5191 results about "Busbar" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of solar cells, and particularly discloses a solar cell module and a photovoltaic system, and the solar cell module comprises a cell string which comprises an edge cell string; the edge confluence piece and the edge battery string are arranged on the edge of the same side of the battery assembly in the second direction, and the edge confluence piece is arranged in an extending mode in the second direction; the edge confluence welding strip is used for electrically connecting the edge battery string and the edge confluence piece, the edge confluence welding strip comprises a main body section and a bent section, the main body section is arranged in an extending mode in the first direction, and the bent section is arranged on the side, close to the edge confluence piece, of the main body section and on battery pieces in the edge battery string; one end close to the edge of the corresponding side of the battery assembly in the second direction is an edge end, and the bent section is bent in the direction far away from the edge end in the second direction. The hidden crack risk of the edge area of the battery assembly can be effectively reduced, the packaging effect is improved, and then the production yield and the long-term reliability of the battery assembly are improved.

An acoustic wave device includes a piezoelectric film and an IDT electrode on the piezoelectric film. The IDT electrode includes first and second busbars, at least one first electrode finger, and at least one second electrode finger. When an overlap region is defined as a region in which the first and second electrode fingers overlap each other in an acoustic wave propagation direction, points A2, B2, C2, and D2, defined as follows, are all outside the cavity when, at the points A2, B2, C2, and D2, xa>about 25 μm, ya>about 25 μm, xb>about 25 μm, yb>about 25 μm, xc>about 25 μm, yc>about 25 μm, xd>about 25 μm, and yd>about 25 μm.

The invention relates to the technical field of power distribution cabinets, discloses a power distribution cabinet with a modularized plug-in type circuit busbar connection structure, and solves the problems that the existing power distribution cabinet usually adopts bolts to fix and butt-joint busbars, the installation and maintenance are tedious, one-by-one wiring is needed, the efficiency is low, and the circuit is very inconvenient to disassemble when elements are replaced later. A base is fixedly installed at the bottom of the cabinet body, a cabinet door is hinged to the front portion of the cabinet body, three electrical boxes are detachably installed in the cabinet body through an installation beam, butt joint cylinders are fixedly installed at the bottoms of the electrical boxes, fixed busbars are fixedly installed at the tops of the interiors of the butt joint cylinders, and alignment seats are arranged on the lower portions of the butt joint cylinders. Connecting busbars are inserted into the alignment seats; according to the power distribution cabinet, the busbars are in butt joint through plug-in type fixation, so that installation and maintenance are simpler and more convenient, wiring efficiency is improved, and when elements are replaced in the later period, lines are convenient to disassemble so as to improve operation speed.

The utility model relates to a bus connector. The technical problem to be solved by the utility model is to provide a bus connector. According to the technical scheme, the electric connector comprises an insulating base, a metal outer connector and a tulip contact, the insulating base comprises an insulating base bottom and a conical boss, the insulating base is provided with an insulating base inner cavity and an insulating base butt joint hole, the metal outer connector comprises an inner contact part, an outer connector body and an outer contact part, the outer contact part is provided with an outer contact part connecting hole, and the tulip contact is connected with the inner contact part through the outer contact part connecting hole. The outer joint body is provided with an outer joint fastening boss, the outer joint fastening boss is provided with an outer joint fastening hole, and the insulating seat inner cavity is provided with an insulating seat inner surrounding edge and an inner cavity limiting groove outside the insulating seat butt joint hole. The utility model has the advantages that the metal outer joint and the insulating seat adopt a bidirectional connection structure designed transversely and longitudinally, so that the connection has a locking function, multiple guarantees are provided, and the metal outer joint is effectively prevented from loosening or shifting due to vibration or frequent plugging and unplugging.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electric energy quality control, and provides an energy storage type medium-voltage voltage sag and interruption treatment device and a control method thereof.The energy storage type medium-voltage voltage sag and interruption treatment device is arranged between a large power grid and a load in series and comprises a series converter PCS1, a parallel converter PCS2, an energy storage module, an injection type series transformer T1, a parallel transformer T2, a bypass static switch STS and a bypass relay KM1; wherein the injection type series transformer T1 is connected with a large power grid, and the parallel transformer T2 is connected with a load; the series converter PCS1 is connected with the injection type series transformer T1 through the bypass static switch STS and the bypass relay KM1, and compensation voltage is generated in real time through the injection type series transformer T1; the parallel converter PCS2 is respectively connected with the parallel transformer T2 and the common direct current busbar; and the energy storage module is arranged on the common direct current busbar between the series converter PCS1 and the parallel converter PCS2 in parallel.

The application discloses a hanging rail type contact wire abrasion detection robot clamping and walking device, which realizes quick, automatic and reliable installation and locking of the detection robot on a narrow tunnel space and a Π-shaped busbar, and discards traditional heavy manual operation. The detection robot can automatically identify and smoothly pass through a pre-tightening bolt on the Π-shaped busbar, realizes uninterrupted continuous detection, overcomes the blockage of fixed obstacles, is not prone to be stuck, and improves the applicability of the overall device.

The invention provides a battery pack and electric equipment, the battery pack comprises a plurality of batteries, each battery is provided with a first surface, the first surface is provided with a pressure relief piece and a pole, and the pressure relief piece is provided with a weak part; the busbars are connected with the pole posts in a welding manner to form welding parts; a guard; the shortest distance between the weak part and the pole is D, the overlapping area of the orthographic projection of the area defined by the weak part on the first surface and the orthographic projection of the protection piece on the first surface is A, the overlapping area of the orthographic projection of the pole on the first surface and the orthographic projection of the protection piece on the first surface is B, and the area of the protection piece is S2, the shortest distance between every two adjacent welding parts is M, A + B = S1, S1 / S2 = Y, and 3.2 mm < 2 > < = D * Y * M < = 8897 mm < 2 >. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the formula value is limited in the preset range, the polar column can be prevented from being influenced by the pressure relief part, the thermal runaway risk of the adjacent battery is reduced, and meanwhile, the pressure relief part can timely relieve pressure.

The invention relates to the technical field of metal surface heat treatment, and discloses a fixed inductor for high-speed rail axle surface induction quenching, which comprises a busbar, a fixed plate, a cooling water sprayer and an effective geometry heating ring, the busbar is used for fixing the effective geometry heating ring and forms an electrifying passage and a water passing passage with the effective geometry heating ring with the hollow structure; the effective geometric body heating ring comprises three sections of straight section induction pipe bodies with different lengths and two sections of arc induction annular bodies, the straight section induction pipe bodies are arranged according to the lengths D1, D2 and D3, the straight pipe section D1 and the straight pipe section D2 are in arc transition through an R1, the straight pipe section D2 and the straight pipe section D3 are in arc transition through an R2, and the three straight pipe sections are parallel to one another and progressive inwards layer by layer; and the radians of the two sections of arc induction annular bodies are 90 degrees. According to the invention, one-time and global synchronous induction heating can be carried out on multiple sections of shaft necks and transition R-angle areas with complex geometrical shapes and obvious stress concentration at the two ends of the axle.

A kind of power device parallel type power module and capacitor charging and discharging method, power module includes two or more than pressure type power device, the two or more than pressure type power device adopts the physical form of half bridge group string upper and lower parallel;The half bridge group string of the pressure type power device is connected in parallel by silicon pile composite busbar;Each power module is provided with pneumatic short-circuit switch, in the case of multiple power module series connection, the pneumatic short-circuit switch is connected in series with all DC capacitors, and charging and discharging is carried out through the ground loop of flexible AC transmission equipment AC, DC valve side;The pneumatic short-circuit switch is connected with gas driving pipeline, and the gas driving pipeline is connected with valve-based gas pressurizing device.The power module can effectively improve the capacity of flexible AC transmission equipment, so that it has short-time frequency modulation capacity output, provides technical scheme support for new power system construction, and guarantees system safety and stability;The provided capacitor charging and discharging method can improve maintenance efficiency and enhance product reliability.

The invention provides a photovoltaic module. The photovoltaic module comprises a front packaging structure, a battery unit, a middle bus bar, a bypass module, an end bus bar, a jumper wire, a penetrating bus bar and a back packaging structure, the middle bus bar is located between the first battery subunit and the second battery subunit which are arranged in the first direction and connected in parallel, the middle bus bar extends in the second direction, and the middle bus bar comprises a first middle bus bar part, a second middle bus bar part and a third middle bus bar part which are electrically isolated from one another; the end bus bar extends along a second direction and comprises a first end bus sub-part, a second end bus sub-part, a third end bus sub-part and a fourth end bus sub-part; one end of the jumper wire is connected with the first end confluence sub-part, and the other end of the jumper wire is connected with the third end confluence sub-part; one end of the penetrating confluence belt is connected with the second end confluence sub-part, the other end is connected with the fourth end confluence sub-part, and the middle is connected with the second middle confluence sub-part; the sectional area of the middle bus bar is larger than that of the jumper wire.

A wiring module is directed to a wiring module configured to be attached to a plurality of power storage elements having electrode terminals. The wiring module includes: a plurality of busbar units: and wires connected to the busbar units. Each of the busbar units includes: a busbar connected to the electrode terminals; a circuit board; and a fixing means configured to fix the circuit board to the busbar. A conductive path is routed on the circuit board, and the conductive path includes: a connection land electrically connected to the busbar; and a wire land soldered to the corresponding wire. The busbar includes a crimping part that fixes the wire, and the wire is interposed between the crimping part and the circuit board.

The invention relates to the technical field of busbar installation equipment, in particular to an automatic lithium battery module busbar installation device which comprises a roller conveyor, a plurality of stand columns are arranged at the top of the roller conveyor, a truss is jointly arranged at the tops of the stand columns, a transverse moving mechanism is arranged on the truss, and a lifting mechanism is arranged on the transverse moving mechanism. Through cooperative use of the interval adjusting mechanism and the linkage clamping mechanisms, interval adjustment of the linkage clamping mechanisms is achieved, the linkage clamping mechanisms are detachably installed on the interval adjusting mechanism, and the number of the linkage clamping mechanisms is increased or decreased according to the number of busbars; according to the busbar mounting device, the busbars on the lithium battery modules of different models and different sizes can be conveniently mounted, the downward pressing driving mechanism and the linkage clamping mechanisms are used in cooperation, the downward pressing driving mechanism drives the linkage clamping mechanisms to work, synchronous clamping and mounting of the busbars by the linkage clamping mechanisms are synchronously achieved, and the working efficiency is improved.

The utility model is suitable for the field of photovoltaic technology, and especially relates to a photovoltaic confluence cabinet and a photovoltaic system. The photovoltaic confluence cabinet comprises a cabinet body and a plurality of branch loops, the cabinet body accommodates the branch loops, and the branch loops are arranged on at least one side of the cabinet body; each branch loop comprises an isolating switch, a fuse, a busbar and a frame circuit breaker; wherein the lower port of the isolating switch is connected with an external cable through a first wiring busbar, the upper port of the isolating switch is connected with the lower port of the fuse through a first branch bar, the upper port of the fuse is connected with the busbar through a second branch bar, the lower port of the frame circuit breaker is connected with the busbar, and the upper port of the frame circuit breaker is connected with the busbar. And the upper port of the frame circuit breaker is connected with external equipment through a second wiring busbar. According to the utility model, through the arrangement of the busbar, the layout of the branch loop is more compact, and the size and volume of the photovoltaic confluence cabinet are reduced.

The invention provides a cover plate, a battery cell and a battery. In the first direction, a cover plate body of the cover plate comprises an outer plate section, a side plate section and a bottom plate section, and the bottom plate section and the side plate section define a sunken area which is sunken inwards relative to the outer plate section in the thickness direction; a polar column is arranged in the sunken area, and a distance is formed between the external connection end of the polar column and the outer plate section in the third direction; reinforcing protruding edges protruding in the third direction are arranged on the two sides, in the second direction, of the inwards-sunken area and extend in the same direction as the bottom plate section, and the ends of the reinforcing protruding edges are connected with the side plate sections. According to the cover plate provided by the invention, the pole columns are arranged in the sunken manner, and the cover plate body is of the non-flat plate structure to accommodate the busbars, so that the energy density of the battery cell is improved, and meanwhile, the structural strength of each section of the cover plate body is enhanced through structural arrangement, and the flatness of each section of the cover plate is improved; a plurality of hidden dangers possibly caused by insufficient local structural strength due to the fact that the cover plate is arranged as a non-flat plate are avoided, and the quality of the cover plate and the quality and the use performance of an adaptive battery cell and a battery are ensured.

The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, and discloses an integrated busbar, a battery cell module, a battery pack and electric equipment, the integrated busbar comprises a mounting bracket, a plurality of busbars and an acquisition assembly; the busbar is arranged on the mounting bracket and is used for being connected with the battery cell; the collection assembly comprises a plurality of collection supports and a plurality of first collection parts, each collection support is fixedly connected with at least one busbar, at least part of the first collection parts are arranged on different collection supports, and the first collection parts are used for collecting parameter information of the battery cells; wherein the plurality of busbars comprise at least one movable busbar, and the movable busbars and the acquisition bracket connected with the movable busbars are movably arranged on the mounting bracket. In the application, when the battery cell expands, the battery cell can drive the connected movable busbar to move, and then the movable busbar can drive the connected acquisition bracket and the first acquisition component to move synchronously, so that the detection precision of the first acquisition component corresponding to the movable busbar is improved.

The invention relates to a BIM model-based maintenance method and system for a split-phase vertical laminated GIS bus cylinder. The method comprises the following steps: collecting point cloud data through laser scanning to construct a three-dimensional model; key feature points are extracted, and displacement reference vectors are determined; constructing a displacement constraint matrix and optimizing a path; generating an interactive three-dimensional space model; simulating a dismounting sequence and evaluating the risk; generating an emergency instruction and a tool track; and the maintenance process is optimized by feeding back the cycle correction model. Visual simulation, precise control and dynamic optimization of the whole overhaul process are achieved, and the overhaul operation precision, efficiency and safety are remarkably improved.

The invention relates to a conductor terminal with an insulating housing which has at least one conductor entry opening for receiving an electrical conductor in a conductor entry direction, wherein at least one spring-loaded clamping connection is arranged in the insulating housing which is designed for connecting an electrical conductor by means of spring force, wherein the spring-loaded clamping connection has at least one busbar and a clamping spring which has a clamping leg with a clamping edge for clamping an electrical conductor at a clamping point on a contact section of the busbar, and with a retaining element which can be formed integrally with the clamping spring and is designed to hold the clamping leg in an open position.

To provide a terminal board and a manufacturing method of the terminal board, which are capable of improving assemblability with respect to a housing.SOLUTION: A terminal board 1 includes a bus bar 10, a housing 20 provided with an insertion space part 21 into which a second connection part 12 of the bus bar 10 is inserted along an axial direction X, a packing 30 that is inserted into the insertion space part 21 together with the second connection part 12 and seals an annular space between an outer surface of the second connection part 12 and an inner surface of the insertion space part 21, and a packing holder 40 that has a bus bar insertion part 41 through which the second connection part 12 is inserted along the axial direction X, and which is inserted into the insertion space part 21 in a state in which the second connection part 12 is inserted into the bus bar insertion part 41, the other end surface 40a in the axial direction X is in contact with the packing 30, and one end surface 40b in the axial direction X is in contact with a planar part 13a.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 5

Discussed is a battery rack. The battery rack may include a plurality of battery modules stacked along a first direction, each battery module including a coupling bar protruding outward; and a busbar movably coupled to the coupling bar of each of two adjacent battery modules among the plurality of battery modules along a second direction. The busbar may include a metal and have flexibility.

The invention relates to an adhesive technology based on a laminated spraying copper bar, and belongs to the technical field of copper bar production technologies, and the adhesive technology comprises the following steps: copper bar pretreatment: carrying out processing treatment on the copper bar according to the structural requirements of a design drawing; gluing and laminating are conducted, specifically, the surface of the spraying copper bar 1 and the surface of the insulating plate 2 are evenly smeared with adhesives, the adhesives are placed in an overlapped mode according to design requirements, and the adhesives make contact with one another and are tightly attached to one another; curing treatment is conducted, specifically, the stacked copper bars are put into a drying oven to be subjected to curing treatment; and in the performance test process, the sprayed copper bar is subjected to voltage withstanding alternating current for 10kv for 60s, so that no breakdown and no flashover are realized, and the partial discharge value is less than or equal to 10pC. The insulating plate needs to be selected with proper thickness and size according to electrical performance such as creepage distance and the like. The spraying thickness of the epoxy resin coated copper bar needs to be controlled according to insulation performance and the like. The finished adhesive copper bar has good electrical and insulating properties, and meets the requirements of the power industry for high-performance conductive parts.

The invention relates to the technical field of solar cells, in particular to a solar cell, an electrode structure of the solar cell, a printing screen assembly and a photovoltaic assembly. The electrode structure comprises a confluence substructure and a plurality of collector grid lines. Each confluence substructure comprises two interconnecting grid lines arranged at an interval and a lap-joint grid line connected between the two interconnecting grid lines, the interval arrangement direction of the two interconnecting grid lines is a first direction, and the extension direction of the interconnecting grid lines is a second direction. The plurality of current collection grid lines are arranged at intervals along a first direction, the current collection grid lines extend along the first direction, and two adjacent current collection grid lines in the first direction form a pair. In at least one pair, the ends, close to each other, of the two current collection grid lines intersect with the two interconnected grid lines in the same confluence substructure. The electrode structure can be used for printing the collector grid lines with narrower line width, and the collector grid lines can be intersected with the interconnected grid lines even if printing deviation occurs in the second direction, so that the conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of power distribution equipment monitoring, and relates to an intelligent power distribution equipment monitoring and fault early warning system and method, and the system comprises an acquisition unit which is used for obtaining an electric parameter, an environment parameter and an operation state quantity of power distribution equipment and forming time synchronization feature data; the topology unit is used for generating a local topology model according to the relation between the cabinet, the loop and the busbar and outputting topology attributes; the evaluation unit is used for generating an operation state evaluation result based on the feature data and the topological attributes and updating an early warning threshold value; the governance unit is used for performing deduplication, suppression and credibility calculation on the alarm to form a disposal level; the interlocking control unit is used for checking and outputting a control action when the disposal level meets an interlocking condition; and the operation and maintenance unit is used for generating a preventive test plan and updating parameters based on a test result. According to the technical scheme of the invention, topological association and threshold update are introduced into monitoring, evaluation, disposal and control links, so that state recognition and control execution are kept consistent.

The invention relates to the field of photovoltaic module production, in particular to a bus bar welding method and welding equipment. According to the bus bar welding method, the bus bar is welded to the back contact battery pack, the back contact battery string group is placed on the glass plate, the bus bar is in lap joint with the welding strip exposed in the insulation area, welding is carried out, the back contact battery string group is located on the glass plate in the welding process, and the back contact battery string group does not need to be lifted in the welding process; relative friction between the welded battery piece and the glass plate is avoided, the welding quality is guaranteed, and the welding process is more simplified. The bus bar welding equipment provided by the invention is used for realizing the bus bar welding method, comprises a transmission positioning device, a bar manufacturing device and a welding device, and is simple in structure.

The invention discloses an intelligent bus duct and cable online monitoring system for wireless dual-mode collaborative networking, and the system comprises a data collection and preprocessing module which is used for collecting and preprocessing the monitoring data of a bus duct and a cable; the feature extraction module is used for performing normalization and feature cascade processing on the preprocessed monitoring data to generate monitoring feature data; the data encapsulation and communication module is used for encapsulating the monitoring characteristic data into a standardized data frame and transmitting the standardized data frame through a main communication link; the gateway convergence module is used for generating gateway convergence data; the edge analysis module is used for receiving gateway aggregation data, inputting the gateway aggregation data into an improved MFDFA-XGBoost fusion model for state judgment and outputting a state result; the cloud diagnosis module is used for receiving the state result and the monitoring feature data and generating and storing event records; and the alarm and operation and maintenance module is used for generating alarm information and realizing real-time monitoring and active early warning of the bus duct and the cable.

The utility model provides a function module and a frequency converter with the same. The function module is a rectification module or an inversion module. The functional module comprises a heat dissipation piece, a first heat dissipation piece and a second heat dissipation piece, wherein the heat dissipation piece is provided with a first fixing surface and a second fixing surface which are oppositely arranged; the side plate assembly is arranged around the periphery of the heat dissipation piece, and the two ends of the side plate assembly protrude out of the first fixing face and the second fixing face respectively so as to define a first mounting cavity and a second mounting cavity respectively; the plurality of power devices are respectively arranged in the first mounting cavity and the second mounting cavity; and the busbar is connected with the plurality of power devices, and the connecting part of the busbar extends out of the side plate assembly. According to the technical scheme provided by the utility model, the technical problem that the occupied volume of the functional module in the prior art is relatively large can be solved.

The invention provides a three-phase low-voltage MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) packaging integrated power module. A driving assembly, a direct-current bus capacitor and other modules are integrated in an aluminum shell package. The three DBC substrates respectively bear U-phase bridge arms, V-phase bridge arms and W-phase bridge arms, an upper bridge arm and a lower bridge arm of each phase are formed by a plurality of parallel MOSFET chips, drain electrodes of the chips are directly welded to a DBC upper copper layer, grid electrodes of the chips are connected with an upper-layer driving circuit board through copper columns, source electrodes of the chips are led out to a direct-current input terminal or an alternating-current output terminal through bonding wires, and a double-layer conductive structure is formed. A plurality of direct-current bus capacitors which are arranged above the aluminum shell in parallel are adjacently coupled with the DBC substrate, so that low-impedance energy buffering is realized; the alternating current output terminal is sleeved on the current sensor, detects the phase current and outputs the phase current through the signal terminal; and a thermistor is mounted on a copper layer on each DBC to monitor the junction temperature of the chip and provide over-temperature protection. The direct-current input terminal, the alternating-current output terminal, the power terminal and the signal terminal are integrally embedded in the aluminum shell and are directly butted with an external busbar and a controller, and additional sampling and driving boards are not needed.

The invention discloses a high-reliability photovoltaic module and system, and belongs to the technical field of photovoltaics, and the photovoltaic module comprises a positive electrode wiring terminal, a negative electrode wiring terminal and two groups of photovoltaic units. Each group of photovoltaic units comprises a battery unit, a bus bar and two diodes; one diode is connected between the bus bar and the cathode of the battery unit; the other diode is connected between the bus bar and the positive electrode of the battery unit; the bus bars are connected with the battery units; the two battery units are connected in series; the anode wiring terminal is connected with one of the bus bars; and the negative wiring terminal is connected with the other bus bar. The power generation loss of the photovoltaic module when hot spots occur is reduced, and the electric energy output power of the photovoltaic module is improved.

An acoustic wave device includes a support with a thickness in a first direction, a piezoelectric layer in the first direction, and an interdigital transducer electrode in the first direction with first electrode fingers in a second direction, a first busbar electrode connected to the first electrode fingers, second electrode fingers in the second direction and facing corresponding ones of the first electrode fingers in a third direction, and a second busbar electrode connected to the second electrode fingers. The support has a hollow adjacent to the piezoelectric layer and at least partially overlapping the interdigital transducer electrode. The piezoelectric layer has a first through hole penetrating the piezoelectric layer between at least one first electrode finger and the second busbar electrode. The first through hole communicates with the hollow, has a length in the third direction, and overlaps a portion of a second electrode finger.

The invention discloses a battery connection module, a battery connection assembly and a battery connection system. The battery connection module comprises a busbar and a connector. The busbar is used for being electrically connected to a battery cell. A connector is mounted on the busbar for electrically connecting the busbar to the wires of the ribbon cable. The connector includes: a first housing; and a first terminal disposed in the first housing. The bottom of the first terminal is exposed out of the bottom of the first shell and is welded to the busbar, the first terminal is provided with a wire clamping structure, and the wire clamping structure is used for clamping a wire so as to be electrically connected with the wire. According to the invention, the battery connection module or the temperature detection module can be independently replaced without replacing the whole battery connection assembly or the whole battery connection system, so that the repair and maintenance cost can be saved. In addition, an expensive flexible printed circuit board does not need to be used, and only a cheap strip-shaped cable needs to be used, so that the cost can be greatly reduced.

The invention discloses a clamping and walking device of a rail-mounted contact line abrasion detection robot, which realizes rapid, automatic and reliable installation and locking of the detection robot in a narrow tunnel space and on an n-shaped busbar, and abandons traditional heavy manual operation. The detection robot can automatically recognize and stably cross the pre-tightening bolts on the n-shaped busbar, uninterrupted continuous detection is achieved, blocking of fixed obstacles is overcome, clamping stagnation is not prone to occurring, and the applicability of the whole device is improved.