Handling user equipment reader mobility
By incorporating AIoT-specific information in handover requests, the mobility of UE readers is managed to maintain seamless operations and data continuity in AIoT sessions, addressing the challenge of handovers to non-supporting cells.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communications systems face challenges in handling the mobility of user equipment (UE) readers in ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) sessions, particularly when they are handed over to legacy cells that do not support AIoT operations, leading to potential interruptions and loss of AIoT data.
Mechanisms are provided to handle UE reader mobility by including AIoT-specific information in handover requests, allowing the target network entity to consider this information for optimal configuration and ensure seamless handover to AIoT-supporting cells.
Ensures continuity of AIoT operations by allowing UE readers to move seamlessly within optimal coverage areas while ensuring AIoT data is forwarded to the network AIoT function, maintaining system performance.
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Figure CN2024130417_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HANDLING USER EQUIPMENT READER MOBILITY
[0001] Field of the Disclosure
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for handling mobility of a user equipment (UE) reader in an ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) session.
[0003] Description of Related Art
[0004] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0005] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0006] One aspect provides a method for wireless communications at a wireless node. The method includes forwarding data, that originated from at least one ambient Internet of things (AIoT) device, to an AIoT function (AIoTF) , the data being obtained from the first wireless node; outputting, to a second wireless node, a request to handover the first wireless node from the wireless node to the second wireless node, wherein the request comprises first information regarding AIoT operations involving the first wireless node; obtaining, from the second wireless node, a response to the request; and performing one or more actions after obtaining the response.
[0007] Another aspect provides a method for wireless communications at a wireless node. The method includes obtaining, from a second wireless node, a request to handover a first wireless node from the second wireless node to the wireless node, wherein the request indicates first information regarding ambient Internet of things (AIoT) operations involving the first wireless node; and outputting, to the second wireless node, a response to the request based on the first information.
[0008] Other aspects provide: an apparatus operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any one or more of the aforementioned methods and / or those described elsewhere herein; a non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed (e.g., directly, indirectly, after pre-processing, without pre-processing) by one or more processors of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; a computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; and / or an apparatus comprising means for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein. By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks.
[0009] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0010] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0012] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0013] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example base station and an example user equipment.
[0014] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an example radio frequency identification (RFID) system.
[0016] FIG. 6 depicts an example reader and ambient intemet of things (AIoT) device.
[0017] FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B depict example topologies for AIoT communication.
[0018] FIG. 8 depicts an example call flow diagram, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 9 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0020] FIG. 10 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0021] FIG. 11 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for handling mobility of a user equipment (UE) reader in an ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) session.
[0023] The rapid advancement of the Intemet of Things (IoT) has led to the development of AIoT systems, which use low-power, low-complexity devices to monitor and manage various environments. These devices, typically operating with minimal power in the range of microwatts (μW) , are essential for applications like efficient inventory management and command in large-scale deployments.
[0024] Despite their advantages, AIoT devices face potential challenges. For example, one potential challenge is how to handle mobility of a UE that is serving as an AIoT reader. Mobility generally refers to the ability ofa UE to move seamlessly across different network cells while maintaining service continuity. There are several types of mobility procedures a UE reader may support, including conditional handover (CHO) and lower layer (L1 / L2) triggered mobility (LTM) .
[0025] UE readers can be in any radio resource control (RRC) state (Connected / Idle / Inactive) while performing AIoT operations and can be handed over to a new base station (e.g., gNB) , which may or may not support AIoT operations. In other words, there might be dedicated cells (referred to herein as AIoT supporting cells) which are deployed for the purpose of supporting AIoT operations in addition to so called legacy cells (referred to herein as AIoT non-supporting cells) .
[0026] Thus, there is the potential that a reader LE, during an AIoT session, could be handed over to a legacy cell that does not support AIoT operations. As a result, AIoT operations could be interrupted and AIoT data could be lost. This could impact system performance and, in some cases, interrupt operations.
[0027] Aspects of the present disclosure provide various mechanisms for handling mobility of a UE reader. In some cases AIoT specific information may be provided from a source network entity (e.g., a gNB currently serving the UE reader) may include AIoT specific information in a handover request sent to a target network entity (e.g., a gNB to which the UE reader) . This target network entity may consider this AIoT specific information when deciding whether to accept the handover request and, in some cases, to optimally configure the UE reader in preparation of the handover.
[0028] By providing mechanisms for handling mobility of a UE reader, aspects of the present disclosure may help ensure continuity in AIoT operations is maintained. The techniques proposed herein may allow a UE reader to move seamlessly within optimal coverage areas, while ensuring AIoT data is still forwarded to a network AIoT function (AIoTF) .
[0029] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0030] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, and / or 5G wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0031] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0032] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects, such as satellite 140 and aircraft 145, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and user equipments.
[0033] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0034] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104, which may more generally include: a cellular phone, smart phone, session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite radio, global positioning system, multimedia device, video device, digital audio player, camera, game console, tablet, smart device, wearable device, vehicle, electric meter, gas pump, large or small kitchen appliance, healthcare device, implant, sensor / actuator, display, intemet of things (IoT) devices, always on (AON) devices, edge processing devices, or other similar devices. UEs 104 may also be referred to more generally as a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0035] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. The communications links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0036] BSs 102 may generally include: a NodeB, enhanced NodeB (eNB) , next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , access point, base transceiver station, radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, transmission reception point, and / or others. Each of BSs 102 may provide communications coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., small cell 102' may have a coverage area 110' that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home)) , and / or other types of cells.
[0037] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , one or more radio units (RUs) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. More generally, a base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as a disaggregated radio access network architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0038] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0039] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz -7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24, 250 MHz -71, 000 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . In some cases, FR2 may be further defined in terms of sub-ranges, such as a first sub-range FR2-1 including 24, 250 MHz -52, 600 MHz and a second sub-range FR2-2 including 52, 600 MHz -71, 000 MHz. A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0040] The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and, for example, UEs 104, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, and / or other MHz) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0041] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming 182 with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182'. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182” . UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182” . BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182'. BS 180 and UE 104 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0042] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0043] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0044] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172, such as in the depicted example. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0045] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0046] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0047] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0048] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and 5 GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0049] Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Intemet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0050] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0051] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F 1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0052] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communications interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0053] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit -User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit -Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0054] The DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0055] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0056] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning ofnon-virmalized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O 1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0057] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0058] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0059] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS 102 and a UE 104.
[0060] Generally, BS 102 includes various processors (e.g., 320, 330, 338, and 340) , antennas 334a-t (collectively 334) , transceivers 332a-t (collectively 332) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 312) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 339) . For example, BS 102 may send and receive data between BS 102 and UE 104. BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0061] Generally, UE 104 includes various processors (e.g., 358, 364, 366, and 380) , antennas 352a-r (collectively 352) , transceivers 354a-r (collectively 354) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 362) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 360) . UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0062] In regards to an example downlink transmission, BS 102 includes a transmit processor 320 that may receive data from a data source 312 and control information from a controller / processor 340. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical HARQ indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0063] Transmit processor 320 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 320 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0064] Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 332a-332t. Each modulator in transceivers 332a-332t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 332a-332t may be transmitted via the antennas 334a-334t, respectively.
[0065] In order to receive the downlink transmission, UE 104 includes antennas 352a-352r that may receive the downlink signals from the BS 102 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 354a-354r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 354a-354r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0066] MIMO detector 356 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 354a-354r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 358 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 104 to a data sink 360, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 380.
[0067] In regards to an example uplink transmission, UE 104 further includes a transmit processor 364 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the PUSCH) from a data source 362 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 380. Transmit processor 364 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS)) . The symbols from the transmit processor 364 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 366 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 354a-354r (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to BS 102.
[0068] AtBS 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 maybe received by antennas 334a-t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 332a-332t, detected by a MIMO detector 336 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 104. Receive processor 338 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 339 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 340.
[0069] Memories 342 and 382 may store data and program codes for BS 102 and UE 104, respectively.
[0070] Scheduler 344 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0071] In various aspects, BS 102 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 312, scheduler 344, memory 342, transmit processor 320, controller / processor 340, TX MIMO processor 330, transceivers 332a-t, antenna 334a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 334a-t, transceivers 332a-t, RX MIMO detector 336, controller / processor 340, receive processor 338, scheduler 344, memory 342, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0072] In various aspects, UE 104 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 362, memory 382, transmit processor 364, controller / processor 380, TX MIMO processor 366, transceivers 354a-t, antenna 352a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 352a-t, transceivers 354a-t, RX MIMO detector 356, controller / processor 380, receive processor 358, memory 382, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0073] In some aspects, one or more processors may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data.
[0074] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0075] In particular, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first sub frame within a 5 G (e.g., 5 G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0076] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0077] A wireless communications frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set ofsubcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL. Wireless communications frame structures may also be time division duplex (TDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL.
[0078] In FIG. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is TDD where D is DL, U is UL, and X is flexible for use between DL / UL. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot format. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0079] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe is based on a slot configuration and a numerology. For example, for slot configuration 0, different numerologies (μ) 0 to 6 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 slots, respectively, per subframe. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots, respectively, per subframe. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ x 15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 6. As such, the numerology μ = 0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ = 6 has a subcarrier spacing of 960 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ = 2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0080] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0081] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0082] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0083] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0084] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0085] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block. The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0086] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0087] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0088] Overview of Conditional Handover (CHO) Based Mobility
[0089] Conditional handover generally refers to a handover procedure where the decision to hand a UE over from one cell (a source) to another (a target) is made based on certain conditions being met, rather than being automatically triggered by factors like signal strength alone. CHO procedures may allow the network to optimize resource usage, manage traffic loads more efficiently, and improve the overall user experience. CHO may be useful in scenarios where mobility needs to be managed more carefully, such as in high-density environments or areas with varying signal quality.
[0090] As the name implies, CHO is typically controlled a set of pre-defined conditions that might include factors such as radio conditions (e.g., signal-to-interference ratio) , network load, or the device′s speed and location. For example, a CHO may be triggered if the UE′s connection quality deteriorates below a certain threshold, or if the target cell has available capacity to handle the additional load. The decision-making logic can be more complex in scenarios involving multi-cell environments, where a UE may be within range of multiple potential target cells, but only some of them meet the conditions for a successful handover.
[0091] In general, a CHO decision involves both the radio access network (RAN) and the core network, where the RAN typically performs measurements, evaluates conditions, and communicates potential handover candidates to the core network. If the conditions are met, the core network sends a command to initiate the handover. This approach may help ensure that a handover is only triggered when it is beneficial for both the user and the network, leading to better service continuity, improved network efficiency, and reduced interference during the process. CHO provides flexibility in that conditions may be tailored to handle increasingly complex use cases and traffic patterns.
[0092] Overview of Lower-layer Triggered Mobility (LTM)
[0093] Dynamic mobility signaling may be beneficial in a scenario where a UE may move between a preconfigured set of candidate cells. In some examples, the UE moves from a first cell (e.g., an old serving / primary cell) to a new serving candidate cell. In this case, the UE may not receive data or control information in the candidate cell, but may transmit a PRACH in order to facilitate timing adjustment for the new candidate cell before a cell change.
[0094] As noted above, dynamic mobility signaling (e.g., L1 and / or L2-centric mobility or LTM) may lead to more efficient intra-cell and inter-cell mobility with reduced latency.
[0095] For LTM, the network may configure (e.g., via RRC signaling) , a set of cells for L1 / L2 mobility (referred to herein as an L1 / L2 Mobility Configured cell set) . At any given time, the network may also configure (via L1 / L2 signaling) an L1 / L2 Mobility Activated cell set, which refers to a group of cells in the configured set that are activated and can be readily used for data and control transfer. The network may also configure (signal) an L1 / L2 Mobility Deactivated cell set, which refers to a group of cells in the configured set that are deactivated and can be readily activated by L1 / L2 signaling.
[0096] L1 / L2 signaling may be used for mobility management of the activated set. For example, L1 / L2 signaling may be used to activate / deactivate cells in the set, select beams within the activated cells, and update / switch a primary cell (PCell) . This dynamic signaling may help provide seamless mobility within the activated cells in the set. In other words, as the UE moves, the cells from the set are deactivated and activated by L1 / L2 signaling. The cells to activate and deactivate may be based on various factors, such as signal quality (measurements) and loading.
[0097] In some cases, all cells in the L1 / L2 Mobility Configured cell set may belong to a same DU of a CU. This may be similar to carrier aggregation (CA) , but cells may be on the same carrier frequencies. The size of the cell set configured for L1 / L2 mobility signaling may vary. In general, the cell set size may be selected to be large enough to cover a meaningful mobility area.
[0098] In some cases, the UE may be provided with a subset of deactivated cells, as a candidate cell set, from which the UE could autonomously choose to add to the activated cell set. The decision of whether to add a cell from the candidate cell set to the activated cell set may be a based various factors, such as measured channel quality and loading information. In some cases, the ability for the UE to autonomously choose to add to the activated cell set may be similar to a UE decision when configured for Conditional Handover (CHO) for fast and efficient addition of the prepared cells.
[0099] Each cell may be served by an RU. Each of the RUs may have multi-carrier (N CCs) support. In such cases, each CC may be a cell (e.g., Cell 2 and Cell 2' may be different CCs of the same RU) . In such cases, activation / deactivation can be done in groups of carriers (cells) .
[0100] For PCell management, L1 / L2 signaling may be used to set (select) the PCell out of the preconfigured options within the activated cell set. In some cases, L3 mobility may be used for PCell change (L3 handover) when a new PCell is not from the activated cell set for L1 / L2 mobility. In such cases, RRC signaling may update the set of cells for L1 / L2 mobility at L3 handover.
[0101] In some cases, physical layer (Layer 1 or L1) measurement may be enhanced for L1 / L2 mobility, where a serving cell can be changed via L1 / L2 signalling based on L1 measurement, and both synchronous and asynchronous source and target cells may be considered.
[0102] Various mechanisms and procedures of L1 / L2 based inter-cell mobility may be specified for mobility latency reduction. These may include configuration and maintenance for multiple candidate cells to allow fast application of configurations for candidate cells. Dynamic switching mechanisms among candidate serving cells (including SpCell and SCell) may be supported for the potential applicable scenarios based on L1 / L2 signaling.
[0103] L1 enhancements for inter-cell beam management, may include L1 measurement and reporting, as well as beam indication. Timing Advance (TA) management and CU-DU interface signaling may also be provided to support L1 / L2 mobility.
[0104] L1 / L2 based inter-cell mobility procedures may be applicable to a variety of scenarios. These scenarios may include standalone, CA and new radio-dual connectivity (NR-DC) cases with serving cell change within one cell group (CG) , intra-distributed unit (DU) cases and intra-central unit (CU) inter-DU cases, intra-frequency and inter-frequency scenarios, both FR1 and FR2 scenarios, and scenarios where source and target cells may be synchronized or non-synchronized.
[0105] As noted above, a UE may generate beam reports containing information about the received signal quality of RSs transmitted from the different beams of the serving cell and / or candidate cells, facilitating handover decisions. These beam reports may then be sent to the serving cell (base station) . For example, such beam reports may include measurements for Mbeams for each of L (serving and / or candidate) cells.
[0106] The UE may provide the report to a serving cell, facilitating handover decisions and mobility procedures. The differential reporting may include various formats, increasing the number of beams that may be reported while significantly reducing overhead associated with processing the beam report.
[0107] In some cases, a single LTM report may include measurements for Mbeams for each of L configured (e.g., or activated, if introduced) cells. In some cases, the selection of the Mbeams may be determined at a UE.
[0108] Maximum values of M and L (e.g., the total number of beams that may be reported in a single LTM report) may be based on UE capability. For example, in some cases, M *L = 4 beams may be supported as a UE capability. In some cases, the values of M and L may be configured to the UE in a reporting configuration.
[0109] In some cases, an LTM report may indicate an absolute RSRP value associated with each beam. As noted above, these conventional techniques for beam reporting limit the number of beams that may be included in the report, and are associated with significant overhead.
[0110] Introduction to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems
[0111] Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a rapidly growing technology impacting many industries due to its economic potential for inventory / asset management within warehouses, intemet of things (IoT) , sustainable sensor networks in factories and / or agriculture, and smart homes, to name a few example applications. RFID technology consists of RFID devices (or backscatter devices) , such as transponders, or tags, that emit an information-bearing signal upon receiving an energizing signal.
[0112] RFID devices may be operated without a battery. Generally, RFID devices that are operated without a battery are known as passive RFID devices. Passive RFID devices may operate by harvesting energy from received radio frequency signals (e.g., “over the air” ) , thereby powering reception and transmission circuitry within the RFID devices. This harvested energy allows passive RFID devices to transmit information, sometimes referred to as backscatter modulated information, without the need for a local power source within the RFID device. On the other hand, in certain aspects, RFID device may be semi-passive and include on-board energy storage to supplement their ability to harvest energy from received signals (however, at higher cost) .
[0113] In some cases, in addition to harvesting power from RF sources, energy harvesting devices may accumulate energy from other direct energy sources, such as solar energy, in order to supplement its power demands. Semi-passive energy harvesting devices may, in some cases, include power consuming RF components, such as analog to digital converters (ADCs) , mixers, and oscillators.
[0114] The RFID device may be a type of user equipment (UE) that provides low-cost and low-power solutions for many applications in a wireless communications system. The RFID device may be power efficient, sometimes requiring less than 0.1 mW of power to operate. Further, relatively simple architectures and, in some cases, lack of battery, mean that the RFID device can be small, lightweight, and easily installed or integrated in many types of environments or host devices. The RFID device provides practical and necessary solutions to many networking applications that require, low-cost, small footprint, durable, maintenance-free, and long lifespan communications devices. For example, the RFID device may be configured as long endurance industrial sensors, which mitigates the problems of replacing batteries in and around dangerous machinery.
[0115] FIG. 5 illustrates an example RFID system 500. As shown, RFID system 500 includes a reader 510 and an RFID tag 550. Reader 510 may also be referred to as an interrogator or a scanner. RFID tag 550 may also be referred to as an interrogator, RFID label, or an electronics label. In certain aspects, reader 510 is a network entity (e.g., such as a gNB) and RFID tag 550 is a user equipment (UE) .
[0116] Reader 510 includes an antenna 520 and an electronics unit 530. Antenna 520 radiates signals transmitted by reader 510 and receives signals from RFID tags and / or other devices. Electronics unit 530 may include a transmitter and a receiver for reading RFID tags such as RFID tag 550. The same pair of transmitter and receiver (or another pair of transmitter and receiver) may support bi-directional communication with wireless networks, wireless devices, etc. Electronics unit 530 may include processing circuitry (e.g., a processor) to perform processing for data being transmitted and received by the RFID reader 510.
[0117] RFID tag 550 includes an antenna 560 and a data storage element 570. Antenna 560 radiates signals transmitted by RFID tag 550 and receives signals from RFID reader 510 and / or other devices. Data storage element 570 stores information for RFID tag 550, for example, in an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) or another type of memory. RFID tag 550 may also include an electronics unit that can process the received signal and generate the signals to be transmitted.
[0118] RFID tag 550 may be a passive RFID tag having no battery. In this case, induction may be used to power the RFID tag 550. For example, in some cases, a magnetic field from a signal transmitted by reader 510 may induce an electrical current in RFID tag 550, which may then operate based on the induced current. RFID tag 550 can radiate its signal in response to receiving a signal from RFID reader 510 or some other device. In certain other aspects, RFID tag 550 may optionally include an energy storage device 590, such as a battery, capacitor, etc., for storing energy harvested using energy harvesting circuitry 555, as described below.
[0119] RFID tag 550 may be read by placing the reader 510 within close proximity to RFID tag 550. Reader 510 may radiate a first signal 525 via the antenna 520. In some cases, the first signal 525 may be known as an interrogation signal or energy signal. In some cases, energy of the first signal 525 may be coupled from reader antenna 520 to RFID tag antenna 560 via magnetic coupling and / or other phenomena. In other words, the RFID tag 550 may receive the first signal 525 from reader 510 via antenna 560 and energy of the first signal 525 may be harvested using energy harvesting circuitry 555 (e.g., an RF transducer) and used to power RFID tag 550. For example, energy of the first signal 525 received by RFID tag 550 may be used to power a microprocessor 545 of RFID tag 550. Microprocessor 545 may, in turn, retrieve information stored in a data storage element 570 of RFID tag 550 and transmit the retrieved information via a second signal 535 using the antenna 560. For example, in some cases, microprocessor 545 may generate the second signal 535 by modulating a baseband signal (e.g., generated using energy of the first signal 525) with the information retrieved from the data storage element 570. In some cases, this second signal 535 may be known as a backscatter modulated information signal. Thereafter, as noted, microprocessor 545 transmits the second signal 535 to reader 510. Reader 510 may receive the second signal 535 from RFID tag 550 via antenna 520 and may process (e.g., demodulate) the received signal to obtain the information of data storage element 570 sent in second signal 535.
[0120] RFID system 500 may be designed to operate at 13.56 MHz or some other frequency (e.g., an ultra-high frequency (UHF) band at 900 MHz) . Reader 510 may have a specified maximum transmit power level, which may be imposed by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in the United Stated or other regulatory bodies in other countries. The specified maximum transmit power level of reader 510 may limit the distance at which RFID tag 550 can be read by reader 510.
[0121] Wireless technology is increasingly useful in industrial applications, such as ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and machine type communication (MTC) . In such domains, and others, it is desirable to support devices (e.g., passive RFID tags) that are capable of harvesting energy from wireless energy sources (e.g., in lieu of or in combination with a battery or other energy storage device, such as a capacitor) , such as RF signals, thermal energy, solar energy, and the like.
[0122] Introduction to Ambient Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
[0123] An ambient internet of things (AIoT) device (or tag) refers to a device that is typically much smaller and cheaper compared to previous generations of IoT devices, such as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and reduced capability (RedCap) devices. Ambient IoT devices may obtain energy from radio waves.
[0124] There are various types of AIoT devices with different characteristics. For example, a first type has a ~1 μW peak power consumption, has energy storage, an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X parts per million (ppm) , and neither DL nor UL amplification in the device. UL transmission from this type of device is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally. A second type of AIoT device has a few hundred μW peak power consumption, has energy storage, an initial SFO up to 10X ppm, with both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. UL transmission from this type of device may be generated internally by the device, or be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
[0125] Due to their size and ability to operate with little or no power source, AIoT device may have broad applicability in tracking, monitoring, and managing various devices and processes, with consumer and industrial uses.
[0126] FIG. 6 depicts an example system 600 (e.g., an AIoT system) that utilizes a network entity (e.g., a gNodeB (gNB) ) or UE as a reader 610 to communicate with an AIoT device 650. Such AIoT devices may be used to monitor a variety of devices and processes. For example, the AIoT devices may be used to report sensor measurements, video signals / images, light readings, and control devices (e.g., as actuators) .
[0127] Typical networks may not be able to efficiently support the most pervasive radio frequency identification (RFID) type of sensors, implemented as passive IoT devices. Such devices may be used extensively in future use cases, such as asset management, logistics, warehousing and manufacturing. Certain systems may be required to manage AIoT devices.
[0128] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the reader device 610 may be able to read information stored on one or more AIoT devices and / or write information to the one or more AIoT devices. The gNB can provide energy to the one or more AIoT devices (e.g., via a continuous wave (CW) signal) on a reader to device (R2D) link. An information-bearing signal may be reflected back (e.g., backscattered) on a device to reader (D2R) link from the one or more AIoT devices to the gNB. The gNB may read the reflected signal (e.g., a backscattered signal) from the one or more AIoT devices to decode information (e.g., a bit sequence of 0s and 1 s) transmitted by the one or more AIoT devices.
[0129] The AIoT devices may support various types of traffic. For example, AIoT devices may support Device-Originated (DO) traffic, including Device-Originated autonomous (DO-DOA) and Device-Terminated triggered (DO-DTT) traffic, which may be reported periodically.
[0130] The AIoT system is associated with different topologies such as a first topology, a second topology, a third topology with downlink assistance, and a third topology with uplink assistance. In all of these topologies, an AIoT device may be provided with a carrier wave from other node (s) either inside or outside the topology. One or more links in each topology may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
[0131] FIG. 7A depicts a first gNB-based reader topology (Topology 1) , where a gNB 710 acts a reader (gNB 710) of an AIoT device 750. In this case, the AIoT device 750 may communicate directly and bidirectionally with the base station (gNB 710) . The communication between the base station and the AIoT device may include AIoT data and / or other signaling.
[0132] FIG. 7B depicts a second UE-based reader topology (Topology 2) , where the AIoT device 750 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 755 between the AIoT device 750 and base station (gNB 102) . In this case, the intermediate node 755 may be an UE which is capable of AIoT communications. The intermediate node 755 may transfer AIoT data and / or signaling between the base station (gNB 102) and the AIoT device 750.
[0133] Example Handling of UE Reader Mobility
[0134] As noted above, UE readers can be in any radio resource control (RRC) state (Connected / Idle / Inactive) while performing AIoT operations and can be handed over to a new base station (e.g., gNB) , which may or may not support AIoT operations. There is the potential that a reader UE, during an AIoT session, could be handed over to a legacy cell that does not support AIoT operations. As a result, AIoT operations could be interrupted and AIoT data could be lost. This could impact system performance and, in some cases, interrupt operations.
[0135] Aspects of the present disclosure provide various mechanisms for handling mobility of a UE reader. In some cases AIoT specific information may be provided from a source network entity (e.g., a gNB currently serving the UE reader) may include AIoT specific information in a handover request sent to a target network entity (e.g., a gNB to which the UE reader) . This target network entity may consider this AIoT specific information when deciding whether to accept the handover request. In other words,
[0136] In some cases, during handover preparation, the source gNB may indicate certain AIoT specific information (e.g., regarding the UE Reader capability / authorization or AIoT configurations) , so that the target gNB can be aware of the source gNB configurations and AIoT related capabilities of the UE Reader. In some cases, the source gNB may perform what is essentially “AIoT aware” target / candidate cell selection during handover (e.g., selecting AIoT capable gNBs or cells when available) . Similarly, if a reader UE is provided AIoT specific information (or configuration) for target / candidate cells, the UE may perform “AIoT aware CHO / LTM execution” based on AIoT specific (e.g., CHO execution) criteria.
[0137] In some cases, a target gNB may continue to use the same UE Reader to perform AIoT operations with the AIoT device (s) . In other cases, the target gNB may reselect to a new UE Reader. In case of Reader reselection in the middle of an Inventory / Command session, aspects of the present disclosure provide mechanisms that may help avoid the loss of AIoT data (e.g., stored Inventory / Command Reports) . In some cases, AIoT specific information may allow a target gNB to know where to forward the Inventory / Command Reports (e.g., received from the UE reader or via data forwarding from a source gNB) .
[0138] In some cases, a network AIoT function (AIoTF) may perform UE reader reselection (e.g., changing to a more optimal UE reader) . An AIoTF generally refers to a network function designed to support Ambient IoT applications. The AIoTF may be part of the 5G System (5GS) and is designed to enable intelligence-based, autonomous network management and optimization for IoT devices and services.
[0139] In certain scenarios, the AIoTF may decide to use a different (UE or gNB) Reader for inventorying a certain coverage area in the middle of an "inventory session" (i.e., before an inventory report is received by the AIoT controller) . Aspects of the present disclosure provide mechanisms that may help ensure that, in such cases of reader reselection, AIoT data (e.g., collected and stored Inventory Reports) is not lost. For example, in case ofa BS-reader, in case of reader reselection (e.g., for Topology 1) , a first BS-Reader (BS-Reader 1) may forward stored Inventory Reports (and configuration) to a second BS-reader (BS-Reader 2) . The stored reports may be forwarded over backhaul interfaces (e.g., over Xn or NG) . In case of reader reselection (e.g., for Topology 2) , an old UE Reader may report stored inventory reports to a source gNB upon reader reselection / inventory session termination. The source gNB may then forward the inventory reports to the target gNB during HO preparation. The same mechanisms may be applied to ensure data is not lost in case of reader reselection in the middle of a Command session.
[0140] The mechanisms for handling UE reader mobility proposed herein may be understood with reference to the call flow diagram 800 shown in FIG. 8. The mechanisms proposed herein may support UE reader mobility for a variety of mobility types, including conditional handover (CHO) and lower layer (L1 / L2) triggered mobility (LTM) .
[0141] While the call flow diagram 800 shows example enumerated steps 1-10, some steps may be optional and additional steps (not shown) may also be performed. Further, in certain cases, some parts shown in certain steps may be performed as part of other steps. For example, while step 8 shows AIoT data forwarded from the source gNB to the target gNB, some of that data could be forwarded in step 5 (e.g., included as part of a handover request) .
[0142] As noted above, while an example UE reader mobility scenarios is depicted in FIG. 8, aspects of the present disclosure may more broadly be applied to reselection involving various other types of network entities (wireless nodes) . For example, aspects of the present disclosure may also be applied to a scenario in which an AIoT function (AIoTF) 806 performs reader reselection (where the reader could be a UE reader per Topology 1 or a gNB reader per Topology 2) .
[0143] The call flow diagram 800 depicts a UE reader 802 performing operations with one or more AIoT devices 804. In the example scenario, the UE reader 802 is handed over from a source gNB 102S to a target gNB 102T.
[0144] In some aspects, the UE reader 802 may be an example of the UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and 3. In some aspects, the IoT device (s) 804 may be an example of the RFID tag 550 described with respect to FIG. 5 and / or one or more of the A-IoT devices described with respect to FIGS. 6 or 7.
[0145] As illustrated, according to certain aspects (in step 1) , the source gNB may receive AIoTF related information (e.g., in an inventory / command configuration from AIoTF 806) . For example, this AIoTF related information may include information about the AIoTF to which the AIoT data (e.g., Inventory / Command Reports) is to be forwarded.
[0146] As illustrated, the source gNB may configure the UE Reader with AIoT configurations. The UE reader and AIoT devices may then perform AIoT operations (step 2) in accordance with the configuration. The AIoT operations may include, for example, R2D / D2R communication for Inventory, command or other AIoT communication.
[0147] As indicated at step 3, the Source gNB may collect AIoT data from the UE Reader and forwards it to the AIoTF, in accordance with the configuration and AIoTF related information (obtained in step 1) .
[0148] As indicated at step 4, the Source gNB may select target / candidate gNBs / cells for handover / LTM of the UE Reader based on certain criteria being met. If such criteria are met, the Source gNB may transmit a handover request to a target gNB, at step 5.
[0149] As illustrated, the Source gNB may provide some AIoT specific information to the target / candidate gNBs / cells, as part of HO preparation for the UE Reader. If the target gNB accepts the request (e.g., after considering the AIoT specific information) , it may indicate acceptance, at step 6, with a handover request acknowledgement (ACK) message.
[0150] As indicated, the ACK message may include AIoT configuration information for the target / candidate cells. The source gNB may send this information to the UE Reader, for example, via an RRC reconfiguration message, at step 7. As indicated at step 8, in some cases, the source gNB may also forward stored AIoT data to the target gNB (e.g., upon HO / CHO / LTM execution or as part of early / late data forwarding) . As noted above, in some cases, some or all of the stored AIoT data may also be forwarded in step 5 in the handover request.
[0151] As indicated at step 9, the UE Reader 802 may resume AIoT operations with the AIoT devices 804. In some cases, as indicated at step 10, the UE Reader 802 may provide AIoTF related information to the target gNB (e.g., via an RRC reconfiguration complete message) . This AIoTF related information may allow the target gNB to know where to forward AIoT data obtained / reported from the UE reader.
[0152] The AIoT specific information provided to the target gNB (in step 5) may include a variety of different types of information.
[0153] For example, some of the information may relate to a capability or configuration of the reader UE. For example, this information may indicate whether the UE to be handed over is a UE Reader or a legacy UE (e.g., without UE Reader capability) , whether the UE Reader is authorized for AIoT operations, and / or an AIoT resource configuration (e.g., indicating time and frequency resources for AIoT operations) .
[0154] The AIoT specific information may also include information such as expected bit rate for AIoT communication, an Inventory / Command configuration, and / or assistance information. The assistance information may be received at the source gNB from an AIoT core network (CN) and may include information such as an expected number of devices, expected packet size, and the like.
[0155] The AIoT specific information may also include information such as (Dedicated) signaling radio bearer (SRB) , data radio bearer (DRB) , and / or logical channel information used for AIoT. The AIoT specific information may also indicate whether the source gNB is also a BS Reader, whether the UE Reader is involved in an active AIoT session, an AIoT session / transaction ID, and a UE Reader ID.
[0156] The AIoT specific information may also include a list of candidate readers, for example, in case the target gNB wants to perform Reader (re) selection. The AIoT specific information may also include AIoTF information, such as an AIoTF ID, which could be an IP address or a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) . The AIoT specific information may also include Inventory / Command Reports stored at the source gNB (e.g., to avoid loss of stored reports in case of reader reselection) and a dedicated radio access technology (RAT) frequency selection priority (RFSP) information or subscriber profile ID (SPID) index for AIoT.
[0157] As noted above, at step 6, the target gNB may provide the conditional configurations of candidate (e.g., CHO / LTM / CLTM) cells with AIoT specific criteria. In some cases, the AIoT specific criteria to execute CHO / LTM / CLTM may include prioritization rules based on AIoT capability of candidate cells (e.g., to prioritize selecting an AIoT supporting cell over an AIoT non supporting cell) . The AIoT specific criteria may also include AIoT specific offset (or hysteresis) for candidate CHO / LTM / C-LTM cells or criteria to execute CHO / LTM / CLTM upon certain AIoT operations being met. For example, the handover may be executed upon starting / completion of an AIoT inventory / command / session or upon inventorying some quantity (e.g., X) of devices, after a certain time, or after moving a certain distance.
[0158] The target gNB may continue to use the same UE Reader for AIoT operation continuity or may reselect a new UE Reader for AIoT operations (e.g., based on a list of Readers provided by the source gNB in step 5) . In case of reader reselection, the target gNB may release the AIoT configurations and / or terminate the AIoT operations at the old UE Reader. In some cases, the target gNB may inform the old UE Reader explicitly to release the AIoT configurations or this can be implicit via what may be referred to as a “delta configuration” that indicates a change relative to a current AIoT configuration.
[0159] In some cases, the target gNB may reject the handover request (to handover the UE Reader) . For example, the target may reject the handover request ifthe target gNB does not support AIoT or ifthe target gNB does not have any (or sufficient) resources for AIoT. In some cases, the target gNB may indicate an “AIoT specific cause” value in the case of a Handover ACK failure / rejection.
[0160] The target gNB may accept or reject the AIoT configuration indicated by the source gNB (e.g., the SRB / DRB used for AIoT, AIoT resource configuration, or the like) . As noted above, in some cases, the target gNB may provide a “delta” configuration to the UE Reader in a HO command (e.g., in steps 6-7) indicating a difference relative to a current AIoT configuration.
[0161] As noted with reference to steps 1 and 10 in the call flow diagram of FIG. 8, the source gNB and / or target gNB may receive AIoTF related information. For example, this AIoTF related information may include an AIoTF ID, IP address / FQDN of the AIoTF, or a PDU session / DRB / SRB / logical channel dedicated for that AIoTF. The AIoTF ID could be a node ID or a network function (NF) instance identifier, which may be provisioned by the network operations, administration, and management (OAM) .
[0162] In some cases, the AIoTF ID may be an interface identifier established during the RAN-AIoTF interface management procedure and can be a pairwise identifier between the gNB / Reader and AIoTF. In some cases, the AIoTF ID can be a shorthand to refer to a node ID. As an example, ID1 may refer to AIoTF 10, ID 2 may refer to AIoTF 11, and so on. In such cases, this mapping may be configured at the gNB / Reader by another entity (e.g., OAM) .
[0163] In some cases, at step 4, a source gNB may only select AIoT supporting cells as target / candidate cells for UE Reader handover. This may be done in an effort to ensure AIoT service continuity. As an alternative, the source gNB may select any cell as target / candidate cell for UE Reader mobility in an agnostic manner (e.g., regardless of whether the target / candidate gNB / cells supports AIoT)
[0164] The target gNB may forward the AIoT data (e.g., Inventory / Command Report) to the AIoTF based on previously received information. For example, the previously received information may include the AIoTF related information (received from the UE Reader in step 10 or AIoTF information received from source gNB in step 4) and / or information indicating PDU session / DRB / SRB / logical channel used for Inventory / Command Report.
[0165] The information exchanged in step 5 and target cell selection principles proposed herein may also apply to secondary node (SN) addition / SN change scenarios. In such cases, a master node (MN) may exchange AIoT specific information with a target SN or a source SN can exchange AIoT specific information with a target SN (via the MN) . Similarly, AIoT specific execution criteria / events can be defined for conditional PSCell Addition or Change (CPAC) or secondary cell group (SCG) LTM scenarios.
[0166] Example Operations
[0167] FIG. 9 shows an example of a method 900 of wireless communications at a wireless node. In some examples, the wireless node is a user equipment, such as a UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3. In some examples, the wireless node is a network entity, such as a BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0168] Method 900 begins at step 905 with forwarding data, that originated from at least one ambient Intemet of things (AIoT) device, to an AIoT function (AIoTF) , the data being obtained from the first wireless node. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for forwarding and / or code for forwarding as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0169] Method 900 then proceeds to step 910 with outputting, to a second wireless node, a request to handover the first wireless node from the wireless node to the second wireless node, wherein the request comprises first information regarding AIoT operations involving the first wireless node. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for outputting and / or code for outputting as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0170] Method 900 then proceeds to step 915 with obtaining, from the second wireless node, a response to the request. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for obtaining and / or code for obtaining as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0171] Method 900 then proceeds to step 920 with performing one or more actions after obtaining the response. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for performing and / or code for performing as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0172] In some aspects, the first information indicates at least one of: AIoT capability of the first wireless node; the first wireless node is authorized for AIoT operation; whether the first wireless node is involved in an active AIoT session; or an identifier (ID) of the first wireless node.
[0173] In some aspects, the first information indicates at least one of: an AIoT resource configuration regarding time and frequency resources; an expected bit rate associated with AIoT communication; an AIoT inventory session configuration; or an AIoT command session configuration.
[0174] In some aspects, the first information indicates at least one of: an expected quantity of AIoT devices; an expected packet size; one or more bearers or logical channels used for AIoT operations; AIoT capability of the wireless node; an AIoT session identifier (ID) ; an AIoT transaction ID; one or more candidate wireless nodes in case of wireless node reselection; information regarding the AIoTF; one or more reports including AIoT related data; radio access technology (RAT) frequency selection priority (RFSP) information; or subscriber profile ID (SPID) information.
[0175] In some aspects, the response indicates at least one AIoT specific criterion associated with conditional mobility for one or more candidate cells; the one or more actions comprise configuring the first wireless node with the AIoT specific criteria; and the response also indicates an AIoT configuration to be used by the first wireless node upon mobility to the second wireless node.
[0176] In some aspects, the at least one AIoT specific criterion involves at least one of:at least one prioritization rule based on AIoT capability of the one or more candidate cells; or information regarding a bias for one or candidate cells based on one or more AIoT operations.
[0177] In some aspects, the response indicates at least one of: a rejection of the request; or an AIoT related cause for the rejection.
[0178] In some aspects, the first information indicates a proposed AIoT configuration; and the response indicates an alternative AIoT configuration.
[0179] In some aspects, the method 900 further includes obtaining second information regarding the AIoTF. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for obtaining and / or code for obtaining as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0180] In some aspects, the method 900 further includes outputting the second information to the first wireless node. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for outputting and / or code for outputting as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0181] In some aspects, the second information indicates at least one of: an identifier of the AIoTF; an Intemet protocol (IP) address of the AIoTF; a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the AIoTF; a protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the AIoTF; resource bearer (RB) information; or logical channel information for the AIoTF.
[0182] In some aspects, the response indicates an AIoT configuration associated with one or more candidate cells; and the one or more actions comprise configuring the first wireless node with the AIoT configuration.
[0183] In some aspects, the response indicates the request is accepted; and the one or more actions comprise outputting, to the second wireless node, one or more reports including AIoT related data.
[0184] In some aspects, the method 900 further includes selecting one or more candidate cells that support AIoT operations based on the first information, wherein the second wireless node is associated with one of the candidate cells. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for selecting and / or code for selecting as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0185] In one aspect, method 900, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1100 of FIG. 11, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 900. Communications device 1100 is described below in further detail.
[0186] Note that FIG. 9 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0187] FIG. 10 shows an example of a method 1000 of wireless communications at a wireless node. In some examples, the wireless node is a user equipment, such as a UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3. In some examples, the wireless node is a network entity, such as a BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0188] Method 1000 begins at step 1005 with obtaining, from a second wireless node, a request to handover a first wireless node from the second wireless node to the wireless node, wherein the request indicates first information regarding ambient Intemet of things (AIoT) operations involving the first wireless node. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for obtaining and / or code for obtaining as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0189] Method 1000 then proceeds to step 1010 with outputting, to the second wireless node, a response to the request based on the first information. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for outputting and / or code for outputting as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0190] In some aspects, the first information indicates at least one of: AIoT capability of the first wireless node; authorization of the first wireless node for AIoT operation; whether the first wireless node is involved in an active AIoT session; or an identifier (ID) of the first wireless node.
[0191] In some aspects, the first information indicates at least one of: an AIoT resource configuration indicating time and frequency resources; an expected bit rate for AIoT communication; an AIoT inventory session configuration; or an AIoT command session configuration.
[0192] In some aspects, the first information indicates at least one of: AIoT related assistance information indicating at least one of an expected quantity of AIoT devices or an expected packet size; information regarding one or more bearers or logical channels used for AIoT operations; AIoT capability of the wireless node; an AIoT session identifier (ID) ; an AIoT transaction ID; one or more candidate wireless nodes for AIoT reader reselection; information regarding an AIoT function (AIoTF) ; one or more reports including AIoT related data; radio access technology (RAT) frequency selection priority (RFSP) information; or subscriber profile ID (SPID) information.
[0193] In some aspects, the response indicates: AIoT specific criteria for conditional mobility for one or more candidate cells, and an AIoT configuration to be used by the first wireless node upon mobility to the wireless node.
[0194] In some aspects, the AIoT specific criteria involves at least one of: prioritization rules based on AIoT capability of the one or more candidate cells; or information regarding a bias for one or candidate cells based on one or more AIoT operations.
[0195] In some aspects, the response indicates: a rejection of the request; and an AIoT related cause for the rejection.
[0196] In some aspects, the first information indicates a proposed AIoT configuration; and the response indicates an alternative AIoT configuration.
[0197] In some aspects, the method 1000 further includes obtaining, from the first wireless node, second information regarding an AIoT function (AIoTF) . In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for obtaining and / or code for obtaining as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0198] In some aspects, the second information indicates at least one of: an identifier of the AIoTF; an Internet protocol (IP) address of the AIoTF; a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the AIoTF; information regarding a protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the AIoTF; or at least one of resource bearer (RB) information or logical channel information for the AIoTF.
[0199] In some aspects, the response indicates an AIoT configuration for one or more candidate cells.
[0200] In some aspects, the response indicates the request is accepted.
[0201] In one aspect, method 1000, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1100 of FIG. 11, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1000. Communications device 1100 is described below in further detail.
[0202] Note that FIG. 10 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0203] Example Communications Device (s)
[0204] FIG. 11 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1100. In some aspects, communications device 1100 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 3. In some aspects, communications device 1100 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0205] The communications device 1100 includes a processing system 1105 coupled to the transceiver 1175 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . In some aspects (e.g., when communications device 1100 is a network entity) , processing system 1105 may be coupled to a network interface 1185 that is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1100 via communication link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The transceiver 1175 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1100 via the antenna 1180, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1105 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1100, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1100.
[0206] The processing system 1105 includes one or more processors 1110. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1110 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 358, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380, as described with respect to FIG. 3. In various aspects, one or more processors 1110 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 338, transmit processor 320, TX MIMO processor 330, and / or controller / processor 340, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1110 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1140 via a bus 1170. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1140 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1110, cause the one or more processors 1110 to perform the method 900 described with respect to FIG. 9, or any aspect related to it; and the method 1000 described with respect to FIG. 10, or any aspect related to it. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1100 may include one or more processors 1110 performing that function of communications device 1100.
[0207] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1140 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , such as code for forwarding 1145, code for outputting 1150, code for obtaining 1155, code for performing 1160, and code for selecting 1165. Processing of the code for forwarding 1145, code for outputting 1150, code for obtaining 1155, code for performing 1160, and code for selecting 1165 may cause the communications device 1100 to perform the method 900 described with respect to FIG. 9, or any aspect related to it; and the method 1000 described with respect to FIG. 10, or any aspect related to it.
[0208] The one or more processors 1110 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1140, including circuitry for forwarding 1115, circuitry for outputting 1120, circuitry for obtaining 1125, circuitry for performing 1130, and circuitry for selecting 1135. Processing with circuitry for forwarding 1115, circuitry for outputting 1120, circuitry for obtaining 1125, circuitry for performing 1130, and circuitry for selecting 1135 may cause the communications device 1100 to perform the method 900 described with respect to FIG. 9, or any aspect related to it; and the method 1000 described with respect to FIG. 10, or any aspect related to it.
[0209] Various components of the communications device 1100 may provide means for performing the method 900 described with respect to FIG. 9, or any aspect related to it; and the method 1000 described with respect to FIG. 10, or any aspect related to it. For example, means for transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceivers 332 and / or antenna (s) 334 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3, and / or the transceiver 1175 and the antenna 1180 of the communications device 1100 in FIG. 11. Means for receiving or obtaining may include transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceivers 332 and / or antenna (s) 334 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3, and / or the transceiver 1175 and the antenna 1180 of the communications device 1100 in FIG. 11.
[0210] Example Clauses
[0211] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0212] Clause 1: A method for wireless communications at a wireless node, comprising: forwarding data, that originated from at least one ambient Internet of things (AIoT) device, to an AIoT function (AIoTF) , the data being obtained from a first wireless node; outputting, to a second wireless node, a request to handover the first wireless node from the wireless node to the second wireless node, wherein the request comprises first information regarding AIoT operations involving the first wireless node; obtaining, from the second wireless node, a response to the request; and performing one or more actions after obtaining the response.
[0213] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein the first information indicates at least one of: AIoT capability of the first wireless node; the first wireless node is authorized for AIoT operation; whether the first wireless node is involved in an active AIoT session; or an identifier (ID) of the first wireless node.
[0214] Clause 3: The method of any one of Clauses 1-2, wherein the first information indicates at least one of: an AIoT resource configuration regarding time and frequency resources; an expected bit rate associated with AIoT communication; an AIoT inventory session configuration; or an AIoT command session configuration.
[0215] Clause 4: The method of any one of Clauses 1-3, wherein the first information indicates at least one of: an expected quantity of AIoT devices; an expected packet size; one or more bearers or logical channels used for AIoT operations; AIoT capability of the wireless node; an AIoT session identifier (ID) ; an AIoT transaction ID; one or more candidate wireless nodes in case of wireless node reselection; information regarding the AIoTF; one or more reports including AIoT related data; radio access technology (RAT) frequency selection priority (RFSP) information; or subscriber profile ID (SPID) information.
[0216] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 1-4, wherein: the response indicates at least one AIoT specific criterion associated with conditional mobility for one or more candidate cells; the one or more actions comprise configuring the first wireless node with the AIoT specific criterion; and the response also indicates an AIoT configuration to be used by the first wireless node upon mobility to the second wireless node.
[0217] Clause 6: The method of Clause 5, wherein the at least one AIoT specific criterion involves at least one of: at least one prioritization rule based on AIoT capability of the one or more candidate cells; or information regarding a bias for one or candidate cells based on one or more AIoT operations.
[0218] Clause 7: The method of any one of Clauses 1-6, wherein the response indicates at least one of: a rejection of the request; or an AIoT related cause for the rejection.
[0219] Clause 8: The method of any one of Clauses 1-7, wherein: the first information indicates a proposed AIoT configuration; and the response indicates an alternative AIoT configuration.
[0220] Clause 9: The method of any one of Clauses 1-8, further comprising: obtaining second information regarding the AIoTF; and outputting the second information to the first wireless node.
[0221] Clause 10: The method of Clause 9, wherein the second information indicates at least one of: an identifier of the AIoTF; an Internet protocol (IP) address of the AIoTF; a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the AIoTF; a protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the AIoTF; resource bearer (RB) information; or logical channel information for the AIoTF.
[0222] Clause 11: The method of any one of Clauses 1-10, wherein: the response indicates an AIoT configuration associated with one or more candidate cells; and the one or more actions comprise configuring the first wireless node with the AIoT configuration.
[0223] Clause 12: The method of any one of Clauses 1-11, wherein: the response indicates the request is accepted; and the one or more actions comprise outputting, to the second wireless node, one or more reports including AIoT related data.
[0224] Clause 13: The method of any one of Clauses 1-12, further comprising: selecting one or more candidate cells that support AIoT operations based on the first information, wherein the second wireless node is associated with one of the candidate cells.
[0225] Clause 14: A method for wireless communications at a wireless node, comprising: obtaining, from a second wireless node, a request to handover a first wireless node from the second wireless node to the wireless node, wherein the request indicates first information regarding ambient Internet of things (AIoT) operations involving the first wireless node; and outputting, to the second wireless node, a response to the request based on the first information.
[0226] Clause 15: The method of Clause 14, wherein the first information indicates at least one of: AIoT capability of the first wireless node; authorization of the first wireless node for AIoT operation; whether the first wireless node is involved in an active AIoT session; or an identifier (ID) of the first wireless node.
[0227] Clause 16: The method of any one of Clauses 14-15, wherein the first information indicates at least one of: an AIoT resource configuration indicating time and frequency resources; an expected bit rate for AIoT communication; an AIoT inventory session configuration; or an AIoT command session configuration.
[0228] Clause 17: The method of any one of Clauses 14-16, wherein the first information indicates at least one of: AIoT related assistance information indicating at least one of an expected quantity of AIoT devices or an expected packet size; information regarding one or more bearers or logical channels used for AIoT operations; AIoT capability of the wireless node; an AIoT session identifier (ID) ; an AIoT transaction ID; one or more candidate wireless nodes for AIoT reader reselection; information regarding an AIoT function (AIoTF) ; one or more reports including AIoT related data; radio access technology (RAT) frequency selection priority (RFSP) information; or subscriber profile ID (SPID) information.
[0229] Clause 18: The method of any one of Clauses 14-17, wherein the response indicates: AIoT specific criteria for conditional mobility for one or more candidate cells, and an AIoT configuration to be used by the first wireless node upon mobility to the wireless node.
[0230] Clause 19: The method of Clause 18, wherein the AIoT specific criteria involves at least one of: prioritization rules based on AIoT capability of the one or more candidate cells; or information regarding a bias for one or candidate cells based on one or more AIoT operations.
[0231] Clause 20: The method of any one of Clauses 14-19, wherein the response indicates: a rejection of the request; and an AIoT related cause for the rejection.
[0232] Clause 21: The method of any one of Clauses 14-20, wherein: the first information indicates a proposed AIoT configuration; and the response indicates an alternative AIoT configuration.
[0233] Clause 22: The method of any one of Clauses 14-21, further comprising: obtaining, from the first wireless node, second information regarding an AIoT function (AIoTF) .
[0234] Clause 23: The method of Clause 22, wherein the second information indicates at least one of: an identifier of the AIoTF; an Internet protocol (IP) address of the AIoTF; a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the AIoTF; information regarding a protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the AIoTF; or at least one of resource bearer (RB) information or logical channel information for the AIoTF.
[0235] Clause 24: The method of any one of Clauses 14-23, wherein: the response indicates an AIoT configuration for one or more candidate cells.
[0236] Clause 25: The method of any one of Clauses 14-24, wherein: the response indicates the request is accepted.
[0237] Clause 26: An apparatus, comprising: at least one memory comprising executable instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the apparatus to perform a method in accordance with any combination of Clauses 1-25.
[0238] Clause 27: An apparatus, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any combination of Clauses 1-25.
[0239] Clause 28: A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform a method in accordance with any combination of Clauses 1-25.
[0240] Clause 29: A computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any combination of Clauses 1-25.
[0241] Clause 30: A wireless node (e.g., a source gNB) , including: at least one transceiver; at least one memory including executable instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the wireless node to perform a method in accordance with any combination of Clauses 1-14, wherein the at least one transceiver is configured to transmit the request, and receive the response.
[0242] Clause 31: A wireless node (e.g., a target gNB) , including: at least one transceiver; at least one memory including executable instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the wireless node to perform a method in accordance with any combination of Clauses 15-25, wherein the at least one transceiver is configured to receive the request, and transmit the response.
[0243] Additional Considerations
[0244] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0245] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a system on a chip (SoC) , or any other such configuration.
[0246] As used herein, “a processor, ” “at least one processor” or “one or more processors” generally refers to a single processor configured to perform one or multiple operations or multiple processors configured to collectively perform one or more operations. In the case of multiple processors, performance of the one or more operations could be divided amongst different processors, though one processor may perform multiple operations, and multiple processors could collectively perform a single operation. Similarly, “a memory, ” “at least one memory” or “one or more memories” generally refers to a single memory configured to store data and / or instructions, multiple memories configured to collectively store data and / or instructions.
[0247] In some cases, rather than actually transmitting a signal, an apparatus (e.g., a wireless node or device) may have an interface to output the signal for transmission. For example, a processor may output a signal, via a bus interface, to a radio frequency (RF) front end for transmission. Accordingly, a means for outputting may include such an interface as an alternative (or in addition) to a transmitter or transceiver. Similarly, rather than actually receiving a signal, an apparatus (e.g., a wireless node or device) may have an interface to obtain a signal from another device. For example, a processor may obtain (or receive) a signal, via a bus interface, from an RF front end for reception. Accordingly, a means for obtaining may include such an interface as an alternative (or in addition) to a receiver or transceiver.
[0248] While the present disclosure may describe certain operations as being performed by one type of wireless node, the same or similar operations may also be performed by another type of wireless node. For example, operations performed by a user equipment (UE) may also (or instead) be performed by a network entity (e.g., a base station or unit of a disaggregated base station) . Similarly, operations performed by a network entity may also (or instead) be performed by a UE.
[0249] Further, while the present disclosure may describe certain types of communications between different types of wireless nodes (e.g., between a network entity and a UE) , the same or similar types of communications may occur between same types of wireless nodes (e.g., between network entities or between UEs, in a peer-to-peer scenario) . Further, communications may occur in reverse order than described.
[0250] Means for forwarding, means for outputting, means for obtaining, means for performing, and means for selecting may comprise one or more processors, such as one or more of the processors described above with reference to FIG. 11.
[0251] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0252] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0253] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or processor. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0254] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Within a claim, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112 (f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” . All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:at least one memory comprising instructions and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:forward data, that originated from at least one ambient Internet of things (AIoT) device, to an AIoT function (AIoTF) , the data being obtained from a first wireless node;output, to a second wireless node, a request to handover the first wireless node from the apparatus to the second wireless node, wherein the request comprises first information regarding AIoT operations involving the first wireless node;obtain, from the second wireless node, a response to the request; andperform one or more actions after obtaining the response.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first information indicates at least one of:AIoT capability of the first wireless node;the first wireless node is authorized for AIoT operation;whether the first wireless node is involved in an active AIoT session; oran identifier (ID) of the first wireless node.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first information indicates at least one of:an AIoT resource configuration regarding time and frequency resources;an expected bit rate associated with AIoT communication;an AIoT inventory session configuration; oran AIoT command session configuration.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first information indicates at least one of:an expected quantity of AIoT devices;an expected packet size;one or more bearers or logical channels used for AIoT operations;AIoT capability of the apparatus;an AIoT session identifier (ID) ;an AIoT transaction ID;one or more candidate wireless nodes in case of wireless node reselection;information regarding the AIoTF;one or more reports including AIoT related data;radio access technology (RAT) frequency selection priority (RFSP) information; or subscriber profile ID (SPID) information.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the response indicates at least one AIoT specific criterion associated with conditional mobility for one or more candidate cells;the one or more actions comprise configuring the first wireless node with the AIoT specific criterion; andthe response also indicates an AIoT configuration to be used by the first wireless node upon mobility to the second wireless node.6.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one AIoT specific criterion involves at least one of:at least one prioritization rule based on AIoT capability of the one or more candidate cells; orinformation regarding a bias for one or candidate cells based on one or more AIoT operations.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the response indicates at least one of:a rejection of the request; oran AIoT related cause for the rejection.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first information indicates a proposed AIoT configuration; andthe response indicates an alternative AIoT configuration.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the apparatus to:obtain second information regarding the AIoTF; andoutput the second information to the first wireless node.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second information indicates at least one of:an identifier of the AIoTF;an Internet protocol (IP) address of the AIoTF;a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the AIoTF;a protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the AIoTF;resource bearer (RB) information; orlogical channel information for the AIoTF.11.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the response indicates an AIoT configuration associated with one or more candidate cells; andthe one or more actions comprise configuring the first wireless node with the AIoT configuration.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the response indicates the request is accepted; andthe one or more actions comprise outputting, to the second wireless node, one or more reports including AIoT related data.13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the apparatus to:select one or more candidate cells that support AIoT operations based on the first information, wherein the second wireless node is associated with one of the candidate cells.14.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:at least one memory comprising instructions and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:obtain, from a second wireless node, a request to handover a first wireless node from the second wireless node to the apparatus, wherein the request indicates first information regarding ambient Internet of things (AIoT) operations involving the first wireless node; andoutput, to the second wireless node, a response to the request based on the first information.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first information indicates at least one of:AIoT capability of the first wireless node;authorization of the first wireless node for AIoT operation;whether the first wireless node is involved in an active AIoT session; oran identifier (ID) of the first wireless node.16.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first information indicates at least one of:an AIoT resource configuration indicating time and frequency resources;an expected bit rate for AIoT communication;an AIoT inventory session configuration; oran AIoT command session configuration.17.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first information indicates at least one of:AIoT related assistance information indicating at least one of an expected quantity of AIoT devices or an expected packet size;information regarding one or more bearers or logical channels used for AIoT operations;AIoT capability of the apparatus;an AIoT session identifier (ID) ;an AIoT transaction ID;one or more candidate wireless nodes for AIoT reader reselection;information regarding an AIoT function (AIoTF) ;one or more reports including AIoT related data;radio access technology (RAT) frequency selection priority (RFSP) information; orsubscriber profile ID (SPID) information.18.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the response indicates:AIoT specific criteria for conditional mobility for one or more candidate cells, andan AIoT configuration to be used by the first wireless node upon mobility to the apparatus.19.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the AIoT specific criteria involves at least one of:prioritization rules based on AIoT capability of the one or more candidate cells; orinformation regarding a bias for one or candidate cells based on one or more AIoT operations.20.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the response indicates:a rejection of the request; andan AIoT related cause for the rejection.21.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein:the first information indicates a proposed AIoT configuration; andthe response indicates an alternative AIoT configuration.22.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the apparatus to:obtain, from the first wireless node, second information regarding an AIoT function (AIoTF) .23.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the second information indicates at least one of:an identifier of the AIoTF;an Internet protocol (IP) address of the AIoTF;a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the AIoTF;information regarding a protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the AIoTF; orat least one of resource bearer (RB) information or logical channel information for the AIoTF.24.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein:the response indicates an AIoT configuration for one or more candidate cells.25.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein:the response indicates the request is accepted.26.A wireless node, comprising:at least one transceiver;at least one memory comprising computer-executable instructions; andone or more processors configured to execute the computer-executable instructions and cause the wireless node to:forward data, that originated from at least one ambient Internet of things (AIoT) device, to an AIoT function (AIoTF) , the data being obtained from a first wireless node;transmit, to a second wireless node, a request to handover the first wireless node from the wireless node to the second wireless node, wherein the request comprises first information regarding AIoT operations involving the first wireless node;receive, from the second wireless node, a response to the request; andperform one or more actions after obtaining the response.27.A wireless node, comprising:at least one transceiver;at least one memory comprising computer-executable instructions; andone or more processors configured to execute the computer-executable instructions and cause the wireless node to:receive, from a second wireless node, a request to handover a first wireless node from the second wireless node to the wireless node, wherein the request indicates first information regarding ambient Internet of things (AIoT) operations involving the first wireless node; andtransmit, to the second wireless node, a response to the request based on the first information.