Predictive model enabled enhanced sidelink user equipment to network relay selection or re-selection
A predictive model-based approach with dynamic threshold ranges addresses the limitations of rigid thresholds in UE-to-network relay selection/re-selection, enhancing connectivity and performance in wireless communication networks.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing UE-to-network relay selection/re-selection processes in wireless communication networks rely on rigid single-value thresholds, which can limit the effectiveness of connectivity and performance improvements.
Implementing a predictive model-based approach that utilizes key performance indicators and dynamic threshold ranges for UE-to-network relay selection/re-selection, allowing for more nuanced and adaptive decision-making.
Enhances connectivity and performance by enabling more efficient and responsive relay selection/re-selection processes, improving network coverage and user experience.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024125745_23042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PREDICTIVE MODEL ENABLED ENHANCED SIDELINK USER EQUIPMENT TO NETWORK RELAY SELECTION OR RE-SELECTIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates generally to wireless communication, and more specifically, to predictive model (e.g. artificial intelligence / machine learning model) enabled enhanced sidelink user equipment to network (U2N) relay selection or re-selection.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] User equipment (UE) to network relays may be used to extend or improve the coverage of the network. For UE-to-Network Relay, in the U2N framework, a UE referred to as a U2N remote UE, connects to the network via a U2N relay UE. The connection between U2N remote UE and the U2N relay UE is over Sidelink (PC5) . The U2N relay UE establishes a Uu connection to the network (e.g., to a gNB) . Rigid criteria, utilizing single-value thresholds for comparison to RSRP dictate the execution of a relay selection / re-selection process. Scientists and engineers continue to search for processes that may be implemented to further improve the connectivity and performance of wireless communication networks.
[0004] BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME EXAMPLES
[0005] The systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0006] The following presents a summary of one or more aspects of the present disclosure, in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated features of the disclosure and is intended neither to identify key or critical elements of all aspects of the disclosure nor to delineate the scope of any or all aspects of the disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects of the disclosure in a form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] According to some examples, an apparatus is described. The apparatus includes one or more memories and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories: collect one or more key performance indicator values, receive, from a network entity, a configuration including a plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter, apply the one or more key performance indicator values, the plurality of sets of ranges of values, and local data collected by the apparatus to a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) relay predictive model, select, based at least on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, a selected set of ranges of values from the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter, and execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process associated with the selected set of ranges of values.
[0008] According to one example a network entity is described. The networ entity includes one or more memories and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories: collect information from a first plurality of user equipment-to-network (U2N) relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes coupled to the network entity via ones of the first plurality of U2N relays, apply the information to a U2N relay predictive model, determine, by the U2N relay predictive model, a range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated in connection with a test that determines whether to execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process at a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes, and configure the given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes with the range of values corresponding to the threshold.
[0009] These and other aspects will become more fully understood upon a review of the detailed description, which follows. Other aspects, features, and examples will become apparent to those persons having ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the following description of specific examples in conjunction with the accompanying figures. While features may be discussed relative to certain examples and figures below, all examples can include one or more of the advantageous features discussed herein. In other words, while one or more examples may be discussed as having certain advantageous features, one or more of such features may also be used in accordance with the various examples discussed herein. In a similar fashion, while examples described herein may be discussed below in terms of specific device, system, or method examples, such exemplary examples can be implemented in various devices, systems, and methods.
[0010] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example of a wireless communication system according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an example of a radio access network according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an example of a wireless communication network employing sidelink communication according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an example of a disaggregated base station architecture according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 5 is an expanded view of an exemplary subframe, showing an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of a 5G user plane protocol stack and a 5G control plane protocol stack according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of one example of an implementation of a UE-to-network (U2N) relay according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an example of a wireless communication network according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation of an apparatus employing one or more processing systems according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example process of wireless communication at an apparatus according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation of a network entity employing one or more processing systems according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example process of wireless communication at a network entity in according to some aspects of the disclosure.
[0023] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is directed to some particular examples for the purpose of describing innovative aspects of this disclosure. However, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the teachings herein can be applied in a multitude of different ways. Some or all of the described examples may be implemented in any device, system, or network that is capable of transmitting and receiving radio frequency (RF) signals according to one or more of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards, the IEEE 802.15 standards, the standards as defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) , or the Long Term Evolution (LTE) , 3G, 4G or 5G (New Radio (NR) ) standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , among others. The described examples can be implemented in any device, system, or network that is capable of transmitting and receiving RF signals according to one or more of the following technologies or techniques: code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) , spatial division multiple access (SDMA) , rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) , multi-user shared access (MUSA) , single-user (SU) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and multi-user (MU) -MIMO. The described examples also can be implemented using other wireless communication protocols or RF signals suitable for use in one or more of a wireless personal area network (WPAN) , a wireless local area network (WLAN) , a wireless wide area network (WWAN) , a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) , or an internet of things (IoT) network.
[0025] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to persons having ordinary skill in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some examples, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0026] While aspects and examples are described in this application by illustration to some examples, persons having ordinary skill in the art will understand that additional implementations and use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Innovations described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects and / or uses may come about via integrated chip examples and other non-module-component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) enabled devices, machine learning (ML) enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described innovations may occur. Implementations may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more aspects of the described innovations. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also necessarily include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described examples. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, radio frequency (RF) -chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . It is intended that innovations described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, disaggregated arrangements (e.g., base station and / or user equipment (UE) ) , end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0027] Described herein methods and apparatus that employ predictive relay switching by a U2N remote UE based on link conditions and based on sensor information. The predictive model may be local to the U2N remote UE or may be distributed between the network and the U2N remote UE. Additional methods and apparatus describe a network entity / network controlled predictive relay process.
[0028] The various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be implemented across a broad variety of telecommunication systems, network architectures, and communication standards. Referring now to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a schematic illustration of an example of a wireless communication system 100 according to some aspects of the disclosure is presented. The wireless communication system 100 includes three interacting domains: a core network 102, a radio access network (RAN) 104, and a user equipment (UE) 106 (e.g., of a plurality of UEs) . By virtue of the wireless communication system 100, the UE 106 (also referred to herein as a wireless communication device or an apparatus) may be enabled to carry out data communication with an external data network 110, such as (but not limited to) the Internet.
[0029] The RAN 104 may implement any suitable wireless communication technology or technologies to provide radio access to the UE 106. As one example, the RAN 104 may operate according to 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) specifications, often referred to as 5G. As another example, the RAN 104 may operate under a hybrid of 5G NR and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (eUTRAN) standards, often referred to as Long Term Evolution (LTE) . The 3GPP refers to this hybrid RAN as a next-generation RAN, or NG-RAN. Of course, many other examples may be utilized within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0030] As illustrated, the RAN 104 includes a plurality of network entities 108. Broadly, a network entity may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC. In some examples, a network entity may be a network element in a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from a UE. In different technologies, standards, or contexts, a network entity may variously be referred to by persons having ordinary skill in the art as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , an access point (AP) , a Node B (NB) , an eNode B (eNB) , a gNode B (gNB) , a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a scheduling entity, a network access point, or some other suitable terminology. In some examples, a network entity 108 may include two or more TRPs that may be collocated or non-collocated. Each TRP may communicate on the same or different carrier frequency within the same or different frequency band. In examples where the RAN 104 operates according to both the LTE and 5G NR standards, one of the network entities may be an LTE network entity, while another network entity may be a 5G NR network entity.
[0031] The RAN 104 is further illustrated supporting wireless communication for multiple mobile apparatuses, one of which may be identified as UE 106. A mobile apparatus may be referred to as user equipment (UE) in 3GPP standards, but may also be referred to by persons having ordinary skill in the art as a mobile station (MS) , a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal (AT) , a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, a scheduled entity, or some other suitable terminology. The UE 106 may be an apparatus (e.g., a mobile apparatus, a wireless communication device) that provides a user with access to network services.
[0032] Within the present disclosure, a “mobile” apparatus need not necessarily have a capability to move and may be stationary. The term mobile apparatus or mobile device broadly refers to a diverse array of devices and technologies. UEs may include a number of hardware structural components sized, shaped, and arranged to help in communication; such components can include antennas, antenna arrays, RF chains, amplifiers, one or more processors, etc., electrically coupled to each other. For example, some non-limiting examples of a mobile apparatus include a mobile, a cellular (cell) phone, a smartphone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal computer (PC) , a notebook, a netbook, a smartbook, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , and a broad array of embedded systems, e.g., corresponding to an “Internet of Things” (IoT) .
[0033] A mobile apparatus (e.g., UE 106) may additionally be an automotive or other transportation vehicle, a remote sensor or actuator, a robot or robotics device, a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) device, an object tracking device, a drone, a multi-copter, a quad-copter, a remote control device, a consumer and / or wearable device, such as eyewear, a wearable camera, a virtual reality device, a smartwatch, a health or fitness tracker, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, etc. A mobile apparatus may additionally be a digital home or smart home device such as a home audio, video, and / or multimedia device, an appliance, a vending machine, intelligent lighting, a home security system, a smart meter, etc. A mobile apparatus may additionally be a smart energy device, a security device, a solar panel or solar array, a municipal infrastructure device controlling electric power (e.g., a smart grid) , lighting, water, etc., an industrial automation and enterprise device, a logistics controller, and / or agricultural equipment, etc. Still further, a mobile apparatus may provide for connected medicine or telemedicine support, e.g., health care at a distance. Telehealth devices may include telehealth monitoring devices and telehealth administration devices, whose communication may be given preferential treatment or prioritized access over other types of information, e.g., in terms of prioritized access for transport of critical service data and / or relevant QoS for transport of critical service data.
[0034] Wireless communication between the RAN 104 and the UE 106 may be described as utilizing an air interface. Transmissions over the air interface from a network entity (e.g., similar to network entity 108) to one or more UEs (e.g., similar to UE 106) may be referred to as downlink (DL) transmission. In accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure, the term downlink may refer to a point-to-multipoint transmission or a point-to-point transmission (e.g., groupcast, multicast, or unicast) originating at a network entity (e.g., network entity 108) . Another way to describe this scheme may be to use the term broadcast channel multiplexing. Transmissions from a UE (e.g., UE 106) to a network entity (e.g., network entity 108) may be referred to as uplink (UL) transmissions. In accordance with further aspects of the present disclosure, the term uplink may refer to a point-to-point transmission originating at a UE (e.g., UE 106) .
[0035] In some examples, access to the air interface may be scheduled, where a network entity (e.g., a network entity 108) allocates resources for communication among some or all devices and equipment within its service area or cell. Within the present disclosure, as discussed further below, the network entity (e.g., network entity 108) may be responsible for scheduling, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one or more scheduled entities (e.g., UEs 106) . That is, for scheduled communication, a plurality of UEs 106, which may be scheduled entities, may utilize resources allocated by the network entity 108.
[0036] Network entities 108 are not the only entities that may function as scheduling entities. That is, in some examples, a UE may function as a scheduling entity, scheduling resources for one or more scheduled entities (e.g., one or more other UEs) . For example, UEs may communicate directly with other UEs in a peer-to-peer or device-to-device fashion and / or in a relay configuration.
[0037] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the network entity 108 may broadcast downlink traffic 112 (also referred to as downlink data traffic) to one or more UEs 106. Broadly, the network entity 108 may be a node or device responsible for scheduling traffic (e.g., data traffic, user data traffic) in a wireless communication network, including the downlink traffic 112 and, in some examples, uplink traffic 116 (also referred to as uplink data traffic) from one or more UEs 106 to the network entity 108. On the other hand, the UE 106 (e.g., the scheduled entity) may be a node or device that receives downlink control 114 information, including but not limited to scheduling information (e.g., a grant) , synchronization or timing information, or other control information from another entity in the wireless communication network such as the network entity 108. The UE 106 may further transmit uplink control 118 information, including but not limited to a scheduling request or feedback information, or other control information to the network entity 108.
[0038] In addition, the uplink control 118 information and / or downlink control 114 information and / or uplink traffic 116 and / or downlink traffic 112 may be transmitted on a waveform that may be time-divided into frames, subframes, slots, and / or symbols. As used herein, a symbol may refer to a unit of time that, in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) waveform, carries one resource element (RE) per sub-carrier. A slot may carry 7 or 14 OFDM symbols. A subframe may refer to a duration of 1 ms. Multiple subframes or slots may be grouped together to form a single frame or radio frame. Within the present disclosure, a frame may refer to a predetermined duration (e.g., 10 ms) for wireless transmissions, with each frame consisting of, for example, 10 subframes of 1 ms each. Of course, these definitions are not required, and any suitable scheme for organizing waveforms may be utilized, and various time divisions of the waveform may have any suitable duration.
[0039] In general, the network entity 108 may include a backhaul interface (not shown) for communication with a backhaul portion 120 of the wireless communication system 100. The backhaul portion 120 may provide a link between a network entity 108 and the core network 102. Further, in some examples, a backhaul network may provide interconnection between respective network entities 108. Various types of backhaul interfaces may be employed, such as a direct physical connection, a virtual network, or the like using any suitable transport network.
[0040] The core network 102 may be a part of the wireless communication system 100 and may be independent of the radio access technology used in the RAN 104. In some examples, the core network 102 may be configured according to 5G standards (e.g., 5G core (5GC) ) . In other examples, the core network 102 may be configured according to a 4G evolved packet core (EPC) or any other suitable standard or configuration.
[0041] Referring now to FIG. 2, as an illustrative example without limitation, a schematic illustration of an example of a radio access network (RAN) 200 according to some aspects of the disclosure is provided. In some examples, the RAN 200 may be the same as the RAN 104 described above and illustrated in FIG. 1.
[0042] The geographic region covered by the RAN 200 may be divided into a number of cellular regions (cells) that can be uniquely identified by a user equipment (UE) based on an identification broadcasted over a geographical area from one access point or network entity. FIG. 2 illustrates cells 202, 204, 206, and 208, each of which may include one or more sectors (not shown) . A sector is a sub-area of a cell. All sectors within one cell are served by the same network entity. A radio link within a sector can be identified by a single logical identification belonging to that sector. In a cell that is divided into sectors, the multiple sectors within a cell can be formed by groups of antennas, with each antenna responsible for communication with UEs in a portion of the cell.
[0043] Various network entity arrangements can be utilized. For example, in FIG. 2, two network entities, referred to as base station 210 and base station 212, are shown in cells 202 and 204. A third network entity, referred to as base station 214, is shown controlling a remote radio head (RRH) 216 in cell 206. That is, a network entity can have an integrated antenna or can be connected to an antenna or RRH 216 by feeder cables. In the illustrated example, cells 202, 204, and 206 may be referred to as macrocells, as the base stations 210, 212, and 214 support cells having a large size. Further, a base station 218 is shown in the cell 208, which may overlap with one or more macrocells. In this example, the cell 208 may be referred to as a small cell (e.g., a small cell, a microcell, picocell, femtocell, home base station, home Node B, home eNode B, etc. ) , as the base station 218 supports a cell having a relatively small size. Cell sizing can be done according to system design as well as component constraints.
[0044] It is to be understood that the RAN 200 may include any number of network entities (e.g., base stations, gNBs, TRPs, scheduling entities) and cells. Further, a relay node may be deployed to extend the size or coverage area of a given cell. The base stations 210, 212, 214, 218 provide wireless access points to a core network for any number of mobile apparatuses. In some examples, the base stations 210, 212, 214, and / or 218 may be the same as or similar to the network entity 108 described above and illustrated in FIG. 1.
[0045] FIG. 2 further includes an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 220, which may be a drone, quadcopter, octocopter, etc. The UAV 220 may be configured to function as a base station, or more specifically as a mobile base station. That is, in some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of a mobile base station, such as the UAV 220.
[0046] Within the RAN 200, the cells may include UEs that may be in communication with one or more sectors of each cell. Further, each base station 210, 212, 214, 218, and 220 may be configured to provide an access point to a core network 102 (see FIG. 1) for all the UEs in the respective cells. For example, UEs 222 and 224 may be in communication with base station 210, UEs 226 and 228 may be in communication with base station 212, UEs 230 and 232 may be in communication with base station 214 by way of RRH 216, UE 234 may be in communication with base station 218, and UE 236 may be in communication with mobile base station 220. In some examples, the UEs 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, and / or 242 may be the same as or similar to the one or more UEs 106 described above and illustrated in FIG. 1. In some examples, the UAV 220 may be a mobile network entity and may be configured to function as a UE. For example, the UAV 220 may operate within cell 202 by communicating with base station 210.
[0047] In a further aspect of the RAN 200, sidelink signals may be used between UEs without necessarily relying on scheduling or control information from a base station. Sidelink communication may be utilized, for example, in a device-to-device (D2D) network, peer-to-peer (P2P) network, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) network, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) network, and / or other suitable sidelink network. For example, two or more UEs (e.g., UEs 238, 240, and 242) may communicate with each other using sidelink signals 237 without relaying that communication through a base station. In some examples, the UEs 238, 240, and 242 may each function as a scheduling entity or transmitting sidelink device and / or a scheduled entity or a receiving sidelink device to schedule resources and communicate sidelink signals 237 therebetween without relying on scheduling or control information from a base station (e.g., a network entity) . In other examples, two or more UEs (e.g., UEs 226 and 228) within the coverage area of a network entity (e.g., base station 212) may also communicate sidelink signals 227 over a direct link (sidelink) without conveying that communication through the network entity (e.g., base station 212) . In this example, the base station 212 may allocate resources to the UEs 226 and 228 for the sidelink communication.
[0048] In order for transmissions over the air interface to obtain a low block error rate (BLER) while still achieving very high data rates, channel coding may be used. That is, wireless communication may generally utilize a suitable error correcting block code. In a typical block code, an information message or sequence is split up into code blocks (CBs) , and an encoder (e.g., a CODEC) at the transmitting device then mathematically adds redundancy to the information message. The exploitation of this redundancy in the encoded information message can improve the reliability of the message, enabling correction for any bit errors that may occur due to the noise.
[0049] Data coding may be implemented in multiple manners. In early 5G NR specifications, user data is coded using quasi-cyclic low-density parity check (LDPC) with two different base graphs: one base graph is used for large code blocks and / or high code rates, while the other base graph is used otherwise. Control information and the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) are coded using Polar coding, based on nested sequences. For these channels, puncturing, shortening, and repetition are used for rate matching.
[0050] Aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented utilizing any suitable channel code. Various implementations of network entities and UEs may include suitable hardware and capabilities (e.g., an encoder, a decoder, and / or a CODEC) to utilize one or more of these channel codes for wireless communication.
[0051] In the RAN 200, the ability of UEs to communicate while moving, independent of their location, is referred to as mobility. The various physical channels between the UE and the RAN 200 are generally set up, maintained, and released under the control of an access and mobility management function (AMF) . In some scenarios, the AMF may include a security context management function (SCMF) and a security anchor function (SEAF) that performs authentication. The SCMF can manage, in whole or in part, the security context for both the control plane and the user plane functionality.
[0052] In various aspects of the disclosure, the RAN 200 may utilize DL-based mobility or UL-based mobility to enable mobility and handovers (i.e., the transfer of a UE’s connection from one radio channel to another) . In a network configured for DL-based mobility, during a call with a network entity (e.g., an apparatus, an aggregated or disaggregated base station, a gNB, an eNB, a TRP, a scheduling entity, etc. ) , or at any other time, a UE may monitor various parameters of the signal from its serving cell as well as various parameters of neighboring cells. Depending on the quality of these parameters, the UE may maintain communication with one or more of the neighboring cells. During this time, if the UE moves from one cell to another, or if the signal quality from a neighboring cell exceeds that from the serving cell for a given amount of time, the UE may undertake a handoff or handover from the serving cell to the neighboring (target) cell. For example, the UE 224 may move from the geographic area corresponding to its serving cell (e.g., cell 202) to the geographic area corresponding to a neighbor cell (e.g., cell 206) . When the signal strength or quality from the neighbor cell exceeds that of its serving cell for a given amount of time, the UE 224 may transmit a reporting message to its serving network entity (e.g., base station 210) indicating this condition. In response, the UE 224 may receive a handover command, and the UE may undergo a handover to the cell 206.
[0053] In a network configured for UL-based mobility, UL reference signals from each UE may be utilized by the network to select a serving cell for each UE. In some examples, the base stations 210, 212, and 214 / 216 may broadcast Unified synchronization signals (e.g., Unified Primary Synchronization Signals (PSSs) , Unified Secondary Synchronization Signals (SSSs) and Unified Physical Broadcast Channels (PBCHs)) . The UEs 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, and 232 may receive the Unified synchronization signals, derive the carrier frequency, and slot timing from the synchronization signals, and in response to deriving timing, transmit an uplink pilot or reference signal. The uplink pilot signal transmitted by a UE (e.g., UE 224) may be concurrently received by two or more cells (e.g., base stations 210 and 214 / 216) within the RAN 200. Each of the cells may measure a strength of the pilot signal, and the radio access network (e.g., one or more of the base stations 210 and 214 / 216 and / or a central node within the core network) may determine a serving cell for the UE 224. As the UE 224 moves through the RAN 200, the RAN 200 may continue to monitor the uplink pilot signal transmitted by the UE 224. When the signal strength or quality of the pilot signal measured by a neighboring cell exceeds that of the signal strength or quality measured by the serving cell, the RAN 200 may handover the UE 224 from the serving cell to the neighboring cell, with or without informing the UE 224.
[0054] Although the synchronization signal transmitted by the base stations 210, 212, and 214 / 216 may be Unified, the synchronization signal may not identify a particular cell, but rather may identify a zone of multiple cells operating on the same frequency and / or with the same timing. The use of zones in 5G networks or other next generation communication networks enable the uplink-based mobility framework and improves the efficiency of both the UE and the network, since the number of mobility messages that need to be exchanged between the UE and the network may be reduced.
[0055] In various implementations, the air interface in the radio access network 200 may utilize licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or shared spectrum. Licensed spectrum provides for exclusive use of a portion of the spectrum, generally by virtue of a mobile network operator purchasing a license from a government regulatory body. Unlicensed spectrum provides for shared use of a portion of the spectrum without need for a government-granted license. While compliance with some technical rules is generally still required to access unlicensed spectrum, generally, any operator or device may gain access. Shared spectrum may fall between licensed and unlicensed spectrum, where technical rules or limitations may be required to access the spectrum, but the spectrum may still be shared by multiple operators and / or multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . For example, the holder of a license for a portion of licensed spectrum may provide licensed shared access (LSA) to share that spectrum with other parties, e.g., with suitable licensee-determined conditions to gain access.
[0056] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) . It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
[0057] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) . Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4-aor FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
[0058] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-aor FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
[0059] Devices communicating in the radio access network 200 may utilize one or more multiplexing techniques and multiple access algorithms to enable simultaneous communication of the various devices. For example, 5G NR specifications provide multiple access for UL transmissions from UEs 222 and 224 to base station 210, and for multiplexing for DL transmissions from base station 210 to one or more UEs 222 and 224, utilizing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) . In addition, for UL transmissions, 5G NR specifications provide support for discrete Fourier transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) with a CP (also referred to as single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) ) . However, within the scope of the present disclosure, multiplexing and multiple access are not limited to the above schemes and may be provided utilizing time division multiple access (TDMA) , code division multiple access (CDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , sparse code multiple access (SCMA) , resource spread multiple access (RSMA) , or other suitable multiple access schemes. Further, multiplexing DL transmissions from the base station 210 to UEs 222 and 224 may be provided utilizing time division multiplexing (TDM) , code division multiplexing (CDM) , frequency division multiplexing (FDM) , orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , sparse code multiplexing (SCM) , or other suitable multiplexing schemes.
[0060] Devices in the radio access network 200 may also utilize one or more duplexing algorithms. Duplex refers to a point-to-point communication link where both endpoints can communicate with one another in both directions. Full-duplex means both endpoints can simultaneously communicate with one another. Half-duplex means only one endpoint can send information to the other at a time. Half-duplex emulation is frequently implemented for wireless links utilizing time division duplex (TDD) . In TDD, transmissions in different directions on a given channel are separated from one another using time division multiplexing. That is, in some scenarios, a channel is dedicated for transmissions in one direction, while at other times the channel is dedicated for transmissions in the other direction, where the direction may change very rapidly, e.g., several times per slot. In a wireless link, a full-duplex channel generally relies on physical isolation of a transmitter and receiver, and suitable interference cancellation technologies. Full-duplex emulation is frequently implemented for wireless links by utilizing frequency division duplex (FDD) or spatial division duplex (SDD) . In FDD, transmissions in different directions may operate at different carrier frequencies (e.g., within paired spectrum) . In SDD, transmissions in different directions on a given channel are separated from one another using spatial division multiplexing (SDM) . In other examples, full-duplex communication may be implemented within unpaired spectrum (e.g., within a single carrier bandwidth) , where transmissions in different directions occur within different subbands of the carrier bandwidth. This type of full-duplex communication may be referred to herein as subband full-duplex (SBFD) , also known as flexible duplex.
[0061] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G new radio (NR) systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network entity, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network entity, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , gNB, NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmit receive point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0062] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an example of a wireless communication network employing sidelink communication according to some aspects of the disclosure. In some examples, sidelink communication may include V2X communication. V2X communication involves the wireless exchange of information directly between not only vehicles (e.g., vehicles 302 and 304) themselves, but also directly between vehicles 302, 304 and infrastructure (e.g., roadside units (RSUs) 306) , such as streetlights, buildings, traffic cameras, tollbooths or other stationary objects, vehicles 302, 304 and pedestrians 308, and vehicles 302, 304 and wireless communication networks (e.g., network entity 310) . The network entity 310 may be, for example, any base station (e.g., gNB, eNB) or other scheduling entity as illustrated in FIG. 1. The network entity 310 may further be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or in a disaggregated base station architecture. In addition, the network entity 310 may be a stationary network entity or a mobile network entity. In some examples, V2X communication may be implemented in accordance with the New Radio (NR) cellular V2X standard defined by 3GPP, Release 16, or other suitable standard.
[0063] V2X communication enables vehicles 302 and 304 to obtain information related to the weather, nearby accidents, road conditions, activities of nearby vehicles and pedestrians, objects nearby the vehicle, and other pertinent information that may be utilized to improve the vehicle driving experience and increase vehicle safety. For example, such V2X data may enable autonomous driving and improve road safety and traffic efficiency. For example, the exchanged V2X data may be utilized by a V2X connected vehicle 302 and 304 to provide in-vehicle collision warnings, road hazard warnings, approaching emergency vehicle warnings, pre- / post-crash warnings and information, emergency brake warnings, traffic jam ahead warnings, lane change warnings, intelligent navigation services, and other similar information. In addition, V2X data received by a V2X connected mobile device of a pedestrian / cyclist 308 may be utilized to trigger a warning sound, vibration, flashing light, etc., in case of imminent danger.
[0064] The sidelink communication between vehicle-UEs (V-UEs) 302 and 304 or between a V-UE 302 or 304 and either an RSU 306 or a pedestrian-UE (P-UE) 308 may occur over a sidelink 312 utilizing a proximity service (ProSe) PC5 interface. In various aspects of the disclosure, the PC5 interface may further be utilized to support D2D sidelink 312 communication in other proximity use cases. Examples of other proximity use cases may include public safety or commercial (e.g., entertainment, education, office, medical, and / or interactive) based proximity services. In the example shown in FIG. 3, ProSe communication may further occur between UEs 314, 316, and 318.
[0065] ProSe communication may support different operational scenarios, such as in-coverage, out-of-coverage, and partial coverage. Out-of-coverage refers to a scenario in which UEs are outside of the coverage area of a network entity (e.g., network entity 310) , but each is still configured for ProSe communication. Partial coverage refers to a scenario in which some of the UEs are outside of the coverage area of the network entity 310, while other UEs are in communication with the network entity 310. In-coverage refers to a scenario in which UEs are in communication with the network entity 310 (e.g., gNB) via a Uu (e.g., cellular interface) connection to receive ProSe service authorization and provisioning information to support ProSe operations.
[0066] In some examples, a UE (e.g., UE 318) may not have a Uu connection with the network entity 310. In this example, a D2D relay link (over sidelink 312) may be established between UE 318 and UE 314 to relay communication between the UE 318 and the network entity 310. The relay link may utilize decode and forward (DF) relaying, amplify and forward (AF) relaying, or compress and forward (CF) relaying. For DF relaying, HARQ feedback may be provided from the receiving device to the transmitting device. The sidelink communication over the relay link may be carried, for example, in a licensed frequency domain using radio resources operating according to a 5G NR or NR sidelink (SL) specification and / or in an unlicensed frequency domain, using radio resources operating according to 5G new radio-unlicensed (NR-U) specifications. NR-U operates in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz frequency bands and supports both standalone and licensed-assisted operation based on carrier aggregation and dual connectivity with either NR or LTE in the licensed spectrum. The relay link between UE 314 and UE 318 may be established due to, for example, distance or signal blocking between the network entity 310 and the UE 318, weak receiving capability of the UE 318, low transmission power of the UE 318, limited battery capacity of the UE 318, and / or to improve link diversity. Thus, the relay link may enable communication between the network entity 310 and UE 318 to be relayed via one or more relay UEs (e.g., UE 314) over a Uu wireless communication link 315 and relay link (s) (e.g., sidelink 312 between UE 314 and UE 318) . In other examples, a relay link may enable sidelink communication to be relayed between a UE (e.g., UE 318) and another UE (e.g., UE 316) over various relay links (e.g., relay links between UEs 314 and 316 and between UEs 314 and 318) .
[0067] To facilitate D2D sidelink communication between, for example, UEs 314 and 316 over the sidelink 312, the UEs 314 and 316 may transmit discovery signals therebetween. In some examples, each discovery signal may include a synchronization signal, such as a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and / or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) that facilitates device discovery and enables synchronization of communication on the sidelink 312. For example, the discovery signal may be utilized by the UE 316 to measure the signal strength and channel status of a potential sidelink (e.g., sidelink 312) with another UE (e.g., UE 314) . The UE 316 may utilize the measurement results to select a UE (e.g., UE 314) for sidelink communication or relay communication.
[0068] In some examples, a common carrier may be shared between the sidelinks 312 and Uu links, such that resources on the common carrier may be allocated for both sidelink communication between UEs (e.g., UEs 302, 304, 306, 308, 314, 316, and 318) and cellular communication (e.g., uplink and downlink communication) between the UEs (e.g., UEs 302, 304, 306, 308, 314, and 316) and the network entity 310. In 5G NR sidelink, sidelink communication may utilize transmission or reception resource pools. For example, the minimum resource allocation unit in frequency may be a subchannel (e.g., which may include, for example, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 consecutive resource blocks) and the minimum resource allocation unit in time may be one slot. The number of subchannels in a resource pool may include between one and twenty-seven subchannels. A radio resource control (RRC) configuration of the resource pools may be either pre-configured (e.g., a factory setting on the UE determined, for example, by sidelink standards or specifications) or configured by a network entity (e.g., network entity 310) .
[0069] In addition, there may be two main resource allocation modes of operation for sidelink (e.g., PC5) communications. In a first mode, Mode 1, a network entity 310 (e.g., an apparatus, an aggregated or disaggregated base station, a gNB, an eNB, a TRP, a scheduling entity, etc. ) may allocate resources to sidelink devices (e.g., V2X devices or other sidelink devices) for sidelink communication between the sidelink devices in various manners. For example, the network entity 310 may allocate sidelink resources dynamically (e.g., a dynamic grant) to sidelink devices, in response to requests for sidelink resources from the sidelink devices. For example, the network entity 310 may schedule the sidelink communication via DCI 3_0. In some examples, the network entity 310 may schedule the physical sidelink control channel / physical sidelink shared channel (PSCCH / PSSCH) within uplink resources indicated in DCI 3_0. The network entity 310 may further activate preconfigured sidelink grants (e.g., configured grants) for sidelink communication among the sidelink devices. In some examples, the network entity 310 may activate a configured grant (CG) via RRC signaling. In Mode 1, sidelink feedback may be reported back to the network entity 310 by a transmitting sidelink device.
[0070] In a second mode, Mode 2, the sidelink devices may autonomously select sidelink resources for sidelink communication therebetween. In some examples, a transmitting sidelink device may perform resource / channel sensing to select resources (e.g., subchannels) on the sidelink channel that are unoccupied. Signaling on the sidelink is the same between the two modes. Therefore, from a receiver’s point of view, there is no difference between the modes.
[0071] In some examples, sidelink (e.g., PC5) communication may be scheduled by use of sidelink control information (SCI) . SCI may include two SCI stages. Stage 1 sidelink control information (first-stage SCI) may be referred to herein as SCI-1. Stage 2 sidelink control information (second-stage SCI) may be referred to herein as SCI-2.
[0072] SCI-1 may be transmitted on a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . SCI 1 may include information for resource allocation of a sidelink resource and for decoding the second-stage sidelink control information (i.e., SCI-2) . SCI-1 may further identify a priority level (e.g., Quality of Service (QoS) ) of a PSSCH. For example, ultra-reliable-low-latency communication (URLLC) traffic may have a higher priority than text message traffic (e.g., short message service (SMS) traffic) . SCI-1 may also include a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) resource assignment and a resource reservation period (if enabled) . Additionally, SCI-1 may include a PSSCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) pattern (if more than one pattern is configured) . The DMRS may be used by a receiver for radio channel estimation for demodulation of the associated physical channel. As indicated, SCI-1 may also include information about the SCI-2, for example, SCI-1 may disclose the format of the SCI-2. Here, the format indicates the resource size of SCI-2 (e.g., a number of REs that are allotted for SCI-2) , a number of a PSSCH DMRS port (s) , and a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index. In some examples, SCI-1 may use two bits to indicate the SCI-2 format. Thus, in this example, four different SCI-2 formats may be supported. SCI-1 may include other information that is useful for establishing and decoding a PSSCH resource.
[0073] SCI-2 may be transmitted within the PSSCH and may contain information for decoding the PSSCH. According to some aspects, SCI-2 includes a 16-bit layer 1 (L1) destination identifier (ID) , an 8-bit L1 source ID, a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) process ID, a new data indicator (NDI) , and a redundancy version (RV) . For unicast communications, SCI-2 may further include a CSI report trigger. For groupcast communications, SCI-2 may further include a zone identifier and a maximum communication range for NACK. SCI-2 may include other information that is useful for establishing and decoding a PSSCH resource.
[0074] In some examples, the SCI (e.g., SCI-1 and / or SCI-2) may further include a resource assignment of retransmission resources reserved for one or more retransmissions of the sidelink transmission (e.g., the sidelink traffic / data) . Thus, the SCI may include a respective PSSCH resource reservation and assignment for one or more retransmissions of the PSSCH. For example, the SCI may include a reservation message indicating the PSSCH resource reservation for the initial sidelink transmission (initial PSSCH) and one or more additional PSSCH resource reservations for one or more retransmissions of the PSSCH.
[0075] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an example disaggregated base station 400 architecture according to some aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station 400 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 410 that can communicate directly with a core network 420 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 420 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 425 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 415 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 405, or both) . A CU 410 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 430 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 430 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 440 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 440 may communicate with respective UEs 442 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 442 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 440. UE 442 may be the same or similar to any of the UEs or scheduled entities illustrated and described in connection with FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, for example.
[0076] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 410, the DUs 430, the RUs 440, as well as the Near-RT RICs 425, the Non-RT RICs 415, and the SMO Framework 405, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0077] In some aspects, the CU 410 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 410. The CU 410 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 410 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 410 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 430, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0078] The DU 430 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 440. In some aspects, the DU 430 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 4rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 430 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 430, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 410.
[0079] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 440. In some deployments, an RU 440, controlled by a DU 430, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 440 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 442. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 440 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 430. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 430 and the CU 410 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0080] The SMO Framework 405 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 405 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 405 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 490) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 410, DUs 430, RUs 440 and Near-RT RICs 425. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 405 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 3G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 411, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 405 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 440 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 405 also may include a Non-RT RIC 415 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 405.
[0081] The Non-RT RIC 415 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 425. The Non-RT RIC 415 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 425. The Near-RT RIC 425 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 410, one or more DUs 430, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 425.
[0082] In some implementations, to determine (e.g., derive, generate) AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 425, the Non-RT RIC 415 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 425 and may be received at the SMO Framework 405 or the Non-RT RIC 415 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 415 or the Near-RT RIC 425 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 415 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 405 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0083] Various aspects of the present disclosure will be described with reference to an OFDM waveform, schematically illustrated in FIG. 5. It should be understood by persons having ordinary skill in the art that the various aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to an SC-FDMA waveform in substantially the same way as described hereinbelow. That is, while some examples of the present disclosure may focus on an OFDM link for clarity, it should be understood that the same principles may be applied as well to SC-FDMA waveforms.
[0084] Referring now to FIG. 5, an expanded view of an exemplary subframe 502 is illustrated, showing an OFDM resource grid according to some aspects of the disclosure. However, as persons having ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate, the physical (PHY) transmission structure for any particular application may vary from the example described here, depending on any number of factors. Here, time is in the horizontal direction with units of OFDM symbols; and frequency is in the vertical direction with units of subcarriers of the carrier.
[0085] The resource grid 504 may be used to schematically represent time-frequency resources for a given antenna port. That is, in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) implementation with multiple antenna ports available, a corresponding multiple number of resource grids 504 may be available for communication. The resource grid 504 is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) 506. An RE, which is 1 subcarrier × 1 symbol, is the smallest discrete part of the time-frequency grid and contains a single complex value representing data from a physical channel or signal. Depending on the modulation utilized in a particular implementation, each RE may represent one or more bits of information. In some examples, a block of REs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB) or more simply a resource block (RB) 508, which contains any suitable number of consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. In one example, an RB may include 12 subcarriers, a number independent of the numerology used. In some examples, depending on the numerology, an RB may include any suitable number of consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain.
[0086] A set of continuous or discontinuous resource blocks may be referred to herein as a Resource Block Group (RBG) , subband, or bandwidth part (BWP) . A set of subbands or BWPs may span the entire bandwidth. Scheduling of wireless communication devices (e.g., V2X devices, sidelink devices, or other UEs, hereinafter generally referred to as UEs) for downlink, uplink, or sidelink transmissions may involve scheduling one or more resource elements 506 within one or more subbands or bandwidth parts (BWPs) . Thus, a UE generally utilizes only a subset of the resource grid 504. In some examples, an RB may be the smallest unit of resources that can be allocated to a UE. Thus, the more RBs scheduled for a UE, and the higher the modulation scheme chosen for the air interface, the higher the data rate for the UE. The RBs may be scheduled by a network entity (e.g., an aggregated or disaggregated base station, gNB, eNB, TRP, scheduling entity, etc. ) or may be self-scheduled by a UE / sidelink device implementing D2D sidelink communication.
[0087] In this illustration, the RB 508 is shown as occupying less than the entire bandwidth of the subframe 502, with some subcarriers illustrated above and below the RB 508. In a given implementation, the subframe 502 may have a bandwidth corresponding to any number of one or more RBs 508. Further, in this illustration, the RB 508 is shown as occupying less than the entire duration of the subframe 502, although this is merely one possible example.
[0088] Each 1 ms subframe 502 may consist of one or multiple adjacent slots. In the example shown in FIG. 5, one subframe 502 includes four slots 510, as an illustrative example. In some examples, a slot may be defined according to a specified number of OFDM symbols with a given cyclic prefix (CP) length. For example, a slot may include 7 or 14 OFDM symbols with a nominal CP. An additional example may include mini-slots, sometimes referred to as shortened transmission time intervals (TTIs) , having a shorter duration (e.g., one to three OFDM symbols) . These mini-slots or shortened transmission time intervals (TTIs) may in some cases be transmitted occupying resources scheduled for ongoing slot transmissions for the same or for different UEs. Any number of resource blocks may be utilized within a subframe or slot.
[0089] An expanded view of slot 510 illustrates that the slot 510 includes a control region 512 and a data region 514. In general, the control region 512 may carry control channels, and the data region 514 may carry data channels. In some examples, a Uu slot (e.g., slot 510) may contain all DL, all UL, or at least one DL portion and at least one UL portion. The structures illustrated in FIG. 5 are merely exemplary in nature, and different slot structures may be utilized, and may include one or more of each of the control region (s) and data region (s) .
[0090] Although not illustrated in FIG. 5, the various REs 506 within a RB 508 may be scheduled to carry one or more physical channels, including control channels, shared channels, data channels, etc. Other REs 506 within the RB 508 may also carry pilots or reference signals. These pilots or reference signals may provide for a receiving device to perform channel estimation of the corresponding channel, which may enable coherent demodulation / detection of the control and / or data channels within the RB 508.
[0091] In some examples, the slot 510 may be utilized for broadcast, multicast, groupcast, or unicast communication. For example, a broadcast, multicast, or groupcast communication may refer to a point-to-multipoint transmission by one device (e.g., a network entity, UE, or other similar device) to other devices. Here, a broadcast communication is delivered to all devices, whereas a multicast or groupcast communication is delivered to multiple intended recipient devices. A unicast communication may refer to a point-to-point transmission by one device to a single other device.
[0092] In an example of cellular communication over a cellular carrier via a Uu interface, for a DL transmission, the network entity may allocate one or more REs 506 (e.g., within the control region 512) of the slot 510 to carry DL control information including one or more DL control channels, such as a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , to one or more UEs (e.g., scheduled entities) . The PDCCH carries downlink control information (DCI) including but not limited to power control commands (e.g., one or more open loop power control parameters and / or one or more closed loop power control parameters) , scheduling information, a grant, and / or an assignment of REs for DL and UL transmissions. The PDCCH may further carry hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback transmissions such as an acknowledgment (ACK) or negative acknowledgment (NACK) . HARQ is a technique well-known to persons having ordinary skill in the art, where the integrity of packet transmissions may be checked at the receiving side for accuracy, e.g., utilizing any suitable integrity checking mechanism, such as a checksum or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) . If the integrity of the transmission is confirmed, an ACK may be transmitted, whereas if not confirmed, a NACK may be transmitted. In response to a NACK, the transmitting device may send a HARQ retransmission, which may implement chase combining, incremental redundancy, etc.
[0093] The network entity may further allocate one or more REs 506 (e.g., in the control region 512 or the data region 514) of the Uu slot 510 to carry other DL signals, such as a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) ; a phase-tracking reference signal (PT-RS) ; a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) ; and a synchronization signal block (SSB) . SSBs may be broadcast at regular intervals based on a periodicity (e.g., 4, 10, 20, 50, 80, or 160 ms) . An SSB includes a primary synchronization signal (PSS) , a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , and a physical broadcast control channel (PBCH) . A UE may utilize the PSS and SSS to achieve radio frame, subframe, slot, and symbol synchronization in the time domain, identify the center of the channel (system) bandwidth in the frequency domain, and identify the physical cell identity (PCI) of the cell.
[0094] The PBCH in the SSB may further include a master information block (MIB) that includes various system information, along with parameters for decoding a system information block (SIB) . The SIB may be, for example, a SystemInformationType 1 (SIB1) that may include various additional system information. The MIB and SIB1 together provide the minimum system information (MSI) for initial access. Examples of system information transmitted in the MIB may include, but are not limited to, a subcarrier spacing (e.g., default downlink numerology) , system frame number, a configuration of a PDCCH control resource set (CORESET) (e.g., PDCCH CORESET0) , a cell barred indicator, a cell reselection indicator, a raster offset, and a search space for SIB1. Examples of remaining minimum system information (RMSI) transmitted in the SIB1 may include, but are not limited to, a random access search space, a paging search space, downlink configuration information, and uplink configuration information. A network entity may transmit other system information (OSI) as well.
[0095] In an UL transmission, the UE (e.g., scheduled entity) may utilize one or more REs 506 of the Uu slot 510 to carry UL control information (UCI) including one or more UL control channels, such as a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , to the scheduling entity. UCI may include a variety of packet types and categories, including pilots, reference signals, and information configured to enable or assist in decoding uplink data transmissions. Examples of uplink reference signals may include a sounding reference signal (SRS) and an uplink DMRS. In some examples, the UCI may include a scheduling request (SR) , i.e., request for the scheduling entity to schedule uplink transmissions. In response to the SR transmitted on the UCI, the scheduling entity may transmit downlink control information (DCI) that may schedule resources for uplink packet transmissions. UCI may also include HARQ feedback, channel state feedback (CSF) , such as a CSI report, a measurement report (e.g., a Layer 1 (L1) measurement report) , or any other suitable UCI.
[0096] In addition to control information, one or more REs 506 (e.g., within the data region 514) of the Uu slot 510 may be allocated for data traffic. Such data traffic may be carried on one or more traffic channels, such as, for a DL transmission, a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) ; or for a UL transmission, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . In some examples, one or more REs 506 within the data region 514 may be configured to carry other signals, such as one or more SIBs and DMRSs. In some examples, the PDSCH may carry a plurality of SIBs, not limited to SIB1, discussed above. For example, the OSI may be provided in these SIBs, e.g., SIB2 and above.
[0097] In an example of sidelink communication over a sidelink carrier via a PC5 interface, the control region 512 of the slot 510 may include a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) including sidelink control information (SCI) transmitted by an initiating (transmitting) sidelink device (e.g., Tx V2X device or other Tx UE) towards a set of one or more other receiving sidelink devices (e.g., Rx V2X device or other Rx UE) . The data region 514 of the slot 510 may include a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) including sidelink data traffic transmitted by the initiating (transmitting) sidelink device within resources reserved over the sidelink carrier by the transmitting sidelink device via the SCI. Other information may further be transmitted over various REs 506 within slot 510. For example, sidelink MAC-CEs may be transmitted in the data region 514 of the slot 510. In addition, HARQ feedback information may be transmitted in a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) within the slot 510 from the receiving sidelink device to the transmitting sidelink device. In addition, one or more reference signals, such as a sidelink SSB, a sidelink CSI-RS, a sidelink SRS, and / or a sidelink positioning reference signal (PRS) may be transmitted within the slot 510.
[0098] The physical channels described above are generally multiplexed and mapped to transport channels for handling at the medium access control (MAC) layer. Transport channels carry blocks of information called transport blocks (TB) . The transport block size (TBS) , which may correspond to a number (e.g., a quantity) of bits of information, may be a controlled parameter based on the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and the number of RBs in a given transmission.
[0099] FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of a 5G user plane protocol stack 602 and a 5G control plane protocol stack 604 according to some aspects of the disclosure. The user plane protocol stack 602 depicts a first protocol stack 606 of a UE and a second protocol stack 608 of a network entity (e.g., an apparatus, an aggregated or disaggregated base station, a gNB, an eNB, a TRP, a scheduling entity, etc. ) . The first and second protocol stacks include the following layers: physical (PHY) 610, medium access control (MAC) 611, radio link control (RLC) 612, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) 613, and service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) 614. The functions of each of the layers are well known and will not be presented herein for the sake of brevity. With reference to layers of a numbered layer protocol stack model, the PHY 610 layer may occupy Layer 1 (L1) , the MAC 611, RLC 612, and PDCP 613 layers may occupy Layer 2 (L2) , and the SDAP 614 layer may occupy Layer 3 (L3) .
[0100] The control plane protocol stack 604 depicts a third protocol stack 616 of the UE, a fourth protocol stack 617 of the network entity, and a fifth protocol stack 618 of an access and mobility management function (AMF) . The third protocol stack 616 of the UE and the fourth protocol stack 617 of the network entity include the following layers: PHY 620, MAC 621, RLC 622, PDCP 623, and radio resource control (RRC) 624. The third protocol stack 616 of the UE and the fifth protocol stack 618 of the AMF include a non-access stratum (NAS) 625 layer. As with the user plane protocol stack 602, the functions of each of the layers of the control plane protocol stack 604 are well-known and will not be presented herein for the sake of brevity. With reference to layers of a numbered layer protocol stack model, the PHY 620 layer may occupy Layer 1 (L1) , and the MAC 621, RLC 622, and PDCP 623 layers may occupy Layer 2 (L2) . The NAS 625 layer may occupy Layer 3 (L3) . According to some aspects, the terms lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) and L1 / L2 triggered mobility may be synonymous.
[0101] The channels, carriers, and layers of protocol stacks described above in connection with FIGs. 1 -6 are not necessarily all of the channels, carriers, and layers of protocol stacks that may be utilized between devices, and persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other channels or carriers (such as other traffic, control, and feedback channels) or layers of protocol stacks may be utilized in addition to those illustrated.
[0102] New features are continually proposed in connection with 5G New Radio (NR) and the 3GPP standards for wireless communication in general. The proposals include those directed to user equipment (UE) lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) antenna beam indication with joint downlink / uplink (DL / UL) transmission configuration indication (TCI) states. This proposed LTM feature may be coupled to a “Unified TCI” configuration, which may be an improvement over, or at least is different from, a “Release 15 TCI” configuration.
[0103] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation 700 of one example of an implementation of a UE-to-network (U2N) relay 702 (sometimes referred to as an NR sidelink U2N relay UE, a sidelink U2N relay UE, or a sidelink U2N relay) according to some aspects of the disclosure. Although illustrated as a handheld mobile wireless device, the U2N relay 702 may be any wireless device configured with hardware and software that performs the functions of the U2N relay 702. For example, the U2N relay 702 may be a ground vehicle such as an automobile or a flying vehicle such as a drone. In some examples the U2N relay 702 may be stationary and may be fixed to a stationary object.
[0104] In FIG. 7, the U2N relay 702 is served by a network entity 706 (e.g., a gNB, a base station) via a first connection 704 (via a Uu interface) between the network entity 706 and the U2N relay 702. The U2N relay 702 serves a U2N remote 710 via a second connection 708 (via a PC5 interface) between the U2N relay 702 and the U2N remote 710. As used herein, the U2N remote 710 may include, represent, or be referred to as, without limitation, a U2N remote UE, an NR sidelink U2N remote UE, a sidelink U2N remote UE, or a sidelink U2N remote. The U2N remote 710 is depicted as being outside of a first coverage area 712 associated with the network entity 706. The U2N relay 702 is depicted as being at an edge of the first coverage area 712. Although depicted at the edge of the first coverage area 712, the U2N relay 702 may be anywhere within the first coverage area 712, so long as the U2N remote 710 is within a second coverage area 714 associated with sidelink communications between the U2N relay 702 and the U2N remote 710.
[0105] In some examples (not shown) , the U2N remote 710 may be inside the first coverage area 712 but may utilize the U2N relay 702 in situations where a Uu interface between the network entity 706 and the U2N remote 710 is degraded due to, for example, obstacles or weather in a line-of-site between the of the network entity 706 and the U2N remote 710. In such examples, a first reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the network entity 706 and received at the U2N remote 710 may be less than a second RSRP associated with the U2N relay 702 and also received at the U2N remote 710. Because the first RSRP is less than the second RSRP at the U2N remote 710, a sidelink connection via the PC5 interface (e.g., the second connection 708) with the U2N relay 702 may be preferable to a direct connection via a Uu interface (not shown) with the network entity 706.
[0106] Accordingly, U2N relays, such as the U2N relay 702 of FIG. 7, may be used to extend or improve the coverage of the network entity 706 by employing sidelink. As understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art, sidelink (which utilizes the PC5 interface) is designed and configured to provide communication service in out-of-coverage and / or partial coverage scenarios. As described in the example of FIG. 7, the U2N relay 702 may employ the first connection 704 with the network entity 706 via a Uu interface and may employ the second connection 708 with the U2N remote 710 via a PC5 interface. In such a manner, the U2N relay 702 uses (e.g., employs) the PC5 interface (the sidelink interface) with the U2N remote 710 to extend or improve the coverage of the network entity 706. The network entity 706 and the U2N remote 710 obtain a benefit from their associations with the U2N relay 702.
[0107] The just described relay configuration (i.e., a first connection 704 via a Uu interface between the network entity 706 and the U2N relay 702 and a second connection 708 via a PC5 interface between the U2N relay 702 and the U2N remote 170 may be established at Layer 2 (e.g., Layer 2 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 6) . Such a relay configuration may be referred to as Layer 2 Relaying and may be performed using a PC5 Sidelink Layer Adaptation Protocol (SRAP) . A PC5-SRAP layer may be located above an RLC layer (e.g., above RLC layer 612 in the user plane protocol stack 602 and above the RLC layer 622 in the control plane protocol stack 604 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 6) .
[0108] Various criteria may be evaluated by a UE (e.g., the U2N remote 710) before the UE determines to use a U2N relay (e.g., the U2N relay 702) to connect to a network (e.g., the network entity 706) . One example of such criteria includes, but is not limited to, whether the UE has a serving cell. For example, if a UE has no serving cell (e.g., because the UE is outside of the coverage area (e.g., outside of the first coverage area 712) of any network entity as in the illustrated example of FIG. 7) the UE may determine to gain access to a network via a sidelink connection with a U2N relay.
[0109] Another example of such criteria includes, but is not limited to, whether the measurements from a serving cell of the UE fall below a threshold. For example, the threshold may be determined from pre-configured stored values or values obtained by the UE via RRC signaling. In the case of values obtained by RRC signaling, current examples of some pertinent parameters may include threshHighRemote-r17 and hystMaxRemote-r17. In practice, a UE may initially establish a connection if measurement of the RSRP exceed threshHighRemote-17 and, by implementation of hysteresis, maintain the connection even if the measurements dip below threshHighRemote-17, so long as the measurements do not dip below threshHighRemote-17 by an amount greater than the value of hystMaxRemote-17.
[0110] Another example of such criteria includes, but is not limited to, indications received from upper layers. For example, a network, via an upper layer, may indicate to a UE that the UE should not use a given U2N relay. At least one reason for an upper layer to provide this indication may be that the UE is served by a first charging entity and the given U2N relay is served by a second charging entity. Therefore, the indication may reflect a network’s decision to, for example, avoid incurring fees from the second charging party. Another example of an indication that may be sent from an upper layer includes an indication to release a connection. Any number of reasons may cause an upper layer to send an indication to release a connection, including, but not limited to, a determination that the connection has exceeded a pre-determined duration.
[0111] Once a UE has selected a U2N relay and established a connection with the selected U2N relay, there may be various criteria evaluated by the UE in connection with a decision made by the UE to perform U2N relay re-selection. One example of such criteria includes, but is not limited to, whether a SL RSRP or an SL-discovery RSRP of the currently selected U2N relay is below a threshold. For example, the threshold may be determined from a pre-configured stored value or a value obtained by the UE via RRC signaling. In the case of the value obtained by RRC signaling, a current example of a pertinent parameter may be sl-RSRP-Thresh-r17.
[0112] Other examples of such criteria include, but are not limited to, whether the UE has lost the PC5 connection with the U2N relay, whether the UE has received an indication from upper layers to release the U2N relay.
[0113] Additionally, a UE may base a determination on selection of a next U2N relay on various rules. For example, a determination of the next U2N relay may be based, for example and not limitation, on the following: for every discovered SL U2N relay, apply Layer 3 filtering across measurements using a configured or pre-configured value for the parameter sl-FilterCoefficientRSRP, consider a discovered SL U2N relay node as a candidate relay node if the SL-Discovery RSRP (SD-RSRP) exceeds the parameter sl-RSRP-Thresh-r17 by sl-HystMin-r17, and the UE by its implementation selects one of the candidate U2N relays.
[0114] Examples of current (legacy) parameters and their descriptions for U2N relay selection and reselection are provided in Table 1, below.
[0115] TABLE 1 –Legacy Parameters
[0116] Currently U2N relay switching (e.g., as applied to selection and re-selection) may be tied to comparisons of single values of thresholds to, for example, RSRP. In contrast, and according to some disclosure described herein, several exemplary and non-limiting use cases may exist that involve predictive models facilitated with artificial intelligence (AI) and / or machine learning (ML) . The use cases may include predictive relay switching by a U2N remote based on link conditions, predictive relay switching by a U2N remote based on sensor information (e.g., camera, radar, lidar, etc. ) , and predictive relay switching under the control of a network entity (or the network) (where control includes, for example and without limitation, the provision of an instruction, the provision of advice, the provision of a recommendation, the provision of sets of ranges of threshold values, etc. ) .
[0117] With respect to predictive relay switching by a U2N remote based on link conditions, currently, U2N relay switching may be performed based on an L3 filtered link budget for the remote-to-relay link (e.g., the U2N remote 710 to U2N relay 702 via the second connection 708 (PC5 interface) as shown and described in connection with FIG. 7) or a PCell measurement. However, as described herein, predictive models, including artificial intelligence models and / or machine learning models, such as a reinforcement learning model, may be used to predict relay switching to improve link rates.
[0118] Reinforcement learning (RL) may be a technique that may be used to train an agent of a predictive model, such that the agent’s actions work toward receiving positive rewards and therefore work toward optimizing the environment of the predictive model. In one sense, reinforcement learning may be understood as a trial-and-error learning process. Actions of the agent of the predictive model that work towards a goal set for the agent are reinforced with positive rewards, while actions that detract from the goal are ignored or penalized with negative rewards. The agent of the predictive model, and therefore the predictive model itself learns from the positive, neutral, and negative rewards associated with each action and self-discover the best processing paths to achieve a desired final outcome.
[0119] Predictive models (e.g., as implemented in artificial intelligence and machine learning models) implementing reinforcement learning may be used to predict an opportunity to perform a U2N relay switching process to improve, for example, link rates. For example, even though criteria mandating the execution of a U2N relay switching process fails to require U2N relay switching, the U2N remote may not need to wait until the current link falls below a threshold to perform relay re-selection but may do so earlier for instance when the link RSRP starts to degrade. Reinforcement learning models may consider (e.g., take into account) current link conditions as well as past prediction performance to determine to switch links even when the RSRP is greater than the current threshold.
[0120] With respect to predictive relay switching by a U2N remote based on predictive models that incorporate sensor information (e.g., camera, radar, light detection and ranging (lidar) , etc. ) persons having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that U2N remotes, in many cases, may be vehicle UEs with sensors fitted to the vehicle. These sensors provide information, such as images from cameras, range, bearing, and closing rate for radars and lidars, as well as provide other information, such as position on a 3D map. This information may be used to predict the coverage of one or more U2N relays. For example, a UE may decide to switch from one relay node to another even when the second relay node may be weaker when the predictive model (e.g., an AI model, an ML model) predicts a future blockage event for this UE.
[0121] With respect to predictive relay switching under the control of a network entity, according to some aspects of the disclosure, a network (e.g., a network entity) may collect (e.g., obtain) information, including measurements, positioning, trajectory, location, and other reports from one or more U2N remotes as well as collect information from one or more U2N relays. In this example, the network, based on measurements collected from the U2N remote (such as the U2M remote’s position reporting and other criteria) may indicate to the UE to switch to a SL U2N relay node. In one example, the NETWORK may indicate to the UE one or a set of “better” suited U2N relay nodes. The network’s indication may be based on a predictive model at the network (e.g., a predictive model native to the network entity) , which used the information collected from the U2N remote (e.g., the U2N remote’s reports, logs, traces) as well as the information collected from the one or more U2N relays (e.g., the U2N relay UE’s reports, logs, traces) .
[0122] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an example of a wireless communication network 800 according to some aspects of the disclosure. A core network 802 is coupled to a first network entity 804 with a native predictive model (indicated as a server associated with the first network entity 804. The core network 802 is also coupled to a second network entity 806 with a native predictive model (indicated as a server associated with the second network entity 806) . A first U2N relay 808 and a second U2N relay 810 are both coupled to both the first network entity 804 and the second network entity 806. A third U2N relay 812 is coupled to the first network entity 804. A U2N remote 814 is coupled to the third U2N relay 814. As used herein, the U2N remote 814 may include, represent, or be referred to as, without limitation, a U2N remote UE, an NR sidelink U2N remote UE, a sidelink U2N remote UE, or a sidelink U2N remote.
[0123] The first network entity 804 collects measurement, position, trajectory, and other information from the first U2N relay 808, the second U2N relay 810, the third U2N relay 812, and the U2N remote 814. The second network entity 806 collects measurement, position, trajectory, and other information from the first U2N relay, the second U2N relay, and a fourth U2N relay 814. Both the first network entity 804 and the second network entity 806 are coupled to the core network 802 and may collect information from the core network 802. For example, the first network entity 804 receives information related to the fourth U2N relay 814 from the core network 802. Applying all the information collected to its native U2N predictive model, including the trajectory of the U2N remote 814 and the reports of the first SL RESP 816 associated with the second U2N relay 810 and the second SL RSRP 818 associated with the fourth U2N relay 814, the first network entity 804 instructs the U2N remote 814 to switch relays from the third U2N relay 812 to the fourth U2N relay 814 even though the second SL RSRP 818 associated with the fourth U2N relay 814 is weaker than the first SL RESP 816 associated with the second U2N relay 810. At least one reason for instructing the U2N remote 814 to switch to the fourth U2N relay 814 is the native predictive model at the first network entity 804 will be beneficial to the U2N remote 814 over time in terms of data rate.
[0124] Through the use of predictive models (e.g., artificial intelligence and / or machine learning) a network entity, a U2N relay, and / or a U2N remote depending on whether the predictive model is on one of them or distributed among 2 or three of them, may predict an opportunity to perform U2N relay switching even though a purely power-measurement-based decision does not call for the switching. Predicting opportunities utilizing predictive models and methods will drive enhancements to the communication system (e.g., the network, network entity, the U2N relay, the U2N remote, or any one or combination of them) . At least one enhancement may be improved connectivity between the network entity and the U2N remote. The improved connectivity may be realized because a U2N remote may use predictive methods to avoid an intentionally applied hysteresis delay in reselection. The hysteresis delay may be caused by requiring the U2N remote to measure RSRP and switch U2N relays only after a measured RSRP falls below a minimum threshold by at least a value established to add the hysteresis to the system.
[0125] The predictive models, whether native to one or distributed between some or all of them, may receive training during which changes to key performance indicators cause an agent of the predictive model to perform actions that change the state of the predictive model environment. The agent of the predictive model may anticipate a positive reward in response to the agent offering the U2N remote an opportunity to switch U2N relays before the measured RSRP value reaches the value corresponding to a predetermined threshold value less the hysteresis value. The predictive model (e.g., the agent of the predictive model) may then receive further training and further positive rewards if the overall quality of the connection before and after the switch is improved or remains unchanged. The reward further trains the predictive model to suggest the change at a later time (when the agent of the predictive model recognizes a same or similar time / location / U2N remote state as encountered the first time) , which further reinforces the actions taken by the predictive model agent, increasing the likelihood of improving the call quality even further in the future.
[0126] In another example, training the predictive model drives an enhancement to the communication system by allowing a U2N remote to switch U2N relays in advance of a predicted drop in signal power / call quality. For example, if training teaches that a signal level always drops once the U2N remote is at particular geolocation and traveling in a particular direction, the predictive model agent may anticipate a reward for offering the U2N remote the opportunity to switch U2N relays prior to the U2N remote reaching the particular geolocation and traveling in the particular direction. If, after the switching, the signal power / call quality does not drop or drops less than it did in prior training, the predictive model agent would receive a positive reward and thus further reinforce the same action in the future.
[0127] Table 2 is a list of enhanced and new parameters that may be used in connection with a U2N relay predictive model according to some aspects described herein.
[0128] TABLE 2 –Enhanced Parameters
[0129] Table 2 differs from Table 1 in at least two respects. First, the single values of parameters in Table 1, in each of the SL-RemoteUE-Config-r17 parameters and the SL-ReselectionConfig-r17 parameters, are replaced by ranges of values (and in one case a list of filter coefficients) in Table 2, in each of the enhanced (and renamed) SL-RemoteUE-Config-Enhanced parameters and SL-ReselectionConfig-Enhanced parameters. Second, two new parameters sl-Relay-AIML-allowed-UE and sl-Relay-AIML-NW-DataCollect are introduced under a new heading, SL-Relay-Predictive Parameters, provided as an example according to aspects of the disclosure described herein.
[0130] Ranges of threshold and hysteresis values, and a list of L3 filter coefficients, are better and preferred over a single value, because the provision of the ranges of threshold and hysteresis values and the list of L3 filter coefficients provides the UE with an opportunity to use its local knowledge, in combination with a local, remote, or distributed (shared or divided according to some percentage, for example0 U2N relay predictive model. Although a final determination of whether to execute a SWITCH may be based on a single value, the network entity does not necessarily know the best value for the UE.
[0131] According to some aspects described herein, the network entity may collect first data from a plurality of U2N relays, and second data from a plurality of UEs, including the UE, aggregate, analyze, apply the first data and the second data to a U2N relay predictive model located at (i.e., native to) the network entity, and provision to the UE the ranges of threshold and hysteresis values and the list of L3 filter coefficients. The UE, with knowledge of its own state, may use its knowledge to select one value within the provisioned ranges or with the provisioned list and perform operations, including, for example, selection of a U2N relay, which provides a most beneficial overall performance result to the UE. The UE may record its selection and based on the UEs changing state (e.g., physically changing as the UE navigates from point A to point B and temporally changing as the UE must take some time to travel from point A to point B) , as measured, for example by link quality and sensor input, the UE may adjust its U2N relay predictive model and change its selection of a given threshold value from a first value in a range of values to a second value in the range of values, based on the physical and temporal changes to the stat of the UE as know by the UE. Accordingly, the UE may make changes so that the environment of the U2N relay predictive model is kept up to date and provides output that is better suited to the new state the UE finds itself in.
[0132] In some examples, a predictive model is native to a U2N remote. In other examples, a predictive model is native to a network entity. In still other examples, a predictive model is distributed between the U2N remote and the network entity.
[0133] According to one example, a U2N remote may rely on its own predictive model to select or re-select a U2N relay (i.e., the predictive model is native to the U2N remote) . The selection may be based on behavior and parameters set by configuration and / or pre-configuration and a predictive model at the U2N remote (i.e., the predictive model is native to the U2N remote) .
[0134] The selection may consider (e.g., take into account) one or more key performance indicator (KPI) values to ensure that the U2N relay selection / reselection is beneficial to the U2N remote in the long run in terms of data rate, for example.
[0135] The selection may be based on KPIs to avoid rapid U2N relay switching. The selection may be based on KPIs related to U2N remote power consumption (e.g., frequent switches traded-off with frequent re-transmissions or missed discontinuous reception (DRX) opportunities) . Therefore, the network entity (or the core network via the network entity) may signal flexible thresholds for the U2N remote to perform the U2N relay selection or re-selection based on a predictive model local to the network entity (i.e., native to the network entity) .
[0136] The U2N remote may additionally or alternatively rely on the predictive model at the network entity side to determine U2N relay selection or re-selection. In this example, the network entity (or the core network via the network entity) may collect data and measurements from both U2N relays and U2N remotes. The data may be in a form of legacy information or other information (i.e., information that is not legacy information) .
[0137] Legacy information may include at least one of: link measurements, buffer status, position, location, or number of U2N remotes served by each given U2N relay. Other information (sometimes call advanced information, because it may be over and above the legacy information) may include at least one of: proximity reports (from U2N relays and / or U2N remotes) , including proximity information based on local PC5 discovery (the proximity information may assist in selecting or determining alternate paths in advance) , driving information (from U2N relays and / or U2N remotes) , including at least one of: past trajectory, expected trajectory, U2N relay or U2N remote speed, U2N relay or U2N remote acceleration (past and / or current) (the driving information may be used to determine which U2N relay may be more relevant for current and / or future selection and re-selection, environment information (from U2N relays and / or U2N remotes) , including at least one of: surrounding information such as pedestrian detection information, scene information, blockage prediction information, other information obtained from U2N relay and / or U2n remote sensors (e.g., camera, radar, lidar) (environment information may be used, for example, to detect potential link issues to avoid by identifying U2N relay and U2n remote pairings that are more prone to blockages or frequent link degradation) , or device level information (from U2N relays and / or U2N remotes) , including energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports (the energy consumption reports may assist in detecting if the U2N relay is reliable or not) .
[0138] The network entity can use, for example, the just-recited information and the network entity’s predictive model to adjust the value of one or more parameters for U2N relay selection or re-selection and / or determining a candidate U2N relay list. For example, to determine the range of the flexible thresholds mentioned above.
[0139] The following examples may be used in connection with data collection, by a U2N remote or a network entity that possesses native predictive models.
[0140] In one example, the U2N remote may collect data from the network entity (or from the core network via the network entity) , and from U2N relays which the U2N remote can discover. In one case, the U2N remote may collect traces (e.g., logs) from the U2N relays it can discover. The traces (e.g., logs) may include at least one of: information about the past and / or current associations with respective U2N relays, the information including at least one of: a number of associations, zone identifiers of U2N remotes served, cell identifiers to which the U2N remotes were connected; buffer information; buffer status logs; relaying latency associated with traffic classes, error rates associated with U2N remotes, including the apparatus, in one or more sidelink zones, as distinct from error rates associated with an identifier of a particular U2N relay or a particular U2N remote. In one case, the U2N remote may collect logs for channel measurements from the network for the various U2N relays.
[0141] In one example, the network entity may collect data from U2N remotes, U2N relays, and other network entity (or network) nodes. In one case, the network entity may collect data on link measurements. In one case, the network entity may collect other information (sometimes called advanced information) described above and details omitted her for the sake of brevity. The other information may include at least one of: proximity reports, driving information, environment information, or device level information.
[0142] The U2N remote or the network entity may use values from the configuration list based on a prospective model configured, and on collected data.
[0143] In one example, the network entity may collect or configure the U2N remote to report performance KPIs to determine native predictive model performance. Examples of KPIs include at least one of: out-of-coverage duration or out-of-coverage probability, disruption of service indications associated with the U2N relay switch, rate, or frequency of transition from U2N relay and Uu interface, QoS achieved for traffic flows, throughput, delay, etc.
[0144] According to some aspects, adaptable flexible thresholds may be used to facilitate an improvement in or an enhancement to the process of selecting and re-selecting U2N relays by U2N remotes. The adaptable flexible thresholds may be implemented, in one example, by changing a practice of configuring or pre-configuring U2N-relay-selecting-and-re-selecting threshold-related parameters from single-value parameters (as exemplified in Table 1) to a plurality of sets of ranges of parameters (as exemplified in Table 2) .
[0145] Each set of ranges may be associated with a U2N remote state. In some examples, each U2N remote state may be defined by any combination of at least two of: location information, mobility information, scene information, link state information, and other local data collected (e.g., obtained, including derived) by each given U2N remote (e.g., a given UE, a given apparatus, a given wireless communications device in a wireless communications network) . The term “local data” is used to reflect that the data is local to (e.g., personal to, unique to) the given U2N remote collecting the data.
[0146] The collected local data may include, but is not limited to, the previously described legacy data and / or other data (i.e., non-legacy data) , including proximity reports, driving information, environment information, and / or device level information, may be used to inform the given U2N remote’s native predictive model (or, if in a distributed predictive model that portions the predictive model between, for example, a network entity and the given U2N remote) , or that portion of the predictive model that is at (e.g., stored and executed by one or more processors at, local to) the given U2N remote, in a decision (or recommendation, or advice) to execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process.
[0147] To facilitate a beneficial training of a predictive model implementing (or biased in view of) the threshold-related parameters (e.g., such as all parameters exemplified in Table 2) , a given U2N remote may select one set from the plurality of sets of ranges of a given parameter. The U2N remote may make similar selections for each provisioned parameter. The one or more processors of the given U2N remote may be configured to select one set that is applicable to (e.g., most applicable to, most closely matched to) the situation or circumstances currently surrounding the given U2N remote. The given U2N remote is best able to make the selection because the given U2N remote best knows its current situation (e.g., and without limitation, link status, link reliability, etc. ) and circumstances (e.g., and without limitation, physical location, scene, etc. ) .
[0148] The collected local data may beneficially inform the task of selecting a given set from the plurality of sets. Furthermore, an informed selection may benefit (e.g., be beneficial to) the U2N remote (e.g., the apparatus) over time in terms of, for example and without limitation, data rate. Furthermore, an informed selection may benefit (e.g., be beneficial to) all U2N relays and U2N remotes in the communication network shared with the given U2N remote over time in terms of making at least one of: a determination of which of a first plurality of U2N relays to identify to a given one of a second plurality of U2N remotes in connection with a current or a future U2N relay selection or re-selection process, a determination of potential link issues between respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, an identification of a U2N-relay-to-remote-UE pairing to avoid in connection with determinations of probabilities of pairings that are prone to blockages and / or repeated link degradation events, or a reliability prediction related to a respective one of a first plurality of U2N relays in view of U2N relay level information collected from all or many of the first plurality of U2N relays (the U2N relay information may include at least one of: energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports.
[0149] Accordingly, in one example, a network entity (or the network, the core network via the network entity) may configure a U2N remote with multiple sets of flexible thresholds for U2N relay selection. In one example, the U2N remote may use these thresholds in combination with its local predictive model for U2N relay selection and re-selection. In this example, each set of flexible thresholds may be associated with a U2N remote state where the U2N remote state may be defined by a combination of location, mobility, scene information, link state, and other local data collected by the U2N remote.
[0150] In one example, the network entity may determine K sets of flexible thresholds (e.g., sets of ranges of threshold values) , where K is a positive integer greater than zero. The network entity may configure the K sets of flexible thresholds (e.g., sets of ranges of threshold values) to a given U2N remote. In one example, the network entity may determine the K sets of flexible thresholds based exclusively (e.g., only) on legacy data collections and new KPI reports (in order to reduce over-the-air (OTA) reporting that may be increased if the other (non-legacy) data collections were reported to the network entity) . The network entity may instruct the U2N remote to perform local predictive model based selection of individual sets among the K sets configured to the U2N remote.
[0151] The U2N remote, based on its local predictive model, may determine to select and utilize one among the K sets of flexible thresholds to be used in connection with U2N relay selection and re-selection and utilize additional information, such as but not limited to at least one of: local link information, proximity information, or sensor information in association with the local predictive model.
[0152] The U2N remote may (e.g., in an RRC connected state) notify the network entity (or the network, the core network via the network entity) of the current set of flexible parameters being used for the process of U2N relay selection and re-selection.
[0153] In some examples, the data collection and predictive model complexity may be split (e.g., proportioned) between the network entity and the U2N remote. This split may be beneficial in cases where the U2N remote may have greater capability like a vehicle UE. In other words, an inexpensive (mid-range) wireless mobile device may have fewer resources than a vehicle implemented wireless mobile device (where the resources are utilized in connection with operation of the predictive model) ; therefore, a greater proportion of the tasks associated with the predictive model that may be distributed between the network entity and the U2N remote may be given to a vehicle UE than to an inexpensive (mid-range) handheld UE.
[0154] In one example, a U2N remote may transmit a request to the network entity to add, modify, or remove one or more sets of flexible thresholds (e.g., sets of ranges of threshold values) based on the performance (or capabilities) of the U2N remote and / or the performance (or capabilities) of the predictive model local to (e.g., native to) the U2N remote.
[0155] For example, the transmission of the request to add, modify, or remove one or more sets of flexible thresholds may be associated with a change in the U2N remote state. Such changes may include, but are not limited to changes to mobility, trajectory, or scene (where an example of a scene change may include an exit from a freeway to a city) .
[0156] In another example, the transmission of the request to add, modify, or remove one or more sets of flexible thresholds may be associated with U2N remote performance KPIs with the use of one or more of the sets of flexible thresholds.
[0157] In another example, the U2N remote may indicate to the network entity one or a list of flexible thresholds that is has developed and added, or removed, or modified, based on operation of a predictive model at the U2N remote (e.g., a local (to the U2N remote) predictive model.
[0158] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation of an apparatus 900 (e.g., a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) remote user equipment (UE) , also referred to as a U2N remote herein, a U2E relay UE, also referred to as a U2N relay herein, a user equipment, a wireless device, a mobile device, a scheduled entity, a sidelink entity, etc. ) employing one or more processing systems (generally represented by processing system 914 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as processing system 914 or one or more processing systems 914) according to some aspects of the disclosure. The apparatus 900 may be similar to, for example, any of the user equipment, scheduled entities, or sidelink entities, vehicles, infrastructure, as shown and described in connection with FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8.
[0159] In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, an element, any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented with a processing system 914 that includes one or more processors (generally represented by processor 904 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as processor 904 or one or more processors 904) , and one or more memories (generally represented by the memory 905 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as memory 905 or one or more memories 905) . Examples of processor 904 include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs) , field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure.
[0160] In various examples, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform any one or more of the functions described herein. That is, the one or more processors 904, as utilized in the apparatus 900, may be configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories 905, implement (e.g., perform) any one or more of the methods or processes described and illustrated, for example, in FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8.
[0161] In this example, the processing system 914 may be implemented with a bus architecture, represented generally by the bus 902. The bus 902 may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the processing system 914 and the overall design constraints. The bus 902 communicatively couples together various circuits, including the one or more processors 904, the one or more memories, and one or more computer-readable media (generally represented by the computer-readable medium 906 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as the computer-readable medium 906 or the one or more computer-readable media 906) . The bus 902 may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art and, therefore, will not be described any further.
[0162] A bus interface 908 provides an interface between the bus 902 and a transceiver 910. The transceiver 910 may be, for example, a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 910 may be operational with multiple RATs (e.g., LTE, 5G NR, IEEE 802.11 etc. ) . The transceiver 910 may provide respective means for communicating with various other apparatus, UEs, network entities, and core networks over a transmission medium (e.g., air interface) . The transceiver 910 may be coupled to one or more respective antenna array (s) 921. The bus interface 908 may provide an interface between the bus 902 and a user interface 912 (e.g., keypad, display, touch screen, speaker, microphone, control features, vibration circuit / device, etc. ) . Of course, such a user interface 912 is optional and may be omitted in some examples.
[0163] The one or more processors 904 may be responsible for managing the bus 902 and general processing, including the execution of software stored on or residing in the one or more computer-readable media 906 or in the one or more memories 905. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. The software, when executed by the one or more processors 904, causes the one or more processing systems 914 to perform the various processes and functions described herein for any particular apparatus.
[0164] The one or more computer-readable media 906 may be a non-transitory computer-readable media and may be referred to as computer-readable storage medium or a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may store computer-executable code (e.g., processor-executable code) . The computer executable code may include code for causing a computer (e.g., one or more processors 904) to implement one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., in connection with FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8) . A non-transitory computer-readable medium includes, by way of example, a magnetic storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip) , an optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (CD) or a digital versatile disc (DVD) ) , a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, or a key drive) , a random access memory (RAM) , a read only memory (ROM) , a programmable ROM (PROM) , an erasable PROM (EPROM) , an electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM) , a register, a removable disk, and any other suitable medium for storing software and / or instructions that may be accessed and read by a computer. The computer-readable medium 906 may reside in the processing system 914, external to the processing system 914, or distributed across multiple entities, including the processing system 914. The computer-readable medium 906 may be embodied in a computer program product or article of manufacture. For example, a computer program product or article of manufacture may include a computer-readable medium in packaging materials. In some examples, the computer-readable medium 906 may be part of the memory 905. Persons having ordinary skill in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality presented throughout this disclosure depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system. The computer-readable medium 906 and / or the memory 905 may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor 904 when executing software.
[0165] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 904 may include communication and processing circuitry 941 configured for various functions, including, for example, communicating with a network entity (e.g., an apparatus, an aggregated or disaggregated base station, a gNB, an eNB, a TRP, a scheduling entity, etc. ) or a core network (similar to the core network 102 as shown and described in FIG. 1, or the core network 802 with a predictive model as shown and described in connection with FIG. 8) via a Uu interface, and / or one or more U2N relays and / or sidelink entities via a PC5 interface. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 941 may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to wireless communication (e.g., signal reception and / or signal transmission) and signal processing (e.g., processing a received signal and / or processing a signal for transmission) . In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 941 may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to storing, for example in the one or more memories 905, pluralities of sets of ranges of values, each set corresponding to a given threshold parameter 917. Furthermore, each set and its associated threshold parameter may be associated with an apparatus state (e.g., a state of the apparatus 900) .
[0166] In some examples, each of the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter may be associated with an apparatus state. Accordingly, the communication and processing circuitry 941 may be configured to: determine the apparatus state based on the local data, the local data including at least one of: location information, mobility information, scene information, or link state. The communication and processing circuitry 941 may further be configured to execute communication and processing instructions 951 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 906 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0167] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 904 may include key performance indicator collection circuitry 942 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, collecting one or more key performance indicator values. According to some aspects, the key performance indicator collection circuitry 942 may be configured to continually measure the one or more key performance indicator values, and continually train the U2N relay predictive model with the continually measured one or more key performance indicator values. The key performance indicator collection circuitry 942 may further be configured to execute key performance indicator collection instructions 952 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 906 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0168] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 904 may include configuration / pre-configuration circuitry 943 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, a process of receiving, from a network entity, a configuration including a plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter. The configuration / pre-configuration circuitry 943 may further be configured to execute configuration / pre-configuration instructions 953 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 906 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0169] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 904 may include U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, applying the one or more key performance indicator values, the plurality of sets of ranges of values, and local data collected by the apparatus to a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) relay predictive model. In some examples, the apparatus may be a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) remote. and the U2N relay predictive model may be at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model. In some aspects, the U2N relay predictive model may employ reinforcement learning (RL) to train the predictive model, or train an agent of a predictive model, as described above. According to some aspects, the U2N predictive model circuitry 944 may apply one or more key performance indicator values, the plurality of sets of ranges of values, and the local data collected by the apparatus to a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) relay predictive model.
[0170] In some aspects, the U2N relay predictive model (or the functions or modules which serve the U2N relay predictive model and the U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944) may be distributed between the apparatus 900 and the network entity (e.g., similar to any network entity as shown and described in FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8) .
[0171] The U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944 may further be configured to: train the U2N relay predictive model using a reinforcement learning model that considers (e.g., takes into account) at least one of: a current link condition as qualified by the one or more key performance indicator values, one or more past performance prediction stored in the one or more memories, or past configurations of the U2N relay predictive model environment that were associated with the execution of the U2N relay selection or re-selection process.
[0172] In some examples, the U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944 may be configured to: collect first data from the network entity and / or collect second data from at least one discoverable U2N relay, and utilize a portion or all of any of the first data and / or the second data to inform the selection of the selected set of ranges of values.
[0173] According to some aspects, the first data includes logs for channel measurements from the network entity for a plurality of U2N relays. According to some aspects, the second data includes at least one of: information about the past and / or current associations with a plurality of U2N relays, the information including, for each one of the plurality of U2N relays, at least one of: a number of associations with a plurality of apparatus served including the apparatus, zone identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served, identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served, cell identifiers to which the plurality of apparatus served were connected, buffer information, buffer status logs, relaying latency associated with traffic classes, or error rates associated with the plurality of apparatus served, in one or more sidelink zones, as distinct from error rates associated with an identifier of a particular one of the plurality of apparatus served. In some examples, the U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944 may use values from a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the second data. The U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944 may further be configured to execute U2N relay predictive model instructions 954 (e.g., software) stored on the computer-readable medium 906 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0174] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 904 may include range selection circuitry 945 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, selecting, based at least on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, a selected set of ranges of values from the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter. According to some aspects, the range selection circuitry 945 may update, based at least on the local data collected by the apparatus 900, the selected set of ranges of values (selected, for example, by the range selection circuitry 945) . The range selection circuitry 945 may further be configured to, for example by applying the updated set of ranges to the U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944, cause at least one of: an adjustment to a minimum time to switch between U2N relays, or an adjustment to a power consumption of the apparatus 900. In some examples, the selection of the selected set of ranges of values is further based on at least one of: local link information, proximity information, or sensor information.
[0175] The range selection circuitry 945, in some examples, may be configured to transmit, from the apparatus 900 to the network entity, a selected set of ranges of values. In some examples, the range selection circuitry 945 may be configured to transmit, from the apparatus 900 to the network entity, an indication of at least one self-selected set of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter based on a use of the U2N relay predictive model.
[0176] In some examples, the range selection circuitry 945 may be configured to transmit, to the network entity, a request to at least one of: add, modify, or remove one or more of the plurality of sets of ranges. The request may be associated with at least one of: a performance of the apparatus, a performance of the U2N relay predictive model, a change of an apparatus state, including at least one of: a change to mobility, a change to trajectory, or a change in scene, or a change to the one or more key performance indicator values resulting from the applying the selected set of ranges of values to the U2N relay predictive model. The range selection circuitry 945 may further be configured to execute range selection instructions 955 (e.g., software) stored on the computer-readable medium 906 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0177] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 904 may include U2N relay selection or re-selection circuitry 946 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, executing a U2N relay selection or re-selection process associated with the selected set of ranges of values. According to some aspects, the executing of a U2N relay selection or re-selection process associated with the selected set of ranges of values may be individually or collectively beneficial to the apparatus 900 over time in terms of, for example and without limitation, data rate (e.g., may over time lead to improvements in all around data rate associated with the apparatus 900) .
[0178] In some examples, configuring the one or more processors 904 to perform the execution is based on configured and / or pre-configured behaviors and parameters, including the one or more key performance indicator values 915, stored in the one or more memories 905 and applied to the U2N relay predictive model, utilizing, for example, the U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944 described above. In some aspects, the execution of the U2N relay selection process occurs while a measurement of an RSRP emitted from a serving cell serving the apparatus 900 is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value less a legacy single-value predetermined hysteresis value. In some aspects, the execution of the U2N relay re-selection process occurs while a sidelink RSRP or sidelink-discovery RSRP emitted from a U2N relay serving the apparatus is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value. The U2N relay selection or re-selection circuitry 946 may further be configured to execute U2N relay selection or re-selection instructions 956 (e.g., software) stored on the computer-readable medium 906 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0179] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example process 1000 (e.g., a method) of wireless communication at an apparatus (e.g., a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) remote user equipment (UE) , also referred to as a U2N remote herein) , a user equipment, a wireless device, a mobile device, a scheduled entity, a sidelink entity, etc. ) according to some aspects of the disclosure. As described below, some or all illustrated features may be omitted in a particular implementation within the scope of the present disclosure, and some illustrated features may not be required for implementation of all embodiments. In some examples, the process 1000 may be carried out by the apparatus 900, as shown and described in connection with FIG. 9. The apparatus may be similar to, for example, any of the U2N remotes, UEs, wireless devices, mobile devices, scheduled entities, or sidelink entities of FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8. In some examples, the apparatus the apparatus may be a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) remote (U2E remote) . In some examples, the process 1000 may be carried out by any suitable apparatus or means for carrying out the functions or algorithm described below.
[0180] At block 1002, the apparatus collects one or more key performance indicator values. For example, the key performance indicator collection circuitry 942 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 9, may provide a means for collecting one or more key performance indicator values. In some examples, the apparatus may continually measure the one or more key performance indicator values, and continually train the U2N relay predictive model with the continually measured one or more key performance indicator values.
[0181] At block 1004, the apparatus receives, from a network entity, a configuration including a plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter. For example, the configuration / pre-configuration circuitry 943 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 9, may provide a means for receiving, from a network entity, a configuration including a plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter.
[0182] At block 1006, the apparatus applies the one or more key performance indicator values, the plurality of sets of ranges of values, and the local data collected by the apparatus to a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) relay predictive model. For example, the U2N relay predictive model circuitry 944 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 9, may provide a means for applying the one or more key performance indicator values, the selected set of ranges of values, and the local data to a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) relay predictive model. In some examples the U2N relay predictive model is at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model. In some examples, the U2N relay predictive model may be distributed between the apparatus and a network entity. According to some examples, the apparatus may train the U2N relay predictive model using a reinforcement learning model that considers (e.g., takes into account) at least one of: a current link condition as qualified by the one or more key performance indicator values, one or more past performance prediction stored in the one or more memories, or past configurations of the U2N relay predictive model environment that were associated with the execution of the U2N relay selection or re-selection process.
[0183] At block 1008, the apparatus selects, based at least on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, a selected set of ranges of values from the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter. For example, the range selection circuitry 945 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 9, may provide a means for selecting, based at least on local data collected by the apparatus, a selected set of ranges of values from the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter. In some examples, the selection of the selected set of ranges of values may be further based on at least one of: local link information, proximity information, or sensor information. In some examples, the apparatus may update, based at least on the local data collected by the apparatus, the selected set of ranges of values, or cause, by applying the updated set of ranges to the U2N relay predictive model, at least one of: an adjustment to a minimum time to switch between U2N relays, or an adjustment to a power consumption of the apparatus.
[0184] According to some aspects, each of the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter may be associated with an apparatus state, and the apparatus may determine the apparatus state based on the local data, the local data including at least one of: location information, mobility information, scene information, or link state. According to some aspects, the apparatus may transmit, from the apparatus to the network entity, the selected set of ranges of values, or transmit, from the apparatus to the network entity, an indication of at least one self-selected set of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter based on a use of the U2N relay predictive model. In still other examples, the apparatus may transmit, to the network entity, a request to at least one of: add, modify, or remove one or more of the plurality of sets of ranges, where the request may be associated with at least one of: a performance of the apparatus, a performance of the U2N relay predictive model, a change of an apparatus state, including at least one of: a change to mobility, a change to trajectory, or a change in scene, or a change to the one or more key performance indicator values resulting from the applying the selected set of ranges of values to the U2N relay predictive model.
[0185] According to some aspects, the apparatus may collect first data from the network entity and / or collect second data from at least one discoverable U2N relay and utilize a portion or all of any of the first data and / or the second data to inform the selection of the selected set of ranges of values, where the positive reward that is associated with the applying is based at least in part on using the selected set of ranges of values. In some examples, the first data includes logs for channel measurements from the network entity for a plurality of U2N relays. In some examples, the second data includes at least one of: information about the past and / or current associations with a plurality of U2N relays, the information including, for each one of the plurality of U2N relays, at least one of: a number of associations with a plurality of apparatus served including the apparatus, zone identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served, identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served, cell identifiers to which the plurality of apparatus served were connected, buffer information, buffer status logs, relaying latency associated with traffic classes, or error rates associated with the plurality of apparatus served, in one or more sidelink zones, as distinct from error rates associated with an identifier of a particular one of the plurality of apparatus served. According to some aspects, the apparatus may use values from a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the second data.
[0186] At block 1010, the apparatus executes a U2N relay selection or re-selection process associated with the selected set of ranges of values. For example, the U2N Relay selection or re-selection circuitry 946 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 9, may provide a means for executing a U2N relay selection or re-selection process in response to receiving a positive reward associated with the applying. In some examples, performing the execution may be based on configured and / or pre-configured behaviors and parameters, including the one or more key performance indicator values, stored in the one or more memories, and applied to the U2N relay predictive model. According to some aspects, both the applying (at block 1008) and the executing (at block 1010) , may be beneficial to the apparatus over time in terms of data rate. According to some aspects, the execution of the U2N relay selection or re-selection process may occur while a measurement of an RSRP emitted from a serving cell serving the apparatus is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value less a legacy single-value predetermined hysteresis value. According to other aspects, the execution of the U2N relay selection or re-selection process may occur while a sidelink RSRP or sidelink-discovery RSRP emitted from a U2N relay serving the apparatus is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value less a legacy single-value predetermined hysteresis value.
[0187] Thereafter, the process 1000 ends.
[0188] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation of a network entity 1100 (e.g., an apparatus, a base station, an aggregated or disaggregated base station, a gNB, a TRP, a scheduling entity) employing one or more processing systems (generally represented by processing system 1114 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as processing system 1114 or one or more processing systems 1114) according to some aspects of the disclosure. The network entity 1100 may be similar to, for example, any of the scheduling entities of FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8.
[0189] The processing system 1114 may be substantially the same as the processing system 914 as illustrated and described in connection with FIG. 9. Similar to the processing system 914, the processing system 914 includes a bus interface 1108, a bus 1102, one or more memories (generally represented by memory 1105 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as memory 1105 or one or more memories 1105) , one or more processors (generally represented by processors 1104 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as processor 1104 or one or more processors 1105) , one or more computer-readable media (generally represented by computer-readable medium 1106 and alternatively referred to hereinafter as computer-readable medium 1106 or one or more computer-readable media 1106) , and a user interface 1112.
[0190] In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, an element, any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented with one or more processing systems 1114 that includes one or more processors 1104. The one or more processors 1104, as utilized in the network entity 1100, may be configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories 1105 or additionally or alternatively stored in the one or more computer-readable media 1106, implement any one or more of the methods or processes described herein and illustrated, for example, in FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8.
[0191] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 1104 may include communication and processing circuitry 1141 configured for various functions, including, for example, communicating with a U2N relay, a U2N remote, a UE, an apparatus, a wireless communication device, a scheduled entity, a sidelink entity, a core network, etc. According to some aspects of the disclosure, the U2N remotes are U2N remote user equipments (U2N remote UEs) . In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to communication (e.g., data reception and / or data transmission) and signal processing (e.g., processing received data and / or processing data for transmission) . The communication and processing circuitry 1141 may further be configured to execute communication and processing instructions 1151 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 1106 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0192] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 1104 may include U2N relay and U2N remote information collection circuitry 1142 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, collect information from a first plurality of user equipment-to-network (U2N) relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes coupled to the network entity via ones of the first plurality of U2N relays.
[0193] According to some aspects, the U2N relay and U2N remote information collecting circuitry 1142 may at least one of: collect first data from each U2N remote including the U2N remote, collect second data from each of the first plurality of U2N relays, or collect third data from at least one other network entity, and utilize a at least a portion of any of the first data, the second data, and / or the third data to inform the determining, by the U2N relay predictive model, of the range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated.
[0194] The U2N relay and U2N remote information collection circuitry 1142 may further be configured to collect data including at least one of: data on link measurements, proximity reports from at least one of: a U2N relay or a U2N remote, the proximity reports including user equipment proximity information based on local PC5 discovery, driving information from at least one of: the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the driving information including at least one of: past trajectory, expected trajectory, past and / or current speed, or past and / or current acceleration, environment information from at least one of: the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the environment information including at least one of: surrounding information, including at least one of: pedestrian detection information, scene information, blockage prediction information, sensor information including at least one of camera information, radar information, or lidar information, or device level information including at least one of: an energy consumption report, a battery report, a fault report, or a failure report. According to some examples, the U2N relay and U2N remote information collection circuitry 1142 may use values for a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the collected data.
[0195] The U2N relay and U2N remote information collection circuitry 1142 may further be configured to execute U2N relay and U2N remote information collection instructions 1152 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 1106 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0196] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 1104 may include U2N relay predictive model circuitry 1143 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, applying the information to a U2N relay predictive model. According to some examples, the U2N relay predictive model is at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model. In some aspects, the U2N relay predictive model may employ reinforcement learning (RL) to train the predictive model, or train an agent of a predictive model, as described above.
[0197] According to some examples, the information includes at least one of: legacy information and Other information, where the other information is different from the legacy information. According to some aspects, the legacy information includes at least one of: link measurements, buffer status reports, positions, locations of each of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, or a number of U2N remotes that are served by each of the first plurality of U2N relays. According to some aspects, the other information includes at least one of: proximity reports, driving information, past and expected trajectories, speed data and acceleration data both past and current, environment information, surrounding information including pedestrian detection information and scene information, blockage prediction information, sensor information including camera, radar, and lidar information, energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports from each of the first plurality of U2N relays and / or the second plurality of U2N remotes. The U2N relay predictive model circuitry 1143 may further be configured to execute U2N relay predictive model instructions 1153 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 1106 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0198] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 1104 may include range of values determining circuitry 1144 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, determining, by the U2N relay predictive model, a range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated in connection with a test that determines whether to execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process at a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes. The range of values determining circuitry 1144 may further be configured to execute range of values determining instructions 1154 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 1106 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0199] In some aspects of the disclosure, the processor 1104 may include configuration circuitry 1145 that may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure that performs processes related to various functions, including, for example, configure the given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes with the range of values corresponding to the threshold. According to some examples, the determine (performed by the range of values determining circuitry 1144) and the configure (performed by this configuration circuitry 1145) may be beneficial to the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes over time in terms of at least one of: a determination of which of the first plurality of U2N relays to identify to a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes in connection with a U2N relay selection or re-selection process, a determination of potential link issues between respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, an identifier of a U2N-relay-to-remote pairing to avoid in connection with determinations of probabilities of pairings that are prone to blockages and / or repeated link degradation events, or reliability predictions of respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays in view of device level information from the first plurality of U2N relays. According to some examples, the device level information may include at least one of: energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports.
[0200] According to some aspects, the network entity 1100 may receive data and measurements from a first plurality of U2N relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes, the network entity 1100 may apply the data and measurements to the U2N relay predictive model, the network entity 1100 may determine, based on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, ranges of threshold values of respective thresholds related to at least one of: performance of the first plurality of U2N relays, performance of the second plurality of U2N remotes, or performance of current and / or future links between pairs of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, and the network entity 1100 may configure the ranges of threshold values to ones of the second plurality of U2N remotes to benefit a performance as measured in terms of at least a data rate obtained in the wireless communication network.
[0201] According to some examples, the configuration circuitry 1145 may be configured to:configure the U2N remote to report one or more key performance indicator values to determine performance of the U2N relay predictive model stored and utilized at the U2N remote, and collect reports of the one or more key performance indicator values from the U2N remote, wherein the one or more key performance indicator values include at least one of: an out-of-coverage duration, an out-of-coverage probability, a disruption of service indications associated with a given U2N relay, a rate of transition from a PC5 based relayed connections to a direct Uu interface based connection to the network entity, a rate of transition from a direct Uu interface based connection to a PC5 based relayed connection to the network entity, quality of service achieved for traffic flows, throughput, or delay.
[0202] The configuration circuitry 1145 may further be configured to execute configuration instructions 1155 (e.g., software) stored, for example, on the computer-readable medium 1106 to implement one or more functions described herein.
[0203] FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example process 1200 (e.g., a method) of wireless communication at a network entity (e.g., an apparatus, an aggregated or disaggregated base station, a gNB, an eNB, a TRP, a scheduling entity, etc. ) according to some aspects of the disclosure. As described below, some or all illustrated features may be omitted in a particular implementation within the scope of the present disclosure, and some illustrated features may not be required for implementation of all embodiments. In some examples, the process 1200 may be carried out by the network entity 1100, as shown and described in connection with FIG. 11. The network entity 1100 may be similar to, for example, any of the network entities or scheduling entities of FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and / or 8. In some examples, the process 1200 may be carried out by any suitable apparatus or means for carrying out the functions or algorithm described below.
[0204] At block 1202, the network entity may collect information from a first plurality of user equipment-to-network (U2N) relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes coupled to the network entity via ones of the first plurality of U2N relays. For example, the U2N relay and U2N remote information collection circuitry 1142, as shown and described in connection with FIG. 11, may provide a means for collecting information from a first plurality of user equipment-to-network (U2N) relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes coupled to the network entity via ones of the first plurality of U2N relays. In some examples, the information comprises at least one of: legacy information, including at least one of: link measurements, buffer status reports, positions, locations of each of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, or a number of U2N remotes that are served by each of the first plurality of U2N relays, or other information, including at least one of: proximity reports, driving information, past and expected trajectories, speed data and acceleration data both past and current, environment information, surrounding information including pedestrian detection information and scene information, blockage prediction information, sensor information including camera, radar, and lidar information, energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports from each of the first plurality of U2N relays and / or the second plurality of U2N remotes.
[0205] According to some aspects, the network entity may at least one of: collect first data from each U2N remote including the U2N remote, collect second data from each of the first plurality of U2N relays, or collect third data from at least one other network entity, and utilize a at least a portion of any of the first data, the second data, and / or the third data to inform the determining, by the U2N relay predictive model, of the range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated. Still further, the network entity may collect data including at least one of: data on link measurements, proximity reports from at least one of: a U2N relay or a U2N remote, the proximity reports including user equipment proximity information based on local PC5 discovery, driving information from at least one of: the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the driving information including at least one of: past trajectory, expected trajectory, past and / or current speed, or past and / or current acceleration, environment information from at least one of: the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the environment information including at least one of: surrounding information, including at least one of: pedestrian detection information, scene information, blockage prediction information, sensor information including at least one of camera information, radar information, or lidar information, or device level information including at least one of: an energy consumption report, a battery report, a fault report, or a failure report. The network entity may use values for a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the collected data.
[0206] Still further, the network entity may configure the U2N remote to report one or more key performance indicator values to determine performance of the U2N relay predictive model stored and utilized at the U2N remote, and collect reports of the one or more key performance indicator values from the U2N remote, wherein the one or more key performance indicator values include at least one of: an out-of-coverage duration, an out-of-coverage probability, a disruption of service indications associated with a given U2N relay, a rate of transition from a PC5 based relayed connections to a direct Uu interface based connection to the network entity, a rate of transition from a direct Uu interface based connection to a PC5 based relayed connection to the network entity, quality of service achieved for traffic flows, throughput, or delay.
[0207] At block 1204, the network entity may apply the information to a U2N relay predictive model. For example, the U2N relay predictive model circuitry 1143, as shown and described in connection with FIG. 3, may provide a means for applying the information to a U2N relay predictive model. According to some aspects, the U2N relay predictive model is at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model.
[0208] At block 1206, the network entity may determine, by the U2N relay predictive model, a range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated in connection with a test that determines whether to execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process at a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes. For example, the range of values determining circuitry 1144, as shown and described in connection with FIG. 11, may provide a means for determining, by the U2N relay predictive model, a range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated in connection with a test that determines whether to execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process at a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes.
[0209] At block 1208, the network entity may configure the given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes with the range of values corresponding to the threshold. For example, the configuration circuitry 1145, as shown and described in connection with FIG. 11, may provide a means for configuring the given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes with the range of values corresponding to the threshold. According to some aspects, the determine (of block 1206) and the configure (of block 1208) are beneficial to the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes over time in terms of at least one of: a determination of which of the first plurality of U2N relays to identify to a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes in connection with a U2N relay selection or re-selection process, a determination of potential link issues between respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, an identifier of a U2N-relay-to-remote pairing to avoid in connection with determinations of probabilities of pairings that are prone to blockages and / or repeated link degradation events, or reliability predictions of respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays in view of device level information from the first plurality of U2N relays. In some examples, the device level information includes at least one of: energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports.
[0210] According to some aspects, the network entity may receive data and measurements from a first plurality of U2N relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes, apply the data and measurements to the U2N relay predictive model, determine, based on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, ranges of threshold values of respective thresholds related to at least one of: performance of the first plurality of U2N relays, performance of the second plurality of U2N remotes, or performance of current and / or future links between pairs of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, and configure the ranges of threshold values to ones of the second plurality of U2N remotes to benefit a performance as measured in terms of at least a data rate obtained in the wireless communication network.
[0211] Thereafter, the process 1200 ends.
[0212] In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, an element, any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented with a processing system (e.g., 914 in FIG. 9, 1114 in FIG. 11) that includes one or more processors (e.g., 904 in FIG. 9, 1104 in FIG. 10) . The one or more processors, as utilized in the network entity 1100, may be configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in one or more memories (e.g., 905 in FIG. 9, 1105 in FIG. 11) and additionally or alternatively stored in one or more computer readable media (906 in FIG. 9, 1106 in FIG. 11) may implement any one or more of the methods or processes described herein and illustrated, for example, in FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and / or 12.
[0213] Of course, in the above examples, the circuitry included in the one or more processors 904 of FIG. 9, and the one or more processors 1104 of FIG. 10, is merely provided as an example. Other means for carrying out the described processes or functions may be included within various aspects of the present disclosure, including but not limited to the instructions stored in the one or more computer-readable media 906 of FIG. 9 and the one or more computer-readable media 1106 of FIG. 11, or any other suitable apparatus or means described in any one of the FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and / or 11 utilizing, for example, the processes and / or algorithms described herein in relation to FIGs. 7, 8, 10, and / or 12.
[0214] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0215] Aspect 1: An apparatus in a wireless communication network, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors being configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories: collect one or more key performance indicator values, receive, from a network entity, a configuration including a plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter, apply the one or more key performance indicator values, the plurality of sets of ranges of values, and local data collected by the apparatus to a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) relay predictive model, select, based at least on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, a selected set of ranges of values from the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter, and execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process associated with the selected set of ranges of values.
[0216] Aspect 2: The apparatus of aspect 1, wherein: the apparatus is a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) remote, and the U2N relay predictive model is at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model.
[0217] Aspect 3: The apparatus of aspect 1 or aspect 2, wherein configuring the one or more processors to perform the execution is based on configured and / or pre-configured behaviors and parameters, including the one or more key performance indicator values, stored in the one or more memories, and applied to the U2N relay predictive model.
[0218] Aspect 4: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein the apply and the execute are beneficial to the apparatus over time in terms of data rate.
[0219] Aspect 5: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 4, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to at least one of: update, based at least on the local data collected by the apparatus, the selected set of ranges of values, or cause, by applying the updated set of ranges to the U2N relay predictive model, at least one of: an adjustment to a minimum time to switch between U2N relays, or an adjustment to a power consumption of the apparatus.
[0220] Aspect 6: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein the U2N relay predictive model is distributed between the apparatus and the network entity.
[0221] Aspect 7: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein each of the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter is associated with an apparatus state, and the one or more processors are further configured to:determine the apparatus state based on the local data, the local data including at least one of: location information, mobility information, scene information, or link state.
[0222] Aspect 8: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein the selection of the selected set of ranges of values is further based on at least one of: local link information, proximity information, or sensor information.
[0223] Aspect 9: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit, from the apparatus to the network entity, an indication of at least one self-selected set of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter based on a use of the U2N relay predictive model.
[0224] Aspect 10: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: transmit, to the network entity, a request to at least one of: add, modify, or remove one or more of the plurality of sets of ranges of values, wherein the request is associated with at least one of: a performance of the apparatus, a performance of the U2N relay predictive model, a change of an apparatus state, including at least one of: a change to mobility, a change to trajectory, or a change in scene, or a change to the one or more key performance indicator values resulting from the applying the selected set of ranges of values to the U2N relay predictive model.
[0225] Aspect 11: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 10, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: train the U2N relay predictive model using a reinforcement learning model that considers at least one of: a current link condition as qualified by the one or more key performance indicator values, one or more past performance prediction stored in the one or more memories, or past configurations of the U2N relay predictive model environment that were associated with the execution of the U2N relay selection or re-selection process.
[0226] Aspect 12: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 11, wherein the execution of the U2N relay selection process occurs while a measurement of an RSRP emitted from a serving cell serving the apparatus is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value less a legacy single-value predetermined hysteresis value.
[0227] Aspect 13: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 12, wherein the execution of the U2N relay re-selection process occurs while a sidelink RSRP or sidelink-discovery RSRP emitted from a U2N relay serving the apparatus is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value.
[0228] Aspect 14: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: continually measure the one or more key performance indicator values, and continually train the U2N relay predictive model with the continually measured one or more key performance indicator values.
[0229] Aspect 15: The apparatus of any of aspects 1 through 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: collect first data from the network entity and / or collect second data from at least one discoverable U2N relay, and utilize a portion or all of any of the first data and / or the second data to inform the selection of the selected set of ranges of values.
[0230] Aspect 16: The apparatus of aspect 15, wherein the first data includes logs for channel measurements from the network entity for a plurality of U2N relays.
[0231] Aspect 17: The apparatus of aspect 15, wherein the second data includes at least one of: information about the past and / or current associations with a plurality of U2N relays, the information including, for each one of the plurality of U2N relays, at least one of:a number of associations with a plurality of apparatus served including the apparatus, zone identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served, identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served, cell identifiers to which the plurality of apparatus served were connected, buffer information, buffer status logs, relaying latency associated with traffic classes, or error rates associated with the plurality of apparatus served, in one or more sidelink zones, as distinct from error rates associated with an identifier of a particular one of the plurality of apparatus served.
[0232] Aspect 18: The apparatus of aspect 15, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: use values from a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the second data.
[0233] Aspect 19: A network entity in a wireless communication network, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors being configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories: collect information from a first plurality of user equipment-to-network (U2N) relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes coupled to the network entity via ones of the first plurality of U2N relays, apply the information to a U2N relay predictive model, determine, by the U2N relay predictive model, a range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated in connection with a test that determines whether to execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process at a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes, and configure the given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes with the range of values corresponding to the threshold.
[0234] Aspect 20. The network entity of aspect 19, wherein: the U2N remotes are U2N remote user equipments, and the U2N relay predictive model is at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model.
[0235] Aspect 21: The network entity of aspect 19 or aspect 20, wherein the information comprises at least one of: legacy information, including at least one of: link measurements, buffer status reports, positions, locations of each of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, or a number of U2N remotes that are served by each of the first plurality of U2N relays, or other information, including at least one of: proximity reports, driving information, past and expected trajectories, speed data and acceleration data both past and current, environment information, surrounding information including pedestrian detection information and scene information, blockage prediction information, sensor information including camera, radar, and lidar information, energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports from each of the first plurality of U2N relays and / or the second plurality of U2N remotes.
[0236] Aspect 22: The network entity of any of aspects 19 through 21, wherein the determine and the configure are beneficial to the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes over time in terms of at least one of: a determination of which of the first plurality of U2N relays to identify to a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes in connection with a U2N relay selection or re-selection process, a determination of potential link issues between respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, an identifier of a U2N-relay-to-remote pairing to avoid in connection with determinations of probabilities of pairings that are prone to blockages and / or repeated link degradation events, or reliability predictions of respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays in view of device level information from the first plurality of U2N relays.
[0237] Aspect 23: The network entity of aspect 22, wherein the device level information includes at least one of: energy consumption reports, battery reports, fault reports, or failure reports.
[0238] Aspect 24: The network entity of any of aspects 19 through 23, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive data and measurements from a first plurality of U2N relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes, apply the data and measurements to the U2N relay predictive model, determine, based on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, ranges of threshold values of respective thresholds related to at least one of: performance of the first plurality of U2N relays, performance of the second plurality of U2N remotes, or performance of current and / or future links between pairs of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, and configure the ranges of threshold values to ones of the second plurality of U2N remotes to benefit a performance as measured in terms of at least a data rate obtained in the wireless communication network.
[0239] Aspect 25: The network entity of any of aspects 19 through 24, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: at least one of: collect first data from each U2N remote including the U2N remote, collect second data from each of the first plurality of U2N relays, or collect third data from at least one other network entity, and utilize a at least a portion of any of the first data, the second data, and / or the third data to inform the determining, by the U2N relay predictive model, of the range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated.
[0240] Aspect 26: The network entity of any of aspects 19 through 25, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to collect data including at least one of: data on link measurements, proximity reports from at least one of: a U2N relay or a U2N remote, the proximity reports including user equipment proximity information based on local PC5 discovery, driving information from at least one of: the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the driving information including at least one of: past trajectory, expected trajectory, past and / or current speed, or past and / or current acceleration, environment information from at least one of: the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the environment information including at least one of: surrounding information, including at least one of: pedestrian detection information, scene information, blockage prediction information, sensor information including at least one of camera information, radar information, or lidar information, or device level information including at least one of: an energy consumption report, a battery report, a fault report, or a failure report.
[0241] Aspect 27: The network entity of aspect 26, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to use values for a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the collected data.
[0242] Aspect 28: The network entity of any of aspects 19 through 27, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: configure the U2N remote to report one or more key performance indicator values to determine performance of the U2N relay predictive model stored and utilized at the U2N remote, and collect reports of the one or more key performance indicator values from the U2N remote, wherein the one or more key performance indicator values include at least one of: an out-of-coverage duration, an out-of-coverage probability, a disruption of service indications associated with a given U2N relay, a rate of transition from a PC5 based relayed connections to a direct Uu interface based connection to the network entity, a rate of transition from a direct Uu interface based connection to a PC5 based relayed connection to the network entity, quality of service achieved for traffic flows, throughput, or delay. Several aspects of a wireless communication network have been presented with reference to an exemplary implementation. As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate, various aspects described throughout this disclosure may be extended to other telecommunication systems, network architectures, and communication standards.
[0243] By way of example, various aspects may be implemented within other systems defined by 3GPP, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , the Evolved Packet System (EPS) , the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) , and / or the Global System for Mobile (GSM) . Various aspects may also be extended to systems defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) , such as CDMA 2000 and / or Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) . Other examples may be implemented within systems employing IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) , Bluetooth, and / or other suitable systems. The actual telecommunication standard, network architecture, and / or communication standard employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system.
[0244] Within the present disclosure, the word “exemplary” is used to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any implementation or aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects of the disclosure. Likewise, the term “aspects” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation. The term “coupled” is used herein to refer to the direct or indirect coupling between two objects. For example, if object A physically touches object B, and object B touches object C, then objects A and C may still be considered coupled to one another-even if they do not directly physically touch each other. For instance, a first object may be coupled to a second object even though the first object is never directly physically in contact with the second object. The terms “circuit” and “circuitry” are used broadly, and intended to include both hardware implementations of electrical devices and conductors that, when connected and configured, enable the performance of the functions described in the present disclosure, without limitation as to the type of electronic circuits, as well as software implementations of information and instructions that, when executed by a processor, enable the performance of the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0245] One or more of the components, steps, features, and / or functions illustrated in FIGs. 1-12 may be rearranged and / or combined into a single component, step, feature, or function or embodied in several components, steps, or functions. Additional elements, components, steps, and / or functions may also be added without departing from novel features disclosed herein. The apparatus, devices, and / or components illustrated in FIGs. 1-12 may be configured to perform one or more of the methods, features, or steps described herein. The novel algorithms described herein may also be efficiently implemented in software and / or embedded in hardware.
[0246] It is to be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed is an illustration of exemplary processes. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods may be rearranged. The method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless specifically recited therein. While some examples illustrated herein depict only time and frequency domains, additional domains such as a spatial domain are also contemplated in this disclosure.
[0247] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more.
[0248] The word “obtain” as used herein may mean, for example, acquire, calculate, construct, derive, determine, receive, and / or retrieve. The preceding list is exemplary and not limiting. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112 (f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for. ”
[0249] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , inferring, ascertaining, measuring, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) , transmitting (such as transmitting information) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and other similar actions.
[0250] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c. As used herein, “or” is intended to be interpreted in the inclusive sense, unless otherwise explicitly indicated. For example, “aor b” may include a only, b only, or a combination of a and b. Similarly, a phrase referring to A and / or B may include A only, B only, or a combination of A and B.
[0251] As used herein, “based on” is intended to be interpreted in the inclusive sense, unless otherwise explicitly indicated. For example, “based on” may be used interchangeably with “based at least in part on, ” “associated with, ” or “in accordance with” unless otherwise explicitly indicated. Specifically, unless a phrase refers to “based on only ‘a, ’ ” or the equivalent in context, whatever it is that is “based on ‘a, ’ ” or “based at least in part on ‘a, ’ ” may be based on “a” alone or based on a combination of “a” and one or more other factors, conditions, or information.
[0252] The various illustrative components, logic, logical blocks, modules, circuits, operations, and algorithm processes described in connection with the examples disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, firmware, software, or combinations of hardware, firmware, or software, including the structures disclosed in this specification and the structural equivalents thereof. The interchangeability of hardware, firmware and software has been described generally, in terms of functionality, and illustrated in the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits and processes described above. Whether such functionality is implemented in hardware, firmware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0253] Various modifications to the examples described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to persons having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other examples without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the examples shown herein but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and the novel features disclosed herein.
[0254] Additionally, various features that are described in this specification in the context of separate examples also can be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also can be implemented in multiple examples separately or in any suitable subcombination. As such, although features may be described above as acting in particular combinations, and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
[0255] Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Further, the drawings may schematically depict one or more example processes in the form of a flowchart or flow diagram. However, other operations that are not depicted can be incorporated in the example processes that are schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the illustrated operations. In some circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the examples described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all examples, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.
Claims
1.An apparatus in a wireless communication network, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors being configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories:collect one or more key performance indicator values,receive, from a network entity, a configuration including a plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to a given threshold parameter,apply the one or more key performance indicator values, the plurality of sets of ranges of values, and local data collected by the apparatus to a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) relay predictive model,select, based at least on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, a selected set of ranges of values from the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter, andexecute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process associated with the selected set of ranges of values.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the apparatus is a user-equipment-to-network (U2N) remote, andthe U2N relay predictive model is at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein configuring the one or more processors to perform the execution is based on configured and / or pre-configured behaviors and parameters, including the one or more key performance indicator values, stored in the one or more memories, and applied to the U2N relay predictive model.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apply and the execute are beneficial to the apparatus over time in terms of data rate.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to at least one of:update, based at least on the local data collected by the apparatus, the selected set of ranges of values, orcause, by applying the updated set of ranges to the U2N relay predictive model, at least one of:an adjustment to a minimum time to switch between U2N relays, oran adjustment to a power consumption of the apparatus.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the U2N relay predictive model is distributed between the apparatus and the network entity.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of sets of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter is associated with an apparatus state, and the one or more processors are further configured to:determine the apparatus state based on the local data, the local data including at least one of: location information, mobility information, scene information, or link state.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the selection of the selected set of ranges of values is further based on at least one of: local link information, proximity information, or sensor information.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit, from the apparatus to the network entity, an indication of at least one self-selected set of ranges of values corresponding to the given threshold parameter based on a use of the U2N relay predictive model.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:transmit, to the network entity, a request to at least one of: add, modify, or remove one or more of the plurality of sets of ranges of values,wherein the request is associated with at least one of:a performance of the apparatus,a performance of the U2N relay predictive model,a change of an apparatus state, including at least one of: a change to mobility, a change to trajectory, or a change in scene, ora change to the one or more key performance indicator values resulting from the applying the selected set of ranges of values to the U2N relay predictive model.11.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:train the U2N relay predictive model using a reinforcement learning model that considers at least one of:a current link condition as qualified by the one or more key performance indicator values,one or more past performance prediction stored in the one or more memories, orpast configurations of the U2N relay predictive model environment that were associated with the execution of the U2N relay selection or re-selection process.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the execution of the U2N relay selection process occurs while a measurement of an RSRP emitted from a serving cell serving the apparatus is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value less a legacy single-value predetermined hysteresis value.13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the execution of the U2N relay re-selection process occurs while a sidelink RSRP or sidelink-discovery RSRP emitted from a U2N relay serving the apparatus is above a legacy single-value predetermined threshold value.14.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:continually measure the one or more key performance indicator values, andcontinually train the U2N relay predictive model with the continually measured one or more key performance indicator values.15.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:collect first data from the network entity and / or collect second data from at least one discoverable U2N relay, andutilize a portion or all of any of the first data and / or the second data to inform the selection of the selected set of ranges of values..16.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first data includes logs for channel measurements from the network entity for a plurality of U2N relays.17.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second data includes at least one of:information about the past and / or current associations with a plurality of U2N relays, the information including, for each one of the plurality of U2N relays, at least one of:a number of associations with a plurality of apparatus served including the apparatus,zone identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served,identifiers of the plurality of apparatus served,cell identifiers to which the plurality of apparatus served were connected, buffer information,buffer status logs,relaying latency associated with traffic classes, orerror rates associated with the plurality of apparatus served, in one or more sidelink zones, as distinct from error rates associated with an identifier of a particular one of the plurality of apparatus served.18.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: use values from a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the second data.19.A network entity in a wireless communication network, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors being configured to, individually or collectively, based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories:collect information from a first plurality of user equipment-to-network (U2N) relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes coupled to the network entity via ones of the first plurality of U2N relays,apply the information to a U2N relay predictive model,determine, by the U2N relay predictive model, a range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated in connection with a test that determines whether to execute a U2N relay selection or re-selection process at a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes, andconfigure the given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes with the range of values corresponding to the threshold.20.The network entity of claim 19, wherein:the U2N remotes are U2N remote user equipments, andthe U2N relay predictive model is at least one of: an artificial intelligence model, or a machine learning model.21.The network entity of claim 19, wherein the information comprises at least one of:legacy information, including at least one of:link measurements,buffer status reports,positions,locations of each of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, ora number of U2N remotes that are served by each of the first plurality of U2N relays, orother information, including at least one of:proximity reports,driving information,past and expected trajectories,speed data and acceleration data both past and current,environment information,surrounding information including pedestrian detection information and scene information,blockage prediction information,sensor information including camera, radar, and lidar information, energy consumption reports,battery reports,fault reports, orfailure reports from each of the first plurality of U2N relays and / or the second plurality of U2N remotes.22.The network entity of claim 19, wherein the determine and the configure are beneficial to the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes over time in terms of at least one of:a determination of which of the first plurality of U2N relays to identify to a given one of the second plurality of U2N remotes in connection with a U2N relay selection or re-selection process,a determination of potential link issues between respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes,an identifier of a U2N-relay-to-remote pairing to avoid in connection with determinations of probabilities of pairings that are prone to blockages and / or repeated link degradation events, orreliability predictions of respective ones of the first plurality of U2N relays in view of device level information from the first plurality of U2N relays.23.The network entity of claim 22, wherein the device level information includes at least one of:energy consumption reports,battery reports,fault reports, orfailure reports.24.The network entity of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:receive data and measurements from a first plurality of U2N relays and a second plurality of U2N remotes,apply the data and measurements to the U2N relay predictive model,determine, based on an output of the U2N relay predictive model, ranges of threshold values of respective thresholds related to at least one of:performance of the first plurality of U2N relays,performance of the second plurality of U2N remotes, orperformance of current and / or future links between pairs of the first plurality of U2N relays and the second plurality of U2N remotes, andconfigure the ranges of threshold values to ones of the second plurality of U2N remotes to benefit a performance as measured in terms of at least a data rate obtained in the wireless communication network.25.The network entity of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:at least one of:collect first data from each U2N remote including the U2N remote,collect second data from each of the first plurality of U2N relays, orcollect third data from at least one other network entity, andutilize a at least a portion of any of the first data, the second data, and / or the third data to inform the determining, by the U2N relay predictive model, of the range of values corresponding to a threshold to be evaluated.26.The network entity of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to collect data including at least one of:data on link measurements,proximity reports from at least one of:a U2N relay or a U2N remote, the proximity reports including user equipment proximity information based on local PC5 discovery,driving information from at least one of:the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the driving information including at least one of:past trajectory,expected trajectory,past and / or current speed, orpast and / or current acceleration,environment information from at least one of:the U2N relay or the U2N remote, the environment information including at least one of:surrounding information, including at least one of:pedestrian detection information,scene information,blockage prediction information,sensor information including at least one of camera information, radar information, or lidar information, ordevice level information including at least one of:an energy consumption report,a battery report,a fault report, ora failure report.27.The network entity of claim 26, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to use values for a configuration list based on the U2N relay predictive model and the collected data.28.The network entity of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:configure the U2N remote to report one or more key performance indicator values to determine performance of the U2N relay predictive model stored and utilized at the U2N remote, andcollect reports of the one or more key performance indicator values from the U2N remote, wherein the one or more key performance indicator values include at least one of:an out-of-coverage duration,an out-of-coverage probability,a disruption of service indications associated with a given U2N relay,a rate of transition from a PC5 based relayed connections to a direct Uu interface based connection to the network entity,a rate of transition from a direct Uu interface based connection to a PC5 based relayed connection to the network entity,quality of service achieved for traffic flows,throughput, ordelay.
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