Humanized Anti-CD3 antibodies and uses thereof
Humanized anti-CD3 antibodies with framework region substitutions improve T cell activation and reduce immunogenicity, providing effective immunotherapy by enhancing binding affinity.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SHENZHEN GENOCURY BIOTECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Non-human antibodies used in immunotherapy are immunogenic and often ineffective due to insufficient activation of T cells, limiting their therapeutic potential in humans.
Development of humanized anti-CD3 antibodies with specific framework region substitutions to enhance binding affinity and reduce immunogenicity, utilizing humanized framework templates for improved T cell activation.
The humanized anti-CD3 antibodies exhibit high binding affinity and effective T cell activation, addressing the limitations of non-human antibodies by enhancing immunotherapy efficacy.
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Figure CN2025131384_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HUMANIZED ANTI-CD3 ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOFBACKGROUNDT cell activation plays a critical role in stimulating the adaptive immune response. CD3 is indispensable for T cell activation, as it associates with the T cell receptor (TCR) to form the canonical CD3-TCR complex on T cells, providing the primary signal that initiates T cell activation and determines the specificity of the immune response. Given its central role in T cell activation, targeting CD3-TCR for potentiating cancer immunotherapy is a promising strategy. Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful approach to harness the immune system against cancer. However, several challenges remain. For example, only a subset of patients responds to immunotherapy, suggesting that T cells may be unresponsive or insufficiently activated. Another big challenge arises from immunogenicity. Antibodies of non-human origin are often immunogenic and can provoke adverse immune response, limiting their effectiveness for in vivo use. Thus, there is a need to address these limitations to develop improved agents that provide safe and effective immunotherapy.SUMMARYAlthough non-human antibodies are useful and have a wide range of applications, their use in human is limited due to their non-human origin and associated immunogenicity. Accordingly, reducing immunogenicity provides an effective strategy for therapeutic use in human. The present disclosure provided humanized framework templates for the development of humanized antibodies. Furthermore, the disclosure provides humanized antibodies specifically targeting human CD3ε, which exhibit high binding affinity to the target.Described herein, in one aspect is a humanized antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH comprises: a framework region 1 (HFR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of X1VQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYX2FT (SEQ ID NO: 201) , wherein X1 is E or Q, and wherein X2 is T, S or R; a framework region 2 (HFR2) comprising an amino acid sequence of WVRQAX3GX4X5LEWMG (SEQ ID NO: 202) , wherein X3 is P or H, wherein X4 is Q or K, and wherein X5 is R or N; a framework region 3 (HFR3) comprising an amino acid sequence of RX6TX7TX8DX9SX10STAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYX11CAR (SEQ ID NO: 203) , wherein X6 is V or A, wherein X7 is I or L, wherein X8 is R, V, or L, wherein X9 is T or K, wherein X10 is A or S, and wherein X11 is Y or M; and a framework region 4 (HFR4) comprising an amino acid sequence of WGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 204) , and / or wherein the VL comprises: a framework region 1 (LFR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC (SEQ ID NO: 205) ; a framework region 2 (LFR2) comprising an amino acid sequence of WYQQKPGX12X13X14KLLIX15 (SEQ ID NO: 206) , wherein X12 is K or G, wherein X13 is V or T, wherein X14 is P or V, and wherein X15 is Y or F; a framework region 3 (LFR3) comprising an amino acid sequence of GVPSRFSGSGSGTDX16TLTISSLQPEDVATYX17C (SEQ ID NO: 207) , wherein X16 is F or Y, and wherein X17 is Y or F; and a framework region 4 (LFR4) comprising an amino acid sequence of FX18GGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 208) , wherein X18 is G or A, by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, X9 is K. In some embodiments, X8 is V or L. In some embodiments, X5 is N. In some embodiments, X6 is A. In some embodiments, X7 is L. In some embodiments, X2 is S or R. In some embodiments, X11 is M. In some embodiments, X8 is V or L and X9 is K. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one, two or three of the following: X5 is N, X6 is A, or X7 is L. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six of the following: X2 is S or R, X11 is M, X10 is S, X1 is Q, X4 is K, or X3 is H. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, and X7 is L. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, and X11 is M. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, and X3 is H. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, and X1 is Q. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, and X7 is L. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one or two of the following: X12 is G, or X14 is V. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one or two of the following: X17 is F, or X18 is A. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one, two, or three of the following: X15 is F, X16 is Y, or X13 is T. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one, two, three, four, or five of the following: X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, or X18 is A. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six of the following: X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, or X18 is A, or X15 is F. In some embodiments, X12 is G and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X12 is G, X13 is T, and X14 is V. In some embodiments, wherein X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X15 is F, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X15 is F, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X3 is H, X12 is G and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X3 is H, X12 is G, X13 is T, and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, X1 is Q, X12 is G and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, X1 is Q, X12 is G X13 is T, and X14 is V. In some embodiments, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the VH and the VL, wherein the VH and the VL comprise an HFR1, an HFR2, an HFR3, an HFR4, an LFR1, an LFR2, an LFR3, and an LFR4 comprising amino acid sequences of: SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 85 to 88 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 89 to 92 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 16 and 93 to 96 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 20 and 97 to 100 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 24 and 101 to 104 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 25 to 28 and 105 to 108 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 29 to 32 and 109 to 112 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 36 and 113 to 116 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 40 and 117 to 120 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 41 to 44 and 121 to 124 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 45 to 48 and 125 to 128 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 52 and 129 to 132 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 56 and 133 to 136 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 57 to 60 and 137 to 140 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 61 to 64 and 141 to 144 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 65 to 68 and 145 to 148 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 69 to 72 and 149 to 152 respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 73 to 76 and 153 to 156 respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 77 to 80 and 157 to 160 respectively.Provided herein, in another aspect is a humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising: a VH comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161, optionally comprising 1-15 substitutions; and a VL comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 181, optionally comprising 1-10 substitutions, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an agonist of the binding of human CD3-epsilon (CD3ε) subunit of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four or five substitutions selected from: R72V, T74K, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of T28S by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VL comprises one, two or three substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, K42G, and P44V by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Y87F, G99A, and Y49F by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, or four substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, and Y49F by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, P44V, and Y49F by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of P41H and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: K42G, and P44V by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of P41H and wherein the VL comprises one, two or three substitutions selected from: K42G, V43T, and P44V by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Q43K, A76S, and E1Q and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: K42G and P44V by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Q43K, A76S, and E1Q and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: K42G, V43T, and P44V by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of T93K by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of T59Q and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y54K and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering, and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering, and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering, and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, K42G, and P44V by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH and the VL comprise amino acid sequences of: SEQ ID NO: 162 and SEQ ID NO: 182 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 163 and SEQ ID NO: 183 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 164 and SEQ ID NO: 184 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 165 and SEQ ID NO: 185 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 166 and SEQ ID NO: 186 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 167 and SEQ ID NO: 187 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 168 and SEQ ID NO: 188 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 169 and SEQ ID NO: 189 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 170 and SEQ ID NO: 190 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 171 and SEQ ID NO: 191 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 172 and SEQ ID NO: 192 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 173 and SEQ ID NO: 193 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 174 and SEQ ID NO: 194 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 175 and SEQ ID NO: 195 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 176 and SEQ ID NO: 196 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 177 and SEQ ID NO: 197 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 178 and SEQ ID NO: 198 respectively; SEQ ID NO: 179 and SEQ ID NO: 199 respectively; or SEQ ID NO: 180 and SEQ ID NO: 200 respectively. In some embodiments, the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of specifically binds to the human CD3ε with a binding affinity constant (KD) for a human CD3ε equal to or lower than 10-8M. In some embodiments, the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises a light chain constant domain and a heavy chain constant domain derived from a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 heavy chain constant domain. In some embodiments, the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprisises a light chain constant domain and a heavy chain constant domain derived from a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 light chain constant domain.Further provided herein, in certain embodiments is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.Further provided herein, in certain embodiments is an isolated nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof.Further provided herein, in certain embodiments is an expression vector or plurality of expression vectors comprising an isolated nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof.Further provided herein, in certain embodiments is a cell comprising an expression vector or plurality of expression vectors comprising a nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the cell is a prokaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell.Further provided herein, in one embodiment, is a method of making the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises: (a) culturing a cell under conditions sufficient for expression of the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof; and (b) recovering the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof from the cell or a supernatant thereof.Also provided herein, in certain embodiments, is a method of stimulating a population of human T cell comprising contacting the population of T cells with an affective amount of the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof, thereby activating the population of human T cells. In another embodiments, provided herein is the method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and the disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings, of which:FIG. 1 illustrates a flow chart outlining the development of humanized anti-CD3εantibodies derived from a murine clone.FIG. 2 illustrates structural modeling identifying framework regions in proximity to the CDRs that are critical for amino acid substitutions to increase binding affinity.FIG. 3 illustrates the binding affinity of the indicated antibody clones to the target antigen as determined by bio-layer interferometry (BLI) . Shown are the KD values of the indicated clones.FIG. 4 illustrates the binding affinity of the indicated antibody clones to the target antigen as determined by BLI. Shown are the KD values of the indicated clones as compared to the parental clone.FIGs. 5A-5B illustrate the binding affinity of the indicated antibody clones after optimization through affinity maturation (FIG. 5B) , as compared to the clone prior to affinity maturation and the parental clone (FIG. 5A) .DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThis application generally relates to humanized antibodies. Specifically, this application relates to humanized framework templates comprising framework regions with amino acid substitutions. The framework regions of these humanized framework templates can be used to develop humanized antibodies with improved binding affinity. The application further relates to humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies which comprise the framework regions of the humanized framework templates bearing these substitutions. The application also relates to methods of preparing the disclosed antibodies and their therapeutic applications.OverviewThe present disclosure provides compositions of the framework regions of humanized antibody templates comprising amino acid substitutions. The introduction of these substitutions is intended to increase the binding affinity of the humanized antibodies.In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compositions of humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies, wherein the heavy chain variable region (VH) and light chain variable region (VL) domains comprise CDRs derived from a murine anti-CD3ε antibody and framework regions as described above. The humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies described herein exhibit improved binding affinity, comparable to that of the parental murine anti-CD3ε antibody.In the methods described herein, a variety of host cell lines can be transduced with the nucleic acids and / or vectors described herein to express the humanized antibodies. The antibodies can then be used to activate T cells in vitro or harness immune response in vivo.While the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms, disclosed herein are specific illustrative embodiments thereof that exemplify the principles of the invention. It should be emphasized that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments illustrated. Moreover, any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. More specifically, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “aprotein” includes a plurality of proteins; reference to “acell” includes mixtures of cells, and the like. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “comprising, ” as well as other forms, such as “comprises" and “comprised, ” is not limiting. In addition, ranges provided in the specification and appended claims include both end points and all points between the end points.Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. The methods and techniques of the present disclosure are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. See, e.g., Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 6th ed., W. B. Saunders Company (2010) ; Sambrook J. &Russell D. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (2000) ; Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2002) ; Harlow and Lane Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1998) ; and Coligan et al., Short Protocols in Protein Science, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2003) . The nomenclature used in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.DefinitionsIn the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the embodiments provided may be practiced without these details. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to. ” As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and / or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed embodiments.As used herein the term “about” refers to an amount that is near the stated amount by 10%or less.As used herein, the term and / or is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. For example, A and / or B is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if each were set out individually herein.As used herein the term “individual, ” “patient, ” or “subject” refers to individuals diagnosed with, suspected of being afflicted with, or at-risk of developing at least one disease for which the described compositions and method are useful for treating. In certain embodiments the individual is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, horse, cow, sheep, pig, goat, llama, alpaca, or yak. In certain embodiments, the individual is a human.The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and includes intact antibodies and functional (antigen-binding) antibody fragments thereof, including fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragments, F (ab') 2 fragments, Fab'fragments, Fv fragments, recombinant IgG (rIgG) fragments, single chain antibody fragments, including single chain variable fragments (sFv or scFv) , and single domain antibodies (e.g., sdAb, sdFv, nanobody) fragments. The term encompasses genetically engineered and / or otherwise modified forms of immunoglobulins, such as intrabodies, peptibodies, chimeric antibodies, fully human antibodies, humanized antibodies, and heteroconjugate antibodies, antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies, tandem di-scFv, tandem tri-scFv. Unless otherwise stated, the term “antibody” should be understood to encompass functional antibody fragments thereof. The term also encompasses intact or full-length antibodies, including antibodies of any class or sub-class, including IgG and sub-classes thereof, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD. The antibody can comprise a human IgG1 constant region. The antibody can comprise a human IgG4 constant region.Among the provided antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies include antibody-conjugates and molecules comprising the antibodies, such as chimeric molecules. Thus, an antibody includes, but is not limited to, full-length and native antibodies, as well as fragments and portion thereof retaining the binding specificities thereof, such as any specific binding portion thereof including those having any number of, immunoglobulin classes and / or isotypes (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM) ; and biologically relevant (antigen-binding) fragments or specific binding portions thereof, including but not limited to Fab, F (ab’ ) 2, Fv, and scFv (single chain or related entity) . A monoclonal antibody is generally one within a composition of substantially homogeneous antibodies; thus, any individual antibodies comprised within the monoclonal antibody composition are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. The monoclonal antibody can comprise a human IgG1 constant region. The monoclonal antibody can comprise a human IgG4 constant region.Among the provided antibodies are antibody fragments. An “antibody fragment” refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fv, Fab, Fab’ , Fab’ -SH, F (ab’ ) 2; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv or sFv) ; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. In particular embodiments, the antibodies are single-chain antibody fragments comprising a variable heavy chain region and / or a variable light chain region, such as scFvs. Antibody fragments can be made by various techniques, including but not limited to proteolytic digestion of an intact antibody as well as production by recombinant host cells. In some embodiments, the antibodies are recombinantly produced fragments, such as fragments comprising arrangements that do not occur naturally, such as those with two or more antibody regions or chains joined by synthetic linkers, e.g., polypeptide linkers, and / or those that are not produced by enzyme digestion of a naturally occurring intact antibody. In some aspects, the antibody fragments are scFvs.A “humanized” antibody is an antibody in which all or substantially all CDR amino acid residues are derived from non-human CDRs and all or substantially all framework (FR) amino acid residues are derived from human FRs. A humanized antibody optionally may include at least a portion of an antibody constant region derived from a human antibody. A “humanized form” of a non-human antibody refers to a variant of the non-human antibody that has undergone humanization, typically to reduce immunogenicity to humans, while retaining the specificity and affinity of the parental non-human antibody. In some embodiments, some FR residues in a humanized antibody are substituted with corresponding residues from a non-human antibody (e.g., the antibody from which the CDR residues are derived) , e.g., to restore or improve antibody specificity or affinity.Among the provided antibodies are human antibodies. A “human antibody” is an antibody with an amino acid sequence corresponding to that of an antibody produced by a human or a human cell, or non-human source that utilizes human antibody repertoires or other human antibody-encoding sequences, including human antibody libraries. The term excludes humanized forms of non-human antibodies comprising non-human antigen-binding regions, such as those in which all or substantially all CDRs are non-human.Among the provided antibodies are human antibodies. A “human antibody” is an antibody with an amino acid sequence corresponding to that of an antibody produced by a human or a human cell, or non-human source that utilizes human antibody repertoires or other human antibody-encoding sequences, including human antibody libraries. The term excludes humanized forms of non-human antibodies comprising non-human antigen-binding regions, such as those in which all or substantially all CDRs are non-human. Human antibodies may be prepared by administering an immunogen to a transgenic animal that has been modified to produce intact human antibodies or intact antibodies with human variable regions in response to antigenic challenge. Such animals typically contain all or a portion of the human immunoglobulin loci, which replace the endogenous immunoglobulin loci, or which are present extrachromosomally or integrated randomly into the animal’s chromosomes. In such transgenic animals, the endogenous immunoglobulin loci have generally been inactivated. Human antibodies also may be derived from human antibody libraries, including phage display and cell-free libraries, containing antibody-encoding sequences derived from a human repertoire.The terms “complementarity determining region, ” and “CDR, ” which are synonymous with “hypervariable region” or “HVR, ” are known in the art to refer to non-contiguous sequences of amino acids within antibody variable regions, which confer antigen specificity and / or binding affinity. In general, there are three CDRs in each heavy chain variable region (CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3) and three CDRs in each light chain variable region (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3) . “Framework regions” and “FR” are known in the art to refer to the non-CDR portions of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains. In general, there are four FRs in each full-length heavy chain variable region (FR-H1, FR-H2, FR-H3, and FR-H4) , and four FRs in each full-length light chain variable region (FR-L1, FR-L2, FR-L3, and FR-L4) . The precise amino acid sequence boundaries of a given CDR or FR can be readily determined using any of a number of well-known schemes, including those described by Kabat et al. (1991) , “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, ” 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ( “Kabat” numbering scheme) , Al-Lazikani et al., (1997) JMB 273, 927-948 ( “Chothia” numbering scheme) ; MacCallum et al., J. Mol. Biol. 262: 732-745 (1996) , “Antibody-antigen interactions: Contact analysis and binding site topography, ” J. Mol. Biol. 262, 732-745. ” ( “Contact” numbering scheme) ; Lefranc MP et al., “IMGT unique numbering for immunoglobulin and T cell receptor variable domains and Ig superfamily V-like domains, ” Dev Comp Immunol, 2003 Jan; 27 (1) : 55-77 ( “IMGT” numbering scheme) ; Honegger A and Plückthun A, “Yet another numbering scheme for immunoglobulin variable domains: an automatic modeling and analysis tool, ” J Mol Biol, 2001 Jun 8; 309 (3) : 657-70, ( “Aho” numbering scheme) ; and Whitelegg NR and Rees AR, “WAM: an improved algorithm for modelling antibodies on the WEB, ” Protein Eng. 2000 Dec; 13 (12) : 819-24 ( “AbM” numbering scheme. In certain embodiments, the CDRs of the antibodies described herein can be defined by a method selected from Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, Aho, AbM, or combinations thereof.The boundaries of a given CDR or FR may vary depending on the scheme used for identification. For example, the Kabat scheme is based on structural alignments, while the Chothia scheme is based on structural information. Numbering for both the Kabat and Chothia schemes is based upon the most common antibody region sequence lengths, with insertions accommodated by insertion letters, for example, “30a, ” and deletions appearing in some antibodies. The two schemes place certain insertions and deletions ( “indels” ) at different positions, resulting in differential numbering. The Contact scheme is based on analysis of complex crystal structures and is similar in many respects to the Chothia numbering scheme.The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refers to the domain of an antibody heavy or light chain that is involved in binding the antibody to antigen. The variable domains of the heavy chain and light chain (VH and VL, respectively) of a native antibody generally have similar structures, with each domain comprising four conserved framework regions (FRs) and three CDRs (See e.g., Kindt et al. Kuby Immunology, 6th ed., W. H. Freeman and Co., page 91 (2007) ) . A single VH or VL domain may be sufficient to confer antigen-binding specificity. Furthermore, antibodies that bind a particular antigen may be isolated using a VH or VL domain from an antibody that binds the antigen to screen a library of complementary VL or VH domains, respectively (See e.g., Portolano et al., J. Immunol. 150: 880-887 (1993) ; Clarkson et al., Nature 352: 624-628 (1991) ) .Specific binding or binding of antibody molecules described herein refers to binding mediated by one or more CDR portions of the antibody. Not all CDRs may be required for specific binding. Specific binding can be demonstrated for example by an ELISA against a specific recited target or antigen that shows significant increase in binding compared to an isotype control antibody.Among the provided antibodies are antibody fragments. An “antibody fragment” can refer to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fv, Fab, Fab', Fab'-SH, F (ab') 2; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv or sFv) ; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. In particular embodiments, the antibodies are single-chain antibody fragments comprising a variable heavy chain region and / or a variable light chain region, such as scFvs. Antibody fragments can be made by various techniques, including but not limited to proteolytic digestion of an intact antibody as well as production by recombinant host cells. In some embodiments, the antibodies are recombinantly-produced fragments, such as fragments comprising arrangements that do not occur naturally, such as those with two or more antibody regions or chains joined by synthetic linkers, e.g., polypeptide linkers, and / or those that are not produced by enzyme digestion of a naturally-occurring intact antibody.A “binding moiety” refers to a portion of a molecule, peptide, polypeptide, antibody, or antibody fragment that mediates specific binding to a recited target or antigen or epitope. By way of example, the binding moiety of an antibody may comprise a heavy-chain / light-chain variable region pair or one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) .As described herein an “epitope” refers to the binding determinant of an antibody or fragment described herein minimally necessary for specific binding of the antibody or fragment thereof to a target antigen. When the target antigen is a polypeptide, the epitope will be a continuous or discontinuous epitope. A continuous epitope is formed by one region of the target antigen, while a discontinuous epitope may be formed from two or more separate regions. A discontinuous epitope, for example, may form when a target antigen adopts a tertiary structure that brings two amino acid sequences together and forms a three-dimensional structure bound by the antibody. When the target antigen is a polypeptide, the epitope will generally be a plurality of amino acids linked into a polypeptide chain. A continuous epitope may comprise 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 contiguous amino acids. While an epitope may comprise a contiguous polymer of amino acids, not every amino acid of the polymer may be contacted by an amino acid residue of the antibody. Such non-contacted amino acids will still comprise part of the epitope as they may be important for the structure and linkage of the contacted amino acids. The skilled artisan may determine if any given antibody binds an epitope of a reference antibody, for example, by cross-blocking experiments with a reference antibody. In certain embodiments, described herein, are antibodies that bind the same epitope of the described antibodies. In certain embodiments, described herein, are antibodies that are competitively blocked by the described antibodies. In certain embodiments, described herein, are antibodies that compete for binding with the described antibodies.A “target” as referred to herein refers to the portion of a molecule that participates with a binding moiety of a molecule, peptide, polypeptide, antibody, or antibody fragment. A target can comprise an amino acid sequence and / or a carbohydrate, lipid or other chemical entity. An “antigen” is a target comprising a portion that is able to be bound by an adaptive immune molecule such as an antibody or antibody fragment, B-cell receptor, or T-cell receptor.The term “constant region” can refer to a light chain or heavy chain constant region. Light chain constant regions have two main isotypes kappa and lambda. Heavy chain constant regions may comprise any one of 5 isotypes: IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE, or IgM. The IgG isotype further comprises the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 subclasses. Heavy chain constant regions comprise a CH1, hinge, CH2, and / or a CH3 domain. Residues of light and heavy chain constant regions can be numbered according to the EU numbering scheme (Edelman, G. M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 63, 78-85 (1969) . ) or the Kabat numbering scheme (Kabat, E. A. et al., Sequences of proteins of immunological interest. 5th Edition -US Department of Health and Human Services, NIH publication n° 91-3242, pp 662, 680, 689 (1991) ) . An “Fc Region” as described herein generally refers to the CH2 and the CH3 domains of the heavy chain constant region.The Fc region of an antibody generally encompasses and / or refers to a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. The term includes native sequence Fc regions and variant Fc regions. In some embodiments, a human IgG heavy chain Fc region extends from Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain. However, the C-terminal lysine (Lys447) of the Fc region may or may not be present. Unless otherwise specified herein, numbering of amino acid residues in the Fc region or constant region is according to the EU numbering system, also called the EU index, as described in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1991.The term “substitution” refers to the replacement of one amino acid with another in a polypeptide sequence. In the present disclosure, such substitutions are intentionally engineered to improve antibody-antigen binding affinity. The term “mutation” is also used herein and is used interchangeably with “substitution” .The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues and are not limited to a minimum length. Polypeptides, including the provided antibodies and antibody chains and other peptides, e.g., linkers and binding peptides, may include amino acid residues including natural and / or non-natural amino acid residues. The terms also include post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like. In some aspects, the polypeptides may contain modifications with respect to a native or natural sequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.Amino acid sequence variants of the antibodies provided herein can be contemplated and conceived. A variant typically differs from a polypeptide specifically disclosed herein in one or more substitutions, deletions, additions and / or insertions. Such variants can be naturally occurring or can be synthetically generated, for example, by modifying one or more of the above polypeptide sequences of the invention and evaluating one or more biological activities of the polypeptide as described herein and / or using any of a number of known techniques. For example, it may be desirable to improve the binding affinity and / or other biological properties of the antibody amino acid sequence variants of an antibody can be prepared by introducing appropriate modifications into the nucleotide sequence encoding the antibody, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and / or insertions into and / or substitutions of residues within the amino acid sequences of the antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution can be made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics, e.g., antigen-binding. Antibody variants having one or more amino acid substitutions can be provided. Sites of interest for mutagenesis by substitution include the CDRs and FRs. Amino acid substitutions can be introduced into an antibody of interest and the products screened for a desired activity, e.g., retained / improved antigen binding, decreased immunogenicity, or improved ADCC or CDC.The polypeptide or the multimeric protein described herein can be encoded by a nucleic acid. A nucleic acid is a type of polynucleotide comprising two or more nucleotide bases. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is a component of a vector that can be used to transfer the polypeptide encoding polynucleotide into a cell. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a genomic integrated vector, or “integrated vector, ” which can become integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. Another type of vector is an “episomal” vector, e.g., a nucleic acid capable of extra-chromosomal replication. Vectors capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors. ” Suitable vectors comprise plasmids, bacterial artificial chromosomes, yeast artificial chromosomes, viral vectors and the like. In the expression vectors regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals for use in controlling transcription can be derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. The ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene to facilitate recognition of transformants may additionally be incorporated. Vectors derived from viruses, such as lentiviruses, retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and the like, may be employed. Plasmid vectors can be linearized for integration into a chromosomal location. Vectors can comprise sequences that direct site-specific integration into a defined location or restricted set of sites in the genome (e.g., AttP-AttB recombination) . Additionally, vectors can comprise sequences derived from transposable elements.The nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide or the multimeric protein described herein can be used to infect, transfect, transform, or otherwise render a suitable cell transgenic for the nucleic acid, thus enabling the production of antibodies for commercial or therapeutic uses. Standard cell lines and methods for the production of antibodies from a large-scale cell culture are known in the art. See e.g., Li et al., “Cell culture processes for monoclonal antibody production. ” Mabs. 2010 Sep-Oct; 2 (5) : 466–477. In certain embodiments, the cell is a Eukaryotic cell. In certain embodiments, the Eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell. In certain embodiments, the mammalian cell is a cell line useful for producing antibodies is a Chines Hamster Ovary cell (CHO) cell, an NS0 murine myeloma cell, or a PER. cell. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the antibody is integrated into a genomic locus of a cell useful for producing antibodies. In certain embodiments, described herein is a method of making an antibody comprising culturing a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody under conditions in vitro sufficient to allow production and secretion of said antibody.Percent (%) sequence identity with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are known for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Appropriate parameters for aligning sequences are able to be determined, including algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For purposes herein, however, %amino acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc., and the source code has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available from Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., or may be compiled from the source code. The ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, including digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for amino acid sequence comparisons, the %amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has or comprises a certain %amino acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows: 100 times the fraction X / Y, where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of amino acid residues in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequence B, the %amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not equal the %amino acid sequence identity of B to A. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all %amino acid sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program.The term “host cell” as used herein refers to a cell which can support the replication or expression of the expression vector. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells, such as yeast, insect cells, amphibian cells, or mammalian cells.An “expression vector” refers to a vector comprising a recombinant nucleic acid comprising expression control sequences operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence to be expressed. An expression vector comprises sufficient cis-acting elements for expression; other elements for expression can be supplied by the host cell or in an in vitro expression system. Expression vectors include all those known in the art, such as cosmids, plasmids (e.g., naked or contained in liposomes) and viruses (e.g., lentiviruses, retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses) that incorporate the recombinant nucleic acid.
[0001] The term “CD3” refers to the human CD3 complex. It is a multi-protein complex expressed on T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells, where it associates with TCR to form a functional TCR-CD3 complex. CD3 is composed of four distinct polypeptides: CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, and CD3ζ. In an αβ T cell, the TCR is composed of a 1: 1: 1: 1 ratio TCRαβ: CD3γε: CD3δε: CD3ζζ subunits. Among these subunits, CD3γ, CD3δ, and CD3ε each contain extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domains, with the intracellular domains harboring ITAMs which are essential for signal transduction. These subunits assemble into heterodimers. The CD3ζ subunits form a homodimer and contain multiple ITAMs, making them critical for T cell signaling and function. In particular, CD3ε subunit contains a basic-rich stretch (BRS) that is important for proper localization of the TCR-CD3 complex at the immunological synapse. A human CD3ε amino acid sequence has at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity with the amino acid sequence, e.g., UniProt entry P07766 over a sequence length of at least 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, or 200 amino acids or over the full length of the polypeptide. The sequence alignments can be performed using any alignment algorithm known in the art, e.g., BLAST, ALIGN, set to default settings.The term “T cell” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein can refer to a T cell from any origin. A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. Originating from stem cells in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the thymus and are essential for recognizing and responding to specific antigens. They can be classified into various subtypes, including helper T cells (CD4+) , which assist other immune cells in orchestrating the immune response, and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) , which directly kill infected or cancerous cells. For example, a T cell can be a primary T cell, e.g., an autologous T cell, an allogeneic T cell, a T cell line, etc. The T cell can also be human or non-human.The term “T cell activation” refers to a process by which T lymphocytes recognize the cognate antigen and become primed to differentiate into effector T cells. Full T cell activation relies on three signals. First, T cell receptor recognizes specific MHC-antigen complex presented by antigen-presenting cells. Second, costimulatory signals are required to achieve full activation. Third, cytokines, such as IL-2 provide the signals for clonal expansion. Once activated, T cells differentiate to effector CD8+ cytotoxic T cells or CD4+ helper T cells. “In vitro T cell activation” refers to the process by which T cells are stimulated using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies to trigger the TCR and costimulatory pathways, thereby activating T cells for various experimental or therapeutic purposes.As used herein the term “individual, ” “patient, ” or “subject” refers to individuals diagnosed with, suspected of being afflicted with, or at-risk of developing at least one disease for which the described compositions and method are useful for treating. In certain embodiments, the individual is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, horse, cow, sheep, pig, goat, llama, alpaca, or yak. In certain embodiments, the individual is a human.As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” generally refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results with respect to a disease, disorder, or medical condition including but not limited to a therapeutic benefit and / or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the subject, notwithstanding that the subject may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. In certain embodiments, for prophylactic benefit, the compositions are administered to a subject at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.As used herein, “preventing” refers to the prevention of the disease or condition, e.g., tumor formation, in the patient. For example, if an individual at risk of developing a rash or other form of allergy is treated with the methods of the present disclosure and does not later develop the tumor or other form of cancer, then the disease has been prevented, at least over a period of time, in that individual. The term “prophylaxis” as used herein can refer to the prevention of or protective treatment for a disease, disease state, and / or condition.A “therapeutically effective amount, ” “effective dose, ” “effective amount, ” or “therapeutically effective dosage” of a drug or therapeutic agent is any amount of the drug that, when used alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, protects a subject against the onset of a disease or promotes disease regression evidenced by a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction. The ability of a therapeutic agent to promote disease regression can be evaluated using a variety of methods known to the skilled practitioner, such as in human subjects during clinical trials, in animal model systems predictive of efficacy in humans, or by assaying the activity of the agent in in vitro assays.As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable” with reference to a carrier” “excipient” or “diluent” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. In some aspects, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) . Depending on the route of administration, the active compound, i.e., antibody, can be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that can inactivate the compound.Humanized antibody framework regionsProvided herein, in one aspect is a humanized antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH comprises HFR1-HFR4, and the VL comprises LFR1-LFR4, respectively. In some embodiments, the VH comprises a framework region 1 (HFR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of X1VQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYX2FT (SEQ ID NO: 201) . In some embodiments, X1 is E or Q, and X2 is T, S or R. In some embodiment, the VH comprises a framework region 2 (HFR2) comprising an amino acid sequence of WVRQAX3GX4X5LEWMG (SEQ ID NO: 202) . In some embodiments, X3 is P or H, X4 is Q or K, and X5 is R or N. In some embodiments, the VH comprises a framework region 3 (HFR3) comprising an amino acid sequence of RX6TX7TX8DX9SX10STAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYX11CAR (SEQ ID NO: 203) . In some embodiments, X6 is V or A, X7 is I or L, X8 is R, V, or L, X9 is T or K, X10 is A or S, and X11 is Y or M. In some embodiments, the VH comprises a framework region 4 (HFR4) comprising an amino acid sequence of WGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 204) . In some embodiments, the VL comprises a framework region 1 (LFR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC (SEQ ID NO: 205) . In some embodiments, the VL comprises a framework region 2 (LFR2) comprising an amino acid sequence of WYQQKPGX12X13X14KLLIX15 (SEQ ID NO: 206) . In some embodiments, X12 is K or G, X13 is V or T, X14 is P or V, and X15 is Y or F. In some embodiments, the VL comprises a framework region 3 (LFR3) comprising an amino acid sequence of GVPSRFSGSGSGTDX16TLTISSLQPEDVATYX17C (SEQ ID NO: 207) . In some embodiments, X16 is F or Y, and X17 is Y or F. In some embodiments, the VL comprises a framework region 4 (LFR4) comprising an amino acid sequence of FX18GGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 208) . In some embodiments, X18 is G or A. The numbering of these amino acid positions is according to the EU numbering scheme (Kabat) .Certain substitutions in the framework regions of the VH are provided herein. In some embodiments, X9 is K. In some embodiments, X8 is V or L. In some embodiments, X5 is N. In some embodiments, X6 is A. In some embodiments, X7 is L. In some embodiments, X2 is S or R. In some embodiments, X11 is M.In some embodiments, various combinations of substitutions in the framework regions of the VH are provided herein. In some embodiments, X8 is V or L and X9 is K. In some embodiments, the framework regions of the VH further comprise one or two or three of the following: X5 is N, X6 is A, or X7 is L. In some embodiments, the framework regions of the VH further comprise one, two, three, four, five, or six of the following: X2 is S or R, X11 is M, X10 is S, X1 is Q, X4 is K, or X3 is H. Similarly, certain substitutions or combinations of substitution in the framework regions of the VL are provided herein. In some embodiments, the framework regions of the VL further comprise one or two of the following: X12 is G, or X14 is V. In some embodiments, the framework regions of the VL further comprise one or two of the following: X17 is F, or X18 is A. In some embodiments, the framework regions of the VL further comprise one, two, or three of the following: X15 is F, X16 is Y, or X13 is T. In some embodiments, the framework regions of the VL further comprises one, two, three, four, or five of the following: X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, or X18 is A. In some embodiments, the framework regions of the VL further comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six of the following: X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, or X18 is A, or X15 is F.In some embodiments, specific combinations of substitutions in the framework regions of the VH are provided herein. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, and X7 is L. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, and X11 is M. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, and X3 is H. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, and X1 is Q. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, and X7 is L. Similarly, specific combinations of substitutions in the framework regions of the VL are provided herein. In some embodiments, X12 is G and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X12 is G, X13 is T, and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X15 is F, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A.In certain embodiments, specific combinations of substitutions in the VH and VL framework regions are provided herein. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X15 is F, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X3 is H, X12 is G and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X3 is H, X12 is G, X13 is T, and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, X1 is Q, X12 is G and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, X1 is Q, X12 is G X13 is T, and X14 is V. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A. In some embodiments, X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A.Particularly, the humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises VH framework regions HFR1, HFR2, HFR3 and HFR4 and VL framework regions LFR1, LFR2, LFR3, and LFR4 comprising amino acid sequences listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 85 to 88 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 89 to 92 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 16 and 93 to 96 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 20 and 97 to 100 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 24 and 101 to 104 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 25 to 28 and 105 to 108 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29 to 32 and 109 to 112 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 36 and 113 to 116 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 40 and 117 to 120 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 41 to 44 and 121 to 124 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 45 to 48 and 125 to 128 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 52 and 129 to 132 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 56 and 133 to 136 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57 to 60 and 137 to 140 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 61 to 64 and 141 to 144 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 65 to 68 and 145 to 148 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 69 to 72 and 149 to 152 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73 to 76 and 153 to 156 respectively. In some embodiments, the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 77 to 80 and 157 to 160 respectively.The humanized antibody framework regions provided herein can be used as the templates to develop antibodies. For example, in certain embodiments, the CDRs from murine or other non-human antibodies onto the humanized framework regions described herein. In some embodiments, CDRs from a murine anti-CD3ε antibody can be engrafted onto these framework regions to generate humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies.In some embodiments, the resulting humanized antibodies exhibit increased antigen-binding affinity comparable to that of the parental antibody. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized antibodies exhibit reduced immunogenicity.Humanized anti-CD3ε antibodiesIn another aspect, the present disclosure provides a humanized anti-CD3ε antibody. The humanized anti-CD3ε antibody is developed by engrafting CDRs from a non-human antibody onto a human framework template. By introducing amino acid substitutions derived from the parental framework regions, the resulting humanized antibodies can achieve improved binding affinity. The flow chart illustrating the development of the high-affinity humanized antibodies is provided in FIG. 1. In one aspect, the human framework template comprises the HFR1-4 and LFR1-4 comprising amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 81to 84, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDRs of any non-human anti-CD3ε antibody may be engrafted onto the humanized antibody framework template described herein to generate humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies. Exemplary non-human anti-CD3ε antibodies include, but are not limited to, murine OKT3, UCHT1, SP34, TR66, or 145-2C11. In some embodiments, the non-human anti-CD3ε antibody is UCHT1.Provided herein, in some embodiments, is a humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising: (a) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161, optionally comprising 1-15 substitutions; and (b) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 181, optionally comprising 1-10 substitutions. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an agonist of the binding of human CD3-epsilon (CD3ε) subunit of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex.The humanized anti-CD3ε antibody comprises VH and VL which comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 181 respectively as a starting humanized framework template, and further comprises one or more substitutions, or combinations of substitutions within the framework regions. The numbering of these amino acid positions is according to the EU numbering scheme (Kabat) .In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four or five substitutions selected from: R72V, T74K, R44N, V68A, and I70L. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of T28S. In some embodiments, the VL comprises one, two or three substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F and G99A. In some embodiments, the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: Y87F and G99A. In some embodiments, the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, K42G, and P44V. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Y87F, G99A, and Y49F. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, or four substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, and Y49F. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, P44V, and Y49F. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of P41H and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: K42G, and P44V. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of P41H and wherein the VL comprises one, two or three substitutions selected from: K42G, V43T, and P44V. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Q43K, A76S, and E1Q and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: K42G and P44V. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Q43K, A76S, and E1Q and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: K42G, V43T, and P44V.Additional substitutions can be incorporated to the humanized framework regions to optimize the binding affinity. For example, in certain embodiments, the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the VH and VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 161 and 181 respectively. The VH comprises one, two, three, four, five or six substitutions selected from: R72V, T74K, R44N, V68A, I70L, and T28S and The VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, K42G, and P44V by EU Numbering. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of T93K. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of T59Q and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises one substitution of Y54K and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F by EU Numbering.In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody comprises VH and VL which comprise amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 181 respectively as a starting humanized framework template, and further comprises one or more substitutions, or combinations of substitutions within the framework regions. In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L, and the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: Y87F and G99A. In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L, and the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F and G99A. In some embodiments, the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L, and the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, K42G, and P44V.Accordingly, in some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 162 and SEQ ID NO: 182 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 163 and SEQ ID NO: 183 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 164 and SEQ ID NO: 184 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 165 and SEQ ID NO: 185 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 166 and SEQ ID NO: 186 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 167 and SEQ ID NO: 187 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 168 and SEQ ID NO: 188 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 169 and SEQ ID NO: 189 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 170 and SEQ ID NO: 190 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 171 and SEQ ID NO: 191 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 172 and SEQ ID NO: 192 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 173 and SEQ ID NO: 193 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 174 and SEQ ID NO: 194 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 175 and SEQ ID NO: 195 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 176 and SEQ ID NO: 196 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 177 and SEQ ID NO: 197 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 178 and SEQ ID NO: 198 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 179 and SEQ ID NO: 199 respectively. In some embodiments, the resulting humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies comprises the VH and the VL comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 180 and SEQ ID NO: 200 respectively.In some embodiments, the humanized antibody provided herein has a dissociation constant (KD) of about 1 μM, 100 nM, 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.01 nM or less (e.g., 10-8 M or less, e.g., from 10-8 M to 10-13 M, e.g., from 10-9 M to 10-13 M) for the antibody target. In some embodiments, an antibody provided herein has a dissociation constant (KD) of about 100 nM, 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.01 nM, or 0.001 nM or greater (e.g., 10-8 M or less, e.g., from 10-8 M to 10-13 M, e.g., from 10-9 M to 10-13 M) for the antibody target. The antibody target can be IL-31. KD can be measured by any suitable assay. In certain embodiments, KD can be measured using surface plasmon resonance assays (e.g., using a a or Octet) .In some embodiments, the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to the human CD3ε with a binding affinity constant (KD) for a human CD3ε equal to or lower than 10-8M.Fc modificationsThe humanized antibody according to the present disclosure optionally comprises a hinge and / or a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region, generally that of a human or humanized immunoglobulin. The Fc region can be derived from a human IgG and sub-classes thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) , IgM, IgE, IgA, or IgD. In some embodiments, the immunoglobulin hinge and / or an Fc region are derived from a human IgG1.In some embodiments, the humanized antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof is in the form of an scFv, F (ab') 2, diabody, triabody, or tetrabody, fused to an Fc region. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a scFv, a full-length antibody, a Fab, a Fab’ , a F (ab') 2, an Fv, a single chain Fv, a half-arm antibody, or a monovalent antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises an scFv. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a full-length antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a Fab. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a Fab’ . In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a F (ab’ ) 2. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises an Fv. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a single chain Fv. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a half-arm antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody binding fragment comprises a monovalent antibody.In some embodiments, the VH and the VL of the humanized antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof are fused via a linker, optionally in combination with a hinge region, to the N-terminus of an Fc region comprising CH2 and CH3 domain. The linker can be a flexible linker. Non-limiting examples of flexible linkers include, but are not limited to, glycine-serine polymers, including for example (GS) n, (GSGGS) n, (GGGGS) n, and (GGGS) n, where n is an integer of at least one, glycine-alanine polymers and alanine-serine polymers. Alternatively, the linker can be a rigid liker, including but are not limited to (EAAAK) n linker, wherein n equals 1 to 5.In some embodiments, amino acid sequence variants of the humanized antibodies provided herein are contemplated. A variant typically differs from a polypeptide specifically disclosed herein in one or more substitutions, deletions, additions, and / or insertions. For example, it may be desirable to improve the binding affinity and / or other biological properties of the antibody. Amino acid sequence variants of an antibody may be prepared by introducing appropriate modifications into the nucleotide sequence encoding the antibody, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and / or insertions into and / or substitutions of residues within the amino acid sequences of the antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution can be made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics, e.g., antigen-binding.Amino acid sequence insertions and deletions include amino-and / or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions and deletions of single or multiple amino acid residues. Examples of terminal insertions include an antibody with an N-terminal methionyl residue. Other insertional variants of the antibody molecule include the fusion to the N-or C-terminus of the antibody to an enzyme (e.g., for ADEPT) or a polypeptide which increases the serum half-life of the antibody. Examples of intrasequence insertion variants of the antibody molecules include an insertion of 3 amino acids in the light chain. Examples of terminal deletions include an antibody with a deletion of 7 or less amino acids at an end of the light chain. Alterations (e.g., substitutions) may be made in CDRs, e.g., to improve antibody affinity. Such alterations may be made in CDR encoding codons with a high mutation rate during somatic maturation (See e.g., Chowdhury, Methods Mol. Biol. 207: 179-196 (2008) ) , and the resulting variant can be tested for binding affinity. Affinity maturation (e.g., using error-prone PCR, chain shuffling, randomization of CDRs, or oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis) can be used to improve antibody affinity (See e.g., Hoogenboom et al. in Methods in Molecular Biology 178: 1-37 (2001) ) . CDR residues involved in antigen binding may be specifically identified, e.g., using alanine scanning mutagenesis or modeling (See e.g., Cunningham and Wells Science, 244: 1081-1085 (1989) ) . CDR-H3 and CDR-L3 in particular are often targeted.Alternatively, or additionally, a crystal structure of an antigen-antibody complex to identify contact points between the antibody and antigen. Such contact residues and neighboring residues may be targeted or eliminated as candidates for substitution. Variants may be screened to determine whether they contain the desired properties.In some instances, the Fc region of an immunoglobulin is important for many important antibody functions (e.g., effector functions) , such as antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) , complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) , and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) , result in killing of target cells, albeit by different mechanisms. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the humanized antibodies described herein comprise different Fc regions, selected based on the biological activities of the antibody for the intended use. In certain instances, human IgGs, for example, can be classified into four subclasses, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, and each these of these comprises an Fc region having a unique profile for binding to one or more of Fcγ receptors (activating receptors FcγRI (CD64) , FcγRIIA, FcγRIIC (CD32) ; FcγRIIIA and FcγRIIIB (CD16) and inhibiting receptor FcγRIIB) , and for the first component of complement (C1q) . Human IgG1 and IgG3 bind to all Fcγ receptors; IgG2 binds to FcγRIIAH131, and with lower affinity to FcγRIIAR131 FcγRIIIAV158; IgG4 binds to FcγRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIC, and FcγRIIIAV158; and the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB has a lower affinity for IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 than all other Fcγ receptors. Studies have shown that FcγRI does not bind to IgG2, and FcγRIIIB does not bind to IgG2 or IgG4. Id. In general, with regard to ADCC activity, human IgG1≥IgG3>>IgG4≥IgG2.In some embodiments, the humanized antibodies of this disclosure are variants that possess reduced effector functions, which make it a desirable candidate for applications in which certain effector functions (such as complement fixation and ADCC) are unnecessary or deleterious. Such antibodies can have decreased complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) , antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) , or antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) . Exemplary mutations include, but are not limited to L234A / L235A, N297A, M252Y / S254T / T256E, M428L / N434S, F234A / L235A / P329G, L234A / L235A / G237A, or G235R / L328R mutations per EU numbering. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises L234A, L235A, M428L, N434S, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises L234A, L235A, M428L, and N434S. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises L234A. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises L235A. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises M428L. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises N434S. Non-limiting examples of in vitro assays to assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 and 5,821,337. Alternatively, non-radioactive assays methods may be employed (e.g., ACTITM and CytoTox non-radioactive cytotoxicity assays) . Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , monocytes, macrophages, and Natural Killer (NK) cells.Antibodies can have increased half-lives and improved binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) (See e.g., US 2005 / 0014934) . Such antibodies can comprise an Fc region with one or more substitutions therein which improve binding of the Fc region to FcRn, and include those with substitutions at one or more of Fc region residues: 238, 256, 265, 272, 286, 303, 305, 307, 311, 312, 317, 340, 356, 360, 362, 376, 378, 380, 382, 413, 424 or 434 according to the EU numbering system (See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,826) . Other examples of Fc region variants are also contemplated (See e.g., Duncan &Winter, Nature 322: 738-40 (1988) ; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,648,260 and5,624,821; and WO94 / 29351) .Pharmaceutical CompositionsThe present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the humanized antibody or antibody fragment thereof that target human CD3ε described herein.In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies of the current disclosure are included in a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, and diluents. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers and diluents can be included to increase shelf-life, stability, or the administrability of the antibody. Such compounds include salts, pH buffers, detergents, anti-coagulants, and preservatives. In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the current disclosure are administered suspended in a sterile solution. In certain embodiments, the solution comprises about 0.9%NaCl. In certain embodiments, the solution comprises about 5.0%dextrose. In certain embodiments, the solution further comprises one or more of: buffers, for example, acetate, citrate, histidine, succinate, phosphate, bicarbonate and hydroxymethylaminomethane (Tris) ; surfactants, for example, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) , polysorbate 20 (Tween 20) , and poloxamer 188; polyol / disaccharide / polysaccharides, for example, glucose, dextrose, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and dextran 40; amino acids, for example, glycine or arginine; antioxidants, for example, ascorbic acid, methionine; or chelating agents, for example, EDTA or EGTA.In some embodiments, the antibodies of the current disclosure can be shipped / stored lyophilized and reconstituted before administration. In certain embodiments, lyophilized antibody formulations comprise a bulking agent such as, mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, dextran 40, or combinations thereof. The lyophilized formulation can be contained in a vial comprised of glass or other suitable non-reactive material. The antibodies when formulated, whether reconstituted or not, can be buffered at a certain pH, generally less than 7.0. In certain embodiments, the pH can be between 4.5 and 7.0, 4.5 and 6.5, 4.5 and 6.0, 4.5 and 5.5, 4.5 and 5.0, or 5.0 and 6.0.Also described herein are kits comprising one or more of the antibodies described herein in a suitable container and one or more additional components selected from: instructions for use; a diluent, an excipient, a carrier, and a device for administration.In certain embodiments, described herein is a method of preparing a treatment comprising admixing one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents and an antibody of the current disclosure. In certain embodiments, described herein is a method of preparing a cancer treatment for storage or shipping comprising lyophilizing one or more antibodies of the current disclosure.The present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.Production and ManufactureThe present disclosure provides a nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the humanized antibody or antibody fragment thereof that target human CD3ε described herein.The nucleic acids encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies or the antigen binding fragment thereof the current disclosure can be used to infect, transfect, transform, or otherwise render a suitable cell transgenic for the nucleic acid, thus enabling the production of composite binding molecules for commercial or therapeutic uses. Standard cell lines and methods for the production of antibodies from a large-scale cell culture are known in the art. See e.g., Li et al., “Cell culture processes for monoclonal antibody production. ” Mabs. 2010 Sep-Oct; 2 (5) : 466–477.In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence or a plurality of nucleic acid sequences encode the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof is operatively coupled to a eukaryotic regulatory sequence. In some embodiments, an expression vector or a plurality of expression vectors comprise a nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an expression vector or a plurality of expression vectors comprise a nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein.In some embodiments, a cell comprises an expression vector or a plurality of expression vectors comprising nucleic acid encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell comprises a prokaryotic cell. In certain embodiments, the prokaryotic cell is an Escherichia coli cell. In certain embodiments, the cell comprises a eukaryotic cell. In certain embodiments, the eukaryotic cell is a Chines Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell, an NS0 murine myeloma cell, or a human PER. C6 cell.In certain embodiments, described herein is a method of making the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein. The method comprises culturing a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof under conditions sufficient for expression of the polypeptide or the multimeric protein; and recovering the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof from the cell or a supernatant thereof.In certain embodiments, described herein, is a master cell bank comprising: (a) a mammalian cell line comprising a nucleic acid encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof described herein integrated at a genomic location; and (b) a cryoprotectant. In certain embodiments, the cryoprotectant comprises glycerol. In certain embodiments, the master cell bank comprises: (a) a CHO cell line comprising a nucleic acid encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof integrated at a genomic location; and (b) a cryoprotectant. In certain embodiments, the cryoprotectant comprises glycerol. In certain embodiments, the master cell bank is contained in a suitable vial or container able to withstand freezing by liquid nitrogen.Also described herein are methods of making the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof described herein. Such methods comprise incubating a cell or cell-line comprising a nucleic acid encoding the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof in a cell culture medium under conditions sufficient to allow for expression and secretion of the composite binding molecules, and further harvesting the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof from the cell culture medium. The harvesting can further comprise one or more purification steps to remove live cells, cellular debris, non-antibodies, proteins or polypeptides, undesired salts, buffers, and medium components. In certain embodiments, the additional purification step (s) include filtration, ultrafiltration, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, protein A purification, protein G purification, protein A / G purification, or protein L purification, and / or ion exchange chromatography.In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof described herein shows decreased levels of aggregation during production. In some embodiments, the polypeptide or the multimeric protein is purified to at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%purity.For preparation of suitable antibodies, e.g., recombinant, monoclonal, or polyclonal antibodies, many techniques known in the art can be used (see, e.g., Kohler &Milstein, Nature 256: 495-497 (1975) ; Kozbor et al., Immunology Today 4: 72 (1983) ; Cole et al., pp. 77-96 in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc. (1985) ; Coligan, Current Protocols in Immunology (1991) ; Harlow &Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual (1988) ; and Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice (2d ed. 1986) ) . The genes encoding the heavy and light chains of an antibody of interest can be cloned from a cell, e.g., the genes encoding a monoclonal antibody can be cloned from a hybridoma and used to produce a recombinant monoclonal antibody. Gene libraries encoding heavy and light chains of monoclonal antibodies can also be made from hybridoma or plasma cells. Random combinations of the heavy and light chain gene products generate a large pool of antibodies with different antigenic specificity (see, e.g., Kuby, Immunology (3rd ed. 1997) ) . Techniques for the production of single chain antibodies or recombinant antibodies (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778, 4,816,567) can be adapted to produce antibodies of this disclosure. Also, transgenic mice, or other organisms such as other mammals, may be used to express humanized or human antibodies (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,807; 5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,661, 016, Marks et al., Bio / Technology 10: 779-783 (1992) ; Lonberg et al., Nature 368: 856-859 (1994) ; Morrison, Nature 368: 812-13 (1994) ; Fishwild et al., Nature Biotechnology 14: 845-51 (1996) ; Neuberger, Nature Biotechnology 14: 826 (1996) ; and Lonberg &Huszar, Intern. Rev. Immunol. 13: 65-93 (1995) ) . Alternatively, phage display technology can be used to identify antibodies and heteromeric Fab fragments that specifically bind to selected antigens (see, e.g., McCafferty et al., Nature 348: 552-554 (1990) ; Marks et al., Biotechnology 10: 779-783 (1992) ) .Method of TreatmentThe present disclosure provides a method of treatment for human disease comprising administering the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein exhibits reduced immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein maintains binding specificity and affinity to human CD3ε. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein exhibits extended half-life.In one aspect, in some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies and the antigen-binding fragment thereof disclosed herein can function as agonist by crosslinking the TCR-CD3 complex, thereby potentiating T cell activation. In some embodiments, the disclosed humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies and the antigen-binding fragment thereof are capable of activating T cells and thereby enhancing immune response. The method of activating the population of human T cells comprises stimulating a population of human T cell by contacting the population of T cells with an affective amount of the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3ε antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof.In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies and the antigen-binding fragment thereof are suitable for use in methods of cancer or tumor immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the cancer or tumor is a solid cancer or tumor. In certain embodiments, the cancer or tumor is a blood cancer or tumor.In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies and the antigen-binding fragment thereof can be used in methods of treating pathogen-associated infections. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a virus. In some embodiments, the pathogen is an intracellular bacterium. In some embodiments, the pathogen is an intracellular parasite. In some embodiments, the infection is a chronic infection.In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies and the antigen-binding fragment thereof can be used for vaccine development.In the absence of costimulatory signals and within a tolerogenic cytokine milieu, partial T cell activation through TCR-CD3 complex leads to T cell anergy, T cell apoptosis, and an increase in regulatory T cells. Accordingly, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies disclosed herein can also be employed in methods of suppressing immune responses. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies are useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies are useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD3εantibodies are useful for the treatment or prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) .Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating an individual. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the humanized anti-CD3ε antibodies or the antigen binding fragments thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the individual in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition which comprises the humanized anti-CD3εantibodies or the antigen binding fragments thereof.In certain embodiments, the antibodies can be administered to a subject in need thereof by any route suitable for the administration of antibody-containing pharmaceutical compositions, such as, for example, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular, intratumoral, or intracerebral, etc. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are administered intravenously. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are administered subcutaneously. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are administered intratumoral. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are administered on a suitable dosage schedule, for example, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, or once a month etc. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are administered once every three weeks. The antibodies can be administered in any therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically acceptable amount is between about 0.1 mg / kg and about 50 mg / kg. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically acceptable amount is between about 1 mg / kg and about 40 mg / kg. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically acceptable amount is between about 1 mg / kg and about 20 mg / kg. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically acceptable amount is between about 1 mg / kg and about 10 mg / kg. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically acceptable amount is between about 5 mg / kg and about 30 mg / kg. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically acceptable amount is between about 5 mg / kg and about 20 mg / kg. Therapeutically effective amounts include amounts sufficient to ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with the disease or affliction to be treated.Treatment refers to a method that seeks to improve or ameliorate the condition being treated. With respect to cancer, treatment includes, but is not limited to, reduction of tumor volume, reduction in growth of tumor volume, increase in progression-free survival, or overall life expectancy. In certain embodiments, treatment will affect remission of a cancer being treated. In certain embodiments, treatment encompasses use as a prophylactic or maintenance dose intended to prevent reoccurrence or progression of a previously treated cancer or tumor. It is understood by those of skill in the art that not all individuals will respond equally or at all to a treatment that is administered, nevertheless these individuals are considered to be treated. With respect to autoimmune disease or inflammatory conditions, treatment includes, but is not limited to, reduction of swelling, redness, pain, itchiness, and other characteristic biological responses associated with inflammation.EXAMPLESThe following illustrative examples are representative of embodiments of compositions and methods described herein and are not meant to be limiting in any way.Example 1: Design And Expression of Humanized anti-CD3ε Monoclonal AntibodyDesign of humanized antibodiesIn this example, humanized CD3 antibodies were designed and expressed. Briefly, the CDRs from the previously described murine UCHT1 clone were grafted onto human germline framework templates obtained from the germline database (see framework regions of hUCHT1 in Table 1) . The underlined amino acid residues indicate the CDRs derived from the murine UCHT1 clone. The resulting humanized VH and VL sequences were paired to generate the complete humanized anti-human CD3ε antibody clone hUCHT1.An in silico algorithm was used to simulate antigen-antibody binding and assist in designing back-mutation sites aimed at improving binding affinity. As shown in FIG. 2, structural modeling of the antibody heavy and light chains highlighted specific locations as critical for antigen binding affinity. Framework residues R72, T74, T28, R44, V68, and I70 in VH, and F71, Y87, G99, K42, and P44 in VL are located near the CDR regions and may influence the CDR confirmation of the original antibody while differ from the corresponding positions in humanized template. Retaining thee murine-derived amino acid residues in the CDR-grafted antibody can yield a functional humanized antibody. The amino acid sequences of VH and VL framework regions incorporating these mutation combinations are shown in Table 1.Expression and purification of humanized antibodiesNext, nucleotide sequences encoding the VH and VL regions which bear various combinations of back mutations were synthesized and cloned into expression vectors and transfected into CHO cells. Following culture, supernatants were collected, antibodies were then purified. Affinity of these clones were measured by bio-layer interferometry (BLI) , and the resulted sequences after screening is summarized below (see Table 2) .Introduction of additional mutations for affinity maturationIn this example, the humanized CD3 antibodies were further optimized to enhance binding affinity. Briefly, further optimization was performed by introducing additional back mutations based on the structural analysis. The resulted additional back mutations were summarized in Table 3. These further modified VH and VL sequences were again cloned into expression vectors, and transfected into CHO cells. The expressed antibodies were then purified as described above. KD values from two independent assays (Table 3 and FIG. 3) demonstrated that clones bearing the preferred additional back mutations exhibited further improvements in binding affinity.Table 2. Binding Kinetics of Humanized CD3ε Monoclonal Antibodies to Human CD3εExample 2: Optimization of Humanized CD3ε Monoclonal AntibodyIntroduction of additional mutations for affinity maturationIn this example, the humanized CD3 antibodies were further optimized to enhance binding affinity. Briefly, further optimization was performed by introducing additional back mutations based on the structural analysis. The resulted additional back mutations were summarized in Table 3. These further modified VH and VL sequences were again cloned into expression vectors, and transfected into CHO cells. The expressed antibodies were then purified as described above. KD values from two independent assays (Table 3 and FIG. 3) demonstrated that clones bearing the preferred additional back mutations exhibited further improvements in binding affinity.Table 3. Binding Kinetics of Humanized CD3ε Monoclonal Antibody clones incorporating additional back mutations.Affinity maturation of clone N04Relatively higher-affinity clones from Example 1 were selected and further evaluated for their binding affinity (FIG. 4) . Based on structural analysis, clone N04 was chosen for additional affinity maturation, as its back-mutation sites were located closer to the antigen-binding interface. Additional mutations in various combinations were incorporated into the sequence of N04 (see Table 4) . The nucleotide sequences were cloned into expression vectors and transfected into CHO cells. The expressed antibodies were then purified as described above. KD values were determined. As shown in FIGs. 5A-5B, the optimized clones demonstrated improved binding affinity, with KD values comparable to the murine UCHT1 antibody.Table 4. Binding Kinetics of Humanized CD3ε Monoclonal Antibody clone N04 and its derivativesWhile preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention.All publications, patent applications, issued patents, and other documents referred to in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication, patent application, issued patent, or other document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Definitions that are contained in text incorporated by reference are excluded to the extent that they contradict definitions in this disclosure.SEQUENCESTable 1. Amino acid sequences of the humanized antibodies described in the Examples
Claims
1.A humanized antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH comprises:a. a framework region 1 (HFR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of X1VQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYX2FT (SEQ ID NO: 201) , wherein X1 is E or Q, and wherein X2 is T, S or R;b. a framework region 2 (HFR2) comprising an amino acid sequence of WVRQAX3GX4X5LEWMG (SEQ ID NO: 202) , wherein X3 is P or H, wherein X4 is Q or K, and wherein X5 is R or N;c. a framework region 3 (HFR3) comprising an amino acid sequence of RX6TX7TX8DX9SX10STAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYX11CAR (SEQ ID NO: 203) , wherein X6 is V or A, wherein X7 is I or L, wherein X8 is R, V, or L, wherein X9 is T or K,wherein X10 is A or S, and wherein X11 is Y or M; andd. a framework region 4 (HFR4) comprising an amino acid sequence of WGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 204) ,and / or wherein the VL comprises:e. a framework region 1 (LFR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC (SEQ ID NO: 205) ;f. a framework region 2 (LFR2) comprising an amino acid sequence of WYQQKPGX12X13X14KLLIX15 (SEQ ID NO: 206) , wherein X12 is K or G, wherein X13 is V or T, wherein X14 is P or V, and wherein X15 is Y or F;g. a framework region 3 (LFR3) comprising an amino acid sequence of GVPSRFSGSGSGTDX16TLTISSLQPEDVATYX17C (SEQ ID NO: 207) , wherein X16 is F or Y, and wherein X17 is Y or F; andh. a framework region 4 (LFR4) comprising an amino acid sequence of FX18GGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 208) , wherein X18 is G or A, by EU Numbering.2.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X9 is K.3.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, wherein X8 is V or L.4.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, wherein X5 is N.5.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, wherein X6 is A.6.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, wherein X7 is L.7.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, wherein X2 is S or R.8.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, wherein X11 is M.9.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, wherein X8 is V or L and X9 is K.10.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, further comprising one, two or three of the following: X5 is N, X6 is A, or X7 is L.11.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, further comprising one, two, three, four, five, or six of the following: X2 is S or R, X11 is M, X10 is S, X1 is Q, X4 is K, or X3 is H.12.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, and X7 is L.13.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, and X11 is M.14.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, and X3 is H.15.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, and X1 is Q.16.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, and X7 is L.17.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of preceding claims, further comprising one or two of the following: X12 is G, or X14 is V.18.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of preceding claims, further comprising one or two of the following: X17 is F, or X18 is A.19.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of preceding claims, further comprising one, two, or three of the following: X15 is F, X16 is Y, or X13 is T.20.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, further comprising one, two, three, four, or five of the following: X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, or X18 is A.21.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof any one of preceding claims, further comprising one, two, three, four, five, or six of the following: X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, or X18 is A, or X15 is F.22.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X12 is G and X14 is V.23.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A.24.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A.25.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X12 is G, X13 is T, and X14 is V.26.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X17 is F and X18 is A.27.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A.28.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X15 is F, X17 is F and X18 is A.29.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A.30.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X17 is F and X18 is A.31.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A.32.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A.33.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X15 is F, X17 is F and X18 is A.34.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A.35.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A.36.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X17 is F and X18 is A.37.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X16 is Y, X17 is F and X18 is A.38.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is L, X9 is K, X2 is R, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A.39.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X3 is H, X12 is G and X14 is V.40.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X3 is H, X12 is G, X13 is T, and X14 is V.41.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, X1 is Q, X12 is G and X14 is V.42.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X4 is K, X10 is A, X1 is Q, X12 is G X13 is T, and X14 is V.43.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X15 is F, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A.44.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X8 is V, X9 is K, X2 is S, X5 is N, X6 is A, X7 is L, X11 is M, X12 is G, X14 is V, X16 is Y, X17 is F, and X18 is A.45.The humanized antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, comprising the VH and the VL, wherein the VH and the VL comprise an HFR1, an HFR2, an HFR3, an HFR4, an LFR1, an LFR2, an LFR3, and an LFR4 comprising amino acid sequences of:a. SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 85 to 88 respectively;b. SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 89 to 92 respectively;c. SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 16 and 93 to 96 respectively;d. SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 20 and 97 to 100 respectively;e. SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 24 and 101 to 104 respectively;f. SEQ ID NOs: 25 to 28 and 105 to 108 respectively;g. SEQ ID NOs: 29 to 32 and 109 to 112 respectively;h. SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 36 and 113 to 116 respectively;i. SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 40 and 117 to 120 respectively;j. SEQ ID NOs: 41 to 44 and 121 to 124 respectively;k. SEQ ID NOs: 45 to 48 and 125 to 128 respectively;l. SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 52 and 129 to 132 respectively;m. SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 56 and 133 to 136 respectively;n. SEQ ID NOs: 57 to 60 and 137 to 140 respectively;o. SEQ ID NOs: 61 to 64 and 141 to 144 respectively;p. SEQ ID NOs: 65 to 68 and 145 to 148 respectively;q. SEQ ID NOs: 69 to 72 and 149 to 152 respectively;r. SEQ ID NOs: 73 to 76 and 153 to 156 respectively; ors. SEQ ID NOs: 77 to 80 and 157 to 160 respectively.46.A humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising:(a) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161, optionally comprising 1-15 substitutions; and(b) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 181, optionally comprising 1-10 substitutions,wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an agonist of the binding of human CD3-epsilon (CD3ε) subunit of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex.47.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 46, wherein the VH comprises one, two, three, four or five substitutions selected from: R72V, T74K, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering.48.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 47, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of T28S by EU Numbering.49.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VL comprises one, two or three substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering.50.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering.51.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, K42G, and P44V by EU Numbering.52.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Y87F, G99A, and Y49F by EU Numbering.53.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, or four substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, and Y49F by EU Numbering.54.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, P44V, and Y49F by EU Numbering.55.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of P41H and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: K42G, and P44V by EU Numbering.56.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof claim 48, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of P41H and wherein the VL comprises one, two or three substitutions selected from: K42G, V43T, and P44V by EU Numbering.57.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VH further comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Q43K, A76S, and E1Q and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: K42G and P44V by EU Numbering.58.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 48, wherein the VH further comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: Q43K, A76S, and E1Q and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: K42G, V43T, and P44V by EU Numbering.59.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 51, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M by EU Numbering.60.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 51, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F by EU Numbering.61.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 51, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of Y95M and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of T93K by EU Numbering.62.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 51, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of T59Q and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F by EU Numbering.63.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 51, wherein the VH further comprises one substitution of Y54K and wherein the VL further comprises one substitution of Y49F by EU Numbering.64.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 46, wherein the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering, and wherein the VL comprises one or two substitutions selected from: Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering.65.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 46, wherein the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering, and wherein the VL comprises one, two, or three substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F and G99A by EU Numbering.66.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 46, wherein the VH comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six substitutions selected from: R72L, T74K, T28R, R44N, V68A, and I70L by EU Numbering, and wherein the VL comprises one, two, three, four, or five substitutions selected from: F71Y, Y87F, G99A, K42G, and P44V by EU Numbering.67.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 46, wherein the VH and the VL comprise amino acid sequences of:a. SEQ ID NO: 162 and SEQ ID NO: 182 respectively;b. SEQ ID NO: 163 and SEQ ID NO: 183 respectively;c. SEQ ID NO: 164 and SEQ ID NO: 184 respectively;d. SEQ ID NO: 165 and SEQ ID NO: 185 respectively;e. SEQ ID NO: 166 and SEQ ID NO: 186 respectively;f. SEQ ID NO: 167 and SEQ ID NO: 187 respectively;g. SEQ ID NO: 168 and SEQ ID NO: 188 respectively;h. SEQ ID NO: 169 and SEQ ID NO: 189 respectively;i. SEQ ID NO: 170 and SEQ ID NO: 190 respectively;j. SEQ ID NO: 171 and SEQ ID NO: 191 respectively;k. SEQ ID NO: 172 and SEQ ID NO: 192 respectively;l. SEQ ID NO: 173 and SEQ ID NO: 193 respectively;m. SEQ ID NO: 174 and SEQ ID NO: 194 respectively;n. SEQ ID NO: 175 and SEQ ID NO: 195 respectively;o. SEQ ID NO: 176 and SEQ ID NO: 196 respectively;p. SEQ ID NO: 177 and SEQ ID NO: 197 respectively;q. SEQ ID NO: 178 and SEQ ID NO: 198 respectively;r. SEQ ID NO: 179 and SEQ ID NO: 199 respectively; ors. SEQ ID NO: 180 and SEQ ID NO: 200 respectively.68.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 46 to 67, which specifically binds to the human CD3ε with a binding affinity constant (KD) for a human CD3ε equal to or lower than 10-8M.69.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a light chain constant domain and a heavy chain constant domain derived from a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 heavy chain constant domain.70.The humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a light chain constant domain and a heavy chain constant domain derived from a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 light chain constant domain.71.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of preceding claims and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.72.An isolated nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 46 to 70.73.An expression vector or plurality of expression vectors comprising an isolated nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 46 to 70.74.A cell comprising an expression vector or plurality of expression vectors comprising a nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 46 to 70.75.The cell of claim 74, wherein the cell is a prokaryotic cell.76.The cell of claim 74, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell.77.The cell of claim 74, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.78.A method of making the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 46 to 70, the method comprising: (a) culturing a cell under conditions sufficient for expression of the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof; and (b) recovering the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof from the cell or a supernatant thereof.79.A method of stimulating a population of human T cell comprising contacting the population of T cells with an affective amount of the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 46 to 71, thereby activating the population of human T cells.80.A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of the humanized monoclonal anti-human CD3 antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 46 to 71.