that carries data. In certain aspects, the CW and FL signals may be sent separately.
[0131] FIGS. 6B-6E depict different bi-static deployment scenarios, whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a CW from one device and reflect a modulated backscattered signal to a different device, such as for half-duplex communications.
[0132] FIG. 6B illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a signal that serves as both a CW and FL signal from BS 602 (e.g., BS 102 of FIG. 1) . Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the signal as a BL signal that carries data to UE 604 (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1) . In certain aspects, the CW and FL signals may be sent separately.
[0133] FIG. 6C illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a signal that serves as both a CW and FL signal from UE 604. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the signal as a BL signal that carries data to BS 602. In certain aspects, the CW and FL signals may be sent separately.
[0134] FIG. 6D illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a CW from BS 602. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the CW signal as a BL signal that carries data to UE 604. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 further receives an FL signal from UE 604.
[0135] FIG. 6E illustrates a scenario whereby backscattering wireless communications device 606 is configured to receive a CW from UE 604. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 modulates and reflects the CW signal as a BL signal that carries data to BS 602. Backscattering wireless communications device 606 further receives an FL signal from BS 602.
[0136] Example Aspects of MSK Modulation and Waveform Generation
[0137] FIGS. 7A-7D depict example aspects of an MSK modulation scheme in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0138] In the example of FIG. 7A, for backscatter communications on a D2R communication link (e.g., FL) , an A-IoT device may apply a frequency shift 708 avoid interferences from a CW 702 and / or external CWs. For example, the A-IoT device may send one or more backscattered signals in a left-side frequency band 704 and / or in a right-side frequency band 706, where the left-side frequency band 704 and the right-side frequency band 706 are separated in frequency from the CW 702 according to the frequency shift 708. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may use the frequency shift 708 for FDM of the backscattered signal (s) . Additionally, a Miller modulated subcarrier (MMS) in RF identification (RFID) and a square wave data modulation (e.g., MSK-based modulation to generate a square MSK waveform) may support the frequency shift 708 using a square wave component in a baseband frequency. In some aspects, a range and / or value of the frequency shift 708 may correspond to a frequency of a square wave in baseband.
[0139] In some aspects, baseband coded bits may be modulated (e.g., using a PSK, FSK, and / or ASK modulation scheme) with square waves for a square wave-based D2R waveform and modulation, which may provide the frequency shift 708. For example, a square wave data modulation may be performed on baseband coded bits using a square wave codebook and applying an M-ary PSK (M-PSK) (e.g., a selection of a phase offset of the square wave) , M-ary FSK (M-FSK) (e.g., a selection of a frequency of the square wave) , and / or M-ary ASK (M-ASK) (e.g., a selection of an amplitude of the square wave) . The modulation order, M, may be equivalent to the number of points in the signal constellation determined by the M-ary number parameter. Subsequently, an output of the square wave data modulation may include modulated square wave in bits, such as based on a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation scheme, a QPSK modulation scheme, and / or an M-FSK modulation scheme.
[0140] The modulated square wave in bits may then be fed into an ASK / PSK backscatter modulation component of the A-IoT device. In some aspects, the ASK / PSK backscatter modulation component may output an on-off keying (OOK) or BPSK backscatter modulation. The ASK / PASK backscatter modulation may be used for A-IoT devices of type 1 and / or 2a. For an A-IoT device of type 2b (e.g., non-backscatter A-IoT device) , the ASK / PSK backscatter modulation component may be replaced by an RF modulation component. Using the ASK / PSK backscatter modulation component and / or the RF modulation component, high and low levels of a square wave (e.g., chip values of the square wave) may be mapped to modulation symbols. In some aspects, square waves can be enhanced to multi-stage waves (e.g., to approximate a sine wave, such as less high-order harmonic waves) if the A-IoT device supports multi-order ASK / PSK backscatter and faster switching. Additionally, the scheme can be in modulation aspect (e.g., using a modulation scheme) or coding aspect (e.g., using a line coding scheme) .
[0141] In the example of FIG. 7B, an A-IoT device may perform a backscatter modulation on a square waveform using a PSK-based backscatter modulation (with backscatter coefficients between +1 and -1, such as a BPSK backscatter modulation) using fast antenna load switching. As part of the backscatter modulation, the A-IoT device may map the high and low levels of the square waveforms to different PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 (e.g., PSK symbols {+1, -1} ) as illustrated in the example of FIG. 7B. For example, a first PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710A may include a PSK symbol of -1; a second PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710B and a third PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710C may may include a PSK symbol of +1; a fourth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710D, a fifth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710E, and a sixth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710F may may include a PSK symbol of -1; a seventh PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710G may may include a PSK symbol of +1; an eighth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710H may may include a PSK symbol of -1; a ninth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710J may include a PSK symbol of +1; and a tenth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710K may may include a PSK symbol of -1. In some aspects, the PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 including the PSK symbol of -1 may be used to send a bit of value ‘0, ’ and the PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 including the PSK symbol of +1 may be used to send a bit of value ‘1. ’ Additionally or alternatively, although not shown, the A-IoT device may map the high and low levels of the square waveforms to different ASK backscatter modulation symbols (e.g., ASK symbols {0, +1} ) .
[0142] Subsequently, in the example of FIG. 7C, the A-IoT device may generate an MSK waveform based on the PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 of FIG. 7B. In some aspects, for the MSK waveform, bit ‘0’ may be mapped to a signal (e.g., sine wave) with a frequency f1, and bit ‘1’ may be mapped to a signal (e.g., sine wave) with a frequency f2, where f1 and f2 have a minimum tone spacing with orthogonality. Accordingly, the PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 that include the PSK symbol of -1 may indicate a bit ‘0, ’ such that those PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 are mapped to a signal with the frequency f1. Additionally, the PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 that include the PSK symbol of +1 may indicate a bit ‘1, ’ such that those PSK backscatter modulation symbols 710 are mapped to a signal with the frequency f2.
[0143] For example, the MSK waveform may include a first portion 712A with the frequency f1 corresponding to the first PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710A that includes the PSK symbol of -1; a second portion 712B with the frequency f2 corresponding to the second PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710B and the third PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710C that include the PSK symbol of +1; a third portion 712C with the frequency f1 corresponding to the fourth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710D, the fifth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710E, and the sixth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710F that include the PSK symbol of -1; a fourth portion 712D with the frequency f2 corresponding to the seventh PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710G that include the PSK symbol of +1; a fifth portion 712E with the frequency f1 corresponding to the eighth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710H that include the PSK symbol of -1; a sixth portion 712F with the frequency f2 corresponding to the ninth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710J that include the PSK symbol of +1; and seventh portion 712G with the frequency f1 corresponding to the tenth PSK backscatter modulation symbol 710K that include the PSK symbol of -1.
[0144] Additionally, for the MSK waveform, a phase of signal at the end of the n-th bit may be same to a phase of signal at the beginning of the (n+1) -th bit. That is, the phase of signal may be continuous across bits for the MSK waveform. In some aspects, MSK may be a type of CP-FSK modulation.
[0145] In some aspects, MSK may be considered for modulating D2R communications. For example, a goal of waveform design is to be unified for all A-IoT device types, and MSK is a strong candidate for that. For an A-IoT device of type 2b, MSK may be a suitable candidate for waveform design with carrier modulation due to a high performance (e.g., similar to BPSK) with a simple generation (e.g., compared to BPSK) . For an A-IoT device of type 1 or 2a, conventional MSK may be modified to a baseband backscatter modulation scheme due to no carrier modulation supported in type 1 or 2a. Modulation on an external CW for an A-IoT device of type 1 or 2a may be achieved by multiplying a baseband signal to the external CW by backscattering. In some aspects, square wave modulation-based MSK may have a same performance to a square wave modulation-based BPSK.
[0146] In the example of FIG. 7D, an A-IoT device may generate a square MSK waveform 714 (e.g., MSK with square wave modulation) based on the MSK waveform illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 7C. For example, the square MSK waveform 714 may correspond to the MSK waveform, where high portions of the square MSK waveform 714 correspond to peaks of the MSK waveform and low portions of the square MSK waveform 714 correspond to troughs of the MSK waveform.
[0147] For the square MSK waveform 714, a phase of the square wave may be continuous at bit boundaries. In some aspects, if the square wave is considered in a line coding aspect instead of a modulation aspect, an equivalent to bit codeword mapping may be used for a modulated signal. For example, for the line coding aspect, a source bit-0 may include a pattern of [000, 111111, 000] or [111, 000000, 111] , and a source bit-1 may include a pattern of [00, 1111, 0000, 11] or [11, 0000, 1111, 00] . These patterns may be fixed for a fixed initial phase and base frequency. Additionally, a set of line coded bits of an n-th source bit may be selected such that a last coded bit of n-th source bit and a first coded bit of an (n+1) -th source bit (e.g., a next occurring source bit) have a same phase in the modulated signal. In some aspects, this selection may include a high complexity because the A-IoT may calculate the phase of a first harmonic. Alternatively, a set of line coded bits of an n-th source bit may be selected such that a last coded bit of n-th source bit and a first coded bit of an (n+1) -th source bit (e.g., a next occurring source bit) have a different phase in the modulated signal (e.g., for broader coverage) . Subsequently, the line coding encoded bits may be mapped to modulation symbols of ASK / PSK. In some aspects, a chip of the square wave may be continuous at bit boundaries. If considered in the line coding aspect, the line coded bits at source bit boundary may be kept the same.
[0148] Example Signaling of Parameters for an MSK Waveform Generation
[0149] FIG. 8 depicts an example wireless communications network 800 that supports signaling of parameters for an MSK waveform generation in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the wireless communications network 800 may implement aspects of or may be implemented by aspects of FIGS. 1-7. For example, the wireless communications network 800 may include a reader device 802 and an A-IoT device 804. In some aspects, the reader device 802 may represent a BS or similar network entity as described with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and 5-6 (e.g., BS 102, BS 180, a disaggregated BS, the first network entity 300, the second network entity 302, wireless communications device 501, BS 602, etc. ) or a UE or similar terminal device described with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, and 5-6 (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, wireless communications device 501, UE 604, etc. ) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device 804 may represent an A-IoT device, UE, or backscattering wireless communications device as described with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, and 5-6 (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, backscattering wireless communications device 506, backscattering wireless communications device 606, etc. ) .
[0150] Additionally, the wireless communications network 800 may support communication between the reader device 802 and the A-IoT device 804. For example, the reader device 802 and the A-IoT device 804 may wirelessly communicate via a first communication link 806 (e.g., one or more carriers, a communication link 120, FL 510, R2D link, etc. ) and via a second communication link 808 (e.g., one or more carriers, a communication link 120, BL 520, D2R link, etc. ) .
[0151] According to aspects of the present disclosure, the wireless communications network 800 may support a general low-complex square wave-based MSK waveform generation based on a state transition rule. That is, the A-IoT device 804 may generate square MSK waveforms using one or more state transitions according to the state transition rule. For example, the state transition rule may be defined (e.g., according to defined wireless communications standards) and / or pre-programmed for the A-IoT device 804. In some aspects, a continuous phase for the square MSK waveforms at bit boundaries may be achieved by the A-IoT device 804 applying one or more state transitions of a start chip of one or more bit of a plurality of bits. In some aspects, the state transitions may include inter-bit state transition (s) and intra-bit state transition (s) . The inter-bit state transition (s) are illustrated and described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 10A-11B with different setups, and the intra-bit state transition (s) are illustrated and described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 12 with different setups. In some aspects, a state transition may depend on an input bit and / or value of the input bit. Additionally, an output waveform may depend on state and input bit.
[0152] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 804 may generate the square MSK waveforms using the one or more state transitions (e.g., according to the state transition rule) with one or more parameters 810 indicated for an MSK modulation scheme, such that the one or more parameters 810 may be referred to as MSK parameters. For example, the reader device 802 may indicate the one or more parameters 810 to the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., via the first communication link 806) . In some aspects, the one or more parameters 810 may include an integer multiple ratio (M) , an initial phase offset, a base frequency (fbase) , and / or a square chip duration. The integer multiple ratio (M) may indicate a repetition parameter for repeating a unit square waveform (e.g., corresponding to a bit value) when generating the square MSK waveforms. The unit square waveform is depicted and described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 13.
[0153] In some aspects, the integer multiple ratio (M) may be configured based on a bit duration (T) and a duration of a base square wave period (2Kbase) . As described previously, MSK may include two waveform frequencies, a frequency f1 and a frequency f2. In some aspects, the frequency f1 may correspond to fbase, and the frequency f2 may correspond to 1.5*fbase. Accordingly, the duration of a base square wave period may be given by 1 / fbase (e.g., 2Kbase= 1 / fbase) . In some aspects, a bit input to MSK modulation may be coded, where the bit duration for the coded bit may be defined as T=1 / coded bit rate. Additionally, the coded bit rate may correspond to a modulation symbol rate, such that a coded bit duration is equal to a modulation symbol duration. Subsequently, M may equate to a ratio of the bit duration to the duration of the base square wave period (e.g., M=T / (2Kbase) =T / (1 / fbase) =fbase / coded bit rate) .
[0154] The initial phase offset may include a value within, for example, {0, π / 2, π, 3π / 2} . In some aspects, the initial phase offset may be represented by an initial start chip state and a duration for the initial start chip for a unit square waveform corresponding to a bit value. The square chip duration may have two options. If a bit = 0, a square wave frequency for the bit may be given by fbase, and a corresponding square chip duration may be given by 1 / (2fbase) . Additionally or alternatively, if a bit = 1, a square wave frequency for the bit may be given by 1.5fbase, and a corresponding square chip duration may be given by 1 / (2*1.5fbase) =1 / (3fbase) . In some aspects, a mapping between bit 0 or bit 1 to frequency fbase or frequency 1.5fbase can be swapped. In some aspects, he A-IoT device may measure the indicated durations by counting sample numbers (Ki) .
[0155] In some aspects, M may be fixed to an even value, and there may be a single state with a fixed initial phase of each bit. Accordingly, the A-IoT device 804 may not be aware of a state for a bit and may repeat a unit square waveform of bit 0 or bit 1 with a given initial phase offset from {0, π / 2, π, 3π / 2} . In some examples, an initial phase offset may also be fixed (e.g., 0 or π / 2) , such that the A-IoT device 804 may use a single group of unit square waveforms to repeat for bits 0 and 1. Additionally or alternatively, the initial phase offset may be configurable, such that the A-IoT device 804 may use a plurality of groups of unit square waveforms. In some aspects, fixing M to an even value and using the single state with a fixed initial phase of each bit may result in a lower-complexity to generate the square MSK waveform.
[0156] Additionally or alternatively, the reader device 802 may configure M to be an even value or an odd value. If M is odd, the A-IoT device may apply state transitions between two states for bit 1 and no state transitions for bit 0. That is, the A-IoT device 804 may generate square MSK waveforms based on state transitions. In some aspects, having the reader device 802 configure M to be an even value or an odd value may enable flexibility in modulation symbol rate and MSK frequency selection.
[0157] In some aspects, the one or more parameters 810 may include separate square-MSK configurations for control portions of the square MSK waveforms (e.g., a control portion at the beginning of the square MSK waveforms, such as a preamble portion; a control portion in the middle of the square MSK waveforms, such as a midamble portion; a control portion at the end of the square MSK waveforms, such as a postamble portion; etc. ) and for data portions of the square MSK waveforms. For example, the one or more parameters 810 may include one or more first parameters for a first MSK modulation scheme for the control portions and one or more second parameters for a second MSK modulation scheme for the data portions. In some aspects, the one or more first parameters for the control portions of the square MSK waveforms may include fixed square MSK configurations, such as a fixed M value and / or a fixed initial phase (or represented by a fixed initial start chip state and duration) . Using the fixed square MSK configurations for the control portions may enable a lower-complexity for the A-IoT device 804 to detect the control portions in the square MSK waveforms. Additionally, the one or more second parameters for the data portions may include configurable square MSK configurations (e.g., configurable M values and / or configurable initial phases) . Additionally or alternatively, common square MSK configurations may be used for the control portions and the data portions (e.g., either the fixed square MSK configurations or the configurable square MSK configurations) .
[0158] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 804 may support any initial phase offset. For example, the A-IoT device may calculate a sample number of a start chip for a given or current bit using a count of a sample number for a last chip of a previous bit. Additionally, the sample number for a last chip of the previous bit may be counted based on in total N samples for a bit. Table 1, provided below, details how the A-IoT device 804 calculates a sample number of a start chip for a given or current bit.
[0159] Table 1 - Sample Number for a Current Bit
[0160] After receiving the one or more parameters 810, the A-IoT device 804 may perform a modulation 812 to modulate a plurality of bits in accordance with the MSK modulation scheme. Subsequently, the A-IoT device 804 may perform a waveform generation 814 to generate a square MSK waveform 816 based on the one or more parameters 810 and the state transition rule, where the square MSK waveform 816 includes a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits. After the waveform generation 814, the A-IoT device 804 may send the square MSK waveform 816 to the reader device 802 (e.g., via the second communication link 808) .
[0161] Based on the techniques described with reference to FIG. 8, the wireless communications network 800 may enable a flexible support of varying square wave-based MSK waveforms (e.g., with varying data rates and frequency shifts) without needing additional memory to store any sequences or codebooks. Additionally, not needing to store any sequences or codebooks beneficially enables a low-complexity of the A-IoT device 804. In some aspects, the waveform generation 814 and configuration of the one or more parameters 810 for the MSK modulation described herein may reduce waveform generation complexity and reduce configuration signaling overhead. Additionally, the configuration of the one or more parameters 810 for the MSK modulation may support flexible MSK parameters, such as a flexible initial phase offset and base frequency.
[0162] FIGS. 9A-9B depict example waveforms generated by an MSK modulation scheme in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In the example of FIG. 9A, an example waveform may include a square MSK waveform 900. The square MSK waveform 900 may include an initial start chip duration 904 and a square chip duration 906. In some aspects, the square chip duration may be given by Ki samples. As described herein, a chip and / or square chip of the square MSK waveform 900 may be illustrated by a horizontal portion of the square MSK waveform 900. Additionally, a state and / or value of the chip and / or square chip may include ‘high’ or ‘low, ’ where the ‘high’ state and / or value includes an upper horizontal portion 902A of the square MSK waveform 900 and the ‘low’ state and / or value includes a lower horizontal portion 902B of the square MSK waveform 900. In some aspects, the ‘high’ state and / or value may be represented by s0, and the ‘low’ state and / or value may be represented by s1. For example, s0=+a and s1=-a. In another example, s0=+a and s1=+ρa or s1=0. The parameter a may be a positive integer number, and ρ may be a positive ratio (e.g., less than 1) .
[0163] In the example of FIG. 9B, different example waveforms 901 may include a first square MSK waveform 908 and a second square MSK waveform 910. The first square MSK waveform 908 may include a first frequency, fbase, and the second square MSK waveform 910 may include a second frequency, 1.5fbase. In some aspects, the first square MSK waveform 908 may represent a bit 0, and the second square MSK waveform 910 may represent a bit 1. The first square MSK waveform 908 and the second square MSK waveform 910 may include a single bit duration (T) with three repetitions 912 of a unit square waveform for each bit (e.g., M=3) , such as a first repetition 912A, a second repetition 912B, and a third repetition 912C. Each repetition 912 may include a duration 914 of a base square wave period (2Kbase) . Accordingly, the single bit duration (T) may be given by M×2Kbase. Additionally, in the example of FIG. 9B, a square chip duration 916 for the first square MSK waveform 908 may be equal to Kbase samples (e.g., Ki= Kbase) , and a square chip duration 918 for the second square MSK waveform 910 may be equal to samples (e.g., ) .
[0164] Example State Transitions
[0165] FIGS. 10A-10B depict example inter-bit state transitions between bits of a square MSK waveform based on a state transition rule in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In the examples of FIGS. 10A and 10B, an initial phase offset (e.g., of the one or more parameters 810 as described with reference to FIG. 8) may be 0 or π. In some aspects, if the initial phase offset is 0 or π, a start chip duration of each bit may be equal to a square chip duration as described previously with reference to FIG. 9B, (e.g., Ki=Kbase samples for a bit 0, and or samples for a bit 1) .
[0166] In the example of FIG. 10A, M may be an even value. Accordingly, when Mis even, there may be no transitions between the two states (e.g., ‘high’ state and ‘low’ state) once the initial phase offset determines an initial start chip state. That is, a state transition rule 1002 may correspond to no state transition, such that a ‘high’ state is maintained between consecutive bits of a plurality of bits. For example, for an input of bit 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1004 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1002. Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1006 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition) , where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1002. In some aspects, the square MSK waveform 1004 and square MSK waveform 1006 may include an initial phase offset of 0.
[0167] Additionally or alternatively, a state transition rule 1008 may correspond to no state transition, such that a ‘low’ state is maintained between consecutive bits of a plurality of bits. For example, for an input of bit 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1010 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘low’ state based on the state transition rule 1008. Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1012 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition) , where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘low’ state based on the state transition rule 1008. In some aspects, the square MSK waveform 1010 and square MSK waveform 1012 may include an initial phase offset of π.
[0168] That is, an end chip state of each square MSK waveform described with reference to FIG. 10A may be the same as the start chip state of the square MSK waveform. For example, the state transition rule 1002 and the state transition rule 1008 correspond to no state transition because each bit may start with a same state based on also ending on that same state That is, a start phase may be equal to an end phase of a square MSK waveform. Accordingly, when M is even and the initial phase offset is 0, a start phase of each bit may equal 0, and a start chip of each bit may equal the ‘high’ state. Additionally or alternatively, when M is even and the initial phase offset is π, a start phase of each bit may equal π, and a start chip of each bit may equal a ‘low’ state.
[0169] In the example of FIG. 10B, M may be an odd value. Accordingly, when Mis odd, there may be transitions between the two states. However, for an input of bit 0, there may still be no transitions between the two states. For example, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1014 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1002. Similarly, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of π, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1016 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1008.
[0170] Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1020 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition) . Subsequently, a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits may switch between the ‘high’ state for the input of the bit 1 with the initial phase offset of 0 and the ‘low’ state for a next occurring bit based on a state transition rule 1018 (e.g., an inter-bit state transition is applied) . Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of π, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1024 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition) . Subsequently, a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits may switch between the ‘low’ state for the input of the bit 1 with the initial phase offset of π and the ‘high’ state for a next occurring bit based on a state transition rule 1022 (e.g., an inter-bit state transition is applied) .
[0171] That is, when M is odd, an end chip state of a square MSK waveform for an input of bit 0 may be the same as the start chip state of the square MSK waveform. Accordingly, the state transition rule 1002 and the state transition rule 1008 correspond to no state transition after the bit 0 because the bit 0 ends on the same state on which it started. Additionally or alternatively, when M is odd, an end chip state of a square MSK waveform for an input of bit 1 may be the different than the start chip state of the square MSK waveform. Accordingly, the state transition rule 1018 and the state transition rule 1022 correspond to an inter-bit state transition after the bit 1 because the bit 1 ends on a different state than which it started. That is, a start phase and an end phase of a square MSK waveform may be different (e.g., from the start to the end, the phase of a square MSK waveform is changed by π) .
[0172] FIGS. 11A-11B depict example inter-bit state transitions between bits of a square MSK waveform based on a state transition rule in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In the examples of FIGS. 11A and 11B, an initial phase offset (e.g., of the one or more parameters 810 as described with reference to FIG. 8) may be π / 2 or 3π / 2. In some aspects, if the initial phase offset is π / 2 or 3π / 2, a start chip duration of each bit may be equal to half of a square chip duration as described previously with reference to FIG. 9B, (e.g., samples for a bit 0, and or samples for a bit 1) .
[0173] In the example of FIG. 11A, M may be an even value. Accordingly, when Mis even, there may be no transitions between the two states (e.g., ‘high’ state and ‘low’ state) once the initial phase offset determines an initial start chip state. That is, a state transition rule 1102 may correspond to no state transition, such that a ‘high’ state is maintained between consecutive bits of a plurality of bits. For example, for an input of bit 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1104 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1102. Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1106 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition, such as intra-state transitions per repetition) , where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1102. In some aspects, the square MSK waveform 1104 and square MSK waveform 1106 may include an initial phase offset of π / 2.
[0174] Additionally or alternatively, a state transition rule 1108 may correspond to no state transition, such that a ‘low’ state is maintained between consecutive bits of a plurality of bits. For example, for an input of bit 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1110 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘low’ state based on the state transition rule 1108. Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1112 that includes an even number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition) , where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘low’ state based on the state transition rule 1108. In some aspects, the square MSK waveform 1110 and square MSK waveform 1112 may include an initial phase offset of 3π / 2.
[0175] That is, an end chip state of each square MSK waveform described with reference to FIG. 11A may be the same as the start chip state of the square MSK waveform. For example, the state transition rule 1102 and the state transition rule 1108 correspond to no state transition because each bit may start with a same state based on also ending on that same state. Accordingly, when M is even and the initial phase offset is π / 2, a start phase of each bit may equal π / 2, and a start chip of each bit may equal the ‘high’ state. Additionally or alternatively, when M is even and the initial phase offset is 3π / 2, a start phase of each bit may equal 3π / 2, and a start chip of each bit may equal a ‘low’ state.
[0176] In the example of FIG. 11B, M may be an odd value. Accordingly, when Mis odd, there may be transitions between the two states. However, for an input of bit 0, there may still be no transitions between the two states. For example, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1114 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1102. Similarly, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of 3π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1116 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0, where a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits is maintained as the ‘high’ state based on the state transition rule 1108.
[0177] Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1120 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition) . Subsequently, a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits may switch between the ‘high’ state for the input of the bit 1 with the initial phase offset of 0 and the ‘low’ state for a next occurring bit based on a state transition rule 1118 (e.g., an inter-bit state transition is applied) . Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of 3π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1124 that includes an odd number of M repetitions of a corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 1 (e.g., with inverse chips per repetition) . Subsequently, a start chip per bit of the plurality of bits may switch between the ‘low’ state for the input of the bit 1 with the initial phase offset of 3π / 2 and the ‘high’ state for a next occurring bit based on a state transition rule 1122 (e.g., an inter-bit state transition is applied) .
[0178] That is, when M is odd, an end chip state of a square MSK waveform for an input of bit 0 may be the same as the start chip state of the square MSK waveform. Accordingly, the state transition rule 1102 and the state transition rule 1108 correspond to no state transition after the bit 0 because the bit 0 ends on the same state on which it started. Additionally or alternatively, when M is odd, an end chip state of a square MSK waveform for an input of bit 1 may be the different than the start chip state of the square MSK waveform. Accordingly, the state transition rule 1118 and the state transition rule 1122 correspond to an inter-bit state transition after the bit 1 because the bit 1 ends on a different state than which it started.
[0179] In some aspects, the different state transition rules described with reference to FIGS. 10A, 10B, 11A, and 11B may be applied when the bit 0 is configured with the frequency of fbase and the bit 1 is configured with the frequency of 1.5fbase. Additionally or alternatively, the different state transition rules described with reference to FIGS. 10A, 10B, 11A, and 11B may be flipped between the inputs of the bit 0 and the bit 1 if the bit 0 is configured with the frequency of 1.5fbase and the bit 1 is configured with the frequency of fbase.
[0180] FIG. 12 depicts example intra-bit state transitions for one or more bits of a square MSK waveform based on a state transition rule in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. For a given input bit, a waveform for one bit may be generated by performing M steps using an intra-bit state transition for a given input bit. The waveform of each bit may include M repetitions of a unit square waveform output. Additionally, each time the unit square waveform may include a square wave based on one of the two MSK frequencies mapped by the current input bit (e.g., fbase or 1.5fbase) . In some aspects, a start chip of the square wave for a unit square waveform may flip to make the entire M repetitions of the unit square waveform having continuous phase. For example, for an input of bit 0, an output may include M repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 0. Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1, an output may include M repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 1 with inverse chips per repetition (e.g., intra-bit state transitions are applied between the repetitions) .
[0181] In some aspects, an intra-bit state may be defined as a start chip state in each unit square waveform of M repetitions. Additionally, an initial intra-bit state may be equal to an inter-bit state. For example, if a start phase of each bit is configured to be 0 or π / 2, then a start chip of an initial intra-bit state may equal the ‘high’ state. Additionally or alternatively, if a start phase of each bit is configured to be 3π / 2 or π, then a start chip of an initial intra-bit state may equal the ‘low’ state. In some aspects, a start chip duration may be mapped to an initial phase offset.
[0182] In the example of FIG. 12, when an input is bit 0 with a square wave of frequency fbase, there may be no intra-bit state transitions between the two states (e.g., ‘high’ state and ‘low’ state) . That is, a state transition rule 1202 may correspond to no state transition, such that a ‘high’ state is maintained between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 0. Additionally, a state transition rule 1208 may also correspond to no state transition, such that a ‘low’ state is maintained between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 0.
[0183] For example, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1204, where an intra-bit start chip is maintained as the ‘high’ state per repetition of the corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0 based on the state transition rule 1202. Similarly, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1206, where an intra-bit start chip is maintained as the ‘high’ state per repetition of the corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0 based on the state transition rule 1202. Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of π, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1210, where an intra-bit start chip is maintained as the ‘low’ state per repetition of the corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0 based on the state transition rule 1208. Similarly, for an input of bit 0 and an initial phase offset of 3π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1212, where an intra-bit start chip is maintained as the ‘low’ state per repetition of the corresponding unit square waveform for the bit 0 based on the state transition rule 1202.
[0184] Additionally or alternatively, when an input is bit 1 with a square wave of frequency 1.5fbase, there may be intra-bit state transitions between the two states (e.g., ‘high’ state and ‘low’ state) . That is, a state transition rule 1214 may correspond to an intra-bit state transition, such that an intra-bit start chip may switch from the ‘high’ state to the ‘low’ state between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 1. Additionally, a state transition rule 1220 may also correspond to an intra-bit state transition, such that an intra-bit start chip may switch from the ‘low’ state to the ‘high’ state between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 1.
[0185] For example, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of 0, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1216, where an intra-bit start chip is switched from the ‘high’ state to the ‘low’ state between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 1 based on the state transition rule 1214. Similarly, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1218, where an intra-bit start chip is switched from the ‘high’ state to the ‘low’ state between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 1 based on the state transition rule 1214. Additionally or alternatively, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of π, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1222, where an intra-bit start chip is switched from the ‘low’ state to the ‘high’ state between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 1 based on the state transition rule 1220. Similarly, for an input of bit 1 and an initial phase offset of 3π / 2, an output may include a square MSK waveform 1224, where an intra-bit start chip is switched from the ‘low’ state to the ‘high’ state between consecutive repetitions of a unit square waveform corresponding to the bit 1 based on the state transition rule 1220.
[0186] In some aspects, the different state transition rules described with reference to FIG. 12 may be applied when the bit 0 is configured with the frequency of fbase and the bit 1 is configured with the frequency of 1.5fbase. Additionally or alternatively, the different state transition rules described with reference to FIG. 12 may be flipped between the inputs of the bit 0 and the bit 1 if the bit 0 is configured with the frequency of 1.5fbaseand the bit 1 is configured with the frequency of fbase.
[0187] Example MSK Waveform Aspects
[0188] FIG. 13 depicts examples of a set of unit square waveforms 1300 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, each unit square waveform of the set of unit square waveforms 1300 may represent an output signal, where the output signal is based on sample number counting (or a configured duration) and chip flip performed by an A-IoT device.
[0189] A first unit square waveform 1302 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from a chip state of s0 (e.g., ‘high’ state) and counting Kbase samples and then flipping the chip state to s1 (e.g., ‘low’ state) and counting Kbase samples. A second unit square waveform 1304 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from the chip state s0 and counting samples, then flipping the chip state to s1 and counting samples, and then flipping the chip state to s0 and counting samples. A third unit square waveform 1306 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from the chip state s1 and counting Kbase samples and then flipping the chip to s0 and counting Kbase samples. A fourth unit square waveform 1308 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from the chip state s1 and counting samples, then flipping the chip state to s0 and counting samples, and then flipping the chip state to s1 and counting samples.
[0190] A fifth unit square waveform 1310 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from the chip state s0 and counting Kbase / 2 samples, then flipping the chip state to s1 and counting Kbase samples, and then flipping the chip state to s0 and counting Kbase / 2 samples. A sixth unit square waveform 1312 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from the chip state s0 and counting samples, then flipping the chip state to s1 and counting samples, then flipping the chip state to s0 and counting samples, and then flipping the chip state to s1 and counting samples. A seventh unit square waveform 1314 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from the chip state s1 and counting Kbase / 2 samples, then flipping the chip state to s0 and counting Kbase samples, and then flipping the chip state to s1 and counting Kbase / 2 samples. An eighth unit square waveform 1316 may be generated by the A-IoT device by starting from the chip state s1 and counting samples, then flipping the chip state to s0 and counting samples, then flipping the chip state to s1 and counting samples, and then flipping the chip state to s0 and counting samples.
[0191] In some aspects, the A-IoT device may be configured with a minimum set of the unit square waveforms that include the first unit square waveform 1302 and the second unit square waveform 1304. Subsequently, the A-IoT device may derive the remaining unit square waveforms of the set of unit square waveforms 1300 from the minimum set of unit square waveforms based on an initial phase offset. For example, the minimum set of the unit square waveforms with the first unit square waveform 1302 and the second unit square waveform 1304 may correspond to an initial phase offset of 0. Subsequently, the A-IoT device may derive the third unit square waveform 1306 (e.g., from the first unit square waveform 1302) and the fourth unit square waveform 1308 (e.g., from the second unit square waveform 1304) based on an initial phase offset of π. Additionally, the A-IoT device may derive the fifth unit square waveform 1310 (e.g., from the first unit square waveform 1302) and the sixth unit square waveform 1312 (e.g., from the second unit square waveform 1304) based on an initial phase offset of π / 2. Additionally, the A-IoT device may derive the seventh unit square waveform 1314 (e.g., from the first unit square waveform 1302) and the eighth unit square waveform 1316 (e.g., from the second unit square waveform 1304) based on an initial phase offset of 3π / 2.
[0192] In some aspects, the techniques described herein may be extended to a line coding aspect rather than waveform modulation and generation, where the unit square waveforms are replaced with codewords. For example, the first unit square waveform 1302 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘000000111111, ’ the second unit square waveform 1304 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘000011110000, ’ the third unit square waveform 1306 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘111111000000, ’ the fourth unit square waveform 1308 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘111100001111, ’ the fifth unit square waveform 1310 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘000111111000, ’ the sixth unit square waveform 1312 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘001111000011, ’ a seventh unit square waveform 1314 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘111000000111, ’ and an eighth unit square waveform 1316 may correspond to a bit codeword of ‘110000111100. ’
[0193] Additionally, the intra-bit state transitions also can be used by replacing chip states ‘high’ and ‘low’ to bits 0 and 1, respectively, and replacing chip durations to bit-level repetition numbers. In some aspects, bit-level repetition may be adopted for lower code rates. Additionally or alternatively, bit-level de-repetition may be adopted for higher code rates.
[0194] FIG. 14 depicts an example set of square MSK waveforms 1400 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The set of square MSK waveforms 1400 may include a first square MSK waveform 1402, a second square MSK waveform 1404, and third square MSK waveform 1406.
[0195] The first square MSK waveform 1402 may include a plurality of bits 1408, such as a first bit 1408A (e.g., a bit 0) , a second bit 1408B (e.g., a bit 1) , a third bit 1408C (e.g., a bit 1) , a fourth bit 1408D (e.g., a bit 1) , and a fifth bit 1408E (e.g., a bit 0) . Additionally, for the first square MSK waveform 1402, a reader device may configure and indicate M = 1 (e.g., odd number) and an initial phase offset of π / 2. Accordingly, based on the state transition rule described herein using these parameters, an A-IoT device may apply an inter-bit state transition from the ‘high’ value to the ‘low’ value at a bit boundary between the second bit 1408B and the third bit 1408C. Additionally, the A-IoT device may apply an inter-bit state transition from the ‘low’ value to the ‘high’ value at a bit boundary between the third bit 1408C and the fourth bit 1408D. Additionally, the A-IoT device may apply an inter-bit state transition from the ‘high’ value to the ‘low’ value at a bit boundary between the fourth bit 1408D and the fifth bit 1408E. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may not apply a chip flip (e.g., state transition) at the end of the first square MSK waveform 1402 based on an end chip state of the fifth bit 1408E being the same as a start chip state of the first bit 1408A.
[0196] The second square MSK waveform 1404 may include a plurality of bits 1410, such as a first bit 1410A (e.g., a bit 0) , a second bit 1410B (e.g., a bit 1) , a third bit 1410C (e.g., a bit 1) , a fourth bit 1410D (e.g., a bit 1) , and a fifth bit 1410E (e.g., a bit 0) . Additionally, for the second square MSK waveform 1404, a reader device may configure and indicate M = 1 (e.g., odd number) and an initial phase offset of 0. Accordingly, based on the state transition rule described herein using these parameters, an A-IoT device may apply an inter-bit state transition from the ‘high’ value to the ‘low’ value at a bit boundary between the second bit 1410B and the third bit 1410C. Additionally, the A-IoT device may apply an inter-bit state transition from the ‘low’ value to the ‘high’ value at a bit boundary between the third bit 1410C and the fourth bit 1410D. Additionally, the A-IoT device may apply an inter-bit state transition from the ‘high’ value to the ‘low’ value at a bit boundary between the fourth bit 1410D and the fifth bit 1410E. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may apply a chip flip (e.g., state transition) at the end of the second square MSK waveform 1404 based on an end chip state of the fifth bit 1410E being different than a start chip state of the first bit 1410A.
[0197] The third square MSK waveform 1406 may include a plurality of bits 1412, such as a first bit 1412A (e.g., a bit 0) , a second bit 1412B (e.g., a bit 1) , and a third bit 1412C (e.g., a bit 1) . Additionally, for the third square MSK waveform 1406, a reader device may configure and indicate M = 2 (e.g., even number) and an initial phase offset of 0. Accordingly, based on the state transition rule described herein using these parameters, an A-IoT device may not apply any state transitions between each of the plurality of bits 1412 (e.g., based on M being configured with an even number) .
[0198] Example Signaling for MSK Waveform Generation
[0199] FIG. 15 depicts a process flow 1500 for communications in a network between a reader device 1502 and an A-IoT device 1504 that supports signaling for an MSK waveform generation in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the process flow 1500 may implement aspects of or may be implemented by aspects of FIGS. 1-14. For example, the reader device 1502 may represent a BS or similar network entity as described with reference to FIGS. 1-3, 5-6, and 8 (e.g., BS 102, BS 180, a disaggregated BS, the first network entity 300, the second network entity 302, wireless communications device 501, BS 602, reader device 802, etc. ) or a UE or similar terminal device described with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, 5-6, and 8 (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, wireless communications device 501, UE 604, reader device 802, etc. ) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1504 may represent an A-IoT device, UE, or backscattering wireless communications device as described with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, 5-6, and 8 (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, backscattering wireless communications device 506, backscattering wireless communications device 606, A-IoT device 804, etc. ) . However, in other aspects, the reader device 1502 may be another type of wireless communications device, network entity, or network node, such as those described herein, and the A-IoT device 1504 may be another type of wireless communications device. Note that any operations or signaling illustrated with dashed lines may indicate that that operation or signaling is an optional or alternative example.
[0200] At 1506, the reader device 1502 sends and the A-IoT device 1504 receives one or more parameters for an MSK modulation scheme (e.g., the one or more parameters 810 as described with reference to FIG. 8) . For example, the one or more parameters for the MSK modulation scheme may include one or more of: a repetition parameter for each modulated bit of a plurality of modulated bits (e.g., M) , an initial phase offset for the plurality of modulated bits, a base frequency for generation of a waveform (e.g., fbase) , and a square chip duration. In some aspects, the repetition parameter may include a fixed even quantity, and / or the initial phase offset may include a fixed value.
[0201] At 1508, the A-IoT device 1504 modulates a plurality of bits (e.g., the modulation 812 as described with reference to FIG. 8) in accordance with the MSK modulation scheme. In some aspects, a sample number per square chip of a modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits may be based on one or more of: a state of a previous modulated bit occurring immediately before the modulated bit, a phase of the previous modulated bit, and a sample number of an initial square chip of the previous modulated bit.
[0202] At 1510, the A-IoT device 1504 generates a waveform (e.g., the waveform generation 814 described with reference to FIG. 8) based on the one or more parameters and a state transition rule, where the waveform includes a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1504 may apply an inter-bit state transition between consecutive bits of the plurality of bits. For example, the inter-bit state transition may include a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a first bit of the plurality of bits to a second state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a second bit of the plurality of bits. In some aspects, the inter-bit state transition may be applied based on a number of repetitions configured for generation of the waveform, where the number of repetitions includes an odd number of repetitions. Additionally or alternatively, the A-IoT device 1504 may apply an intra-bit state transition between consecutive repetitions of a bit of the plurality of bits. For example, the intra-bit state transition may include a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion of a first repetition corresponding to the bit to a second state for an initial waveform portion of a second repetition corresponding to the bit. In some aspects, the intra-bit state transition may be applied based on a value of the bit, a frequency that comprises a 1.5 multiple of a base frequency and is configured for modulation of the bit, or both the value of the bit and the base frequency.
[0203] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1504 may generate a unit square waveform per modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits. For example, the unit square waveform may be generated per modulated bit based on an initial phase offset configured for the plurality of modulated bits and a count of a number of samples per modulated bit (or a configured duration) . Additionally, the number of samples per modulated bit may be based on one or more frequencies configured for generation of the waveform for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0204] In some aspects, the reader device 1502 may send and the A-IoT device 1504 may receive one or more first parameters for a first MSK modulation scheme and one or more second parameters for a second MSK modulation scheme (e.g., as part of the one or more parameters for the MSK modulation communicated at 1506) . Accordingly, the A-IoT device may use the one or more first parameters for generation of the waveform for one or more portions of the plurality of modulated bits (e.g., control portions) and may use the one or more second parameters for generation of the waveform for a data portion of the plurality of modulated bits. Additionally or alternatively, the A-IoT device may use the one or more parameters communicated at 1506 for generation of the waveform for all portions of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0205] In some aspects, the A-IoT device may encode a first bit of the plurality of bits as a first source bit of a line coding scheme and a second bit as a second source bit of the line coding scheme. Subsequently, the A-IoT device may map the first source bit to a first modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols and the second source bit to a subsequent second modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme. In some aspects, the line coding scheme may map the first source bit to one or more first codewords and the second source bit to one or more second codewords.
[0206] At 1512, the A-IoT device 1504 sends and the reader device 1502 receives the waveform (e.g., the square MSK waveform as described with reference to FIG. 8) . In some aspects, a waveform phase of the waveform may be continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits. Additionally or alternatively, a chip value of the waveform may be continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits. In some aspects, the waveform may include a square waveform or a multi-stage waveform.
[0207] Note that the process flow 1500 illustrated in FIG. 15 is an example of an MSK waveform generation process, and aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to signaling for an MSK waveform generation. Note that the process flow 1500 illustrated in FIG. 15 is described herein to facilitate an understanding of signaling for an MSK waveform generation, and aspects of the present disclosure may be performed in various manners via alternative or additional signaling and / or operations. In certain aspects, the operations and / or signaling of FIG. 15 may occur in an order different from that described or depicted, and various actions, operations, and / or signaling may be added, omitted, or combined.
[0208] Example Operations of a Device
[0209] FIG. 16 shows a method 1600 for wireless communications by an apparatus, such as UE 104 of FIG. 1 or UE 304 of FIG. 3 and / or an A-IoT device or backscattering device described herein.
[0210] Method 1600 begins at block 1605 with receiving, from a reader device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme (e.g., the one or more parameters 810 as described with reference to FIG. 8) .
[0211] Method 1600 then proceeds to block 1610 with modulating a plurality of bits (e.g., the modulation 812 as described with reference to FIG. 8) in accordance with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0212] Method 1600 then proceeds to block 1615 with generating a waveform (e.g., the waveform generation 814 described with reference to FIG. 8) based at least in part on the one or more parameters and a state transition rule, the waveform comprising a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits.
[0213] Method 1600 then proceeds to block 1620 with sending the waveform (e.g., the square MSK waveform 816 as described with reference to FIG. 8) to the reader device.
[0214] In some aspects, block 1615 includes applying an inter-bit state transition between consecutive bits of the plurality of bits, and the inter-bit state transition comprises a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a first bit of the plurality of bits to a second state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a second bit of the plurality of bits.
[0215] In some aspects, the inter-bit state transition is applied based at least in part on a number of repetitions configured for generation of the waveform, and the number of repetitions comprises an odd number of repetitions.
[0216] In some aspects, block 1615 includes applying an intra-bit state transition between consecutive repetitions of a bit of the plurality of bits, and the intra-bit state transition comprises a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion of a first repetition corresponding to the bit to a second state for an initial waveform portion of a second repetition corresponding to the bit.
[0217] In some aspects, the intra-bit state transition is applied based at least in part on a value of the bit, a frequency that comprises a 1.5 multiple of a base frequency and is configured for modulation of the bit, or both the value of the bit and the frequency.
[0218] In some aspects, block 1615 includes generating a unit square waveform per modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0219] In some aspects, the unit square waveform is generated based at least in part on an initial phase offset configured for the plurality of modulated bits and a count of a number of samples per modulated bit, and the number of samples per modulated bit is based at least in part on one or more frequencies configured for generation of the waveform for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0220] In some aspects, obtaining the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprises: obtaining one or more first parameters for a first minimum shift keying modulation scheme; and obtaining one or more second parameters for a second minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0221] In some aspects, method 1600 further includes using the one or more first parameters for generation of the waveform for one or more portions of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0222] In some aspects, method 1600 further includes using the one or more second parameters for generation of the waveform for a data portion of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0223] In some aspects, method 1600 further includes using the one or more parameters for generation of the waveform for all portions of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0224] In some aspects, a sample number per square chip of a modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits is based at least in part on one or more of: a state of a previous modulated bit occurring immediately before the modulated bit, a phase of the previous modulated bit, and a sample number of an initial square chip of the previous modulated bit.
[0225] In some aspects, block 1615 includes: encoding a first bit of the plurality of bits as a first source bit of a line coding scheme and a second bit as a second source bit of the line coding scheme; and mapping the first source bit to a first modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols and the second source bit to a subsequent second modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme.
[0226] In some aspects, the line coding scheme maps the first source bit to one or more first codewords and the second source bit to one or more second codewords.
[0227] In some aspects, the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprise one or more of: a repetition parameter for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits, an initial phase offset for the plurality of modulated bits, and a base frequency for generation of the waveform.
[0228] In some aspects, the repetition parameter comprises a fixed even quantity, the initial phase offset comprises a fixed value, or both.
[0229] In some aspects, a waveform phase of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0230] In some aspects, a chip value of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0231] In some aspects, the waveform comprises a square waveform or a multi-stage waveform.
[0232] In some aspects, the device comprises an ambient IoT device.
[0233] In one aspect, method 1600, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1800 of FIG. 18, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1600. Communications device 1800 is described below in further detail.
[0234] Note that FIG. 16 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0235] In certain aspects, method 1600 may be performed by the apparatus to realize one or more technical effects or solutions to the aforementioned technical problem (s) . For example, based on method 1600, the techniques for enabling MSK waveform generation using a state transition rule may enable a continuous phase and / or chip value of a square MSK waveform achieved by using the state transition rule, which may improve the performance of signaling, reduce the bandwidth needed relative to some other modulation types, and reduce the likelihood of channel leakage or interference. Additionally, applying the state transition rule based on indicated parameters for an MSK-based modulation may support flexible parameters that a reader device can adjust to improve performance of the MSK-based modulation and / or improve backscattered communications. In some aspects, the application of the state transition rule may reduce generation complexity of the square MSK waveform. Additionally, the application of the state transition rule may reduce configuration signaling overhead for the MSK-based modulation based on the state transition rule being defined for the apparatus rather than a reader device indicating additional parameters for the MSK-based modulation.
[0236] Example Operations of a Reader Device
[0237] FIG. 17 shows a method 1700 for wireless communications by an apparatus, such as UE 104 of FIG. 1, UE 304 of FIG. 3, BS 102 of FIG. 1, a first network entity 300 or second network entity 302 of FIG. 3, and / or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0238] Method 1700 begins at block 1705 with sending, to a device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme (e.g., the one or more parameters 810 as described with reference to FIG. 8) .
[0239] Method 1700 then proceeds to block 1710 with sending, to the device, a carrier wave signal.
[0240] Method 1700 then proceeds to block 1715 with receiving, via a waveform (e.g., the square MSK waveform 816 as described with reference to FIG. 8) according to a state transition rule and the one or more parameters from the device, a plurality of modulated bits associated with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0241] In some aspects, outputting the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprises: outputting one or more first parameters for a first minimum shift keying modulation scheme; and outputting one or more second parameters for a second minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0242] In some aspects, the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprise one or more of: a repetition parameter for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits, an initial phase offset for the plurality of modulated bits, and a base frequency for generation of the waveform.
[0243] In some aspects, the repetition parameter comprises a fixed even quantity, the initial phase offset comprises a fixed value, or both.
[0244] In some aspects, a waveform phase of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0245] In some aspects, a chip value of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0246] In some aspects, the waveform comprises a square waveform or a multi-stage waveform.
[0247] In some aspects, the device comprises an ambient IoT device.
[0248] In one aspect, method 1700, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1900 of FIG. 19, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1700. Communications device 1900 is described below in further detail.
[0249] Note that FIG. 17 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0250] In certain aspects, method 1700 may be performed by the apparatus to realize one or more technical effects or solutions to the aforementioned technical problem (s) . For example, based on method 1700, the techniques for enabling MSK waveform generation using a state transition rule may enable a continuous phase and / or chip value of a square MSK waveform achieved by using the state transition rule, which may improve the performance of signaling, reduce the bandwidth needed relative to some other modulation types, and reduce the likelihood of channel leakage or interference. Additionally, applying the state transition rule based on indicated parameters for an MSK-based modulation may support flexible parameters that the apparatus can adjust to improve performance of the MSK-based modulation and / or improve backscattered communications. In some aspects, the application of the state transition rule may reduce generation complexity of the square MSK waveform. Additionally, the application of the state transition rule may reduce configuration signaling overhead for the MSK-based modulation based on the state transition rule being defined for a device rather than the apparatus indicating additional parameters for the MSK-based modulation.
[0251] Example Communications Devices
[0252] FIG. 18 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1800 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1800 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1 or UE 304 described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0253] The communications device 1800 includes a processing system 1802 coupled to a transceiver 1842 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1842 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1800 via an antenna 1844, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1802 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1800, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1800.
[0254] The processing system 1802 includes one or more processors 1804 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1822. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1804 may be representative of the one or more processors 318 described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1804 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1822 via a bus 1840. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1822 may be representative of the one or more memories 320 described with respect to FIG. 3. The computer-readable medium / memory 1822 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1822 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , that when executed by the one or more processors 1804, cause the one or more processors 1804 to perform the method 1600 described with respect to FIG. 16, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 16. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1800 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1800, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0255] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1822 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for receiving 1824, code for modulating 1826, code for generating 1828, code for sending 1830, code for applying 1832, code for using 1834, code for encoding 1836, and code for mapping 1838. Processing of the code 1824-1838 may enable and cause the communications device 1800 to perform the method 1600 described with respect to FIG. 16, or any aspect related to it.
[0256] The one or more processors 1804 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1822, including circuitry for receiving 1806, circuitry for modulating 1808, circuitry for generating 1810, circuitry for sending 1812, circuitry for applying 1814, circuitry for using 1816, circuitry for encoding 1818, and circuitry for mapping 1820. Processing with circuitry 1806-1820 may enable and cause the communications device 1800 to perform the method 1600 described with respect to FIG. 16, or any aspect related to it.
[0257] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antenna 322 and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1842 and / or antenna 1844 of the communications device 1800 in FIG. 18, and / or one or more processors 1804 of the communications device 1800 in FIG. 18. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1842 and / or antenna 1844 of the communications device 1800 in FIG. 18, and / or one or more processors 1804 of the communications device 1800 in FIG. 18.
[0258] FIG. 19 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1900 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1900 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1 or UE 304 described with respect to FIG. 3. In some aspects, communications device 1900 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1, first network entity 300 or second network entity of FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0259] The communications device 1900 includes a processing system 1905 coupled to a transceiver 1955 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1965. The transceiver 1955 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1900 via an antenna 1960, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1965 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1900 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1905 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1900, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1900.
[0260] The processing system 1905 includes one or more processors 1910 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1930. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1910 may be representative of the one or more processors 318 described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1910 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1930 via a bus 1950. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1930 may be representative of the one or more memories 320 described with respect to FIG. 3. The computer-readable medium / memory 1930 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1930 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , that when executed by the one or more processors 1910, cause the one or more processors 1910 to perform the method 1700 described with respect to FIG. 17, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 17. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1900 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1900, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0261] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1930 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for sending 1935, code for receiving 1940, and code for outputting 1945. Processing of the code 1935-1945 may enable and cause the communications device 1900 to perform the method 1700 described with respect to FIG. 17, or any aspect related to it.
[0262] The one or more processors 1910 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1930, including circuitry for sending 1915, circuitry for receiving 1920, and circuitry for outputting 1925. Processing with circuitry 1915-1925 may enable and cause the communications device 1900 to perform the method 1700 described with respect to FIG. 17, or any aspect related to it.
[0263] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1955, and / or antenna 1960, of the communications device 1900 in FIG. 19; and / or one or more processors 1910 of the communications device 1900 in FIG. 19. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1955, and / or antenna 1960, of the communications device 1900 in FIG. 19; and / or one or more processors 1910 of the communications device 1900 in FIG. 19.
[0264] Example Clauses
[0265] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0266] Clause 1: A method for wireless communications by an apparatus comprising: receiving, from a reader device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme; modulating a plurality of bits in accordance with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme; generating a waveform based at least in part on the one or more parameters and a state transition rule, the waveform comprising a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits; and sending the waveform to the reader device.
[0267] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein: generating the waveform comprises applying an inter-bit state transition between consecutive bits of the plurality of bits, and the inter-bit state transition comprises a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a first bit of the plurality of bits to a second state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a second bit of the plurality of bits.
[0268] Clause 3: The method of Clause 2, wherein: the inter-bit state transition is applied based at least in part on a number of repetitions configured for generation of the waveform, and the number of repetitions comprises an odd number of repetitions.
[0269] Clause 4: The method of any one of Clauses 1-3, wherein: generating the waveform comprises applying an intra-bit state transition between consecutive repetitions of a bit of the plurality of bits, and the intra-bit state transition comprises a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion of a first repetition corresponding to the bit to a second state for an initial waveform portion of a second repetition corresponding to the bit.
[0270] Clause 5: The method of Clause 4, wherein: the intra-bit state transition is applied based at least in part on a value of the bit, a frequency that comprises a 1.5 multiple of a base frequency and is configured for modulation of the bit, or both the value of the bit and the frequency.
[0271] Clause 6: The method of any one of Clauses 1-5, wherein generating the waveform comprises generating a unit square waveform per modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0272] Clause 7: The method of Clause 6, wherein: the unit square waveform is generated based at least in part on an initial phase offset configured for the plurality of modulated bits and a count of a number of samples per modulated bit, and the number of samples per modulated bit is based at least in part on one or more frequencies configured for generation of the waveform for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0273] Clause 8: The method of any one of Clauses 1-7, wherein obtaining the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprises: obtaining one or more first parameters for a first minimum shift keying modulation scheme; and obtaining one or more second parameters for a second minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0274] Clause 9: The method of Clause 8, further comprising: using the one or more first parameters for generation of the waveform for one or more portions of the plurality of modulated bits; and using the one or more second parameters for generation of the waveform for a data portion of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0275] Clause 10: The method of any one of Clauses 1-9, further comprising using the one or more parameters for generation of the waveform for all portions of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0276] Clause 11: The method of any one of Clauses 1-10, wherein a sample number per square chip of a modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits is based at least in part on one or more of: a state of a previous modulated bit occurring immediately before the modulated bit, a phase of the previous modulated bit, and a sample number of an initial square chip of the previous modulated bit.
[0277] Clause 12: The method of any one of Clauses 1-11, wherein generating the waveform comprises: encoding a first bit of the plurality of bits as a first source bit of a line coding scheme and a second bit as a second source bit of the line coding scheme; and mapping the first source bit to a first modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols and the second source bit to a subsequent second modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme.
[0278] Clause 13: The method of Clause 12, wherein the line coding scheme maps the first source bit to one or more first codewords and the second source bit to one or more second codewords.
[0279] Clause 14: The method of any one of Clauses 1-13, wherein the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprise one or more of: a repetition parameter for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits, an initial phase offset for the plurality of modulated bits, and a base frequency for generation of the waveform.
[0280] Clause 15: The method of Clause 14, wherein the repetition parameter comprises a fixed even quantity, the initial phase offset comprises a fixed value, or both.
[0281] Clause 16: The method of any one of Clauses 1-15, wherein a waveform phase of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0282] Clause 17: The method of any one of Clauses 1-16, wherein a chip value of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0283] Clause 18: The method of any one of Clauses 1-17, wherein the waveform comprises a square waveform or a multi-stage waveform.
[0284] Clause 19: The method of any one of Clauses 1-18, wherein the device comprises an ambient IoT device.
[0285] Clause 20: A method for wireless communications by an apparatus comprising: sending, to a device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme; sending, to the device, a carrier wave signal; and receiving, via a waveform according to a state transition rule and the one or more parameters from the device, a plurality of modulated bits associated with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0286] Clause 21: The method of Clause 20, wherein outputting the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprises: outputting one or more first parameters for a first minimum shift keying modulation scheme; and outputting one or more second parameters for a second minimum shift keying modulation scheme.
[0287] Clause 22: The method of any one of Clauses 20-21, wherein the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprise one or more of: a repetition parameter for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits, an initial phase offset for the plurality of modulated bits, and a base frequency for generation of the waveform.
[0288] Clause 23: The method of Clause 22, wherein the repetition parameter comprises a fixed even quantity, the initial phase offset comprises a fixed value, or both.
[0289] Clause 24: The method of any one of Clauses 20-23, wherein a waveform phase of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0290] Clause 25: The method of any one of Clauses 20-24, wherein a chip value of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.
[0291] Clause 26: The method of any one of Clauses 20-25, wherein the waveform comprises a square waveform or a multi-stage waveform.
[0292] Clause 27: The method of any one of Clauses 20-26, wherein the device comprises an ambient IoT device.
[0293] Clause 28: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-27.
[0294] Clause 29: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-27.
[0295] Clause 30: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-27.
[0296] Clause 31: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-27.
[0297] Clause 32: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-27.
[0298] Clause 33: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-27.
[0299] Clause 34: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-27.
[0300] Additional Considerations
[0301] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0302] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, an AI processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a SoC, a SiP, or any other such configuration.
[0303] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0304] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0305] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0306] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an ASIC, or processor.
[0307] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The subsequent use of a definite article (e.g., “the” or “said” ) with an element (e.g., “the processor” ) is not intended to invoke a singular meaning (e.g., “only one” ) on the element unless otherwise specifically stated. For example, reference to an element (e.g., “aprocessor, ” “the processor, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” or the like) . The terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more elements, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus comprising a processing system, the processing system comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the processing system configured to cause a device to:receive, from a reader device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme;modulate a plurality of bits in accordance with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme;generate a waveform based at least in part on the one or more parameters and a state transition rule, the waveform comprising a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits; andsend the waveform to the reader device.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:to cause the device to generate the waveform, the processing system is configured to cause the device to apply an inter-bit state transition between consecutive bits of the plurality of bits, andthe inter-bit state transition comprises a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a first bit of the plurality of bits to a second state for an initial waveform portion corresponding to a second bit of the plurality of bits.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein:the inter-bit state transition is applied based at least in part on a number of repetitions configured for generation of the waveform, andthe number of repetitions comprises an odd number of repetitions.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:to cause the device to generate the waveform, the processing system is configured to cause the device to apply an intra-bit state transition between consecutive repetitions of a bit of the plurality of bits, andthe intra-bit state transition comprises a transition from a first state for an initial waveform portion of a first repetition corresponding to the bit to a second state for an initial waveform portion of a second repetition corresponding to the bit.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:the intra-bit state transition is applied based at least in part on a value of the bit, a frequency that comprises a 1.5 multiple of a base frequency and is configured for modulation of the bit, or both the value of the bit and the frequency.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the device to generate the waveform, the processing system is configured to cause the device to generate a unit square waveform per modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein:the unit square waveform is generated based at least in part on an initial phase offset configured for the plurality of modulated bits and a count of a number of samples per modulated bit, andthe number of samples per modulated bit is based at least in part on one or more frequencies configured for generation of the waveform for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the device to obtain the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme, the processing system is configured to cause the device to:obtain one or more first parameters for a first minimum shift keying modulation scheme; andobtain one or more second parameters for a second minimum shift keying modulation scheme.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the device to:use the one or more first parameters for generation of the waveform for one or more portions of the plurality of modulated bits; anduse the one or more second parameters for generation of the waveform for a data portion of the plurality of modulated bits.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the device to use the one or more parameters for generation of the waveform for all portions of the plurality of modulated bits.11.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a sample number per square chip of a modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits is based at least in part on one or more of: a state of a previous modulated bit occurring immediately before the modulated bit, a phase of the previous modulated bit, and a sample number of an initial square chip of the previous modulated bit.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the device to generate the waveform, the processing system is configured to cause the device to:encode a first bit of the plurality of bits as a first source bit of a line coding scheme and a second bit as a second source bit of the line coding scheme; andmap the first source bit to a first modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols and the second source bit to a subsequent second modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols in accordance with the line coding scheme.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the line coding scheme maps the first source bit to one or more first codewords and the second source bit to one or more second codewords.14.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters for the minimum shift keying modulation scheme comprise one or more of: a repetition parameter for each modulated bit of the plurality of modulated bits, an initial phase offset for the plurality of modulated bits, and a base frequency for generation of the waveform.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the repetition parameter comprises a fixed even quantity, the initial phase offset comprises a fixed value, or both.16.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a waveform phase of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.17.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a chip value of the waveform is continuous across boundaries between consecutive bits of the plurality of modulated bits.18.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveform comprises a square waveform or a multi-stage waveform.19.An apparatus comprising a processing system, the processing system comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the processing system configured to cause a reader device to:send, to a device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme;send, to the device, a carrier wave signal; andreceive, via a waveform according to a state transition rule and the one or more parameters from the device, a plurality of modulated bits associated with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme.20.A method for wireless communications by a device comprising:receiving, from a reader device, one or more parameters for a minimum shift keying modulation scheme;modulating a plurality of bits in accordance with the minimum shift keying modulation scheme;generating a waveform based at least in part on the one or more parameters and a state transition rule, the waveform comprising a plurality of modulation symbols corresponding to the plurality of modulated bits; andsending the waveform to the reader device.
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