Method and apparatus for data management framework, method, and apparatus for communication systems
The implementation of sparse data representation methods addresses interoperability and adaptability challenges in wireless communication systems, enhancing data management and network performance through efficient cleaning, de-redundancy, merging, and transmission techniques.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in managing data efficiently due to issues such as multi-vendor AI/ML model interoperability and adapting to dynamic environments, particularly in the context of channel state information feedback and beamforming.
Implementing methods for data management through sparse representation, including data cleaning, de-redundancy, merging, storage, and transmission, utilizing AI/ML models to enhance data efficiency and compatibility across different systems.
Improves data management in wireless communication systems by enhancing data quality, reducing redundancy, and optimizing storage and transmission, thereby improving network performance and user experience.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025073598_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DATA MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK, METHOD, AND APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 715,984 filed on November 4, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to methods and apparatuses for data management in wireless communication systems.BACKGROUND
[0003] With the maturity of 5G technologies and the development of more advanced technologies, wireless communication systems are advancing toward higher speeds, larger capacities, lower latency, and greater intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have gradually become essential technologies to achieve these goals. They are widely applied in various aspects, such as channel state information (CSI) feedback, beamforming, resource allocation, and mobility management, to improve network performance, spectral efficiency, and user experience.SUMMARY
[0004] One or more implementations of the present application provide communication methods and communication apparatuses. The techniques described in the application can improve the performance of data management in wireless communication systems.
[0005] According to a first aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving a first sparse representation of first channel information from a first device; and transmitting a response to the first device.
[0006] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes obtaining a cleaned sparse representation and a quality level. In some implementations, a data cleaning process on the first sparse representation is performed to obtain the cleaned sparse representation and a quality level.
[0007] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is equal to or higher than a threshold, storing the cleaned sparse representation in a dataset.
[0008] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is lower than or equal to a threshold, rejecting the cleaned sparse representation, where the response indicates that the first sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly.
[0009] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the threshold applied to the quality level for storing the cleaned sparse representation and the threshold applied to the quality level for rejecting the cleaned sparse representation are the same threshold.
[0010] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the response includes at least one of the quality level, the first sparse representation or the first channel information.
[0011] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes determining a similarity level between the first sparse representation and data samples in a dataset. In some implementations, the similarity level is determined by performing a data de-redundancy process on the first sparse representation.
[0012] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the similarity level is equal to or higher than a threshold, rejecting the first sparse representation.
[0013] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes updating a frequency count of a corresponding data sample in the dataset.
[0014] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the similarity level is lower than or equal to a threshold, storing the first sparse representation in the dataset.
[0015] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the threshold applied to the similarity level for storing the first sparse representation and the threshold applied to the similarity level for rejecting the first sparse representation are the same threshold.
[0016] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes receiving a second sparse representation of second channel information from a second device; and determining a similarity level between the first sparse representation and the second sparse representation.
[0017] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, when the similarity level is higher than or equal to a threshold, the response includes a request to skip sparse representation reporting for a period of time.
[0018] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the similarity level is higher than or equal to the threshold: receiving a third sparse representation of third channel information from the second device; and performing a task related to a transmission to the first device based on the third sparse representation.
[0019] According to a second aspect, a method is provided. The method includes transmitting a sparse representation of channel information; and receiving a response.
[0020] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the response indicates that the sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly: determining whether the sparse representation is corrupted.
[0021] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the sparse representation is corrupted: correcting the sparse representation; and transmitting the corrected sparse representation.
[0022] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes performing a data refinement process on the sparse representation before transmitting the sparse representation.
[0023] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the response indicates that the sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly. The method further includes improving the data refinement process based on the response.
[0024] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the response includes the sparse representation and the channel information.
[0025] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the response indicates that the sparse representation is rejected due to redundancy.
[0026] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes determining a similarity level between the sparse representation and a previously transmitted sparse representation. The transmitting the sparse representation includes transmitting the sparse representation when the similarity level is lower than or equal to a threshold. In some implementations, a data de-redundancy process on the sparse representation is performed to determine the similarity level.
[0027] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes when the response includes a request to skip sparse representation reporting for a period of time: skipping sparse representation reporting for the period of time.
[0028] According to a third aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0029] According to a fourth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a receiving unit configured to receive a first sparse representation of first channel information from a first device; and a transmitting unit configured to transmit a response to the first device.
[0030] According to a fifth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a transmitting unit configured to transmit a sparse representation of channel information; and a receiving unit configured to receive a response.
[0031] According to a sixth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: receive a first sparse representation of first channel information from a first device; and transmit a response to the first device.
[0032] According to a seventh aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: transmit a sparse representation of channel information; and receive a response.
[0033] With reference to the sixth aspect or the seventh aspect, in some implementations, the interface circuit includes one or more transceivers.
[0034] According to an eighth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more memories store instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0035] According to a ninth aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a first apparatus configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect. The communication system further includes a second apparatus configured to perform the method according to the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0036] According to a tenth aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0037] According to an eleventh aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product stores instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0038] According to a twelfth aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving a first edge dataset from a first device; receiving a second edge dataset from a second device; and determining a merged dataset based on the first edge dataset and the second edge dataset.
[0039] With reference to the twelfth aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes updating a central dataset based on the merged dataset.
[0040] According to a thirteenth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the twelfth aspect or one or more implementations of the twelfth aspect.
[0041] According to a fourteenth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a receiving unit configured to receive a first edge dataset from a first device and receive a second edge dataset from a second device; and a processing unit configured to determine a merged dataset based on the first edge dataset and the second edge dataset.
[0042] According to a fifteenth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to receive a first edge dataset from a first device and receive a second edge dataset from a second device.
[0043] With reference to the fifteenth aspect, in some implementations, the interface circuit includes one or more transceivers.
[0044] According to a sixteenth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more memories store instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the twelfth aspect or one or more implementations of the twelfth aspect.
[0045] According to a seventeenth aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the twelfth aspect or one or more implementations of the twelfth aspect.
[0046] According to an eighteenth aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product stores instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method according to the twelfth aspect or one or more implementations of the twelfth aspect.
[0047] According to a nineteenth aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving a data request, where the data request includes a context based condition; filtering data based on the context based condition; and transmitting the filtered data.
[0048] According to a twentieth aspect, a method is provided. The method includes transmitting a data request, where the data request includes a context based condition; and receiving data filtered based on the context based condition.
[0049] According to a twenty first aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the nineteenth aspect or one or more implementations of the nineteenth aspect, or the twentieth aspect or one or more implementations of the twentieth aspect.
[0050] According to a twenty second aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a receiving unit configured to receive a data request, where the data request includes a context based condition; a processing unit configured to filter data based on the context based condition; and a transmitting unit configured to transmit the filtered data.
[0051] According to a twenty third aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a transmitting unit configured to transmit a data request, where the data request includes a context based condition; and a receiving unit configured to receive data filtered based on the context based condition.
[0052] According to a twenty fourth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: receive a data request, where the data request includes a context based condition; and transmit data filtered based on the context based condition.
[0053] According to a twenty fifth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: transmit a data request, where the data request includes a context based condition; and receive data filtered based on the context based condition.
[0054] With reference to the twenty fourth aspect or the twenty fifth aspect, in some implementations, the interface circuit includes one or more transceivers.
[0055] According to a twenty sixth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more memories store instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the nineteenth aspect or one or more implementations of the nineteenth aspect, or the twentieth aspect or one or more implementations of the twentieth aspect.
[0056] According to a twenty seventh aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a first apparatus configured to perform the method according to the nineteenth aspect or one or more implementations of the nineteenth aspect. The communication system further includes a second apparatus configured to perform the method according to the twentieth aspect or one or more implementations of the twentieth aspect.
[0057] According to a twenty eighth aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the nineteenth aspect or one or more implementations of the nineteenth aspect, or the twentieth aspect or one or more implementations of the twentieth aspect.
[0058] According to a twenty ninth aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product stores instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method according to the nineteenth aspect or one or more implementations of the nineteenth aspect, or the twentieth aspect or one or more implementations of the twentieth aspect.
[0059] According to a thirtieth aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving a data request, where the data request includes a metadata condition; compressing data based on the metadata condition; and transmitting the compressed data.
[0060] According to a thirty first aspect, a method is provided. The method includes transmitting a data request, where the data request includes a metadata condition; and receiving data compressed based on the metadata condition.
[0061] According to a thirty second aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the thirtieth aspect or one or more implementations of the thirtieth aspect, or the thirty first aspect or one or more implementations of the thirty first aspect.
[0062] According to a thirty third aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a receiving unit configured to receive a data request, where the data request includes a metadata condition; a processing unit configured to compress data based on the metadata condition; and a transmitting unit configured to transmit the compressed data.
[0063] According to a thirty fourth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a transmitting unit configured to transmit a data request, where the data request includes a metadata condition; and a receiving unit configured to receive data compressed based on the metadata condition.
[0064] According to a thirty fifth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: receive a data request, where the data request includes a metadata condition; and transmit data compressed based on the metadata condition.
[0065] According to a thirty sixth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: transmit a data request, where the data request includes a metadata condition; and receive data compressed based on the metadata condition.
[0066] With reference to the thirty fifth aspect or the thirty sixth aspect, in some implementations, the interface circuit includes one or more transceivers.
[0067] According to a thirty seventh aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more memories store instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the thirtieth aspect or one or more implementations of the thirtieth aspect, or the thirty first aspect or one or more implementations of the thirty first aspect.
[0068] According to a thirty eighth aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a first apparatus configured to perform the method according to the thirtieth aspect or one or more implementations of the thirtieth aspect. The communication system further includes a second apparatus configured to perform the method according to the thirty first aspect or one or more implementations of the thirty first aspect.
[0069] According to a thirty ninth aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the thirtieth aspect or one or more implementations of the thirtieth aspect, or the thirty first aspect or one or more implementations of the thirty first aspect.
[0070] According to a fortieth aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product stores instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method according to the thirtieth aspect or one or more implementations of the thirtieth aspect, or the thirty first aspect or one or more implementations of the thirty first aspect.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0071] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic illustration of an example communication system.
[0072] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system.
[0073] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus in a communication system.
[0074] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus.
[0075] FIG. 5 illustrates another example apparatus.
[0076] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a sparse representation process.
[0077] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a sparse representation data reception process.
[0078] FIG. 8 illustrates an example procedure for data collection and transmission between a device and a database.
[0079] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a data cleaning process.
[0080] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a feedback process.
[0081] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a data cleaning process performed at a base station (BS) side.
[0082] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a data de-redundancy process performed by a database.
[0083] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a data de-redundancy process performed by two user equipment (UEs) and a BS.
[0084] FIG. 14 illustrates an example of dataset transmission between different databases.
[0085] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a dataset merging process performed by a database.
[0086] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a data request process between a UE and a BS.
[0087] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a data transmission process between a device and a database.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0088] In deploying various AI / ML models, a two-side model is a common approach in wireless communications. The "two-side model" refers to AI / ML models deployed separately at both the transmission end (e.g., user equipment) and the receiving end (e.g., base stations) of a wireless communication system. For example, in CSI feedback and compression, the AI / ML model (encoder) at the transmission end is responsible for compressing high-dimensional CSI data into low-dimensional codewords (also referred to as a representation of the CSI data) , while the AI / ML model (decoder) at the receiving end decompresses these low-dimensional codewords back into high-dimensional CSI data.
[0089] In the present disclosure, CSI or CSI data is also called channel information or channel data, which refers to channel properties of a wireless communication link or channel. The CSI or the channel information describes how a signal propagates from a transmitter to a receiver. For example, the CSI can include signal strength, delay, and Doppler shift of the wireless communication channel. In some implementations, the CSI can represent the combined effect of, for example, scattering, fading, and power decay with distance.
[0090] In some implementations, two-side AI / ML models are proposed in the form of black boxes. This means that the internal structure, algorithms, and parameters (e.g., neurons) of these AI / ML models are invisible from the outside. The application of the above mentioned two-side model in wireless communication systems faces several significant challenges, the most pressing of which are multi-vendor AI / ML model interoperability and adaptation of AI / ML models to dynamic environments.
[0091] Accordingly, in this disclosure, methods, systems, and techniques related to the management of communication data through sparse representation are described. The management of communication data can include data representation, cleaning, de-redundancy, merging, storage, transmission, etc. Each of these aspects is briefly described below:
[0092] Representation and Collection: Efficient compression is performed on data by using a sparse representation method. For example, having access to a data codebook (or a dictionary, or a codebook dictionary) , the high-dimensional data can be represented using a codebook dictionary and an associated sparse representation consisting of M first coefficients, where the sparse representation is expressed as a weighted combination of the M coefficients corresponding to M basic vectors in the codebook dictionary. The weighted combination of the M coefficients is a sparse linear combination of the M basic vectors (codewords) in the codebook (also called codebook dictionary) . M is a positive integer.
[0093] Cleaning: The sparse representation properties can be utilized to remove noise, abnormal values, and inconsistent data. For example, anomalous data may not be well represented sparsely, and a high density or high reconstruction error may indicate an anomaly. Machine learning or statistical methods may also be applied to the sparse representation of the data for such detections.
[0094] De-Redundancy: Redundant information in sparse data may be detected and eliminated by exploiting the sparsity of the representation. For example, similarity measurement methods, including but not limited to machine learning methods, may be utilized to detect duplicates or highly similar data blocks. Data compression methods may also be utilized to remove redundancy in data.
[0095] Merging: Exploiting the consistency between representation methods derived from the same sparse representation, data from different sources can be merged to form a more informative dataset. For example, a data fusion algorithm is designed to merge the sparse representations of data from different data sources and solve the problems of data conflict and inconsistency, or a distributed storage and computing technology may be used to realize parallel processing and merge of large-scale sparse data.
[0096] Storage: The sparse representation may be stored in a way that exploits the sparsity to efficiently store the dataset. For example, only the non-zero elements and their positions may be stored, reducing the storage space occupation.
[0097] Transmission: The sparse representation may be exploited in transmitting the dataset. For example, as in the storage, compression of sparse data may be performed to reduce the amount of transmitted data. Differential coding or predictive coding may also be performed, exploiting the spatial-temporal correlation of communication data.
[0098] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure, there is shown a communication system 100 that includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 2G, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 for 3G, LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) for 4G, and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, the RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and comprises network nodes (e.g., 170a, 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, i.e., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3GPP system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G System (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to FIG. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0099] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0100] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) services, Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, Ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility and the like.
[0101] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0102] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system 100 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. Additionally, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and 120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 170a, 170b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a and 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In this context, the terms "TRP" and "base station" are used interchangeably unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, this disclosure primarily refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0103] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0104] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device facilitating communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0105] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, a system in package (SIP) chip, and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0106] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0107] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by a person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, or the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0108] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as "sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) " in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like "receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0109] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0110] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the foregoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or a system in package (SIP) chip, and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0111] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0112] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0113] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0114] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. In some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0115] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) .
[0116] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b and / or the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or more transceivers necessary to support such technologies and / or functions.
[0117] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0118] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., the network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or number of apparatus 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0119] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0120] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0121] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0122] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) , b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs, c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs, and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320, processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320, and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0123] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or a part of the receiver 203 or a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0124] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by one or more processors that may the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0125] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0126] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore can also be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of an ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0127] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the Medium Access Control (MAC) or Radio Link Control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing. In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0128] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0129] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0130] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0131] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0132] Note that the term “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a. 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0133] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0134] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0135] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors / processor cores 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method implementations disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality of times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method implementations disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with another apparatus or system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or another processor. The signal may include or carry information intended as a payload, such as user data, control information, etc. The signal may also include or carry information useful to a receiver, but not necessarily as a payload, such as a pilot signal or reference signal. Communicating the signal may include transmitting the signal to another component or device. Communicating the signal may additionally or alternatively include receiving the signal from another component or device. Transmitting the signal may include outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Receiving the signal may include inputting or obtaining the signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. In some implementations, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0136] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0137] FIG. 5 illustrates an example apparatus 510 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0138] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0139] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0140] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0141] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core, a function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0142] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0143] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0144] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0145] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0146] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute implementations may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method implementations disclosed herein.
[0147] In this disclosure, the data or dataset referred to is specific to wireless communication systems using different radio access technologies, particularly focusing on channel-related data. For example, the data or dataset is channel data in a 3GPP based communication system, or the data or dataset is channel data in a wireless fidelity (WiFi) based system. This data can originate as raw channel estimation results or after undergoing various transformations, such as from time domain to frequency domain or to delay or spatial domains. Regardless of the transformation, this data remains closely associated with the channel.
[0148] This disclosure uses 3GPP-related data (i.e., channel data in the 3GPP based communication system) as an example for description.
[0149] Key characteristics of this 3GPP-related data include:
[0150] Large Data Volume: 3GPP channel data is vast, encompassing real-time communication statuses between user equipment and base stations. It includes various parameters like frequency, bandwidth, delay, fading, and power, all of which generate large-scale, continuously changing data streams.
[0151] Spatiotemporal Correlation: Data collected from close locations may be highly spatially correlated. Additionally, channel data, especially when impacted by user movement, tends to have temporal relationships due to the dynamic nature of channels.
[0152] Noise and Interference: Channel data often contains noise and interference, which needs to be addressed during processing.
[0153] Normalization for Data Consistency: After preprocessing and normalization, 3GPP-related data is more consistent compared to non-3GPP data, such as images, audio, or video. This consistency stems from the data being sourced from terminal devices and network equipment.
[0154] Single Source: The primary sources of 3GPP data are user equipment and network devices, typically from measurement results of these devices.
[0155] The AI / ML models apply to various downstream tasks in wireless communication systems, including CSI feedback, channel prediction, beamforming, and resource allocation. These tasks may be performed by different vendors, each utilizing models of varying sizes, structures, and training methodologies. While different devices / vendors may use the same datasets, they deploy their models based on specific needs and capabilities.
[0156] To illustrate how this disclosure addresses related challenges, the channel state information (CSI) compression and decompression processes are described as a representative example in the following sections.
[0157] Some issues and challenges are related to characteristics of 3GPP channel data.
[0158] 3GPP channel data, particularly channel state information (CSI) , has several key characteristics that make it highly compressible and suitable for AI modeling, while also presenting unique challenges.
[0159] 1. Compressibility: Wireless channels are not entirely random. Their behavior is governed by physical laws and environmental factors, leading to inherent redundancy and correlations in the data.
[0160] Spatial Correlation: Channel data between user equipment and base stations located close to each other tends to be similar.
[0161] Temporal Correlation: Channel state information changes gradually over short periods, meaning that data collected at adjacent time points is strongly correlated.
[0162] Sparsity: In specific transform domains (e.g., the delay or angle domain) , channel data is often sparse, with most data values being zero or near zero. This property allows for efficient compression, which reduces storage and transmission burdens.
[0163] These characteristics arise from the propagation properties of wireless channels, which are described by Maxwell’s equations-a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) . PDE solutions are typically smooth and regular, meaning that changes in CSI follow predictable physical laws rather than occurring randomly. As a result, channel data can be effectively compressed by transforming high-dimensional data into lower-dimensional representations, such as codewords or feature vectors. This reduces storage, transmission, and processing costs.
[0164] 2. Environmental Dependency: Channel data depends heavily on the location, movement, and surrounding environment of the device. For instance, in urban environments, channels are more complex due to multipath effects, whereas in open areas, they are simpler. This implies that different environments require distinct codebook dictionaries or AI / ML models for effective data processing.
[0165] 3. Low Diversity: Compared to non-3GPP data, such as images or text, channel data has lower diversity. After normalization, the structure of 3GPP data is more uniform, making it an ideal candidate for constructing codebook dictionaries, which enable AI models to adapt more accurately to specific channel environments.
[0166] The following Table I summarizes the key differences between 3GPP channel data and general AI big model training data, such as images or text. Table I
[0167] These key differences highlight the unique characteristics of 3GPP channel data and explain why traditional AI model training and deployment methods cannot be directly applied to wireless communication systems.
[0168] In the following paragraphs, the possible solutions will be described.
[0169] Some aspects of this disclosure focus on a wireless communication network which includes a database and a device that communicates with this database. The device may be a network device, such as a base station (BS) , a terminal device (or user device, UE) , or another database. The database can refer to a network device configured to coordinate the dictionary generation, sparse representation, and data management. The database may be a network device, such as a core network entity, a BS, or another network entity. Both the device and the database leverage a sparse representation method -a function that maps channel data to a sparse representation of that channel data. The database manages a dataset, which the device interacts with through communication with the database. In an implementation, the database receives and stores the dataset from multiple device vendors.
[0170] The system described in this disclosure implements advanced data management processes, including data collection, cleaning, de-redundancy, merging, storage, and transmission. By focusing on the properties of sparse representation, these processes are executed with optimized efficiency.
[0171] In one or more implementations, the described techniques include at least one of the followings:
[0172] 1. Data Representation and Collection:
[0173] This refers to the method that the database receives new data (also called data samples) from devices (for example UEs, BSs and / or other network entities) .
[0174] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a sparse representation process. The sparse representation process can be performed by a UE or a BS. As shown in FIG. 6, a device such as a UE or a BS collects channel data 601 and utilizes a pre-defined function 602 (also referred to as a sparse representation method) to map the channel data to a sparse representation 603. Channel data is also referred to as channel information in this disclosure.
[0175] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a sparse representation data reception process. As shown in FIG. 7, a sparse representation of channel data is then transmitted to a database 703 (also referred to a central database) . For example, the device (such as a UE 701 or a network node 702 (NW 702) (e.g., a BS) ) may initiate wireless communication with the database and transmit the data 704 and 705 (e.g., a sparse representation of channel data and metadata) from the UE 701 and the BS 702 through a physical wireless communications channel respectively. The database 703 then receives the data and manages it according to a defined protocol, such as adding it to the dataset, discarding it, or processing it further. The data 704 and 705 may include a sparse representation of the channel data. It may also include metadata, such as spatial and temporal information (e.g., the location and time when the data was collected) .
[0176] The following describes data collection and transmission between a UE and a BS as an example.
[0177] The process of data collection and transmission between the UE and the BS can be critical for maintaining efficient communication. The system can implement mechanisms to ensure sparse data representation, efficient signaling, and real-time feedback loops.
[0178] -Sparse Representation Techniques: The system utilizes sparse representation techniques such as least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to convert high-dimensional channel data into low-dimensional sparse representations, enabling more efficient processing. For more complex channels, non-linear methods like autoencoders or compressed sensing can be used. These methods can be selected based on the complexity of the data, ensuring flexibility and scalability across various scenarios.
[0179] -Transmission Protocols: Standardized 3GPP protocols and 3GPP channels such as PUCCH and PUSCH can be employed to transmit the data. In addition, non-standardized protocols like those used in Wi-Fi or private networks can be adopted, allowing for wider applicability.
[0180] -Feedback Channels: Ensuring data accuracy requires robust feedback loops. While RRC signaling is a typical method, the system also supports dedicated PHY feedback channels for low-latency applications, providing faster feedback and minimizing delays.
[0181] FIG. 8 illustrates an example procedure 800 for data collection and transmission between a device (e.g., a UE 801 or a BS 802) and a database 803. As shown in FIG. 8, the procedure 800 can include at least one of the following steps.
[0182] Step 1: The device acquires channel data (for example CSI) .
[0183] For example, if the device is a UE (e.g., UE 801 as shown in FIG. 8) , the device may estimate a downlink channel matrix by receiving a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) to get the channel data. If the device is a BS (e.g., BS 802 as shown in FIG. 8) , it may receive (e.g., step at 804) the channel data from the UE 801 through an uplink channel. If the channel data is for uplink channel, for example, BS 802 estimates an uplink channel matrix by receiving uplink signal (e.g., an SRS) from UE 801 to get the channel data.
[0184] In some implementations, the device obtains a codebook dictionary. For example, if the device is the UE 801, it may receive the codebook dictionary from the BS at 805, or from the database 803 directly or via the BS 802. If the device is the BS 802, it may receive the codebook dictionary directly from the database 803.
[0185] Step 2: The device generates a sparse representation of the channel data.
[0186] The device can utilize a sparse representation method that is available to both the device and the database 803 and apply the sparse representation method to the channel data.
[0187] For example, if the sparse representation method is a codebook dictionary, then the device may apply LASSO to the channel data, utilizing the obtained codebook dictionary. This process generates a sparse representation vector. Alternatively, the device may utilize other sparse representation algorithms to find a suitable sparse representation based on the codebook dictionary, such as matching pursuit, iteratively reweighted least squares, or iterative hard-thresholding algorithms.
[0188] In another example, if the sparse representation method is a machine learning model, such as an auto-encoder trained such that the latent variable is sparse, the device applies the model to the channel data. This process again generates a sparse representation vector.
[0189] Step 3: The device transmits the sparse representation.
[0190] In detail, for example, if the device is the UE 801, at 806 it transmits the sparse representation (e.g., sparse data shown in the figure) to the BS 802 or to the database 803 directly or via the BS 802. If the device is the BS 802, it transmits the sparse representation of the channel data (e.g., channel estimation based on receiving the SRS) to the database 803 (not shown in the figure) .
[0191] In some implementations, the device may also transmit metadata related to the channel data, for example, the location and time where the data was collected.
[0192] Step 4: At 807, the BS 802 or the database 803 may transmit a confirmation of the channel data or send a request for a retransmission of the channel data.
[0193] In detail, for example, if the device is the UE 801, it receives the confirmation of the channel data or the request for a retransmission of the channel data from the BS 802 or the database 803. If the device is BS 802, it receives the confirmation of the channel data or the request for a retransmission of the channel data from the database 803.
[0194] In some implementations, a device (e.g., a BS or a database) collects a first dataset (or data samples) from at least one first network node, where the first dataset indicates first channel status related to the at least one first network node; and represents the first dataset using a first codebook dictionary and an associated first sparse representation consisting of M first coefficients, where the first sparse representation is expressed as a weighted combination of the M coefficients corresponding to M basic vectors in the first codebook dictionary, where M is a positive integer.
[0195] The device may further collect a second dataset from at least one second network node, where the second dataset indicates second channel status related to the at least one second network node; and represent the second dataset using a second codebook dictionary and an associated second sparse representation consisting of N second coefficients, where the second sparse representation is expressed as a weighted combination of N coefficients corresponding to N basic vectors in the second codebook dictionary, where N is a positive integer.
[0196] The at least one first network node and the at least one second network node may be the same, partially same, or totally different networks.
[0197] 2. Data Cleaning:
[0198] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a data cleaning process 900. The data cleaning process 900 can be performed by a database. As shown in FIG. 9, the data cleaning process 900 includes methods for rejecting or processing anomalous data.
[0199] Whenever the database receives new data (e.g., sparse representation of channel information and optionally, metadata 901 as shown in FIG. 9) from a device (e.g., a UE or a BS) , the database may analyze the data, exploiting properties from the sparse representation of the data. For instance, the sparse representation of the data should exhibit certain characteristics (e.g., sparsity, correlation with expected data patterns) , and any deviation from these patterns can be identified as noise or anomaly. The database may perform the cleaning of the sparse representation (e.g., using a cleaning method 902) . At 903, the database may obtain cleaned sparse representation data (e.g., the database may store the cleaned sparse representation in a dataset when a quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is higher than or equal to a threshold) or trigger a rejection (e.g., when the quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is lower than or equal to a threshold) . The database may also process the data utilizing machine learning or statistical methods to de-noise the data.
[0200] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a feedback process 1000. As shown in FIG. 10, if a data sample (or a sparse representation of the data sample) is rejected by a database 1003, the database 1003 may transmit a response 1004 or 1005. The database 1003 may use the response 1004 or 1005 to notify a transmitting device or device (e.g., a UE 1001 or a BS 1002) that the data has been rejected, and request verification of the data by the device. In the response 1004 or 1005, the database 1003 may transmit the received data (including the sparse representation of the channel data and or the metadata) as feedback, so that the device (e.g., the UE 1001 or the BS 1002) can verify for data corruption. The feedback mechanism allows the device to verify if the data collected and transmitted aligns with what the database 1003 received, allowing the device to retransmit the data or take corrective action.
[0201] The device may verify that the data received by the database is similar to the data transmitted, perform the data collection again, or take other actions based on the data rejection.
[0202] Similarly, the database may perform data cleaning on its stored dataset, for example, if its beliefs on the properties of the sparse data have changed, and previously accepted data may now be considered invalid.
[0203] In some implementations, when the response indicates that the sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly, the device (e.g., the UE 1001 or the BS 1002) can determine whether the sparse representation is corrupted. When the sparse representation is corrupted, the device can correct the sparse representation and transmitting the corrected sparse representation to the database 1003.
[0204] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a data cleaning process 1100 performed at a BS side. The system introduces advanced methods for cleaning data at both the UE and BS sides, ensuring only high-quality data is transmitted and stored. As shown in FIG. 11, the process 1100 includes at least one of the following steps.
[0205] At 1103, a UE 1101 transmits pre-cleaned sparse data to a BS 1102. Accordingly, the BS 1102 receives the pre-cleaned sparse data from the UE 1101.
[0206] In some implementations, local data cleaning can be performed at the UE 1101. Before sending the data to the BS 1102, the UE 1101 can perform pre-cleaning tasks (also referred to as a data refinement process) . This reduces the burden on the BS 1102 and ensures cleaner data is transmitted. Pre-cleaning involves removing noise, smoothing data, and detecting abnormalities at the UE side.
[0207] In some implementations, UE 1101 transmits the sparse data without pre-cleaning.
[0208] In some implementations, the sparse data is a sparse representation of channel information.
[0209] At 1104, the BS 1102 performed data cleaning on the dataset.
[0210] In some implementations, AI / ML-driven data cleaning can be performed at the BS 1102. AI-driven algorithms, such as unsupervised learning models or anomaly detection, can be employed to refine the data-cleaning process. These methods adapt dynamically to changing network environments, identifying noise, outliers, or unexpected data patterns.
[0211] If the UE 1101 already performs pre-cleaning, the BS may perform further data cleaning.
[0212] In some implementations, the BS 1102 can also perform the data cleaning process on the pre-cleaned sparse data to determine a cleaned sparse representation and a quality level. When the quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is higher than or equal to a threshold, the BS 1102 can store the cleaned sparse representation in its dataset.
[0213] At 1105, the BS 1102 transmits a response to the UE 1101. The response can indicate feedback on data quality. For example, when the quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is lower than or equal to a threshold, the BS 1102 can transmit the response to reject the cleaned sparse representation. The response can indicate that the cleaned sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly. In some implementations, the response can include at least one of the quality level, the rejected sparse representation or the original channel information.
[0214] The UE 1101 can utilize this feedback (such as the rejected sparse representation and the original channel information) to improve the data refinement employed on its side, increasing the channel data estimation accuracy and communication performance.
[0215] Please note that BS in FIG. 11 is just an example to perform the data cleaning. Other network nodes such as database is also coved in this application. When the database is not a BS or is not in a BS, it may receive the sparse presentation from a UE or a BS and correspondingly, send response to the UE or the BS.
[0216] 3. Data De-Redundancy:
[0217] This section explains how a database rejects or processes redundant data samples. FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a data de-redundancy process 1200 performed by the database.
[0218] In some implementations, when the database receives a new data sample 1201 (including a sparse representation of the new data sample and / or the metadata) from a device (e.g., a UE or a BS) , the database can analyze the data sample and compare the data sample to the database’s already-stored dataset 1202 using a de-redundancy method 1203, exploiting the sparse representation. The database can determine a similarity level between the sparse representation the new data sample and data samples (or sparse representations of the data samples) in the dataset 1202. If the data sample has high similarity to the existing data in the dataset (e.g., the similarity level is equal to or higher than a threshold) , based on the sparse representation, the data sample is considered redundant, and actions are taken accordingly. For example, the database may observe that the received data sample is well represented by a scaling of a sample already in the dataset. The database may utilize this information to process the data (the one already existing in the dataset and / or the received one) . For example, the database may tag each data sample in the dataset with a frequency count, and when it receives a similar data sample, it may simply update the frequency count (e.g., at 1204) , rather than storing a new sample, or it may utilize data compression methods to reduce or eliminate these redundancies. If the data sample has low similarity to existing data in the dataset (e.g., the similarity level is lower than or equal to the threshold) , the database may update the dataset to include information for the new data sample (e.g., at 1204) .
[0219] In case the database rejects the sample due to redundancies, at 1205, the database may inform the transmitting device (e.g., by transmitting a response to the transmitting device) that its sample has been rejected for that reason, similar to the rejection due to cleaning (e.g., as shown in FIG. 10) . In some implementations, the database can compress redundant data or update the frequency count of similar data samples, ensuring efficient storage. Similar to data cleaning, the database can inform the transmitting device if the data was rejected due to redundancy.
[0220] Similarly, the database may perform data de-redundancy on data samples in its stored dataset 1202, for example, by applying a data compression method periodically.
[0221] The following describes a data de-redundancy protocol between a UE and a BS as an example.
[0222] Handling redundant data may ensure that bandwidth and storage resources are not wasted on duplicate or overly similar information:
[0223] Proactive redundancy management can be performed at a UE: UEs can actively manage redundancy by checking the newly collected data against previously transmitted data. If the new data is redundant, the UE may skip the transmission or reduce the transmission frequency, which may help reduce network congestion. In other words, the UE can perform a data de-redundancy process (a proactive d-redundancy process) on the sparse representation to determine a similarity level between the sparse representation and a previously transmitted sparse representation. When the similarity level is lower than or equal to a threshold, the UE can transmit the sparse representation.
[0224] Cooperative redundancy detection can be performed across UEs: BSs can employ cooperative methods for redundancy detection. In massive MIMO systems, UEs located in similar spatial environments might generate redundant data. The BS compares data from these UEs and removes similarities, optimizing the use of network resources.
[0225] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a data de-redundancy process 1300 performed by a UE 1301, a UE 1302, and a BS 1303. In the process 1300, two UEs (e.g., the UE 1301 and the UE 1302) are connected to the BS 1303. The data de-redundancy process 1300 can be utilized to reduce channel feedback overhead, as described in the following steps:
[0226] Step 1: Each of the UEs 1301 and 1302 estimates its own channel data (CSI) , for example, by utilizing a received CSI-RS broadcasted by the BS 1303. In some implementations, each UE applies the sparse representation method to the CSI, generating a sparse representation (e.g., a vector) . Each UE then transmits (e.g., at 1304 and 1305) either the CSI or the sparse representation vector to the BS 1303. Accordingly, the BS 1303 receives the CSI or sparse representation vector from both UEs.
[0227] Step 2: At 1306, the BS 1303 performs redundancy detection. If the BS 1303 receives the CSI, it then applies the sparse representation method to the CSI, generating a sparse representation vector for each UE. The BS 1303 then compares the sparse representation vector of both UEs and detects redundancy.
[0228] If the BS 1303 receives the sparse representation, it compares the sparse representation vector of both UEs and detects redundancy.
[0229] In the comparison, the BS 1303 can determine a similarity level between the sparse representation vector of the UE 1301 and the sparse representation vector of the UE 1302.
[0230] Step 3: At 1307, the BS 1303 transmits a response that includes information indicating redundancy.
[0231] If a high similarity is observed (e.g., if the similarity level is equal to or higher than a threshold) , the BS 1303 may inform (e.g., by sending the response) one of the UEs (for example, UE 1302) that the UE 1302 may skip some number of CSI reports in the future. For example, the response to the UE 1302 can include a request for the UE 1302 to skip sparse representation reporting for a period of time. When performing precoding, power allocation, or other tasks related to the UE 1302, the BS 1303 can utilize CSI reports from the other UE (for example, the UE 1301) . Alternatively, the BS 1303 may apply a function to the CSI report from the UE 1301 to modify the CSI report, before utilizing the modified CSI report in tasks (e.g., precoding or power allocation) related to the UE 1302. In some implementations, this function may include scaling, rotating, and more complex transformations, which can include an ML model using neural networks.
[0232] By doing so, the UE 1302 can skip transmitting the CSI report for the period of time as requested, thereby reducing the channel feedback overhead.
[0233] Please note that BS in FIG. 13 is just an example to perform the data de-redundancy. Other network nodes such as database is also coved in this application. When the database is not a BS or is not in a BS, it may receive the sparse presentation from a UE or a BS and correspondingly, send response to the UE or the BS.
[0234] 4. Data Merging:
[0235] This section discusses how a database merges datasets from other databases.
[0236] FIG. 14 illustrates an example of dataset transmission between different databases. As shown in FIG. 14, a database 1401 (also referred to as an edge database) may transmit its dataset to a database 1403 (also referred to as a central database) . In this case, the (receiving) database 1403 may merge its own dataset with the incoming dataset from the (transmitting) database 1401, in order to form a completer and more consistent dataset. For transmission, the database 1401 may, for example, initiate wireless communication with the database 1403, and transmit its dataset through a physical wireless communication channel. The database 1403 then receives the dataset and merges its own dataset with it. For example, the database 1403 may individually apply data cleaning and data de-redundancy to each sample in the incoming dataset. In some implementations, the database 1403 can utilize a data fusion algorithm defined by its own management protocol.
[0237] In some implementations, the receiving database 1403 may receive datasets from multiple databases. For example, as shown in FIG. 14, the central database 1403 receives edge dataset 1 (at 1404) and edge dataset 2 (at 1405) from edge database 1401 and edge database 1402 respectively.
[0238] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a dataset merging process 1500 performed by a database (e.g., the central database 1403 of FIG. 14) . At 1501, the database receives edge dataset 1 from an edge database (e.g., the database 1401 of FIG. 14) . At 1502, the database receives edge dataset 2 from another edge database (e.g., the database 1402 of FIG. 14) . At 1503, the database can perform a merging mechanism on the edge dataset 1 and edge dataset 2 one by one or simultaneously (e.g., to determine a merged dataset based on edge dataset 1 and the edge dataset 2) . In some implementations, the merging mechanism can be performed based on the edge dataset 1, the edge dataset 2, and a central dataset 1505 of the database. At 1504, the database can then update the central dataset 1505 (e.g., using the merged dataset) .
[0239] Data merging can be particularly beneficial in distributed storage and computing environments, where datasets from multiple databases are periodically shared with a central system. An example application is distributed storage and computing, where multiple databases store small datasets, perform preliminary data cleaning and de-redundancy, and periodically share their datasets with a central database, which processes the data to form a polished dataset.
[0240] The following describes dynamic data transmission and merging between a BS and a core network as an example.
[0241] Data transmission between BSs and the core network can be handled efficiently, especially as data is aggregated across different nodes:
[0242] -Hierarchical Data Merging: In some implementations, edge computing nodes or local aggregation points collect and pre-process data from multiple BSs before sending it to the core network. This step reduces the processing load on the core network and improves scalability.
[0243] -Alternative Compression Techniques: In some implementations, besides sparsity-based compression, methods such as wavelet transforms, Huffman coding, and entropy-based compression can be used for transmitting non-sparse data. This can ensure that different types of data can be efficiently transmitted depending on their characteristics.
[0244] 5. Data Storage:
[0245] This section describes how the database efficiently stores data using sparse representations.
[0246] After forming above actions, a device (e.g., the database) will store the data using their sparse representations.
[0247] Sparse data is inherently efficient to store, as only non-zero values and their locations need to be saved. This reduces the size of the stored dataset, minimizing storage costs.
[0248] 6. Data Transmission and Request Handling from Devices
[0249] The database can transmit data to UEs when requested, and the system supports various mechanisms for optimizing this process:
[0250] -Dynamic Data Requests: UEs can request data dynamically based on real-time location and context. FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a data request process 1600 between a UE 1601 and a BS 1602. At 1603, the UE 1601 can transmit a data request to the BS 1602. The data request can include a context based condition. For example, a UE in a dense urban area might request data tailored to that environment. At 1604, the BS 1602 can filter data based on the context based condition. At 1605, the BS 1602 can transmit the filtered data to the UE 1601. In other words, the BS 1602 can use context-aware filtering to send only relevant data to the UE 1601, thereby optimizing bandwidth and reducing congestion.
[0251] -Task-Specific Sampling: Depending on the type of request (e.g., training data for AI models or statistical analysis) , the database can use task-specific sampling methods. For high-accuracy tasks, the sampling rate may be increased, or more advanced interpolation methods can be applied.
[0252] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a data transmission process 1700 between a device 1701 and a database 1702. The process 1700 may include at least one of the following steps:
[0253] At 1703, the device 1701 (e.g., a UE or a BS) may send a data request to the database 1702.
[0254] Devices may request data samples from the database 1702 for various applications, such as training AI models or performing statistical analysis. The database 1702 generates data samples using a sampling mechanism based on its dataset. The database 1702 may use techniques such as differential coding to further optimize transmission when spatial or temporal correlations in the data exist.
[0255] At 1705, the database 1702 may send the data samples to the device 1701.
[0256] In some implementations, when the database 1702 receives a request for data samples, it utilizes a sampling mechanism to generate data samples based on the dataset. For example, the database 1702 may uniformly sample from the dataset. Alternatively, if the samples have an associated frequency count as described previously, the database 1702 may sample from the distribution resulting from this frequency count. These data samples may be efficiently compressed, for example, to exploit similarities between the samples.
[0257] In some implementations, at 1704, the device 1701 may request data associated with some metadata conditions, such as spatial area or temporal period, in which case the database 1702 may sample within these conditions. In this case, additionally, the database 1702 may exploit the spatial and temporal correlation of channel data to efficiently represent the samples, for example, utilizing differential coding or predictive coding. The database 1702 then transmits the data samples to the device 1701. The device 1701 receives the samples and utilizes them in the desired application.
[0258] While some processes in this disclosure are described with reference to a UE, a base station, and / or a database, this description is provided for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting. In practice, the procedures or processes can be applied to other instances of network nodes and terminal devices or equivalents thereof. It is understood that steps or operations shown in the processes are not exhaustive and that other operations can be performed as well before, after, or between any of the illustrated operations. Further, some of the steps or operations may be omitted, performed simultaneously, or performed in a different order than those shown in the figures of the present disclosure.
[0259] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0260] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example embodiment for its intended application.
[0261] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0262] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0263] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0264] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in different embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0265] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0266] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device and enable a machine to execute the instructions. When executed by any computer or the processor of a programmable data processing device, the instructions cause the apparatus to implement specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0267] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the other programmable data processing device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or on another programmable device provide steps for implementing specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0268] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
Claims
1.A method comprising:receiving a first sparse representation of first channel information from a first device; andtransmitting a response to the first device.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining a cleaned sparse representation and a quality level.3.The method of claim 2, further comprising, when the quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is equal to or higher than a threshold, storing the cleaned sparse representation in a dataset.4.The method of claim 2 or claim 3, further comprising, when the quality level of the cleaned sparse representation is lower than a threshold, rejecting the cleaned sparse representation, wherein the response indicates that the first sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly.5.The method of any one of claims 2-4, wherein the response comprises at least one of the quality level, the first sparse representation or the first channel information.6.The method of any one of claims 1-5, further comprising: determining a similarity level between the first sparse representation and data samples in a dataset.7.The method of claim 6, further comprising, when the similarity level is equal to or higher than a threshold, rejecting the first sparse representation.8.The method of claim 7, further comprising updating a frequency count of a corresponding data sample in the dataset.9.The method of claim 6, further comprising, when the similarity level is lower than a threshold, storing the first sparse representation in the dataset.10.The method of any one of claims 1-9, further comprising:receiving a second sparse representation of second channel information from a second device; anddetermining a similarity level between the first sparse representation and the second sparse representation.11.The method of claim 10, wherein when the similarity level is higher than or equal to a threshold, the response comprises a request to skip sparse representation reporting for a period of time.12.The method of claim 11, further comprising, when the similarity level is higher than or equal to the threshold:receiving a third sparse representation of third channel information from the second device; andperforming a task related to a transmission to the first device based on the third sparse representation.13.A method comprising:transmitting a sparse representation of channel information; andreceiving a response.14.The method of claim 13, further comprising, when the response indicates that the sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly: determining whether the sparse representation is corrupted.15.The method of claim 14, further comprising, when the sparse representation is corrupted:correcting the sparse representation; andtransmitting the corrected sparse representation.16.The method of any one of claims 13-15, further comprises: performing a data refinement process on the sparse representation before transmitting the sparse representation.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the response indicates that the sparse representation is rejected due to anomaly, and wherein the method further comprises: improving the data refinement process based on the response.18.The method of claim 16, wherein the response comprises the sparse representation and the channel information.19.The method of any one of claims 13-18, wherein the response indicates that the sparse representation is rejected due to redundancy.20.The method of any one of claims 13-19, further comprising:determining a similarity level between the sparse representation and a previously transmitted sparse representation,and wherein the transmitting the sparse representation comprises:transmitting the sparse representation when the similarity level is lower than or equal to a threshold.21.The method of any one of claims 13-20, further comprising, when the response comprises a request to skip sparse representation reporting for a period of time:skipping sparse representation reporting for the period of time.22.A method comprising:receiving a first edge dataset from a first device;receiving a second edge dataset from a second device; anddetermining a merged dataset based on the first edge dataset and the second edge dataset.23.The method of claim 22, further comprising: updating a central dataset based on the merged dataset.24.A method comprising:receiving a data request, wherein the data request comprises a context based condition;filtering data based on the context based condition; andtransmitting the filtered data.25.A method comprising:transmitting a data request, wherein the data request comprises a context based condition; andreceiving data filtered based on the context based condition.26.A method comprising:receiving a data request, wherein the data request comprises a metadata condition;compressing data based on the metadata condition; andtransmitting the compressed data.27.A method comprising:transmitting a data request, wherein the data request comprises a metadata condition; andreceiving data compressed based on the metadata condition.28.An apparatus, configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1-12 or any one of claims 13-21.29.An apparatus comprising:a receiving unit configured to receive a first sparse representation of first channel information from a first device; anda transmitting unit configured to transmit a response to the first device.30.An apparatus comprising:a transmitting unit configured to transmit a sparse representation of channel information; anda receiving unit configured to receive a response.31.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:receive a first sparse representation of first channel information from a first device; andtransmit a response to the first device.32.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:transmit a sparse representation of channel information; andreceive a response.33.The apparatus of claim 31 or claim 32, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.34.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1-12 or any one of claims 13-21.35.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1-12 and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 13-21.36.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1-12 or any one of claims 13-21.37.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1-12 or any one of claims 13-21.38.An apparatus, configured to perform the method of any one of claims 22-23.39.An apparatus comprising:a receiving unit configured to receive a first edge dataset from a first device and a second edge dataset from a second device; anda processing unit configured to determine a merged dataset based on the first edge dataset and the second edge dataset.40.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:receive a first edge dataset from a first device; andreceive a second edge dataset from a second device.41.The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.42.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 22-23.43.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 22-23.44.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 22-23.45.An apparatus, configured to perform the method of claim 24 or claim 25.46.An apparatus comprising:a receiving unit configured to receive a data request, wherein the data request comprises a context based condition;a processing unit configured to filter data based on the context based condition; anda transmitting unit configured to transmit the filtered data.47.An apparatus comprising:a transmitting unit configured to transmit a data request, wherein the data request comprises a context based condition; anda receiving unit configured to receive data filtered based on the context based condition.48.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:receive a data request, wherein the data request comprises a context based condition; andtransmit data that is filtered based on the context based condition.49.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:transmit a data request, wherein the data request comprises a context based condition; andreceive data filtered based on the context based condition.50.The apparatus of claim 48 or claim 49, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.51.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of claim 24 or claim 25.52.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first apparatus configured to perform the method of claim 24 and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of claim 25.53.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of claim 24 or claim 25.54.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of claim 24 or claim 25.55.An apparatus, configured to perform the method of claim 26 or claim 27.56.An apparatus comprising:a receiving unit configured to receive a data request, wherein the data request comprises a metadata condition;a processing unit configured to compress data based on the metadata condition; anda transmitting unit configured to transmit the compressed data.57.An apparatus comprising:a transmitting unit configured to transmit a data request, wherein the data request comprises a context based condition; anda receiving unit configured to receive data compressed based on the metadata condition.58.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:receive a data request, wherein the data request comprises a metadata condition;transmit data compressed based on the metadata condition.59.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:transmit a data request, wherein the data request comprises a metadata condition; andreceive data compressed based on the metadata condition.60.The apparatus of claim 58 or claim 59, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.61.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of claim 26 or claim 27.62.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first apparatus configured to perform the method of claim 26 and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of claim 27.63.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of claim 26 or claim 27.64.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of claim 26 or claim 27.
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