Ambient internet-of-things device counting
A modified CBRA procedure for A-IoT devices addresses the challenges of accurate counting and energy efficiency by using triggering signals to manage device responses and resolve collisions, improving the accuracy and reducing power consumption in A-IoT environments.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
Smart Images

Figure CN2024130112_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
AMBIENT INTERNET-OF-THINGS DEVICE COUNTING
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods associated with an ambient internet-of-things device inventory procedure.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication among multiple wireless communication devices including user devices or other devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Such multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, national, regional, or global level.
[0004] An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other RATs beyond NR) may be designed to better support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of things (IoT) networks or reduced capability device deployments, and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) applications. To support these verticals, NR systems may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases.SUMMARY
[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to an ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) device or intermediate user equipment (UE) for wireless communication. The A-IoT device or intermediate UE may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to receive a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a reader for wireless communication. The reader may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure, where the triggering signal indicates that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure. The one or more processors may be configured to receive one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices. The one or more processors may be configured to determine, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by an A-IoT device or an intermediate UE. The method may include receiving a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The method may include transmitting a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a reader. The method may include transmitting, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure, where the triggering signal indicates that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure. The method may include receiving one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices. The method may include determining, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of an A-IoT device or intermediate UE. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the A-IoT device or intermediate UE, may cause the A-IoT device or intermediate UE to receive a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the A-IoT device or the intermediate UE, may cause the A-IoT device or the intermediate UE to transmit a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a reader. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to transmit, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure, where the triggering signal indicates that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to receive one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to determine, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The apparatus may include means for transmitting a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure, where the triggering signal indicates that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure. The apparatus may include means for receiving one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices. The apparatus may include means for determining, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses.
[0013] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, this specification and accompanying drawings.
[0014] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0016] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with an ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) device counting procedure, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with an A-IoT device counting procedure using multiple rounds following response collisions, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0020] Figs. 5A and 5B are diagrams illustrating examples associated with an A-IoT device counting procedure and an inventory procedure prohibit timer, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at an A-IoT device, at an intermediate user equipment (UE) , or at an apparatus of an A-IoT device or an intermediate UE, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a reader or an apparatus of a reader, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] Fig. 8 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0024] Fig. 9 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms. The present disclosure is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0026] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0027] Contention-based random access (CBRA) is a wireless communication technique for initiating communication between a user equipment (UE) and a network node within a wireless network. CBRA may include a random access procedure that may allocate resources to a UE and / or allow the UE to synchronize with the network node. The random access procedure may include a sequence of messages exchanged between the UE and the network node. The random access procedure may begin with the UE transmitting a random access preamble to the network node over a shared channel (e.g., a physical random access channel (PRACH) ) . Upon detecting the preamble, the network node may transmit a random access response message, which may include an allocation of communication resources or timing adjustments for the UE, among other examples. In response to the random access response message, the UE may transmit a scheduled message that may include identification information. The network node may, upon receiving the scheduled message, respond with a contention resolution message that may identify successful completion of the random access procedure. The CBRA procedure may be repeated by the UE if a collision or error occurs, which may be indicated by the network node failing to respond with the random access response message within a defined period.
[0028] Two-step CBRA is a CBRA procedure with multiple actions combined into two steps in the random access procedure. The first step may include a transmission by the UE of a random access preamble (e.g., a message1 or msg1) combined with additional data, such as a message payload or identification information, over a shared communication channel. The second step may include a response from the network node (e.g., a message2 or msg2) , which may include a random access response message that may provide the resource allocation, the timing adjustment, and / or contention resolution information, among other examples. The two-step CBRA may be initiated by a paging request (e.g., a message0 or msg0) transmitted by the network node.
[0029] The CBRA procedure, including the two-step CBRA procedure, may be applied to communications between ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) devices and readers in an A-IoT environment. A-IoT devices are devices within the A-IoT environment that may passively or actively interact with other devices such as readers or intermediate UEs. A-IoT devices may be categorized into different device types. A type 1 A-IoT device may operate in accordance with the following characteristics: approximately 1 μW peak power consumption and having an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm. A type 1 A-IoT device may have energy storage capabilities but may lack uplink amplification and / or downlink amplification capabilities. For the type 1 A-IoT device, uplink transmissions may be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally by, for example, the reader.
[0030] A type 2a A-IoT device may operate with a higher peak power consumption (e.g., a few hundred μW) while having an SFO up to 10X ppm. A type 2a A-IoT device may include energy storage capabilities, uplink amplification and / or downlink amplification capabilities, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. For the type 2a A-IoT device, uplink transmissions may be backscattered on a carrier wave provided by, for example, the reader. A third type of A-IoT device is a type 2b A-IoT device, which is similar to the type 2a A-IoT device except that the type 2b A-IoT device may be capable of generating uplink transmissions without a backscatter on a carrier wave from the reader.
[0031] In the A-IoT environment, the reader may be a device that may detect and process signals from passive or active A-IoT devices. The reader may be a network node configured to communicate with multiple A-IoT devices. In some A-IoT topologies, an intermediate UE may be used to relay communications between one or more A-IoT devices and the reader.
[0032] The reader may facilitate various communications with the A-IoT devices in the A-IoT environment. For example, the reader may initiate a CBRA procedure, including a two-step CBRA procedure. In some scenarios, the reader may attempt to determine how many A-IoT devices are in the A-IoT environment. The reader may use the CBRA procedure, or a modified version of the CBRA procedure, to count the quantity of A-IoT devices. For example, the reader may transmit a msg0 as a paging request to the A-IoT devices in the A-IoT topology. The reader may use the msg1 responses from the A-IoT devices to determine how many A-IoT devices are in the A-IoT environment. For purposes of counting the quantity of A-IoT devices, the reader may omit transmitting msg2 if, for example, the reader is able to count the A-IoT devices based on the msg1 responses. The A-IoT devices may be unaware, however, that the reader will not transmit msg2 as part of the CBRA procedure, which can cause the A-IoT devices to consume additional power while waiting for msg2 to arrive. Additionally, for CBRA, multiple A-IoT devices may respond to msg0 using the same resource, which can prevent the reader from accurately counting the quantity of A-IoT devices in the A-IoT environment.
[0033] Various aspects relate generally to an A-IoT inventory procedure and / or an A-IoT device counting procedure. Some aspects more specifically relate to using a modified CBRA procedure to count A-IoT devices in an A-IoT environment. In some aspects, a reader may count A-IoT devices in the environment in accordance with signal measurements following a triggering signal (e.g., msg0) . In some aspects, the reader may count the A-IoT devices even if multiple A-IoT devices respond to the triggering signal using the same resource. In some aspects, if multiple A-IoT devices respond to the triggering signal using the same resource, the reader may transmit additional triggering signals to colliding A-IoT devices (e.g., the subset of A-IoT devices that responded to the triggering signal using the same resource) .
[0034] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can be used to improve counting accuracy by the reader in an A-IoT environment. In some aspects, the described techniques can be used to reduce energy consumption by the A-IoT devices by, for example, indicating to the A-IoT devices that a msg2 will not be transmitted when the triggering signal is associated with a device counting procedure rather than an inventory procedure. In some aspects, by measuring the responses (e.g., msg1) transmitted by multiple A-IoT devices, the reader can count the A-IoT devices in the A-IoT environment, even in situations where multiple A-IoT devices transmit responses using the same resource. In some aspects, by transmitting subsequent triggering signals to colliding A-IoT devices, the reader can more accurately count the A-IoT devices in the A-IoT environment as part of the device counting procedure. In some aspects, by indicating, via the triggering signal, that the triggering signal is for a device counting procedure, the A-IoT devices may ignore a prohibit timer associated with the inventory procedure if the prohibit timer would prevent one or more of the A-IoT devices from responding to the triggering signal intended for the device counting procedure.
[0035] As described above, wireless communication systems may be deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Some wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) . The multiple-access RATs may be capable of supporting communication with multiple wireless communication devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0036] Multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR may support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of Things (IoT) networks or reduced capability (RedCap) device deployments, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) applications, and / or massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , among other examples.
[0037] To support these and other target verticals, a wireless communication system may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , beamforming, IoT device or RedCap device connectivity and management, industrial connectivity, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , frequency spectrum expansion, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication (for example, sub-band full-duplex (SBFD) ) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, radio frequency (RF) sensing, network energy savings (NES) , low-power signaling and radios, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples.
[0038] The foregoing and other technological improvements may support use cases, such as wireless fronthauls, wireless midhauls, wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples.
[0039] As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies or new technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases or new use cases.
[0040] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110. For example, in Fig. 1, the wireless communication network 100 includes a network node (NN) 110a, a network node 110b, and a network node 110c. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120. For example, in Fig. 1, the network nodes 110 support communication with a UE 120a, a UE 120b, a UE 120c, a UE 120d, and a UE 120e. In some examples, a UE 120 may also communicate with other UEs 120 and a network node 110 may communicate with a core network and with other network nodes 110.
[0041] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency bands or ranges. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with other RATs. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may support communication over unlicensed spectrum, where access to an unlicensed channel is subject to a channel access mechanism. For example, in a shared or unlicensed frequency band, a transmitting device may perform a channel access procedure, such as a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure, to contend against other devices for channel access before transmitting on a shared or unlicensed channel.
[0042] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to mid-band frequencies or to frequencies that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, FR5, and / or the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz.
[0043] A network node 110 and / or a UE 120 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication with other devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. For example, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may each include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system, such as a processing system 140 of the UE 120 or a processing system 145 of the network node 110. A processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . Such processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0044] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include memory circuitry in the form of one or multiple memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements, or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include or implement tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “memory” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code or instructions (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be configured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0045] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a cellular (for example, a 5G or 6G compliant) modem) . In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may also include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains, or transceivers. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by the processing system 140 of the UE 120 or by the processing system 145 of the network node 110) .
[0046] A network node 110 and a UE 120 may each include one or multiple antennas or antenna arrays. Typical network nodes 110 and UEs 120 may include multiple antennas, which may be organized or structured into one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. As used herein, the term “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. The term “antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters associated with the group of antennas. The term “antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas as well as one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device such as the network node 110 and the UE 120.
[0047] A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) . In various deployments, a network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements a part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node having an aggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single physical structure in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that operates with a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0048] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , having a disaggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may operate with a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. An example disaggregated network node architecture is described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 2. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating network functionality into multiple units or modules that can be individually deployed.
[0049] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layers, such as a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host a lower PHY layer that is configured to perform functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (IFFT) , beamforming, and / or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. An RU may perform RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an IFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer split (LLS) . In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some examples, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples, which may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as in a cloud deployment.
[0050] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or more cells (for example, each cell may support communication within an angular (for example, 60 degree) range around the network node) . In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may also allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (for example, a train, a satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0051] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas (for example, a cell 130a, a cell 130b, a cell 130c) , and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110.
[0052] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the coverage area of the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, or smart jewelry) , a gaming device, an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0053] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, eMBB, and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100, among other examples. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between that of the UEs 120 of the first category and that of the UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capability UE ( “RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0054] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (for example, frames, subframes, slots, and symbols) , frequency domain resources (for example, frequency bands, component carriers (CCs) , subcarriers, resource blocks, and resource elements) , and spatial domain resources (for example, particular transmit directions or beams) .
[0055] Frequency domain resources may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous set of resource blocks (RBs) within a full component carrier bandwidth) that may be configured at a UE-specific level. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (which may be the same or different) . Each BWP may be associated with its own numerology (indicating a sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) ) . A BWP may be dynamically configured or activated (for example, by a network node 110 transmitting a downlink control information (DCI) configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured (for example, in real-time or near-real-time) according to changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or specific requirements of one or more UEs 120. An active BWP defines the operating bandwidth of the UE 120 within the operating bandwidth of the serving cell. The use of BWPs enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor and reduce UE power consumption by enabling the UE to monitor fewer frequency domain resources) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability (for example, RedCap) UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120 and / or by facilitating reduced UE power consumption.
[0056] As used herein, a downlink signal may be or include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, downlink reference signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) , a secondary SS (SSS) , an SS block (SSB) (for example, that includes a PSS, an SSS, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , a tracking reference signal (TRS) , and a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) , among other examples. A downlink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via a downlink channel. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Downlink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, downlink control channel communications and / or downlink data channel communications. A downlink control channel may be specifically used to transmit DCI from a network node 110 to a UE 120. DCI generally contains the information the UE 120 needs to identify RBs in a subsequent subframe and how to decode them, including a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or redundancy version parameters. Different DCI formats carry different information, such as scheduling information in the form of downlink or uplink grants, slot format indicators (SFIs) , preemption indicators (PIs) , transmit power control (TPC) commands, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information, new data indicators (NDIs) , among other examples. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PDCCH and PDSCH, respectively. For example, a PDCCH can carry DCI, while a PDSCH can carry a MAC control element (MAC-CE) , an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. Each PDSCH may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data.
[0057] As used herein, an uplink signal may include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, uplink reference signals include a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a PTRS, and a DMRS, among other examples. An uplink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via an uplink channel. An uplink channel may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Uplink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, uplink control channel communications and / or uplink data channel communications. An uplink control channel may be specifically used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PUCCH and PUSCH, respectively. For example, a PUCCH can carry UCI, while a PUSCH can carry a MAC-CE, an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. UCI can include a scheduling request (SR) , HARQ feedback information (for example, a HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) indication or a HARQ negative acknowledgement (NACK) indication) , uplink power control information (for example, an uplink TPC parameter) , and / or CSI, among other examples. CSI can include a channel quality indicator (CQI) (indicative of downlink channel conditions to facilitate selection of transmission parameters, such as an MCS, by a network node 110) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit a CSI-RS) , an SS / PBCH resource block indicator (SSBRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit an SSB) , a layer indicator (LI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and / or measurement information (for example, a layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, among other examples) which can be used for beam management, among other examples. Each PUSCH may carry one or more TBs of data.
[0058] The information (for example, data, control information, or reference signal information) transmitted by a network node 110 to a UE 120, or vice versa, may be represented as a sequence of binary bits that are mapped (for example, modulated) to an analog signal waveform (for example, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform) that is transmitted by the network node 110 or UE 120 over a wireless communication channel. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively) may select an MCS (for example, an order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , such as 64-QAM, 128-QAM, or 256-QAM, among other examples) for a downlink signal or an uplink signal. For example, the network node 110 may select an MCS for a downlink signal in accordance with UCI received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may transmit, to the UE 120, an indication of the selected MCS for the downlink signal, such as via DCI that schedules the downlink signal. As another example, the network node 110 may transmit, and the UE 120 may receive, an indication of an MCS to be applied for the one or more uplink signals, such as via DCI scheduling transmission of the one or more uplink signals.
[0059] The network node 110 or the UE 120 (such as by using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing on the information (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, an IFFT operation, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, and / or encoding, among other examples) to generate a processed signal in accordance with the selected MCS. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled encoders or modems) may perform a channel coding operation or a forward error correction (FEC) operation to control errors in transmitted information. For example, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform an encoding operation to generate encoded information (such as by selectively introducing redundancy into the information, typically using an error correction code (ECC) , such as a polar code or a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code) . The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 and / or one or more modems) may further perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the encoded information to generate one or more processed or precoded signals for downlink or uplink transmission, respectively. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform codebook-based precoding or non-codebook-based precoding. Codebook-based precoding may involve selecting a precoder (for example, a precoding matrix) using a codebook. For example, the network node 110 may provide precoding information indicating which precoder, defined by the codebook, is to be used by the UE 120. Non-codebook-based precoding may involve selecting or deriving a precoder based on, or otherwise associated with, one or more downlink or uplink signal measurements. The network node 110 or the UE 120 may transmit the processed downlink or uplink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas.
[0060] The network node 110 or the UE 120 may receive uplink signals or downlink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing (for example, in accordance with the MCS) on the received uplink or downlink signals, respectively (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, an FFT operation, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, and / or decoding, among other examples) , to map the received signal (s) to a sequence of binary bits (for example, received information) that estimates the information transmitted by the network node 110 or the UE 120 via the downlink or uplink signals. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or a coupled decoder or one or more modems) may decode the received information (such as by using an ECC, a decoding operation, and / or an FEC operation) to detect errors and / or correct bit errors in the received information to generate decoded information. The decoded information may estimate the information transmitted via the downlink or uplink signals.
[0061] In some examples, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. A network node 110 and / or UE 120 may communicate using massive MIMO, multi-user MIMO, or single-user MIMO, which may involve rapid switching between beams or cells. For example, the amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating a phase shift, a phase offset, and / or an amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. For example, the network node 110b may generate one or more beams 160a, and the UE 120b may generate one or more beams 160b. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction, a directional reception of a wireless signal from a transmitting device or otherwise in a desired direction, a direction associated with a directional transmission or directional reception, a set of directional resources associated with a signal transmission or signal reception (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal, among other examples.
[0062] MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may include a massive MIMO technique which may be associated with an increased (for example, “massive” ) quantity of antennas at the network node 110 and / or at the UE 120, such as in a network implementing mmWave technology. Massive MIMO may improve communication reliability by enabling a network node 110 and / or a UE 120 to communicate the same data across different propagation (or spatial) paths. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ MIMO techniques, such as multi-TRP (mTRP) operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0063] To support MIMO techniques, the network node 110 and the UE 120 may perform one or more beam management operations, such as an initial beam acquisition operation, one or more beam refinement operations, and / or a beam recovery operation. For example, an initial beam acquisition operation may involve the network node 110 transmitting signals (for example, SSBs, CSI-RSs, or other signals) via respective beams (for example, of the beams 160a of the network node 110) and the UE 120 receiving and measuring the signal (s) via respective beams of multiple beams (for example, from the beams 160b of the UE 120) to identify a best beam (or beam pair) for communication between the UE 120 and the network node 110. For example, the UE 120 may transmit an indication (for example, in a message associated with a random access channel (RACH) operation) of a (best) identified beam of the network node 110 (for example, by indicating an SSBRI or other identifier associated with the beam) . A beam refinement operation may involve a first device (for example, the UE 120 or the network node 110) transmitting signal (s) via a subset of beams (for example, identified based on, or otherwise associated with, measurements reported as part of one or more other beam management operations) . A second device (for example, the network node 110 or the UE 120) may receive the signal (s) via a single beam (for example, to identify the best beam for communication from the subset of beams) . The beam (s) may be identified via one or more spatial parameters, such as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state and / or a quasi co-location (QCL) parameter, among other examples. The network node 110 and the UE 120 may increase reliability and / or achieve efficiencies in throughput, signal strength, and / or other signal properties for massive MIMO operations by performing the beam management operations.
[0064] Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an artificial intelligence (AI) program (for example, referred to herein as an “AI / ML model” ) , such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model and / or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The AI / ML model may be deployed at one or more devices 165 (for example, a network node 110 and / or UEs 120) . For example, the one or more devices 165 may include a UE 120 (for example, the processing system 140) , a network node 110 (for example, the processing system 145) , one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples. In some examples, the AI / ML model (or an instance of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at multiple devices (for example, a first portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110) . In other examples, a first AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110. The AI / ML model (s) may be configured to enhance various aspects of the wireless communication network 100. For example, the AI / ML model (s) may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to the wireless communication network 100, a device, and / or an air interface, among other examples. The AI / ML model (s) may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services.
[0065] Some IoT devices, such as A-IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , may be associated with a relatively simple hardware design that may be designed to use low power and be implementable at low cost. A-IoT technology may include passive IoT (such as NR passive IoT for 5G Advanced) , semi-passive IoT, active IoT, or ultra-light IoT. In passive IoT, a terminal (such as a tag or a similar device) may not include a battery or other long-term energy storage, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. In some examples, the terminal may accumulate solar or other energy to supplement accumulated energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, backscattering communication may be implemented at a type of passive IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device, ” which may modulate a reflecting radio signal from an RF source to convey data. Some IoT devices may be referred to as semi-passive IoT devices. At a semi-passive IoT device, communication between a reader and the IoT device does not need to be preceded by an energy harvesting waveform. For example, a semi-passive IoT device may include a battery or similar energy source that can power the semi-passive IoT device. Some IoT devices may be referred to as active IoT devices. An active IoT device may have a battery or similar energy source and an active radio, allowing for active transmission and reception without energy harvesting or backscattering. A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with industrial sensors, for which battery replacement may be prohibitively difficult or undesirable (such as for safety monitoring or fault detection in smart factories, infrastructures, or environments) . Additionally, features of A-IoT devices, such as low cost, small size, simple or infrequent maintenance, durability, and long lifespan, may facilitate smart logistics and warehousing (for example, in connection with automated asset management) . Furthermore, A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with smart home networks for household item management, wearable devices, or similar applications.
[0066] In some aspects, a network node 110 and / or a UE 120 may operate as IoT devices. For example, as shown in Fig. 1, the network node 110c may serve as the reader and the UE 120d and / or the UE 120e may serve as A-IoT devices. In some aspects, one of the UEs 120 (e.g., either UE 120d or UE 120e) may operate as an intermediate UE configured to, for example, relay communications between the reader and the A-IoT device.
[0067] In some aspects, one or more of the UEs 120 (e.g., one or more UEs 120 operating as an A-IoT device or as an intermediate UE in an A-IoT topology) may include a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may receive a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure; and transmit a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0068] In some aspects, one or more of the network nodes 110 (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 110 operating as a reader in an A-IoT topology) may include a communication manager 155. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 155 may transmit, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The triggering signal may indicate that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure. The reader may receive one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices; and determine, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 155 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0069] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture 200, in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the example disaggregated network node architecture 200 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 110) . The disaggregated network node architecture 200 may include a CU 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 220 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a non-real-time (Non-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 250 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 260 and / or a near-real-time (Near-RT) RIC 270 (for example, via an E2 link) . The CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 240 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0070] Each of the components of the disaggregated network node architecture 200, including the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, the Near-RT RICs 270, the Non-RT RICs 250, and the SMO Framework 260, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0071] In some aspects, the CU 210 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. For example, a DU 230 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 210. Each RU 240 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 240 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 230.
[0072] The SMO Framework 260 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 210, a DU 230, an RU 240, a non-RT RIC 250, and / or a Near-RT RIC 270. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 280, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 240 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0073] The Non-RT RIC 250 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, AI / ML workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 270. The Non-RT RIC 250 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 270. The Near-RT RIC 270 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, and / or an O-eNB 280 with the Near-RT RIC 270.
[0074] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 270, the Non-RT RIC 250 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 270 and may be received at the SMO Framework 260 or the Non-RT RIC 250 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 250 or the Near-RT RIC 270 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 250 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 260 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0075] The network node 110, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, the RU 240, or any other component (s) of Fig. 1 and / or Fig. 2 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with A-IoT device counting, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 600 of Fig. 6, process 700 of Fig. 7, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . In some aspects, the reader described herein is the network node 110, is included in the network node 110, or includes one or more components of the network node 110 shown in Figure 1. In some aspects, the A-IoT device or intermediate UE described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Figure 1. Memory of the network node 110 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the network node 110, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240. In some examples, the memory of the network node 110 may store data relating to a UE 120, such as RRC state information or a UE context. Memory of a UE 120 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the UE 120, such as context information. In some examples, the memory of the UE 120 or the memory of the network node 110 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. For example, the set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors (for example, of the processing system 145 or the processing system 140) of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 600 of Fig. 6, process 700 of Fig. 7, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.
[0076] In some aspects, an A-IoT device or intermediate UE includes means for receiving a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure; and / or means for transmitting a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure. The means for the A-IoT device or intermediate UE to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, processing system 140, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 802 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 8) , and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 804 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 8) , among other examples.
[0077] In some aspects, a reader includes means for transmitting, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The triggering signal may indicate that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure. The reader may also include means for receiving one or more device responses from the one or more A- IoT devices; and / or means for determining, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses In some aspects, the means for the reader to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 155, processing system 145, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 902 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 9) , and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 904 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 9) , among other examples. In some aspects, the means for the reader to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, processing system 140, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 802 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 8) , and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 804 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 8) , among other examples.
[0078] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 associated with an A-IoT device counting procedure, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 3, a reader (e.g., a network node) 110 may communicate with one or more A-IoT devices (e.g., UEs) 120 in an A-IoT environment. The A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment may include all A-IoT devices 120 in communication with the reader 110, all A-IoT devices 120 using the same power binning, a set of A-IoT devices 120 having a similar distance or pathloss relative to the reader 110, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.
[0079] As shown by reference number 305, the reader 110 may transmit, and the A-IoT devices 120 may receive, a triggering signal. In some aspects, the triggering signal may be a msg0 of a two-step CBRA procedure. In some aspects, the triggering signal may be a trigger for the A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment to transmit a device response (e.g., msg1) to the reader. In some aspects, the reader 110 may use the same triggering signal for an inventory procedure (e.g., identifying which A-IoT devices 120 are in the A-IoT environment) and a device counting procedure (e.g., counting a quantity of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment) .
[0080] In some aspects, the triggering signal may indicate that the triggering signal is for either the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure. In the example 300 of Fig. 3, the triggering signal may indicate that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure. In some aspects, the triggering signal may include one or more bits that may indicate whether the triggering signal is for the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure. In some aspects, the one or more bits may indicate whether the reader 110 will send a reader response (e.g., msg2) . The A-IoT devices 120 may be configured to determine that the triggering signal is for the inventory procedure if the one or more bits indicate that the reader 110 intends to transmit the reader response and that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure if the one or more bits indicate that the reader 110 does not intend to transmit the reader response. In some aspects, the one or more bits for indicating whether the reader 110 intends to transmit the reader response may be different from the one or more bits used to indicate whether the triggering signal is for the inventory procedure or for the device counting procedure.
[0081] As shown by reference number 310, the A-IoT devices 120 may transmit, and the reader 110 may receive, the device responses. In some aspects, the device responses may be a msg1 of a two-step CBRA procedure. In some aspects, the device responses may be transmitted in response to the triggering signal. In some aspects, the device responses may be transmitted to the reader 110 via the same resource, as discussed in greater detail below.
[0082] In some aspects, all of the A-IoT devices 120 may be configured to transmit the same device response. In some aspects, the device responses transmitted by the A-IoT devices 120 for the inventory procedure may be the same as the device response transmitted by the A-IoT devices 120 for the device counting procedure. In some aspects, the A-IoT devices 120 may be configured to transmit the device response in accordance with a predefined preamble (e.g., an RN16 preamble) or a code division multiplexing (CDM) sequence, if supported. In some aspects, the device response may be predefined, configured, or indicated by the triggering signal. The type of device response transmitted by the A-IoT devices 120 may be selected by the reader 110, based on an A-IoT device type (e.g., type 1, type 2a, type 2b, among other examples) , clock variation, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.
[0083] Alternatively or in addition, the type of device response transmitted by the A-IoT devices 120 may be based on a clock variation. The clock variation may be an amount of time between transmission of the device response and a latest clock synchronization. If the clock variation meets (e.g., is greater than) a threshold, the reader 110 may transmit the triggering signal with an indication for all of the A-IoT devices 120 to generate and transmit the same device responses, in accordance with one or more predefined, configured, or indicated parameters. Otherwise, if the clock variation does not meet (e.g., is not greater than) the threshold, the reader 110 may transmit the triggering signal with an indication for each of the A-IoT devices 120 to generate and transmit the device response in accordance with how each of the A-IoT devices 120 would transmit msg1 in an inventory procedure.
[0084] The threshold used to determine how the A-IoT devices 120 should respond to the triggering signal may be based on the type of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment. For example, the threshold for a time gap between the device response (e.g., msg1) and the latest clock synchronization for type-1 A-IoT devices may be shorter than the threshold for a time gap between the device response and the latest clock synchronization for type 2a A-IoT devices and / or type 2b A-IoT devices.
[0085] As shown by reference number 315, the reader 110 may perform one or more signal measurements. In some aspects, the reader 110 may perform one or more signal measurements on the device responses received from the A-IoT devices 120 to determine a measured power of the device responses received. In some aspects, the measured power may be a total power of multiple device responses received from the A-IoT devices 120 via the same resource. In some aspects, the reader 110 may determine that multiple A-IoT devices 120 transmitted the device response, respectively, via the same resource based, at least in part, on a magnitude of the measured power. For example, the reader 110 may compare the measured power to a threshold and determine that multiple A-IoT devices 120 transmitted the device responses, respectively, via the same resource if the magnitude of the measured power exceeds the threshold.
[0086] As shown by reference number 320, the reader 110 may determine a quantity of the A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment. In some aspects, the reader 110 may determine the quantity of the A-IoT devices 120 in accordance with the measured power. In some aspects, the reader 110 may use power binning to determine the quantity of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment. Power binning is a process that may involve categorizing, sorting, or classifying power levels associated with signals received from the A-IoT devices 120. For example, the reader 110 may associate each device response received with a discrete bin that may represent a defined range of power levels. For A-IoT devices 120 that have a similar pathloss and / or distance to the reader 110, the reader 110 may expect the measured power of the device response from each of those A-IoT devices 120 to be in the same bin. Additionally, the reader 110 may know the expected measured power for a single A-IoT device 120 having the similar pathloss and / or distance to the reader 110. Accordingly, for each bin, the reader 110 may determine the quantity of A-IoT devices 120 by dividing a total measured power (e.g., the measured power of all signals received in a resource) by the expected measured power of a single A-IoT device 120. The total quantity of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment may be the sum of all counts of the A-IoT devices 120 in each bin.
[0087] In some aspects, certain parts of the process 300 may be performed multiple times to, for example, improve accuracy. For example, the A-IoT devices 120 may be configured to transmit the device response multiple times, at multiple frequencies, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. The reader 110 may be configured to determine the quantity of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment in accordance with the measured power of the device responses received, the quantity of frequencies in which the device responses were received, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.
[0088] For some A-IoT topologies (e.g., topology 2, which may include an intermediate UE) , the reader 110 may be configured to dynamically indicate, to the intermediate UE, one or more thresholds to be applied for power binning. Alternatively, the thresholds for the intermediate UE to apply may be predefined and / or configured.
[0089] As indicated above, Fig. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 3.
[0090] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with an A-IoT device counting procedure using multiple rounds following response collisions, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 4, a reader (e.g., a network node) 110 may communicate with one or more A-IoT devices (e.g., UEs) 120 in an A-IoT environment. The A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment may include all A-IoT devices 120 in communication with the reader 110, all A-IoT devices 120 using the same power binning, a set of A-IoT devices 120 having a similar distance or pathloss relative to the reader 110, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.
[0091] As shown by reference number 405, the reader 110 may transmit, and the A-IoT devices 120 may receive, a first triggering signal. In some aspects, the first triggering signal may be a msg0 of a two-step CBRA procedure. In some aspects, the first triggering signal may be a trigger for the A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment to transmit a device response (e.g., msg1) to the reader. In some aspects, the reader 110 may use the same triggering signal for an inventory procedure (e.g., identifying which A-IoT devices 120 are in the A-IoT environment) and a device counting procedure (e.g., counting a quantity of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment) . Accordingly, the first triggering signal may indicate that the first triggering signal is for either the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure. In the example 400 of Fig. 4, the triggering signal may indicate that the first triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.
[0092] As shown by reference number 410, one of the A-IoT devices 120 (e.g., a first subset of the A-IoT device 120) may transmit, and the reader 110 may receive, the device response in a first resource. In some aspects, the device response transmitted by the first subset of the A-IoT devices 120 may be a msg1 of a two-step CBRA procedure. In some aspects, the device response may be transmitted in response to the first triggering signal.
[0093] As shown by reference number 415, two of the A-IoT devices 120 (e.g., a second subset of the A-IoT devices 120) may transmit, and the reader 110 may receive, device responses in a second resource. In some aspects, the device responses transmitted by the second subset of the A-IoT devices 120 may each be a msg1 of a two-step CBRA procedure. In some aspects, the device responses transmitted by the second subset of the A-IoT devices 120 may be transmitted in response to the first triggering signal. In some aspects, the device responses transmitted by the A-IoT devices 120 in the second subset of the A-IoT devices 120 may be transmitted to the reader 110 using the same resource (e.g., the second resource) . When two or more A-IoT devices 120 transmit a device response in the same resource, the two or more A-IoT devices 120 may be referred to as colliding A-IoT devices 120.
[0094] As shown by reference number 420, the reader 110 may perform one or more signal measurements. In some aspects, the reader 110 may perform one or more signal measurements on the device responses received from the first subset of A-IoT devices 120 and / or the second subset of A-IoT devices 120 to determine a measured power of the device responses received. In some aspects, the measured power may be a total power of multiple device responses received from the A-IoT devices 120 via the same resource. In some aspects, the reader 110 may determine that multiple A-IoT devices 120 (e.g., the A-IoT devices 120 of the second subset of A-IoT devices 120) transmitted the device response via the second resource based, at least in part, on a magnitude of the measured power. For example, the reader 110 may compare the measured power to a threshold and determine that multiple A-IoT devices 120 transmitted the device responses via the second resource if the magnitude of the measured power exceeds the threshold.
[0095] As shown by reference number 425, the reader 110 may transmit, and the colliding A-IoT devices 120 (e.g., the A-IoT devices 120 of the second subset of A-IoT device 120) may receive, a second triggering signal. In some aspects, the second triggering signal may be a trigger for the colliding A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment to transmit a device response (e.g., msg1) to the reader, and the second triggering signal may indicate, to the colliding A-IoT devices 120, that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure. In some aspects, the second triggering signal may include an indication that only the colliding A-IoT devices 120 need to transmit the device response. For example, the second triggering signal may indicate one or more resources (e.g., the first resource) in which individual device responses were received, one or more resources (e.g., the second resource) in which multiple device responses were transmitted, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. Accordingly, the A-IoT device 120 of the first subset of A-IoT devices 120 may determine, from the indication in the second triggering signal, that the A-IoT device 120 of the first subset of A-IoT devices 120 does not need to transmit another device response.
[0096] As shown by reference numbers 430 and 435, each of the colliding A-IoT devices 120 (e.g., each of the A-IoT devices 120 of the second subset of A-IoT devices 120) may transmit, and the reader 110 may receive, the device response. In some aspects, the device responses transmitted by the colliding A-IoT devices 120 may be transmitted in response to the second triggering signal. Additionally, in some aspects, the device responses transmitted by each of the colliding A-IoT devices 120 may be transmitted in different resources (e.g., a third resource and a fourth resource, respectively) .
[0097] As shown by reference number 440, the reader 110 may determine a quantity of the A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment. For example, in some aspects, the reader 110 may determine the quantity of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment by counting the individual device responses received in different resources. Accordingly, although multiple rounds may take more time, using a device counting process with multiple rounds may reduce computational complexity associated with, for example, the binning operations described above with respect to the example 300 of Fig. 3.
[0098] As indicated above, Fig. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 4.
[0099] In some aspects, the reader 110 and / or the A-IoT devices 120 may be configured to perform operations associated with the example 300 of Fig. 3 and the example 400 of Fig. 4. For example, if the reader 110 can use power binning, discussed above with respect to the example 300 of Fig. 3, to count the quantity of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment, the reader 110 may default to the example 300 of Fig. 3. For example, if the measured power is greater than a power threshold, which may occur if the number of A-IoT devices 120 in the A-IoT environment is greater than a device quantity threshold, the reader 110 may use power binning because, in that scenario, measurement results may be less impacted by fading. Alternatively, the reader 110 may apply the example 400 of Fig. 4.
[0100] Figs. 5A and 5B are diagrams illustrating examples 500A and 500B, respectively, associated with an A-IoT device counting procedure and an inventory procedure prohibit timer, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Figs. 5A and 5B, a reader (e.g., a network node 110) may communicate with one or more A-IoT devices (e.g., UEs 120) in an A-IoT environment when performing an inventory procedure, a device counting procedure, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.
[0101] As shown by reference number 505 of the examples 500A and 500B of Figs. 5A and 5B, respectively, the reader may transmit, and one or more of the A-IoT devices may receive, a first triggering signal (e.g., msg0) . The first triggering signal may be associated with the inventory procedure. In some aspects, the first triggering signal may implicitly or explicitly indicate, to the one or more A-IoT devices, that the first triggering signal is for the inventory procedure.
[0102] As shown by reference number 510, each of the one or more A-IoT devices may transmit, and the reader may receive, a first device response (e.g., msg1) . As discussed above, the first device response for the inventory procedure may include a predefined preamble (e.g., an RN16 preamble) or a CDM sequence, if supported.
[0103] As shown by reference number 515, the reader may transmit, and the one or more A-IoT devices may receive, a reader response (e.g., msg2) . In some aspects, the reader response may acknowledge the first device response transmitted in response to the first triggering signal. The reader response may include a random access response, a contention resolution identifier, resource assignment information, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. Additionally, in some aspects, the reception of the reader response by the A-IoT device may start a prohibit timer at the A-IoT device that received the reader response. When the prohibit timer is running, the A-IoT device that received the reader response need not respond to triggering signals for the inventory procedure.
[0104] As shown by reference number 520, the reader may transmit, and the one or more A-IoT devices may receive, a second triggering signal. As shown in the example 500A of Fig. 5A, the second triggering signal may be received while the prohibit timer is running (e.g., before the prohibit timer has expired) . For the inventory procedure, the prohibit timer would prevent the A-IoT devices from responding to the second triggering signal. In the example 500A of Fig. 5A, however, the second triggering signal indicates that the second triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.
[0105] As shown by reference number 525, each of the A-IoT devices may transmit, and the reader may receive, a second device response. In some aspects, the A-IoT devices may be configured to transmit the second device response in response to the second triggering signal as a result of the second triggering signal indicating that the second triggering signal is for the device counting procedure. In some aspects, the A-IoT devices may be configured to transmit the second device response even if the prohibit timer has not expired. Accordingly, in some aspects, the A-IoT devices may be configured to ignore the prohibit timer when the second triggering signal is for the device counting procedure. Additionally, in some aspects, by indicating, via the second triggering signal, that the second triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, the reader may further indicate, to the one or more A-IoT devices, that the reader will not transmit a reader response (e.g., a msg2) to the A-IoT devices that transmit the second device response.
[0106] As shown by reference number 530, the reader may transmit, and one or more of the A-IoT devices may receive, a third triggering signal. The third triggering signal may be associated with the inventory procedure. In some aspects, the third triggering signal may implicitly or explicitly indicate, to the one or more A-IoT devices, that the third triggering signal is for the inventory procedure. As shown in the example 500A of Fig. 5A, the third triggering signal is transmitted by the reader and received by one or more A-IoT devices before the prohibit timer expires. Accordingly, none of the A-IoT devices may respond to the third triggering signal.
[0107] As shown in the example 500B of Fig. 5B, the first triggering signal may include one or more bits 535 that may indicate, for example, that the first triggering signal is for the inventory procedure, that the reader will transmit a reader response for any device responses received in response to the first triggering signal, that the device response should include a particular preamble and / or CDM sequence, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. In some aspects, the one or more bits 535 of the first triggering signal may dynamically indicate whether or not the A-IoT devices should transmit a device response. For example, as shown in Fig. 5B, the one or more bits 535A transmitted in the first triggering signal may indicate, to the one or more A-IoT devices, that each of the one or more A-IoT devices should transmit the device response. The one or more bits 535B transmitted in the third triggering signal may indicate that the one or more A-IoT devices do not need to transmit the device response, that the one or more A-IoT devices have already been inventoried, that the one or more A-IoT devices cannot ignore the prohibit timer, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.
[0108] Additionally, in some aspects, the second triggering signal may include one or more bits 540 that may indicate, for example, that the second triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, that the reader will not transmit a reader response for any device responses received in response to the second triggering signal, that the device response should include a particular preamble and / or CDM sequence, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. In some aspects, the one or more bits 540 of the second triggering signal may dynamically indicate whether or not the A-IoT devices should transmit a device response. For example, in some aspects, the one or more bits 540 of the second triggering signal may indicate that the A-IoT devices should transmit a device response even if the prohibit timer is running (e.g., the prohibit timer has not expired) . Accordingly, in some aspects, the one or more bits 540 of the second triggering signal may override, or otherwise cause the one or more A-IoT devices to ignore, the prohibit timer.
[0109] In some aspects, at least a subset of the A-IoT devices may be associated with a group identifier. The group identifier may be included in, or excluded from, the triggering signals. In some aspects, the group identifier may indicate which A-IoT devices should respond to the triggering signal. For example, if the group identifier is present in a triggering signal, the subset of A-IoT devices associated with the group identifier may each transmit the device response. A subset of A-IoT devices that are not associated with the group identifier may ignore triggering signals with group identifiers associated with other subsets of A-IoT devices.
[0110] As indicated above, Figs. 5A and 5B are provided as examples. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Figs. 5A and 5B.
[0111] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example process 600 performed, for example, at an A-IoT device, at an intermediate UE, or at an apparatus of an A-IoT device or an intermediate UE, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 600 is an example where the apparatus, the A-IoT device, or intermediate UE (e.g., a UE 120 operating as or including the apparatus, the A-IoT device, or the intermediate UE in an A-IoT environment) performs operations associated with A-IoT device counting.
[0112] As shown in Fig. 6, in some aspects, process 600 may include receiving a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure (block 610) . For example, the A-IoT device or intermediate UE (e.g., using reception component 802 and / or communication manager 806, depicted in Fig. 8) may receive a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure, as described above.
[0113] As further shown in Fig. 6, in some aspects, process 600 may include transmitting a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure (block 620) . For example, the A-IoT device or intermediate UE (e.g., using transmission component 804 and / or communication manager 806, depicted in Fig. 8) may transmit a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure, as described above.
[0114] Process 600 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0115] In a first aspect, the triggering signal includes a bit indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.
[0116] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the bit is associated with a reader response.
[0117] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the triggering signal indicates a specified sequence for the device response.
[0118] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the device response includes one or more of a temporary identifier or sequence.
[0119] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the device response includes one or more of a predefined communication or a dynamically configured communication.
[0120] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the triggering signal includes a group identifier associated with the inventory procedure.
[0121] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the triggering signal dynamically indicates that the device response is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0122] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the device response is transmitted in accordance with a time gap.
[0123] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the time gap is associated with a threshold in accordance with a time of transmission of the device response and a time of a clock synchronization.
[0124] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the device response is transmitted at one or more frequencies.
[0125] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, the triggering signal is one of multiple triggering signals associated with the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0126] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, the device response is one of multiple device responses associated with the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0127] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, the device response is transmitted in accordance with a prohibit timer.
[0128] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, the triggering signal includes a dynamic indication for ignoring the prohibit timer during the device counting procedure.
[0129] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the triggering signal is a msg0 of a two-step CBRA procedure and the device response is a msg1 of the two-step CBRA procedure.
[0130] Although Fig. 6 shows example blocks of process 600, in some aspects, process 600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 6. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 600 may be performed in parallel.
[0131] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process 700 performed, for example, at a reader or an apparatus of a reader, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 700 is an example where the apparatus or the reader (e.g., a network node 110 or UE 120 operating as the reader) performs operations associated with A-IoT device counting.
[0132] As shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include transmitting, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The triggering signal may indicate that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure (block 710) . For example, the reader (e.g., using transmission component 904 and / or communication manager 906, depicted in Fig. 9) may transmit, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. In some aspects, the triggering signal indicates that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure.
[0133] As further shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include receiving one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices (block 720) . For example, the reader (e.g., using reception component 902 and / or communication manager 906, depicted in Fig. 9) may receive one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices, as described above.
[0134] As further shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include determining, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses (block 730) . For example, the reader (e.g., using communication manager 906, depicted in Fig. 9) may determine, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses, as described above.
[0135] Process 700 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0136] In a first aspect, process 700 includes measuring a power of each of the one or more device responses. Determining the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices may include determining the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices in accordance with the measured power of each of the one or more device responses.
[0137] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 700 includes comparing the measured power to a threshold.
[0138] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the triggering signal is one of a first triggering signal or a second triggering signal.
[0139] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the one or more device responses includes one or more device responses from a first subset of the one or more A-IoT devices and one or more device responses from a second subset of the one or more A-IoT devices.
[0140] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the triggering signal includes a bit indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.
[0141] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the triggering signal indicates a specified sequence for the one or more device responses.
[0142] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, each of the one or more device responses includes one or more of a temporary identifier or a sequence.
[0143] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, each of the one or more device responses includes one or more of a predefined communication or a dynamically configured communication.
[0144] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the triggering signal includes a group identifier associated with the device counting procedure.
[0145] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the triggering signal includes a dynamic indication for the device counting procedure.
[0146] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, the one or more device responses are received in accordance with a time gap.
[0147] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, the time gap is associated with a threshold in accordance with a transmission time of one of the one or more device responses and a time of a clock synchronization for one of the one or more A-IoT devices.
[0148] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, each of the one or more device responses is received at one or more frequencies.
[0149] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, at least one of the one or more device responses is received in accordance with a prohibit timer.
[0150] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the triggering signal includes a dynamic indication for at least one of the one or more of the A-IoT devices to ignore the prohibit timer during the device counting procedure.
[0151] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, the triggering signal is a msg0 of a two-step CBRA procedure and the device response is a msg1 of the two-step CBRA procedure.
[0152] Although Fig. 7 shows example blocks of process 700, in some aspects, process 700 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 7. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 700 may be performed in parallel.
[0153] Fig. 8 is a diagram of an example apparatus 800 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 800 may be a A-IoT device or intermediate UE, or an A-IoT device or intermediate UE may include the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the apparatus 800 includes a reception component 802, a transmission component 804, and / or a communication manager 806, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 806 is the communication manager 150 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 800 may communicate with another apparatus 808, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 802 and the transmission component 804. The communication manager 806 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 described in connection with Fig. 1) of the A-IoT device or intermediate UE device or an intermediate UE.
[0154] In some aspects, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 3-5. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 600 of Fig. 6. In some aspects, the apparatus 800 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 8 may include one or more components of the A-IoT device or intermediate UE device or an intermediate UE described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0155] The reception component 802 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 808. The reception component 802 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may include one or more components of the UE described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE.
[0156] The transmission component 804 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 800 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 804 for transmission to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may include one or more components of the UE described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE described in connection with Fig. 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may be co-located with the reception component 802.
[0157] The communication manager 806 may support operations of the reception component 802 and / or the transmission component 804. For example, the communication manager 806 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 802 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 804. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 806 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 802 and / or the transmission component 804 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0158] The reception component 802 may receive a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The transmission component 804 may transmit a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0159] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 8 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 8. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 8 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 8.
[0160] Fig. 9 is a diagram of an example apparatus 900 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 900 may be a reader, or a reader may include the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the apparatus 900 includes a reception component 902, a transmission component 904, and / or a communication manager 906, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 906 is the communication manager 155 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 900 may communicate with another apparatus 908, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 902 and the transmission component 904. The communication manager 906 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 145 described in connection with Fig. 1) of the reader.
[0161] In some aspects, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 3-5. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 700 of Fig. 7. In some aspects, the apparatus 900 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 9 may include one or more components of the network node described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 9 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0162] The reception component 902 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 908. The reception component 902 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may include one or more components of the network node described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the reader.
[0163] The transmission component 904 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 908. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 900 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 904 for transmission to the apparatus 908. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 908. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may include one or more components of the reader described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the network node described in connection with Fig. 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may be co-located with the reception component 902.
[0164] The communication manager 906 may support operations of the reception component 902 and / or the transmission component 904. For example, the communication manager 906 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 902 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 904. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 906 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 902 and / or the transmission component 904 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0165] The transmission component 904 may transmit, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure. The triggering signal may indicate that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure. The reception component 902 may receive one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices. The communication manager 906 may determine, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses.
[0166] The communication manager 906 may measure a power of each of the one or more device responses, wherein determining the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices includes determining the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices in accordance with the measured power of each of the one or more device responses. The communication manager 906 may compare the measured power to a threshold.
[0167] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 9 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 9. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 9 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 9 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 9 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 9.
[0168] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0169] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by an A-IoT device or intermediate UE, comprising: receiving a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure; and transmitting a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0170] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the triggering signal includes a bit indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.
[0171] Aspect 3: The method of Aspect 2, wherein the bit is associated with a reader response.
[0172] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the triggering signal indicates a specified sequence for the device response.
[0173] Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1-4, wherein the device response includes one or more of a temporary identifier or sequence.
[0174] Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 1-5, wherein the device response includes one or more of a predefined communication or a dynamically configured communication.
[0175] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, wherein the triggering signal includes a group identifier associated with the inventory procedure.
[0176] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein the triggering signal dynamically indicates that the device response is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0177] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1-8, wherein the device response is transmitted in accordance with a time gap.
[0178] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the time gap is associated with a threshold in accordance with a time of transmission of the device response and a time of a clock synchronization.
[0179] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 1-10, wherein the device response is transmitted at one or more frequencies.
[0180] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1-11, wherein the triggering signal is one of multiple triggering signals associated with the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0181] Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1-12, wherein the device response is one of multiple device responses associated with the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.
[0182] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1-13, wherein the device response is transmitted in accordance with a prohibit timer.
[0183] Aspect 15: The method of Aspect 14, wherein the triggering signal includes a dynamic indication for ignoring the prohibit timer during the device counting procedure.
[0184] Aspect 16: The method of any of Aspects 1-15, wherein the triggering signal is a msg0 of a two-step CBRA procedure and the device response is a msg1 of the two-step CBRA procedure.
[0185] Aspect 17: A method of wireless communication performed by a reader, comprising: transmitting, to each of one or more A-IoT devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure, wherein the triggering signal indicates that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure; receiving one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices; and determining, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses
[0186] Aspect 18: The method of Aspect 17, further comprising: measuring a power of each of the one or more device responses, wherein determining the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices includes determining the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices in accordance with the measured power of each of the one or more device responses.
[0187] Aspect 19: The method of Aspect 18, further comprising comparing the measured power to a threshold.
[0188] Aspect 20: The method of any of Aspects 17-19, wherein the triggering signal is one of a first triggering signal or a second triggering signal.
[0189] Aspect 21: The method of Aspect 20, wherein the one or more device responses includes one or more device responses from a first subset of the one or more A-IoT devices and one or more device responses from a second subset of the one or more A-IoT devices.
[0190] Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 17-21, wherein the triggering signal includes a bit indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.
[0191] Aspect 23: The method of any of Aspects 17-22, wherein the triggering signal indicates a specified sequence for the one or more device responses.
[0192] Aspect 24: The method of any of Aspects 17-23, wherein each of the one or more device responses includes one or more of a temporary identifier or a sequence.
[0193] Aspect 25: The method of any of Aspects 17-24, wherein each of the one or more device responses includes one or more of a predefined communication or a dynamically configured communication.
[0194] Aspect 26: The method of any of Aspects 17-25, wherein the triggering signal includes a group identifier associated with the device counting procedure.
[0195] Aspect 27: The method of any of Aspects 17-26, wherein the triggering signal includes a dynamic indication for the device counting procedure.
[0196] Aspect 28: The method of any of Aspects 17-27, wherein the one or more device responses are received in accordance with a time gap.
[0197] Aspect 29: The method of Aspect 28, wherein the time gap is associated with a threshold in accordance with a transmission time of one of the one or more device responses and a time of a clock synchronization for one of the one or more A-IoT devices.
[0198] Aspect 30: The method of any of Aspects 17-29, wherein each of the one or more device responses is received at one or more frequencies.
[0199] Aspect 31: The method of any of Aspects 17-30, wherein at least one of the one or more device responses is received in accordance with a prohibit timer.
[0200] Aspect 32: The method of Aspect 31, wherein the triggering signal includes a dynamic indication for at least one of the one or more of the A-IoT devices to ignore the prohibit timer during the device counting procedure.
[0201] Aspect 33: The method of any of Aspects 17-32, wherein the triggering signal is a msg0 of a two-step CBRA procedure and the device response is a msg1 of the two-step CBRA procedure.
[0202] Aspect 34: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-33.
[0203] Aspect 35: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-33.
[0204] Aspect 36: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-33.
[0205] Aspect 37: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-33.
[0206] Aspect 38: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-33.
[0207] Aspect 39: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-33.
[0208] Aspect 40: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-33.
[0209] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. No element, act, or instruction described herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such.
[0210] It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0211] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to refer to one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or “asingle one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” “comprise, ” “comprising, ” “include” and “including, ” and derivatives thereof or similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0212] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, estimating, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , searching, inferring, ascertaining, and / or measuring, among other possibilities. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) or transmitting (such as transmitting information) , among other possibilities. Additionally, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and / or other such similar actions.
[0213] As used herein, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” or “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0214] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the scope of all aspects described herein. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.An ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) device or intermediate user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the A-IoT device or intermediate UE to:receive a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure; andtransmit a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.2.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the triggering signal includes a bit indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.3.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 2, wherein the bit is associated with a reader response.4.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the triggering signal indicates a specified sequence for the device response.5.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the device response includes one or more of a temporary identifier or sequence.6.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the device response includes one or more of a predefined communication or a dynamically configured communication.7.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the triggering signal includes a group identifier associated with the inventory procedure.8.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the triggering signal dynamically indicates that the device response is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.9.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the device response is transmitted in accordance with a time gap.10.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 9, wherein the time gap is associated with a threshold in accordance with a time of transmission of the device response and a time of a clock synchronization.11.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the device response is transmitted at one or more frequencies.12.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the triggering signal is one of multiple triggering signals associated with the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.13.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the device response is one of multiple device responses associated with the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.14.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the device response is transmitted in accordance with a prohibit timer.15.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 14, wherein the triggering signal includes a dynamic indication for ignoring the prohibit timer during the device counting procedure.16.The A-IoT device or intermediate UE of claim 1, wherein the triggering signal is message 0 (msg0) of a two-step contention-based random access (CBRA) procedure and the device response is a message 1 (msg1) of the two-step CBRA procedure.17.A reader for wireless communication, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the reader to:transmit, to each of one or more ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) devices, a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure,wherein the triggering signal indicates that the triggering signal is for one of the device counting procedure or the inventory procedure;receive one or more device responses from the one or more A-IoT devices; anddetermine, in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure, a quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices from the one or more device responses.18.The reader of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the reader to measure a power of each of the one or more device responses,wherein the one or more processors, to cause the reader to determine the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices, are configured to cause the reader to determine the quantity of the one or more A-IoT devices in accordance with the measured power of each of the one or more device responses.19.The reader of claim 17, wherein the triggering signal includes a bit indicating that the triggering signal is for the device counting procedure.20.A method of wireless communication performed by an ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) device or an intermediate user equipment (UE) , comprising:receiving a triggering signal associated with an inventory procedure and a device counting procedure; andtransmitting a device response as a result of receiving the triggering signal and in accordance with the triggering signal indicating that the triggering signal is for one of the inventory procedure or the device counting procedure.