Drilling operations framework
The drilling operations framework leverages advanced computational tools and isotonic regression to improve borehole trajectory planning, addressing inefficiencies and risks in drilling through complex geological structures, enhancing resource extraction efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SCHLUMBERGER TECH CORP
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing drilling operations lack accurate methods for constructing boreholes that penetrate reservoirs with complex geological structures, leading to inefficiencies and increased risks such as stuck pipe and non-productive time.
A drilling operations framework that utilizes computational frameworks like DRILLPLAN, DRILLOPS, PETREL, TECHLOG, PETROMOD, ECLIPSE, and INTERSECT to analyze and model subsurface regions, combined with isotonic regression to generate multidimensional control surfaces for drilling behavior, enabling precise borehole trajectory planning and control.
Enhances the accuracy of borehole construction, reduces non-productive time, and improves the efficiency of resource extraction by minimizing risks associated with complex geological formations.
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Figure CN2024131180_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DRILLING OPERATIONS FRAMEWORKBACKGROUND
[0001] A reservoir may be a subsurface formation that may be characterized at least in part by its porosity and fluid permeability. As an example, a reservoir may be part of a basin such as a sedimentary basin. A basin may be a depression (e.g., caused by plate tectonic activity, subsidence, etc. ) in which sediments accumulate. As an example, where hydrocarbon source rocks occur in combination with appropriate depth and duration of burial, a petroleum system may develop within a basin, which may form a reservoir that includes hydrocarbon fluids (e.g., oil, gas, etc. ) .
[0002] In oil and gas exploration, interpretation is a process that involves analysis of data to identify and locate various subsurface structures (e.g., horizons, faults, geobodies, etc. ) in a geologic environment. Various types of structures (e.g., stratigraphic formations) may be indicative of hydrocarbon traps or flow channels, as may be associated with one or more reservoirs (e.g., fluid reservoirs) . In the field of resource extraction, enhancements to interpretation may allow for construction of a more accurate model of a subsurface region, which, in turn, may improve characterization of the subsurface region for purposes of resource extraction. Characterization of one or more subsurface regions in a geologic environment may guide, for example, performance of one or more operations (e.g., field operations, etc. ) . As an example, a plan may depend on a model of a subsurface region where the plan may specify how a drilling operation may accurately construct a borehole according to a trajectory that penetrates a reservoir, etc., where fluid may be produced via the borehole (e.g., as a completed well, etc. ) . As an example, one or more workflows may be performed using one or more computational frameworks, systems, etc., for one or more of analysis, acquisition, model building, control, etc., for exploration, interpretation, drilling, fracturing, production, etc.SUMMARY
[0003] A method may include accessing drilling data associated with borehole depth; interpolating the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; performing isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and outputting the multidimensional control surface. A system may include one or more processors; memory accessible to at least one of the one or more processors; and processor-executable instructions stored in the memory and executable to instruct the system to: access drilling data associated with borehole depth; interpolate the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; perform isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and output the multidimensional control surface. One or more computer-readable storage media may include processor-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to: access drilling data associated with borehole depth; interpolate the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; perform isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and output the multidimensional control surface. Various other apparatuses, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.
[0004] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever convenient Features and advantages of the described implementations may be more readily understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0006] Fig. 1 shows an example of a system;
[0007] Fig. 2 shows an example of a system;
[0008] Fig. 3 shows an example of a system;
[0009] Fig. 4 shows an example of a system;
[0010] Fig. 5 shows an example of a method;
[0011] Fig. 6 shows an example plot as to drilling control and example graphics as to some examples of drilling behaviors;
[0012] Fig. 7 shows an example of a method;
[0013] Fig. 8 shows an example of a plot;
[0014] Fig. 9 shows an example of a method;
[0015] Fig. 10 shows an example of a method;
[0016] Fig. 11 shows an example of a method;
[0017] Fig. 12 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0018] Fig. 13 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0019] Fig. 14 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0020] Fig. 15 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0021] Fig. 16 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0022] Fig. 17 shows examples of techniques;
[0023] Fig. 18 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0024] Fig. 19 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0025] Fig. 20 shows an example of a graphical user interface;
[0026] Fig. 21 shows an example of a method and an example of a system; and
[0027] Fig. 22 shows an example of a system.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but rather is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the implementations. The scope of the described implementations should be ascertained with reference to the issued claims.
[0029] Fig. 1 shows an example of a system 100 that includes a workspace framework 110 that may provide for instantiation of, rendering of, interactions with, etc., a graphical user interface (GUI) 120. In the example of Fig. 1, the GUI 120 may include graphical controls for computational frameworks (e.g., applications, etc. ) 121, projects 122, visualization features 123, one or more other features 124, data access 125, and data storage 126.
[0030] In the example of Fig. 1, the workspace framework 110 may be tailored to a particular geologic environment such as an example geologic environment 150. For example, the geologic environment 150 may include layers (e.g., stratification) that include a reservoir 151 and that may be intersected by a fault 153. As an example, the geologic environment 150 may be outfitted with a variety of sensors, detectors, actuators, etc. For example, equipment 152 may include communication circuitry to receive and to transmit information with respect to one or more networks 155. Such information may include information associated with downhole equipment 154, which may be equipment to acquire information, to assist with resource recovery, etc. Other equipment 156 may be located remote from a wellsite and include sensing, detecting, emitting or other circuitry. Such equipment may include storage and communication circuitry to store and to communicate data, instructions, etc. As an example, one or more satellites may be provided for purposes of communications, data acquisition, etc. For example, Fig. 1 shows a satellite in communication with the network 155 that may be configured for communications, noting that the satellite may additionally or alternatively include circuitry for imagery (e.g., spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric, etc. ) .
[0031] Fig. 1 also shows the geologic environment 150 as optionally including equipment 157 and 158 associated with a well that includes a substantially horizontal portion that may intersect with one or more fractures 159. For example, consider a well in a shale formation that may include natural fractures, artificial fractures (e.g., hydraulic fractures) or a combination of natural and artificial fractures. As an example, a well may be drilled for a reservoir that is laterally extensive. In such an example, lateral variations in properties, stresses, etc. may exist where an assessment of such variations may assist with planning, operations, etc. to develop a laterally extensive reservoir (e.g., via fracturing, injecting, extracting, etc. ) . As an example, the equipment 157 and / or 158 may include components, a system, systems, etc. for fracturing, seismic sensing, analysis of seismic data, assessment of one or more fractures, etc.
[0032] In the example of Fig. 1, the GUI 120 shows some examples of computational frameworks, including the DRILLPLAN, DRILLOPS, PETREL, TECHLOG, PETROMOD, ECLIPSE, PIPESIM, and INTERSECT frameworks (SLB, Houston, Texas) .
[0033] The DRILLPLAN framework provides for digital well construction planning and includes features for automation of repetitive tasks and validation workflows, enabling improved quality drilling programs (e.g., digital drilling plans, etc. ) to be produced quickly with assured coherency.
[0034] The DRILLOPS framework may execute a digital drilling plan and ensures plan adherence, while delivering goal-based automation. The DRILLOPS framework may generate activity plans automatically individual operations, whether they are monitored and / or controlled on the rig or in town. Automation may utilize data analysis and learning systems to assist and optimize tasks, such as, for example, setting ROP to drilling a stand. A preset menu of automatable drilling tasks may be rendered, and, using data analysis and models, a plan may be executed in a manner to achieve a specified goal, where, for example, measurements may be utilized for calibration. The DRILLOPS framework provides flexibility to modify and replan activities dynamically, for example, based on a live appraisal of various factors (e.g., equipment, personnel, and supplies) . Well construction activities (e.g., tripping, drilling, cementing, etc. ) may be continually monitored and dynamically updated using feedback from operational activities. The DRILLOPS framework may provide for various levels of automation based on planning and / or re-planning (e.g., via the DRILLPLAN framework) , feedback, etc.
[0035] The PETREL framework may be part of the DELFI environment for utilization in geosciences and geoengineering, for example, to analyze subsurface data from exploration to production of fluid from a reservoir. The DELFI cognitive exploration and production (E&P) environment (SLB, Houston, Texas) , referred to herein as the DELFI environment or DELFI framework, is a secure, cognitive, cloud-based collaborative environment that integrates data and workflows with digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning.
[0036] The PETREL framework provides components that allow for optimization of various exploration, development and production operations. The PETREL framework includes seismic to simulation software components that may output information for use in increasing reservoir performance, for example, by improving asset team productivity. Through use of such a framework, various professionals (e.g., geophysicists, geologists, and reservoir engineers) may develop collaborative workflows and integrate operations to streamline processes (e.g., with respect to one or more geologic environments, etc. ) . Such a framework may be considered an application (e.g., executable using one or more devices) and may be considered a data-driven application (e.g., where data is input for purposes of modeling, simulating, etc. ) .
[0037] The TECHLOG framework may handle and process field and laboratory data for a variety of geologic environments (e.g., deepwater exploration, shale, etc. ) .
[0038] The TECHLOG framework may structure wellbore data for analyses, planning, etc.
[0039] The PETROMOD framework provides petroleum systems modeling capabilities that may combine one or more of seismic, well, and geological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. The PETROMOD framework may predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons, including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities, and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.
[0040] The ECLIPSE framework provides a reservoir simulator (e.g., as a computational framework) with numerical solutions for fast and accurate prediction of dynamic behavior for various types of reservoirs and development schemes.
[0041] The INTERSECT framework provides a high-resolution reservoir simulator for simulation of detailed geological features and quantification of uncertainties, for example, by creating accurate production scenarios and, with the integration of precise models of the surface facilities and field operations, the INTERSECT framework may produce reliable results, which may be continuously updated by real-time data exchanges (e.g., from one or more types of data acquisition equipment in the field that may acquire data during one or more types of field operations, etc. ) . The INTERSECT framework may provide completion configurations for complex wells where such configurations may be built in the field, may provide detailed enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) formulations where such formulations may be implemented in the field, may analyze application of steam injection and other thermal EOR techniques for implementation in the field, advanced production controls in terms of reservoir coupling and flexible field management, and flexibility to script customized solutions for improved modeling and field management control. The INTERSECT framework, as with the other example frameworks, may be utilized as part of the DELFI environment, for example, for rapid simulation of multiple concurrent cases. For example, a workflow may utilize one or more of the DELFI environment on demand reservoir simulation features.
[0042] The aforementioned DELFI environment provides various features for workflows as to subsurface analysis, planning, construction and production, for example, as illustrated in the workspace framework 110. As shown in Fig. 1, outputs from the workspace framework 110 may be utilized for directing, controlling, etc., one or more processes in the geologic environment 150 and, feedback 160, may be received via one or more interfaces in one or more forms (e.g., acquired data as to operational conditions, equipment conditions, environment conditions, etc. ) .
[0043] As an example, a workflow may progress to a geology and geophysics ( “G&G” ) service provider, which may generate a well trajectory, which may involve execution of one or more G&G frameworks (e.g., consider the PETREL framework, etc. ) .
[0044] In the example of Fig. 1, the visualization features 123 may be implemented via the workspace framework 110, for example, to perform tasks as associated with one or more of subsurface regions, planning operations, constructing wells and / or surface fluid networks, and producing from a reservoir.
[0045] As an example, a visualization process may implement one or more of various features that may be suitable for one or more web applications. For example, a template may involve use of the JAVASCRIPT object notation format (JSON) and / or one or more other languages / formats. As an example, a framework may include one or more converters. For example, consider a JSON to PYTHON converter and / or a PYTHON to JSON converter. Such an approach may provide for compatibility of devices, frameworks, etc., with respect to one or more sets of instructions.
[0046] As an example, visualization features may provide for visualization of various earth models, properties, etc., in one or more dimensions. As an example, visualization features may provide for rendering of information in multiple dimensions, which may optionally include multiple resolution rendering. In such an example, information being rendered may be associated with one or more frameworks and / or one or more data stores. As an example, visualization features may include one or more control features for control of equipment, which may include, for example, field equipment that may perform one or more field operations. As an example, a workflow may utilize one or more frameworks to generate information that may be utilized to control one or more types of field equipment (e.g., drilling equipment, wireline equipment, fracturing equipment, etc. ) .
[0047] As to a reservoir model that may be suitable for utilization by a simulator, consider acquisition of seismic data as acquired via reflection seismology, which finds use in geophysics, for example, to estimate properties of subsurface formations. As an example, reflection seismology may provide seismic data representing waves of elastic energy (e.g., as transmitted by P-waves and S-waves, in a frequency range of approximately 1 Hz to approximately 100 Hz) . Seismic data may be processed and interpreted, for example, to understand better composition, fluid content, extent and geometry of subsurface rocks. Such interpretation results may be utilized to plan, simulate, perform, etc., one or more operations for production of fluid from a reservoir (e.g., reservoir rock, etc. ) .
[0048] As an example, a model may be a simulated version of a geologic environment. As an example, a simulator may include features for simulating physical phenomena in a geologic environment based at least in part on a model or models. A simulator, such as a reservoir simulator, may simulate fluid flow in a geologic environment based at least in part on a model that may be generated via a framework that receives seismic data. A simulator may be a computerized system (e.g., a computing system) that may execute instructions using one or more processors to solve a system of equations that describe physical phenomena subject to various constraints. In such an example, the system of equations may be spatially defined (e.g., numerically discretized) according to a spatial model that that includes layers of rock, geobodies, etc., that have corresponding positions that may be based on interpretation of seismic and / or other data. A spatial model may be a cell-based model where cells are defined by a grid (e.g., a mesh) . A cell in a cell-based model may represent a physical area or volume in a geologic environment where the cell may be assigned physical properties (e.g., permeability, fluid properties, etc. ) that may be germane to one or more physical phenomena (e.g., fluid volume, fluid flow, pressure, etc. ) . A reservoir simulation model may be a spatial model that may be cell-based.
[0049] While several simulators are illustrated in the example of Fig. 1, one or more other simulators may be utilized, additionally or alternatively. For example, consider the VISAGE geomechanics simulator (SLB, Houston Texas) or the PIPESIM network simulator (SLB, Houston Texas) , etc. The VISAGE geomechanics simulator (SLB, Houston Texas) includes finite element numerical solvers that may provide simulation results such as, for example, results as to compaction and subsidence of a geologic environment, well and completion integrity in a geologic environment (e.g., borehole quality, etc. ) , cap-rock and fault-seal integrity in a geologic environment, fracture behavior in a geologic environment, thermal recovery in a geologic environment, CO2 disposal, etc. As an example, the KINTEX framework (SLB, Houston, Texas) may be utilized, for example, as a well services plug-in for the PETREL framework. The KINETIX framework may provide for multistage completion and stimulation design and production evaluation for conventional and unconventional reservoirs. As an example, the VISAGE geomechanics simulator and the KINETIX framework may be operative coupled (e.g., for running stimulation stresses processes, etc. ) .
[0050] As an example, a workflow may utilize one or more types of data for one or more processes (e.g., stratigraphic modeling, basin modeling, completion designs, drilling, production, injection, etc. ) . As an example, one or more tools may provide data that may be used in a workflow or workflows that may implement one or more frameworks (e.g., PETREL, DRILLPLAN, DRILLOPS, TECHLOG, PETROMOD, ECLIPSE, INTERSECT, VISAGE, KINETIX, PIPESIM, etc. ) .
[0051] In the example of Fig. 1, drilling may be performed in the geologic environment 150, for example, to access the reservoir 151, which may be accessed from land or offshore. In Fig. 1, the downhole equipment 154 may be, for example, part of a bottom hole assembly (BHA) . The BHA may be used to drill a well. The downhole equipment 154 may communicate information to equipment at the surface, and may receive instructions and information from the equipment at the surface. During a well construction process, a variety of operations (such as cementing, wireline evaluation, testing, etc. ) may be conducted. In such embodiments, data collected by tools and sensors and used for reasons such as reservoir characterization may be collected and transmitted.
[0052] A well may include a substantially horizontal portion (e.g., lateral portion) that may intersect with one or more fractures. For example, a well in a shale formation may pass through natural fractures, artificial fractures (e.g., hydraulic fractures) , or a combination thereof. Such a well may be constructed using directional drilling techniques as described herein. However, these same techniques may be used in connection with other types of directional wells (such as slant wells, S-shaped wells, deep inclined wells, and others) and are not limited to horizontal wells.
[0053] Fig. 2 shows an example of a wellsite system 200 (e.g., at a wellsite that may be onshore or offshore) . As shown, the wellsite system 200 may include a mud tank 201 for holding mud and other material (e.g., where mud may be a drilling fluid) , a suction line 203 that serves as an inlet to a mud pump 204 for pumping mud from the mud tank 201 such that mud flows to a vibrating hose 206, a drawworks 207 for winching drill line or drill lines 212, a standpipe 208 that receives mud from the vibrating hose 206, a kelly hose 209 that receives mud from the standpipe 208, a gooseneck or goosenecks 210, a traveling block 211, a crown block 213 for carrying the traveling block 211 via the drill line or drill lines 212, a derrick 214, a kelly 218 or a top drive 240, a kelly drive bushing 219, a rotary table 220, a drill floor 221, a bell nipple 222, one or more blowout preventors (BOPs) 223, a drillstring 225, a drill bit 226, a casing head 227 and a flow pipe 228 that carries mud and other material to, for example, the mud tank 201.
[0054] In the example system of Fig. 2, a borehole 232 is formed in subsurface formations 230 by rotary drilling; noting that various example embodiments may also use one or more directional drilling techniques, equipment, etc.
[0055] As shown in the example of Fig. 2, the drillstring 225 is suspended within the borehole 232 and has a drillstring assembly 250 that includes the drill bit 226 at its lower end. As an example, the drillstring assembly 250 may be a bottom hole assembly (BHA) .
[0056] The wellsite system 200 may provide for operation of the drillstring 225 and other operations. As shown, the wellsite system 200 includes the traveling block 211 and the derrick 214 positioned over the borehole 232. As mentioned, the wellsite system 200 may include the rotary table 220 where the drillstring 225 pass through an opening in the rotary table 220.
[0057] As shown in the example of Fig. 2, the wellsite system 200 may include the kelly 218 and associated components, etc., or a top drive 240 and associated components. As to a kelly example, the kelly 218 may be a square or hexagonal metal / alloy bar with a hole drilled therein that serves as a mud flow path. The kelly 218 may be used to transmit rotary motion from the rotary table 220 via the kelly drive bushing 219 to the drillstring 225, while allowing the drillstring 225 to be lowered or raised during rotation. The kelly 218 may pass through the kelly drive bushing 219, which may be driven by the rotary table 220. As an example, the rotary table 220 may include a master bushing that operatively couples to the kelly drive bushing 219 such that rotation of the rotary table 220 may turn the kelly drive bushing 219 and hence the kelly 218. The kelly drive bushing 219 may include an inside profile matching an outside profile (e.g., square, hexagonal, etc. ) of the kelly 218; however, with slightly larger dimensions so that the kelly 218 may freely move up and down inside the kelly drive bushing 219.
[0058] As to a top drive example, the top drive 240 may provide functions performed by a kelly and a rotary table. The top drive 240 may turn the drillstring 225. As an example, the top drive 240 may include one or more motors (e.g., electric and / or hydraulic) connected with appropriate gearing to a short section of pipe called a quill, that in turn may be screwed into a saver sub or the drillstring 225 itself. The top drive 240 may be suspended from the traveling block 211, so the rotary mechanism is free to travel up and down the derrick 214. As an example, a top drive 240 may allow for drilling to be performed with more joint stands than a kelly / rotary table approach.
[0059] In the example of Fig. 2, the mud tank 201 may hold mud, which may be one or more types of drilling fluids. As an example, a wellbore may be drilled to produce fluid, inject fluid or both (e.g., hydrocarbons, minerals, water, etc. ) .
[0060] In the example of Fig. 2, the drillstring 225 (e.g., including one or more downhole tools) may be composed of a series of pipes threadably connected together to form a long tube with the drill bit 226 at the lower end thereof. As the drillstring 225 is advanced into a wellbore for drilling, at some point in time prior to or coincident with drilling, the mud may be pumped by the pump 204 from the mud tank 201 (e.g., or other source) via the lines 206, 208 and 209 to a port of the kelly 218 or, for example, to a port of the top drive 240. The mud may then flow via a passage (e.g., or passages) in the drillstring 225 and out of ports located on the drill bit 226 (see, e.g., a directional arrow) . As the mud exits the drillstring 225 via ports in the drill bit 226, it may then circulate upwardly through an annular region between an outer surface (s) of the drillstring 225 and surrounding wall (s) (e.g., open borehole, casing, etc. ) , as indicated by directional arrows. In such a manner, the mud lubricates the drill bit 226 and carries heat energy (e.g., frictional or other energy) and formation cuttings to the surface where the mud (e.g., and cuttings) may be returned to the mud tank 201, for example, for recirculation (e.g., with processing to remove cuttings, etc. ) .
[0061] The mud pumped by the pump 204 into the drillstring 225 may, after exiting the drillstring 225, form a mudcake that lines the wellbore which, among other functions, may reduce friction between the drillstring 225 and surrounding wall (s) (e.g., borehole, casing, etc. ) . A reduction in friction may facilitate advancing or retracting the drillstring 225. During a drilling operation, the entire drillstring 225 may be pulled from a wellbore and optionally replaced, for example, with a new or sharpened drill bit, a smaller diameter drillstring, etc. As mentioned, the act of pulling a drillstring out of a hole or replacing it in a hole is referred to as tripping. A trip may be referred to as an upward trip or an outward trip or as a downward trip or an inward trip depending on trip direction.
[0062] As an example, consider a downward trip where upon arrival of the drill bit 226 of the drillstring 225 at a bottom of a wellbore, pumping of the mud commences to lubricate the drill bit 226 for purposes of drilling to enlarge the wellbore. As mentioned, the mud may be pumped by the pump 204 into a passage of the drillstring 225 and, upon filling of the passage, the mud may be used as a transmission medium to transmit energy, for example, energy that may encode information as in mud-pulse telemetry.
[0063] As an example, mud-pulse telemetry equipment may include a downhole device configured to effect changes in pressure in the mud to create an acoustic wave or waves upon which information may modulated. In such an example, information from downhole equipment (e.g., one or more modules of the drillstring 225) may be transmitted uphole to an uphole device, which may relay such information to other equipment for processing, control, etc.
[0064] As an example, telemetry equipment may operate via transmission of energy via the drillstring 225 itself. For example, consider a signal generator that imparts coded energy signals to the drillstring 225 and repeaters that may receive such energy and repeat it to further transmit the coded energy signals (e.g., information, etc. ) .
[0065] As an example, the drillstring 225 may be fitted with telemetry equipment 252 that includes a rotatable drive shaft, a turbine impeller mechanically coupled to the drive shaft such that the mud may cause the turbine impeller to rotate, a modulator rotor mechanically coupled to the drive shaft such that rotation of the turbine impeller causes said modulator rotor to rotate, a modulator stator mounted adjacent to or proximate to the modulator rotor such that rotation of the modulator rotor relative to the modulator stator creates pressure pulses in the mud, and a controllable brake for selectively braking rotation of the modulator rotor to modulate pressure pulses. In such an example, an alternator may be coupled to the aforementioned drive shaft where the alternator includes at least one stator winding electrically coupled to a control circuit to selectively short the at least one stator winding to electromagnetically brake the alternator and thereby selectively brake rotation of the modulator rotor to modulate the pressure pulses in the mud.
[0066] In the example of Fig. 2, an uphole control and / or data acquisition system 262 may include circuitry to sense pressure pulses generated by telemetry equipment 252 and, for example, communicate sensed pressure pulses or information derived therefrom for process, control, etc.
[0067] The assembly 250 of the illustrated example includes a logging-while-drilling (LWD) module 254, a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) module 256, an optional module 258, a rotary-steerable system (RSS) and / or motor 260, and the drill bit 226. Such components or modules may be referred to as tools where a drillstring may include a plurality of tools.
[0068] As to an RSS, it involves technology utilized for directional drilling. Directional drilling involves drilling into the Earth to form a deviated bore such that the trajectory of the bore is not vertical; rather, the trajectory deviates from vertical along one or more portions of the bore. As an example, consider a target that is located at a lateral distance from a surface location where a rig may be stationed. In such an example, drilling may commence with a vertical portion and then deviate from vertical such that the bore is aimed at the target and, eventually, reaches the target. Directional drilling may be implemented where a target may be inaccessible from a vertical location at the surface of the Earth, where material exists in the Earth that may impede drilling or otherwise be detrimental (e.g., consider a salt dome, etc. ) , where a formation is laterally extensive (e.g., consider a relatively thin yet laterally extensive reservoir) , where multiple bores are to be drilled from a single surface bore, where a relief well is desired, etc.
[0069] One approach to directional drilling involves a mud motor; however, a mud motor may present some challenges depending on factors such as rate of penetration (ROP) , transferring weight to a bit (e.g., weight on bit, WOB) due to friction, etc. A mud motor may be a positive displacement motor (PDM) that operates to drive a bit (e.g., during directional drilling, etc. ) . A PDM operates as drilling fluid is pumped through it where the PDM converts hydraulic power of the drilling fluid into mechanical power to cause the bit to rotate.
[0070] As an example, a mud motor (e.g., PDM) may be operated in different modes, which may include a rotating mode and a sliding mode. A sliding mode involves drilling with a mud motor rotating the bit downhole without rotating the drillstring from the surface; noting that the drillstring may be oscillated from the surface clockwise and counter-clockwise to reduce friction, etc. Such an operation may be conducted when a BHA has been fitted with a bent sub or a bent housing mud motor, or both, for directional drilling. Sliding may be used in building and controlling or adjusting hole angle. In directional drilling, pointing of a bit may be accomplished through a bent sub, which may have a relatively small angle offset from the axis of a drillstring, and a measurement device to determine the direction of offset. Without turning the drillstring as in rotary drilling (e.g., a rotating mode) , the bit may be rotated with mud flow through the mud motor to drill in the direction it is pointed. With steerable motors, when a desired wellbore direction is attained, the entire drillstring may be rotated to drill straight rather than at an angle. By controlling the amount of hole drilled in the sliding mode versus the rotating mode, a wellbore trajectory may be controlled rather precisely.
[0071] As an example, a PDM may operate in a combined rotating mode where surface equipment is utilized to rotate a bit of a drillstring (e.g., a rotary table, a top drive, etc. ) by rotating the entire drillstring and where drilling fluid is utilized to rotate the bit of the drillstring. In such an example, a surface RPM (SRPM) may be determined by use of the surface equipment and a downhole RPM of the mud motor may be determined using various factors related to flow of drilling fluid, mud motor type, etc. As an example, in the combined rotating mode, bit RPM may be determined or estimated as a sum of the SRPM and the mud motor RPM, assuming the SRPM and the mud motor RPM are in the same direction.
[0072] As an example, a PDM mud motor may operate in a so-called sliding mode, when the drillstring is not rotated from the surface. In such an example, a bit RPM may be determined or estimated based on the RPM of the mud motor.
[0073] An RSS may drill directionally where there is continuous rotation from surface equipment, which may alleviate the sliding of a steerable motor (e.g., a PDM) . An RSS may be deployed when drilling directionally (e.g., deviated, horizontal, or extended-reach wells) . An RSS may aim to minimize interaction with a borehole wall, which may help to preserve borehole quality. An RSS may aim to exert a relatively consistent side force akin to stabilizers that rotate with the drillstring or orient the bit in the desired direction while continuously rotating at the same number of rotations per minute as the drillstring.
[0074] The LWD module 254 may be housed in a suitable type of drill collar and may contain one or a plurality of selected types of logging tools. It will also be understood that more than one LWD and / or MWD module may be employed. Where the position of an LWD module is mentioned, as an example, it may refer to a module at the position of the LWD module 254, the MWD module 256, etc. An LWD module may include capabilities for measuring, processing, and storing information, as well as for communicating with the surface equipment. In the illustrated example, the LWD module 254 may include a seismic measuring device.
[0075] The MWD module 256 may be housed in a suitable type of drill collar and may contain one or more devices for measuring characteristics of the drillstring 225 and the drill bit 226. As an example, the MWD module 256 may include equipment for generating electrical power, for example, to power various components of the drillstring 225. As an example, the MWD module 256 may include the telemetry equipment 252, for example, where the turbine impeller may generate power by flow of the mud; it being understood that other power and / or battery systems may be employed for purposes of powering various components. As an example, the MWD module 256 may include one or more of the following types of measuring devices: a weight-on-bit measuring device, a torque measuring device, a vibration measuring device, a shock measuring device, a stick slip measuring device, a direction measuring device, and an inclination measuring device.
[0076] Fig. 2 also shows some examples of types of holes that may be drilled.
[0077] For example, consider a slant hole 272, an S-shaped hole 274, a deep inclined hole 276 and a horizontal hole 278.
[0078] As an example, a drilling operation may include directional drilling where, for example, at least a portion of a well includes a curved axis. For example, consider a radius that defines curvature where an inclination with regard to the vertical may vary until reaching an angle between about 30 degrees and about 60 degrees or, for example, an angle to about 90 degrees or possibly greater than about 90 degrees.
[0079] As an example, a directional well may include several shapes where each of the shapes may aim to meet particular operational demands. As an example, a drilling process may be performed on the basis of information as and when it is relayed to a drilling engineer. As an example, inclination and / or direction may be modified based on information received during a drilling process.
[0080] As an example, deviation of a bore may be accomplished in part by use of a downhole motor and / or a turbine. As to a motor, for example, a drillstring may include a positive displacement motor (PDM) .
[0081] As an example, a system may be a steerable system and include equipment to perform method such as geosteering. As mentioned, a steerable system may be or include an RSS. As an example, a steerable system may include a PDM or of a turbine on a lower part of a drillstring which, just above a drill bit, a bent sub may be mounted. As an example, above a PDM, MWD equipment that provides real time or near real time data of interest (e.g., inclination, direction, pressure, temperature, real weight on the drill bit, torque stress, etc. ) and / or LWD equipment may be installed. As to the latter, LWD equipment may make it possible to send to the surface various types of data of interest, including for example, geological data (e.g., gamma ray log, resistivity, density and sonic logs, etc. ) .
[0082] As an example, geosteering may be employed (e.g., control of directional drilling using geological data) . The coupling of sensors providing information on the course of a well trajectory, in real time or near real time, with, for example, one or more logs characterizing the formations from a geological viewpoint, may allow for implementing a geosteering method. Such a method may include navigating a subsurface environment, for example, to follow a desired route to reach a desired target or targets.
[0083] As an example, a drillstring may include an azimuthal density neutron (ADN) tool for measuring density and porosity; a MWD tool for measuring inclination, azimuth and shocks; a compensated dual resistivity (CDR) tool for measuring resistivity and gamma ray related phenomena; one or more variable gauge stabilizers; one or more bend joints; and a geosteering tool, which may include a motor and optionally equipment for measuring and / or responding to one or more of inclination, resistivity and gamma ray related phenomena.
[0084] As an example, geosteering may include intentional directional control of a wellbore based on results of downhole geological logging measurements in a manner that aims to keep a directional wellbore within a desired region, zone (e.g., a pay zone) , etc. As an example, geosteering may include directing a wellbore to keep the wellbore in a particular section of a reservoir, for example, to minimize gas and / or water breakthrough and, for example, to maximize economic production from a well that includes the wellbore.
[0085] Referring again to Fig. 2, the wellsite system 200 may include one or more sensors 264 that are operatively coupled to the control and / or data acquisition system 262. As an example, a sensor or sensors may be at surface locations. As an example, a sensor or sensors may be at downhole locations. As an example, a sensor or sensors may be at one or more remote locations that are not within a distance of the order of about one hundred meters from the wellsite system 200. As an example, a sensor or sensor may be at an offset wellsite where the wellsite system 200 and the offset wellsite are in a common field (e.g., oil and / or gas field) .
[0086] As an example, one or more of the sensors 264 may be provided for tracking pipe, tracking movement of at least a portion of a drillstring, etc. In such an example, one or more metrics may be determined, monitored, controlled, etc. (e.g., consider rate of penetration, tripping velocity, etc. ) .
[0087] As an example, the system 200 may include one or more sensors 266 that may sense and / or transmit signals to a fluid conduit such as a drilling fluid conduit (e.g., a drilling mud conduit) . For example, in the system 200, the one or more sensors 266 may be operatively coupled to portions of the standpipe 208 through which mud flows. As an example, a downhole tool may generate pulses that may travel through the mud and be sensed by one or more of the one or more sensors 266. In such an example, the downhole tool may include associated circuitry such as, for example, encoding circuitry that may encode signals, for example, to reduce demands as to transmission. As an example, circuitry at the surface may include decoding circuitry to decode encoded information transmitted at least in part via mud-pulse telemetry. As an example, circuitry at the surface may include encoder circuitry and / or decoder circuitry and circuitry downhole may include encoder circuitry and / or decoder circuitry. As an example, the system 200 may include a transmitter that may generate signals that may be transmitted downhole via mud (e.g., drilling fluid) as a transmission medium.
[0088] As an example, one or more portions of a drillstring may become stuck. The term stuck may refer to one or more of varying degrees of inability to move or remove a drillstring from a bore. As an example, in a stuck condition, it might be possible to rotate pipe or lower it back into a bore or, for example, in a stuck condition, there may be an inability to move the drillstring axially in the bore, though some amount of rotation may be possible. As an example, in a stuck condition, there may be an inability to move at least a portion of the drillstring axially and rotationally.
[0089] As to the term “stuck pipe” , this may refer to a portion of a drillstring that cannot be rotated or moved axially. As an example, a condition referred to as “differential sticking” may be a condition whereby the drillstring cannot be moved (e.g., rotated or reciprocated) along the axis of the bore. Differential sticking may occur when high-contact forces caused by low reservoir pressures, high wellbore pressures, or both, are exerted over a sufficiently large area of the drillstring. Differential sticking may result in substantial lost time (e.g., non-productive time (NPT) ) , financial cost, and possible borehole wall damage (e.g., compromised borehole integrity, etc. ) .
[0090] As an example, a sticking force may be a product of the differential pressure between a wellbore (e.g., wellbore pressure) and a reservoir (e.g., reservoir pressure) and the area that the differential pressure is acting upon. This means that a relatively low differential pressure (delta p) applied over a large working area may be just as effective in sticking pipe as may a high differential pressure applied over a small area.
[0091] As an example, a condition referred to as “mechanical sticking” may be a condition where limiting or prevention of motion of a drillstring by a mechanism other than differential pressure sticking occurs. Mechanical sticking may be caused, for example, by one or more of junk in the hole, wellbore geometry anomalies, cement, keyseats or a buildup of cuttings in the annulus.
[0092] As explained, a wellsite system may include various types of equipment for handling fluid such as, for example, drilling fluid (e.g., mud) . As explained, drilling fluid may provide one or more functions (e.g., lubrication, transport of cutting, etc. ) . Appropriate control of drilling fluid may help to reduce one or more types of risks (e.g., sticking, kicks, etc. ) .
[0093] Drilling fluid may be composed of a number of liquid and / or gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (e.g., as solid suspensions, mixtures and emulsions of liquids, gases and solids) as may be used in various operations to drill boreholes into the earth. Classifications of drilling fluids may utilize one or more types of classification schemes. For example, consider water-based mud (WBM) , oil-based mud (OBM) , nonaqueous-based mud (NQBM) , gaseous-based mud (e.g., pneumatic, etc. ) (GBM) , etc.
[0094] As explained, a drillstring may include a mud motor that is rotationally driven by flow of drilling fluid. In such a mode of drilling, the characteristics of drilling fluid may impact mud motor performance. For example, density (e.g., mud weight) may impact how much energy a mud motor may deliver to a drill bit for a given drilling fluid flow rate.
[0095] As to a stuck pipe or risk of sticking event, as explained, one or more actions may be taken. For example, consider addition of acid as a remedial action to address the stuck pipe event or to reduce the risk of a sticking event. In such an example, a number of barrels of acid may be added to drilling fluid that is circulated downhole to an annular region between a drilling string and a bore wall in an effort to “dissolve” material that is causing sticking or a risk of sticking. While addition of acid is mentioned, it may be an action within a tiered series of actions that may be taken, where, for example, each action may have associated benefits and detriments. As to detriments, these may include non-productive time (NPT) , cost, further remedial actions (e.g., impact of acid on one or more additives in drilling fluid) , etc. Hence, where an event occurs or a risk of an event is heightened, in an effort to maintain adherence to a plan, one or more actions may be implemented in a strategic manner to resolve the event or otherwise reduce the risk.
[0096] Fig. 3 shows an example of a wellsite system 300, specifically, Fig. 3 shows the wellsite system 300 in an approximate side view and an approximate plan view along with a block diagram of a system 370.
[0097] In the example of Fig. 3, the wellsite system 300 may include a cabin 310, a rotary table 322, drawworks 324, a mast 326 (e.g., optionally carrying a top drive, etc. ) , mud tanks 330 (e.g., with one or more pumps, one or more shakers, etc. ) , one or more pump buildings 340, a boiler building 342, a hydraulic power unit (HPU) building 344 (e.g., with a rig fuel tank, etc. ) , a combination building 348 (e.g., with one or more generators, etc. ) , pipe tubs 362, a catwalk 364, a flare 368, etc. Such equipment may include one or more associated functions and / or one or more associated operational risks, which may be risks as to time, resources, and / or humans.
[0098] As shown in the example of Fig. 3, the wellsite system 300 may include a system 370 that includes one or more processors 372, memory 374 operatively coupled to at least one of the one or more processors 372, instructions 376 that may be, for example, stored in the memory 374, and one or more interfaces 378. As an example, the system 370 may include one or more processor-readable media that include processor-executable instructions executable by at least one of the one or more processors 372 to cause the system 370 to control one or more aspects of the wellsite system 300. In such an example, the memory 374 may be or include the one or more processor-readable media where the processor-executable instructions may be or include instructions. As an example, a processor-readable medium may be a computer-readable storage medium that is not a signal and that is not a carrier wave.
[0099] Fig. 3 also shows a battery 380 that may be operatively coupled to the system 370, for example, to power the system 370. As an example, the battery 380 may be a back-up battery that operates when another power supply is unavailable for powering the system 370. As an example, the battery 380 may be operatively coupled to a network, which may be a cloud network. As an example, the battery 380 may include smart battery circuitry and may be operatively coupled to one or more pieces of equipment via a SMBus or other type of bus.
[0100] In the example of Fig. 3, services 390 are shown as being available, for example, via a cloud platform. Such services may include data services 392, query services 394 and drilling services 396. As an example, the services 390 may be part of a system such as the system 100 of Fig. 1 (e.g., consider planning services and / or operational services) . As an example, the services 390 may include one or more services for directional drilling (e.g., consider a computational framework that may provide for one or more services that utilize real-time data to estimate one or more parameters, etc. ) .
[0101] As an example, the system 370 may be utilized to generate one or more rate of penetration drilling parameter values, which may, for example, be utilized to control one or more drilling operations.
[0102] Fig. 4 shows an example of a system 400 that includes offsite equipment 401 (e.g., remote) and onsite equipment 402 (e.g., local) . As shown, the offsite equipment 401 may include a drill operations framework 410, a drill planning framework 420 and a database 430 and the onsite equipment 402 may include a controller 440 that may receive real-time data and output recommendations such as control instructions to control onsite equipment. In such an example, the drill operations framework 410 may provide for steering sheets, execution parameters, etc., and the drill planning framework 420 may provide for evaluation of steering responses and statistics. As shown, the controller 440 may output information to the drill operations framework 410 and receive information from the drill planning framework 420. The system 400 may include plan generation features for real-time plan generation during drilling operations execution phase and / or plan generation during a planning phase. The system 400 may be utilized for one or more types of drilling (e.g., rotary, mud motor, RSS, ABSS, etc. ) . The system 400 may operate loops, which may include at least one real-time loop that provides for control of equipment to perform drilling operations. As an example, a loop may be a feedback loop, which may include one or more sensors, one or more processors, etc. In various instances, a human-in-the-loop (HITL) approach may be implemented, for example, according to regulations, safety, oversight, etc. As an example, a HITL approach may involve communications with one or more workstations, mobile devices, etc., which may provide for rendering of one or more graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that provide for interactions, such as, for example, actuating a graphical control to cause field equipment to operate in a particular manner (e.g., as may be recommended by a framework, etc. ) .
[0103] A system such as the system 400 may utilize various functions and constraints for generation of plans, which may provide for single or multiple target aiming. As explained, a plan may be generated that aims to provide for drilling operations for a multiwell structure. As explained, a plan may be a digital plan that may be utilized to instruct one or more controllers such as, for example, an autodriller controller, which may control one or more pieces of equipment (e.g., a drawworks, a top drive, one or more drilling fluid pumps, etc. ) . As an example, an autodriller may control energy delivered via one or more pieces of equipment to a drill bit where the drill bit crushes and / or cuts rock to extend a borehole. As an example, an autodriller may be controlled in an effort that aims to minimize or otherwise reduce mechanical specific energy (MSE) and to maximize or otherwise increase rate of penetration (ROP) . As an example, control may be aimed at promoting a drilling behavior or hindering a drilling behavior.
[0104] As explained with respect to the system 100 of Fig. 1, various computational frameworks may be utilized to perform one or more workflows, which may include planning workflows, workflows involving control of field operations, workflows in real-time or near real-time, assessment workflows (e.g., for issues, successes, etc. ) , etc. As explained, one or more visualization features may be provided and utilized, for example, to implement visualization processes that may be suitable for one or more web applications. As mentioned, JSON and / or one or more other languages and / or formats may be utilized.
[0105] As an example, a framework may provide for generating a control structure, which may be a data structure, such as, for example, a table, a map, a surface, a function or functions, etc. As an example, data from one or more wellsites may be utilized to generate a control structure. As an example, a control structure may be generated in a data-driven manner and / or in a hybrid manner, for example, using one or more physics-based approaches. As an example, a control structure may be a digital data structure that may be stored in memory of a controller, for example, to provide for control of field equipment. In such an example, responsive to receipt of data (e.g., sensor data, etc. ) , the controller may access the control structure to determine an appropriate control action to perform. For example, consider accessing a control structure to determine one or more drilling parameters for field equipment to be implemented to provide for a desirable or optimal rate of penetration (e.g., rate of breaking rock of a formation using a drill bit) . As to some examples of drilling parameters, consider one or more weight on bit (WOB) , revolutions per minute (RPM) , torque, fluid flow rate, etc. As explained, where a mud motor is utilized, fluid flow rate of drilling fluid may determine a rotational rate (e.g., RPM) of the mud motor and hence a drill bit operatively coupled to the mud motor.
[0106] Fig. 5 shows an example of a method 500 that includes an access block 510 for accessing drilling data, an interpolation block 520 for interpolating at least a portion of the drilling data for a drilling behavior, a performance block 530 for performing regression to generate a control surface, and an output block 540 for outputting the control surface. In such an example, the output control surface may be utilized for controlling equipment. For example, consider the control surface as being a digital data structure that may instruct a controller to control drilling equipment. In such an example, the control surface may provide for controlling drilling behavior of drilling operations.
[0107] In the example of Fig. 5, the access block 510 may include accessing drilling data associated with borehole depth; the interpolation block 520 may include interpolating the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; the performance block 530 may include performing isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and the output block 540 may include outputting the multidimensional control surface.
[0108] Fig. 6 shows an example plot 610 of WOB versus RPM for drilling, where an optimal region may be defined with respect to one or more types of issues or challenges, and a series of graphics 620 that illustrate some examples of issues or challenges, as may be associated with one or more types of drilling behaviors. In the example of Fig. 6, the plot 610 is a multidimensional plot where drilling parameters of WOB and RPM define x and y axes while ROP defines a z axis (e.g., in a Cartesian coordinate system) . In such an example, the plot 610 is a three-dimensional plot where ROP may be considered to be a drilling behavior that depends at least in part on the drilling parameters WOB and RPM; noting that one or more other drilling behaviors may be associated with a region or regions of the plot 610, which may be considered to be a control structure (e.g., a data structure for assisting in control of drilling, etc. ) . As an example, in a 3D plot, a control surface may be described in three-dimensions where, given a WOB and an RPM, an ROP may be identified.
[0109] As shown in the plot 610, an excessive WOB may lead to buckling of a drillstring or stick-slip behavior while too low of a WOB may lead to low ROP or forward whirl. As shown, backward whirl may occur where RPM is above a particular level for a range of WOB values. As a goal of drilling may be to achieve an optimal ROP, where WOB and RPM are too low, such an optimal ROP may be unachievable, however, drilling at a low ROP may be relatively free of issues. As indicated, a combination of WOB and RPM may be selected to optimize drilling.
[0110] In Fig. 6, the series of graphics 620 illustrate bit bounce as an axial phenomenon (e.g., axial motion) , stick-slip (or stick / slip) as a torsional phenomenon (e.g., torsional oscillations) , and bending as a lateral phenomenon (e.g., lateral shock) . As mentioned, whirl may be a phenomenon that may be directional (e.g., forward or backward) and cause a drillstring to be eccentered. Such phenomena may depend on equipment, operation of equipment, and formation characteristics. Dynamic downhole conditions may be challenging to identify, characterize, etc., and, at times, may be assumed to be of one type or another by one or more individuals at a site.
[0111] As an example, the method 500 of Fig. 5 may provide for ROP modeling using drilling data. In such an example, the method 500 may be performed for a target well to be drilled where the drilling data may be from one or more offset wells that have been at least partially drilled. In such an example, the target well may be in a common field and / or an analogous field with one or more of the offset wells. As an example, the target well may have an associated borehole trajectory that is within a common formation and / or an analogous formation with one or more of the offset wells. As an example, a method may utilize depth and / or formation type to associate drilling data from multiple wellsites. As an example, where a target well is in a common field with offset wells, vertical depth may be utilized to associate data. For example, drilling data may be available for offset wells in association with borehole depth. In such an example, drilling parameters and drilling behavior may be associated with borehole depth. For example, at a particular borehole depth, a WOB and an RPM may be recorded along with an ROP. In various instances, some data may be missing for a well. For example, consider a well drilled using a number of runs over a period of time where data may be available for all of the runs, most of the runs, etc., noting that within a run some data may be missing. In such an example, a run may be a BHA run, noting that a well may be drilled in sections where, for example, diameter of each section may decrease as a borehole is lengthened. In such an approach, each section may be drilled using a different BHA (e.g., a different bit diameter, etc. ) . While missing data are mentioned, some data may be mis-recorded and / or otherwise corrupted. Hence, some drilling data may be imperfect for one or more reasons. As an example, a method such as the method 500 of Fig. 5 may provide for handling drilling data where such drilling data may include imperfections.
[0112] As an example, the method 500 of Fig. 5 may be utilized during a design phase of drilling a new well (e.g., a target well) . During a design or planning phase, a framework may benefit from a model that relates ROP to WOB and RPM at different vertical depths (e.g., true vertical depth (TVD) ) , which may help the framework to optimize plan performance. As explained, an approach may be at least in part data-driven to build an ROP model, which may be a control structure. As an example, a method may provide for building an ROP model based at least in part on one or more user-selected data of multiple BHA runs from offset wells. As an example, an ROP model may aim to provide insights of one or more ROP trends and, for example, to be visualized in a 2D space of WOB and RPM, for example, with user input TVD range. In such an example, a control structure may correspond to a particular depth range, a particular formation type, a portion of a formation, etc. As an example, a method may provide for generating a number of ROP models for a number of depth intervals and / or formation intervals. As to formation intervals, where formation top data and / or similar data are available, such data may be utilized to define a distance metric; noting that vertical depth may be considered to be a distance metric. In various examples, a family of ROP models may be generated where each of the ROP models corresponds to a particular distance or distance range for an actual or a proposed borehole trajectory, which may be associated with vertical depth and / or formation type.
[0113] As an example, a framework may provide for pre-processing data from each of a number of BHA runs. For example, raw depth data of WOB, RPM, and ROP may be divided into indexed “intervals” by geologic formation, if formation data are available, or, for example, by spaced TVD (e.g., using a global setting width, etc. ) . As an example, such a framework may provide for assurances that WOB and RPM data range of each interval is equal to or less than a data range of an entire BHA run. In such an example, as each interval is processed, an unsampled area outside the current interval may be filled by “borrowing” data from one or more other intervals, for example, as may be prioritized by TVD distance from a nearest to a farthest. As an example, ROP uncertainty of borrowed data may be increased according to a distance to the current interval. In such an example, uncertainty may be quantified by a framework at least in part during pre-processing. As an example, a framework may model ROP in a multidimensional space of WOB and RPM with uncertainty applied to each interval.
[0114] As an example, a framework may provide for generation of an ROP model profile along intervals for planning of a BHA run based on one or more selected BHA runs from offset wells (e.g., manually selected, semi-automatically selected, automatically selected, etc. ) . As an example, a framework may provide for extrapolation of each interval model to a data range of a number of BHA runs according to one or more physical rules. In such an example, interval models from different BHA runs with the same index may be merged by a framework with weighting determined by the similarity and / or uncertainty of ROP.
[0115] As an example, a framework may operate where a final output depends on a TVD range (e.g., or other distance metric) that may be entered by a user, specified by a planning framework, etc. As an example, matching interval (s) may be identified to generate an ROP model either by direct selection or by merging via a framework. As an example, if a TVD range is not covered by a model profile, a framework may provide for selecting the nearest interval model (s) in TVD to generate an ROP model, which may be an ROP model with increased uncertainty.
[0116] As explained, a framework may provide for rapid and robust ROP modeling (e.g. ROP control structure generation) using data from multiple BHA runs from a number of offset wells. Such a framework may effectively utilize uncertainty to combine data from different BHA runs and account for formation and / or TVD throughout a generation process. As an example, a framework may provide for rendering one or more graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that may provide for generating models with user-defined TVD ranges, where such models may be rendered for user visualization and analysis of one or more ROP trends across different intervals (e.g., different zones, etc. ) .
[0117] As an example, a framework may operate in a manner that may help to reduce uncertainty and / or to expose uncertainty. For example, a framework may implement a statistical and / or probabilistic approach that provides for modeling using data from multiple BHA runs from a number of offset wells may help to both reduce and expose uncertainty. As explained, a framework may provide for generation of a control structure, which may be utilized by a controller. In such an approach, where automated control is desired, a controller may operate according to one or more levels of automated control where, for example, a level may be selected based at least in part on uncertainty. For example, if uncertainty is below a threshold, more automation may be implemented by selecting a level of automation that may involve less human intervention or oversight; whereas, if uncertainty is above a threshold, a different level of automation may be selected that may involve more human intervention or oversight. As such, a framework that may ascertain uncertainty may provide for improvements in automation of drilling operations, which, as explained, may aim to drill a wellbore as fast as practically possible (e.g., consider optimal ROP drilling) while considering factors, such as, for example, equipment and borehole integrity.
[0118] In various instances, numerous factors other than drilling parameters may have intrinsic impacts on ROP. A purely physics-based approach to generation of a comprehensive ROP model that takes numerous factors into account may be complex and time-consuming. For example, consider an approach that may be based on numerical methods that involving discretizing partial differential equations in space and / or time and performing simulations that solve large matrixes. Such an approach may take hours to properly setup and perform. In contrast, a rapid and robust approach may provide for automatically accessing drilling data and automatically generating one or more ROP models (e.g., control structures) without resorting to user setup and execution of extensive simulations.
[0119] As an example, a framework may provide for rendering one or more GUIs where user interaction may provide for leveraging user experience, user goals, etc. As an example, a framework may operate using one or more application programming interfaces (APIs) , which may provide for interactions with one or more other frameworks, simulators, controllers, etc. For example, consider an autodriller as a type of controller that may issue an API call to a framework for access to, generation of, etc., one or more control structures. In such an example, an API call may include one or more parameters that may specify type of control structure, depth range, formation type, BHA type, etc. In response, a framework may return a data structure and / or digital data (e.g., command (s) , drilling parameter (s) , etc. ) that may be utilized by the autodriller, for example, to promote a behavior, to hinder a behavior, reduce risk of a behavior, etc. As an example, a user may be a planner, a driller, etc. As an example, a user’s experience may aid in selection of relevant ROP and drilling parameter data. In such an example, a framework may provide for interactive features to assist with assessments as to data sufficiency, data quality, wellsite location, etc. As an example, selection of data with appropriate quality metrics may help to reduce influence on a model due to one or more factors such as, for example, bit specification, formation properties, etc. For example, data may be selected according to common aspects of underlying equipment, formation properties, etc.
[0120] As an example, a framework may provide for alignment of raw depth data of WOB, RPM, and ROP, which may be transformed into matrix to facilitate data analytics, for example, using a two-dimensional matrix structure. As an example, two matrices may be utilized to store ROP or RSD (relative standard deviation) values, respectively, where matrix indexes may represent normalized WOB and RPM. For each matrix element, a corresponding raw ROP value with the same indexes may be selected. Next, a ROP element may be computed as an average and an RSD element may be determined by a ratio of stand deviation to average. As an example, RSD and / or one or more other metrics may help to characterize uncertainty.
[0121] As explained, data may be imperfect. For example, there may be instances of missing data. In such an example, one or more drilling parameter values may be known (e.g., WOB and RPM) while ROP may be unknown. In various instances, a matrix may be formed where elements may appear frequently with empty ROP values. As an example, a framework may provide for interpolating data. For example, consider an area in a 2D data structure that may be unsampled. In such an example, an unsampled area may be first interpolated (e.g., using bilinear regression, etc. ) where isotonic regression may then be applied to further adjust element values to ensure monotonicity of ROP relative to WOB or RPM.
[0122] As an example, a framework may provide for evaluation of uncertainty. For example, consider an approach where ROP model uncertainty may be evaluated considering one or more of original RSD, difference between original and modelled ROP values, and closest distance of each element to actual data. As an example, an inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique may be applied to extend an RSD evaluation to a desired data range (e.g., an entire data range, etc. ) .
[0123] As explained, a framework may provide for rapid and robust generation of a control structure where such a control structure may include one or more control parameters as may impact a behavior (e.g., a drilling behavior, etc. ) . As explained, a data-driven approach may be utilized using a limited amount of data to explore an overall behavior trend (e.g., consider an ROP trend, etc. ) , optionally with uncertainty, over a desired range of data. Such an approach may provide for generation of a control structure that reflects characteristics of observations as well as possible while not violating basic physical rules of a behavior (e.g., ROP, etc. ) . As explained, a framework may be utilized to generate a map, which may be a contour type of map. As explained, such a map may provide guarantees as to monotonicity in that a behavior may be monotonic in a 2D control parameter domain. As explained, a matrix approach may be utilized where, for example, output may be delivered in the form of one or more matrices, which may be convenient for visualization as contour maps in 2D and / or implementation by a controller. As an example, a control structure may be represented using one or more relationship, which may include multiple dimensions where, for example, a dimension may be associated with a control parameter, a behavior, etc.
[0124] Fig. 7 shows an example of a method 700 as illustrated using plots 710 and 720, which may be digital data structures. As shown, data may be accessed as to control parameters and a behavior. In the example of Fig. 7, the control parameters are RPM and WOB and the behavior is ROP. As shown, ROP may be represented as a third dimension in an appropriate multidimensional coordinate system. In the example plot 710, a grayscale is utilized to indicate ROP in feet per hour, while RPM is in revolutions per minute and WOB is in kilo-pounds-force. The plot 710 may be rendered as part of a graphical user interface (GUI) where control parameter ranges may be defined within a 2D area (e.g., a 2D “space” ) , which may, for example, be represented in a digital matrix form. As an example, indexes of a matrix may correspond to control parameter values and / or a matrix element may be an n-tuple. For example, consider a 3-tuple of RPM, WOB, and ROP. As an example, uncertainty may be represented in the same data structure or, for example, in a corresponding data structure such as, for example, another matrix. As an example, a framework may provide for GUI rendering of behavior data and / or uncertainty corresponding to behavior data. For example, consider a z-buffer approach where a z-buffer may be controlled according to uncertainty values. In such an example, transparency, opaqueness, etc., may be utilized to indicate differences in uncertainty. As an example, an uncertainty boundary may be generated, for example, in an automated or semi-automated manner. In such an example, the uncertainty boundary may be utilized for controller decision-making, for example, to alter a level of automation for control of drilling operations. As an example, one or more behavior boundaries may be generated (see, e.g., the plot 610 of Fig. 6) . As an example, a controller may be operable using a control structure and one or more boundaries associated with or part of the control structure.
[0125] In the example of Fig. 7, the plot 720 is presented as a series of contours, which may be graded such that ROP is a substantially smooth surface within the multidimensional space. As explained, a framework may provide for generating a monotonic surface where, for example, for RPM and WOB as control parameters, ROP is the lowest in the lower left corner (e.g., closest to an origin) and highest in the upper right corner (e.g., furthest from the origin) . The shape of a surface may be monotonic yet with variations in slope within the multidimensional space. As an example, a surface may be a control surface where an increase in a control parameter or control parameters corresponds to an increase in a behavior (e.g., or a decrease in a behavior) . For example, for RPM and WOB, an increase in either or both may correspond to an increase in ROP. As another example, where a behavior may be a detrimental behavior, a different type of relationship may exist where an increase in one or more control parameters corresponds to a decrease in the detrimental behavior. For example, consider RPM and translation as control parameters for sticking where an increase in RPM and / or an increase in translational speed of a toolstring may decrease risk of sticking.
[0126] As an example, the plot 720 may be a stable data-driven ROP map based on offset well data. Such a plot may help in determining an optimal operation window (OOW) for drilling, which may be determined with assistance from one or more other limits and / or risks as may be computed by a planning framework, a controller, etc. As explained, one or more boundaries may be imposed on an ROP map, which may, for example, provide for level of automation selections.
[0127] In the example of Fig. 7, a user may input ROP, RPM, WOB, TVD depth data from offset runs whereby a framework may generate the plots 710 and 720 such that a control structure is created. As an example, where flow rate data as to drilling fluid flow rate may be available, such data may be utilized, noting that such data may be an alternative to or additional to another control parameter. As explained, fluid flow rate may be associated with cleaning, lubrication, mud motor speed, mud motor torque, etc.
[0128] Fig. 8 shows an example plot 800 for control parameter and behavior data. As mentioned, data may be imperfect. As shown, one or more regions may include more data while one or more other regions include less data. Such a region-by-region assessment as to data quality may provide for generation of one or more data quality metrics and / or uncertainty metrics. As an example, a framework may provide for assessing data such as, for example, data density, data sparsity, etc. In such an example, uncertainty may depend on one or more data assessments.
[0129] As explained, a framework may aim to generate a surface that is a continuous surface within a control parameter space. As explained, such a framework may provide for generation of a continuous surface while accounting for uncertainty such that, for example, uncertainty may be taken into account where the continuous surface or a portion or portions thereof are utilized. For example, in a control scenario as to RPM and / or WOB with respect to ROP, if uncertainty is deemed too high, an autodriller or other controller may adjust a level of automation. In such an example, consider decreasing a level of automation to provide for human oversite and / or decision making. Such an approach may help to mitigate undesirable effects of implementing control in a region of a control structure (e.g., a control surface) where uncertain is deemed to be too high (e.g., with respect to a threshold, one or more risks, etc. ) .
[0130] As an example, a framework may utilize one or more empirical and / or physics-based approaches, which may include one or more equations. As an example, an equation may be utilized as a constraint, for data cleaning, for data pre-processing, for uncertainty determinations, etc. As to some examples of equations with respect to control parameters RPM and WOB in relationship to a behavior such as ROP, consider one or more of the following equations as non-limiting examples:
[0131] As an example, such equations or relationships may be effectively reduced in a data-driven approach. For example, consider a reduction to the following relationships: WOB↑→ROP↑ RPM↑ →ROP↑
[0132] As explained, in a general sense, an increase on WOB may result in an increase in ROP and an increase in RPM may result in an increase in ROP. However, for purposes of planning, optimization, control, etc., such general relationships may lack considerations as to various other factors that may be relevant to behaviors that may occur, whether beneficial or detrimental. As an example, a control structure such as a map may provide for quantifying how a given increase in WOB and / or a given increase in RPM may increase ROP. Similarly, if ROP is to be decreased, one or more quantified inverse relationships may be helpful. As an example, a control structure such as a map may be suitable for increases and decreases in ROP, noting that uncertainty may be provided directionally and / or hysteresis may be provided directionally. For example, consider an approach where offset well data are assessed as to directionality of a change in WOB and / or RPM (e.g., and / or one or more other control parameters, etc. ) . In various instances, an increase in WOB as a positive delta WOB may lead to a lesser delta ROP than a same decrease in WOB as a negative delta WOB where the absolute values of the delta WOBs are equal. As an example, uncertainty may be characterized with respect to directionality. For example, increasing WOB to move from a first point to a second point may have a different uncertainty than decreasing WOB to move from the second point to the first point. Such an approach may capture aspects of underlying physical phenomena that may make moving in one direction more stable and hence more certain than moving in an opposite direction. As an example, consider gravity as being a factor that may impact uncertainty with respect to drilling operations (e.g., as to changes in WOB, etc. ) .
[0133] As explained, a data-driven approach may capture aspects of behavior in relationship to one or more control parameters under one or more constraints that may be derived and / or otherwise depend on actual physical phenomena. As explained, empirical and / or physics-based relationships with variables for one or more control parameters and one or more behaviors may be utilized to constrain a framework in generating a control structure such as, for example, a control surface that may be represented as a map.
[0134] Fig. 9 shows an example of a method 900 for interpolating data in a two-dimensional domain. As shown in a matrix 910, data may be sparse within the matrix 910 such that a particular element, marked X, may be lacking data such that one or more other elements may be considered that include data. For example, consider selecting a number of elements that may be closest to the particular element, marked X, for purposes of interpolation. In such an example, a framework may provide for assessing number of elements and distance. In such an example, one or more of number of elements and distance may be utilized for determining uncertainty. For example, the particular element, marked X, may be determined using elements within a bounding box where distance and number may be utilized in determining a value for the particular element. In the example of Fig. 9, the elements may be behavior with respect to two different control parameters. For example, consider ROP with respect to RPM and WOB. In such an example, an ROP may be determined via interpolation where one or more uncertainty metrics may be determined in association with the ROP; noting that one or more of a statistical, fuzzy, probabilistic, etc., approach may be utilized. In such an example, the ROP and its associated uncertainty (e.g., as represented by one or more metrics) may be stored using a data structure (e.g., a matrix, etc. ) .
[0135] In the example of Fig. 9, a matrix 920 illustrates how the matrix may be filled-in using interpolation, while a matrix 930 illustrates a full matrix. As an example, where a 2D matrix approach is utilized, bilinear interpolation may be employed.
[0136] As an example, bilinear interpolation may be performed using linear interpolation first in one direction, and then again in another direction. While each may be linear, the interpolation as a whole is quadratic. As an example, a polynomial approach may be utilized, which may be a multidimensional polynomial (e.g., consider a multilinear polynomial) . As an example, an interpolant may be a bilinear polynomial, which may be a harmonic function satisfying Laplace’s equation. As an example, a graph may be a bilinear Bézier surface patch.
[0137] Fig. 10 shows an example of a method 1000 for processing data to generate isotonic (e.g., monotonic, etc. ) data. For example, consider a framework that may apply isotonic regression.
[0138] Isotonic regression (e.g., monotonic regression) may provide for fitting a free-form line to a sequence of observations such that the fitted line is non-decreasing (or non-increasing) within a domain, and, for example, may lay as close to observations as possible. Isotonic regression may be unconstrained by functional form, such as the linearity imposed by linear regression, as long as the function is monotonic increasing. As explained, in various instances, relationships between one or more control parameters and a behavior may tend to be, physically, monotonic. However, as explained, slope in a control parameter space may not be constant. In such scenarios, a data-driven approach to generating a control structure within the control parameter space with respect to a behavior may capture aspects of phenomena via differences in slope, etc.
[0139] In the example of Fig. 10, a plot 1010 indicates how piecewise monotonic segments may be generated based on underlying data. In the example plot 1010, the data may be incrementally spaced with a datum for each increment (e.g., element) and / or there may be some gaps. As an example, an isotonic regression technique may be applied to a matrix that is full, sparse or otherwise lacking a value for one or more elements.
[0140] In the example of Fig. 10, a plot 1020 indicates how isotonic regression may be applied in multiple directions (e.g., multi-dimensional isotonic regression) . As an example, isotonic regression may be applied directionally, along a dimension.
[0141] In the example of Fig. 10, a plot 1030 indicates how a particular element may include a value that results in a lack of monotonicity. In such an example, a bounding box (e.g., a region) may be selected for purposes of adjusting the particular element such that monotonicity may be achieved. In such an example, where the particular element is a measured value and / or an interpolated value, an adjustment to that value via application of isotonic regression may be utilized for purposes of determining uncertainty. For example, consider a measured value, which may have its own associated uncertainty (e.g., measurement uncertainty) that is then adjusted for purposes of monotonicity, which may introduce its own uncertainty. In such an example, one or more uncertainties may be tracked and / or determined. As to an interpolated value, as explained, it may have an associated uncertainty. In such an example, the uncertainty of an interpolated value may also consider measurement uncertainty for one or more data point from which the interpolated value is derived. As explained, uncertainty may compound during generation of a control surface, which may be tracked and associated with the control surface.
[0142] Fig. 11 shows an example of a method 1100 for determining uncertainty, which may be performed using a framework. As shown in a plot 1110, standard deviation may be indicated for behavior such as ROP. In such an example, underlying data may be from one or more offset wells and, for example, for a common and / or overlapping distance range (e.g., TVD, formation, etc. ) . In the plot 1110, standard deviation may be determined and rendered via a GUI such that regions of low, medium, high, etc., uncertainty may be discerned visually.
[0143] As shown in a plot 1120, uncertainty as to a difference in behavior modified (e.g., adjusted) and measured (e.g., or interpolated) may be utilized. In the plot 1120, such difference uncertainty may be added to standard deviation, which may be normalized, for example, using percentage, etc.
[0144] As shown in a plot 1130, uncertainty as to surroundings may be determined by a framework. As shown, the plot 1130 includes uncertainty contours where uncertainty may be low, medium, high, etc. In the example plot 1130, uncertainty may exceed 100 percent in terms of standard deviation. As shown, regions of high uncertainty (e.g., over 100 percent) tend to be outside of a core region indicated approximately by a bounding box. As an example, for purposes of planning, control, etc., a framework may apply one or more techniques to assess quality, one or more bounds, etc. For example, the region within the bounding box may be deemed to be of sufficient quality (e.g., below a threshold level of uncertainty) to be utilized for implementation in control, which may be automated control (e.g., as may be implemented by an autodriller, etc. ) .
[0145] Fig. 12 shows an example of a GUI 1200 that includes various graphics and tables associated with determining and / or assigning intervals, which may be constant and / or varying. As explained, an interval may be a distance interval such as, for example, TVD.
[0146] In the example of Fig. 12, the intervals are set at 200 feet. In terms of drilling, a stand of drill pipe may be approximately 100 feet such that 200 feet may be associated with approximately two stands of drill pipe. As an example, an interval may be determined and / or assigned based at least in part on formation characteristics. For example, if a layer is less than 200 feet in TVD, an interval may be less than 200 feet and, for example, approximately the same as a formation thickness (e.g., of a thinnest relevant formation, etc. ) . As an example, a framework may provide for interval alignment. For example, consider interval alignment with one or more formation tops.
[0147] Fig. 13 shows example graphics 1300 for a number of wells, labeled Well A, Well B, and Well C. As shown, each of the wells may have associated data for a formation, which may be a common formation that spans a field where each of the wells has a wellbore that is drilled into the common formation. As such, an interval in a common formation may be a factor in determining how to combine data from multiple wells, which may be offset wells with reference to a target well.
[0148] As an example, one or more deterministic rules may be applied to offset well data. For example, consider an approach where if TVD available runs are greater than or equal to 50 percent, then discard TVD unavailable runs, use rest runs (e.g., utilize wells that include TVD) . As another example, consider TVD available runs being less than 50 percent such that all runs may be utilized without TVD consideration. As an example, such rules may be applied to offset well data using a framework that aims to generate a control surface. As an example, a framework may provide for determining whether one or more TVD intervals exist and / or whether a TVD range may be utilized without regard to intervals where the TVD range may span TVD ranges from a number of wells (e.g., data as recorded with respect to distance, etc. ) .
[0149] Fig. 14 shows an example of a method 1400 for combining data from a number of wells, for example, consider wells labeled Well A, Well B, Well C, Well D, and Well E, which may be in a common field and include at least a portion of a wellbore in a particular formation as may be indicated by vertical depth. In the example of Fig. 14, each of the wells may provide data as to control parameters and behavior for different and / or common regions of a control parameter domain. As an example, data may be combined for a number of wells to generate one or more control surfaces. As an example, data for each individual well may be utilized to generate a corresponding control surface.
[0150] As an example, a well may have associated run data, which may refer to a BHA run for purposes of drilling. Such data may be particular for that well and may be particular for a team, equipment, conditions, etc., experienced during drilling of at least a portion of that well. When planning a new well, which may be referred to as a target well, it may be in the same field as offset wells but at a different position within the field. As an example, data contributions from offset wells may be weighted, for example, using an inverse distance weighting (IDW) type of approach and / or one or more other approaches. In such an example, a control surface may be generated from offset well data where the control surface is tailored to a position for a target well. In such an example, the control surface may be utilized for planning, control, etc.
[0151] Fig. 15 shows an example of a GUI 1500 that may be rendered to a display, for example, via interactions with a framework, for assessing offset well data from a number of wells with respect to intervals. As shown, some wells may have lesser data than others and / or data for different intervals than others. In the example of Fig. 15, the GUI 1500 indicates how control surfaces may be generated for a number of different intervals from data from a number of different wells. As to the TVD intervals 1 and 6, note that data may be from a single well (e.g., Well C for TVD interval 1 and Well E for TVD interval 6) . Given output from a framework for a number of TVD intervals, a well may be planned, drilled, etc., accordingly, optionally taking into account uncertainty metric (s) that may accompany such output.
[0152] Fig. 16 shows an example of a GUI 1600 that may be rendered to a display, for example, via interactions with a framework, for assessing offset well data from a number of wells with respect to intervals. As shown, intervals may be compared and / or aligned, where assessments may be made such as within one interval, across several intervals, between valid intervals, intersect with border interval, not in the range, etc. As an example, the GUI 1600 may include a number of fields that may provide for entry of one or more variables, constraints, etc. For example, consider input of minimum and / or maximum values for WOB, RPM and TVD. As indicated, a framework may provide for automatically determining minimum and / or maximum values. As to determining maximum values, these may be determined on the basis of data (e.g., a data maximum for WOB, RPM, etc. ) .
[0153] In the example of Fig. 16, a method may be performed that provides for merging, regression, and, as appropriate, extrapolation. For example, consider a method that may merge data, perform one or more types of regression, and then extrapolate to fill a desired control parameter domain size. In such an example, uncertainty may be determined and accompany an extrapolated control structure. In such an example, one or more extrapolated regions may have uncertainty increased based on such extrapolation.
[0154] Fig. 17 shows examples of techniques 1700 that may be performed using data in a control parameter domain. For example, consider an approach that may apply compression and / or decompression to a domain. In such an example, resolution of a domain may be controlled and / or tailored. For example, consider a set of data with a higher or lower resolution than one or more other sets of data. In such an example, a set of data may be compressed and / or decompressed to adjust its resolution to provide for ease in combining data.
[0155] Fig 18 shows an example of a GUI 1800 that includes data and control structures for various intervals. As shown, the control structures differ for the different intervals. Further, associated uncertainty metrics differ too, as the data within the control parameter domain differ such that one or more of interpolation, regression, extrapolation, etc., may differ. In the example GUI 1800, the maximum ROP is shown as decreasing from top to bottom as corresponding to the intervals being for deeper depths (e.g., measured depths, TVDs, etc. ) .
[0156] Fig 19 shows an example of a GUI 1900 that includes data and control structures for various intervals. As shown, the control structures differ for the different intervals. Further, associated uncertainty metrics differ too, as the data within the control parameter domain differ such that one or more of interpolation, regression, extrapolation, etc., may differ. In the example GUI 1900, the maximum ROP is shown as decreasing from top to bottom as corresponding to the intervals being for deeper depths (e.g., measured depths, TVDs, etc. ) .
[0157] Fig. 20 shows an example of a GUI 2000 that includes data, a control surface, and associated uncertainty for the control surface where control surfaces for a number of intervals are also shown. In such an example, a control surface, as a control structure, may be utilized, optionally along with uncertainty.
[0158] In the example of Fig. 20, the GUI 2000 includes a plot of RPM versus WOB for ROP over a TVD range from 61 meters to 1951 meters. As shown, RPM may be set at a particular value while WOB may be varied such that the data appear substantially as a series of horizontal line segments. Such data indicate that an RPM of approximately 60 RPM was utilized in association with a range of WOB from approximately 0 to 50 klbf. In an uncertainty plot, a region with lowest uncertainty may be discerned as including RPM of approximately 60 RPM extending across WOB values from approximately 0 klbf to approximately 40 klbf. In such an example, a driller (e.g., human and / or machine) may consider relying on the control structure (e.g., map or contour plot) of ROP for RPM and WOB during drilling; whereas, for RPM above approximately 125 RPM and / or WOB above approximately 40 klbf, uncertainty may be greater and, hence, a lesser degree of reliance, automation, etc. As to ROP, the control structure indicates that ROP may increase from approximately 100 to approximately 200 where RPM is held at approximately 60 RPM and WOB is varied from approximately 10 klbf to approximately 40 klbf. The GUI 2000 of Fig. 20 also includes a number of interval specific control structures that indicate how depth may impact ROP. As an example, a control structure may include data for multiple depths where, for example, a controller may access particular portions based on depth. For example, consider an API call approach where depth may be included in an API call such that an appropriate portion of a control structure is accessed to return one or more control parameters for drilling where, as mentioned, uncertainty may be returned or otherwise utilized to instruct a controller (e.g., as to level of automation, rate of change, etc. ) .
[0159] As an example, a controller may implement a change to a drilling parameter based on uncertainty where a higher uncertainty may cause the controller to incrementally make a change. For example, if uncertainty is low (e.g., below a threshold) , a step change may be implemented; whereas, if uncertainty is high (e.g., above a threshold) , a change may be split into increments such that responses to implementation of each increment may be monitored to determine if a desired behavior is being exhibited or not. In such an approach, a time window may be utilized for making incremental changes to a control parameter where length of the time window may also be controllable based at least in part on uncertainty. For example, if uncertainty is high, a longer time window may be utilized; whereas, if uncertainty is low, a step change or a shorter time window may be utilized. As an example, a rate of change approach may be utilized where a slope, a curve, etc., may be implemented when changing a control parameter (e.g., WOB, RPM, flow rate, etc. ) . As an example, one or more uncertainty related approaches may aim to improve control stability and stability of equipment and its interaction with its environment (e.g., a formation, fluid, etc. ) , for example, to improve drilling operations and / or borehole quality.
[0160] As an example, a driller (e.g., human and / or machine) may select a depth range and / or a formation layer whereby a framework may generate a control structure for the selected depth range and / or formation layer. In such an example, a user may input one or more values and click on a graphical control to cause the framework to access data and to generate a control structure using the data. In such an example, the control structure may be suitable for being downloaded to a controller and / or being accessed by a controller. In such an example, ROP may be controlled by making adjustments to one or more control parameters where ROP may be expected to change in a manner indicated by the control structure. In such an example, feedback may be acquired by a framework that may be utilized to automatically update the control structure. For example, consider acquiring data during drilling and updating a control structure responsive to acquisition of the data. In such an example, acquired data may be for a portion of an interval where further drilling may provide for additional drilling of the interval. As an example, one or more uncertainty metrics may be updated responsive to acquisition of data as associated with drilling. As explained, while ROP is mentioned as a type of behavior, a framework may provide for generation of one or more types of controls structures for one or more types of behaviors.
[0161] As to the example computational frameworks 121 of Fig. 1, GUIs may be more complex and include various parameters, some of which may be user configurable. For example, a GUI may include sub-GUIs that may be rendered from a menu, etc., to allow a user to configure colors, types of plots, units, layouts of elements, etc. As an example, a workflow may involve navigating through multiple GUIs where one or more of the multiple GUIs may be at least in part configurable by a user. In various instances, a user may customize (e.g., personalize) a GUI, for herself, for a team, for a company, etc. Customization may facilitate collaboration and / or otherwise sharing of information, results, actions, etc.
[0162] Fig. 21 shows an example of a method 2100 and an example of a system 2190. As shown, the method 2100 may include an access block 2110 for accessing drilling data associated with borehole depth; an interpolation block 2120 for interpolating the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; a performance block 2130 for performing isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and an output block 2140 for outputting the multidimensional control surface.
[0163] Fig. 21 also shows various computer-readable media (CRM) blocks 2111, 2121, 2131, and 2141. Such blocks may include instructions that are executable by one or more processors, which may be one or more processors of a computational framework, a system, a computer, etc. A computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable storage medium that is not a signal, not a carrier wave and that is non-transitory. For example, a computer-readable medium may be a physical memory component that may store information in a digital format.
[0164] In the example of Fig. 21, a system 2190 includes one or more information storage devices 2191, one or more computers 2192, one or more networks 2195 and instructions 2196. As to the one or more computers 2192, each computer may include one or more processors (e.g., or processing cores) 2193 and memory 2194 for storing the instructions 2196, for example, executable by at least one of the one or more processors. As an example, a computer may include one or more network interfaces (e.g., wired or wireless) , one or more graphics cards, a display interface (e.g., wired or wireless) , etc. The system 2190 may be specially configured to perform one or more portions of the method 2100 of Fig. 21.
[0165] As an example, a computational framework may include a solver, which may be implemented via executable instructions. For example, consider a computational framework that includes a processor and memory accessible to the processor where executable instructions may be stored in the memory and accessed for execution by the processor to cause the computational framework to perform one or more actions. Such a computational framework may include one or more interfaces for receipt of information and / or for output of information, which may include values of parameters, an instruction, etc. As an example, a computational framework may be part of a controller. As an example, a computational framework may be part of a system.
[0166] As an example, one or more control structures may be utilized for machine learning. For example, consider an approach that utilizes control structures as input to learn one or more drilling behaviors with respect to one or more control parameters. As an example, a machine learning approach may utilize an image analysis technique where input may be in the form of control surfaces, which may be colored, shaped, etc., to indicate values of behavior with respect to control parameters. In such an example, information as to one or more of depth, BHA type, formation type, mud type, rig equipment, rig crew, etc., may be utilized to further train a machine learning model. As an example, a trained machine learning model may provide for predicting a drilling behavior for a current set of control parameters and / or for a prospective set of control parameters. In such an example, the trained machine learning model may account for one or more factors, which may include one or more of depth, BHA type, formation type, mud type, rig equipment, rig crew, etc. As explained, a control surface, as a type of control structure, may be generated in a data-driven manner to account for various factors that may be challenging to model using a physics-based approach to modeling. In various instances, a control surface may provide for outputting a quantitative value for a behavior, which may be a delta from a current set of control parameters to a prospective set of control parameters. As explained, a framework may provide for determining uncertainty. As explained, uncertainty may be output with a behavior or a change in behavior based at least in part on one or more aspects of control structure (e.g., control surface, etc. ) generation.
[0167] As an example, various systems, methods, etc., may implement one or more ML models. As to types of ML models, consider one or more of a support vector machine (SVM) model, a k-nearest neighbors (KNN) model, an ensemble classifier model, a neural network (NN) model, etc. As an example, a machine learning model may be a deep learning model (e.g., deep Boltzmann machine, deep belief network, convolutional neural network, stacked auto-encoder, etc. ) , an ensemble model (e.g., random forest, gradient boosting machine, bootstrapped aggregation, AdaBoost, stacked generalization, gradient boosted regression tree, etc. ) , a neural network model (e.g., radial basis function network, perceptron, back-propagation, Hopfield network, etc. ) , a regularization model (e.g., ridge regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, elastic net, least angle regression) , a rule system model (e.g., cubist, one rule, zero rule, repeated incremental pruning to produce error reduction) , a regression model (e.g., linear regression, ordinary least squares regression, stepwise regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, locally estimated scatterplot smoothing, logistic regression, etc. ) , a Bayesian model (e.g., Bayes, average on-dependence estimators, Bayesian belief network, Gaussian Bayes, multinomial Bayes, Bayesian network) , a decision tree model (e.g., classification and regression tree, iterative dichotomiser 3, C4.5, C5.0, chi-squared automatic interaction detection, decision stump, conditional decision tree, M5) , a dimensionality reduction model (e.g., principal component analysis, partial least squares regression, Sammon mapping, multidimensional scaling, projection pursuit, principal component regression, partial least squares discriminant analysis, mixture discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, regularized discriminant analysis, flexible discriminant analysis, linear discriminant analysis, etc. ) , an instance model (e.g., k-nearest neighbor, learning vector quantization, self-organizing map, locally weighted learning, etc. ) , a clustering model (e.g., k-means, k-medians, expectation maximization, hierarchical clustering, etc. ) , etc.
[0168] As an example, a system may utilize one or more recurrent neural networks (RNNs) . One type of RNN is referred to as long short-term memory (LSTM) , which may be a unit or component (e.g., of one or more units) that may be in a layer or layers. A LSTM component may be a type of artificial neural network (ANN) designed to recognize patterns in sequences of data, such as time series data. When provided with time series data, LSTMs take time and sequence into account such that an LSTM may include a temporal dimension. For example, consider utilization of one or more RNNs for processing temporal data from one or more sources, optionally in combination with spatial data. Such an approach may recognize temporal patterns, which may be utilized for making predictions (e.g., as to a pattern or patterns for future times, etc. ) .
[0169] As an example, the TENSORFLOW framework (Google LLC, Mountain View, California) may be implemented, which is an open-source software library for dataflow programming that includes a symbolic math library, which may be implemented for machine learning applications that may include neural networks. As an example, the CAFFE framework may be implemented, which is a DL framework developed by Berkeley AI Research (BAIR) (University of California, Berkeley, California) . As another example, consider the SCIKIT platform (e.g., scikit-learn) , which utilizes the PYTHON programming language. As an example, a framework such as the APOLLO AI framework may be utilized (APOLLO. AI GmbH, Germany) . As an example, a framework such as the PYTORCH framework (PyTorch Foundation) may be utilized.
[0170] As an example, a training method may include various actions that may operate on a dataset to train a ML model. As an example, a dataset may be split into training data and test data where test data may provide for evaluation. A method may include cross-validation of parameters and best parameters, which may be provided for model training.
[0171] The TENSORFLOW framework may run on multiple CPUs and GPUs (with optional CUDA (NVIDIA Corp., Santa Clara, California) and SYCL (The Khronos Group Inc., Beaverton, Oregon) extensions for general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPUs) ) . TENSORFLOW is available on 64-bit LINUX, MACOS (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California) , WINDOWS (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Washington) , and mobile computing platforms including ANDROID (Google LLC, Mountain View, California) and IOS (Apple Inc. ) operating system-based platforms.
[0172] TENSORFLOW computations may be expressed as stateful dataflow graphs; noting that the name TENSORFLOW derives from the operations that such neural networks perform on multidimensional data arrays. Such arrays may be referred to as “tensors” .
[0173] As an example, a method may include accessing drilling data associated with borehole depth; interpolating the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; performing isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and outputting the multidimensional control surface. In such an example, the method may include controlling drilling using the multidimensional control surface. For example, consider controlling that includes utilizing a controller that controls drilling equipment. In such an example, the controller may be an automated controller that operates according at a level of automation.
[0174] As an example, a multidimensional control surface may be an isotonic map or a number of isotonic maps (e.g., arranged with respect to a distance dimension such as depth, which may be formation depth, TVD, measured depth, etc. ) .
[0175] As an example, a method may include interpolating that utilizes bilinear interpolation that interpolates each of a number of drilling control parameters with respect to a drilling behavior.
[0176] As an example, a drilling behavior may be rate of penetration (ROP) . As explained, ROP may depend on various factors, including one or more drilling control parameters (e.g., RPM, WOB, fluid flow rate, etc. ) . As an example, a drilling behavior may be characterized with respect to a mode of drilling (e.g., rotational mode, sliding mode, etc. ) . As an example, drilling control parameters may include rotational speed (e.g., RPM) and weight-on-bit (WOB) . As explained, rotational speed may be controlled using a top drive, a rotary table, a mud motor, etc.
[0177] As an example, a drilling behavior may be shock, stick-slip, etc. As an example, shock and vibration may be considered a drilling behavior.
[0178] As an example, a method may include determining uncertainty of a control structure. For example, determining uncertainty may include comparing a measured behavior for a set of drilling control parameters to a control structure behavior for the set of drilling control parameters. As an example, determining uncertainty may depend on one or more of interpolating and performing isotonic regression. As explained, uncertainty may be determined based on an assessment of data such as, for example, data density, data sparsity, etc.
[0179] As an example, a method may include rendering a control surface graphically to a display. In such an example, the method may include rendering uncertainty for the control surface graphically to the display. In such an example, the uncertainty may overlay the control surface. As explained, one or more boundaries may be generated for a control structure, which may pertain to one or more behaviors and / or uncertainty (e.g., for one or more operational modes, directions, etc. ) .
[0180] As an example, a control surface may include a contour map or contour maps. As explained, a stack of contour maps may be a control structure for a number of intervals that may be for different depths.
[0181] As an example, a method may include cropping a control surface, based at least in part on uncertainty of one or more regions of the control surface, to generate a cropped control surface. In such an example, the method may include implementing the cropped control surface for controlling drilling of a borehole. As an example, cropping may involve utilization of one or more boundaries, which, as explained, may pertain to one or more behaviors, uncertainty, etc.
[0182] As an example, a system may include one or more processors; memory accessible to at least one of the one or more processors; and processor-executable instructions stored in the memory and executable to instruct the system to: access drilling data associated with borehole depth; interpolate the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; perform isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and output the multidimensional control surface.
[0183] As an example, one or more computer-readable storage media may include processor-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to: access drilling data associated with borehole depth; interpolate the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range; perform isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range; and output the multidimensional control surface.
[0184] As an example, a computer program product that may include computer-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to perform one or more methods such as one or more of the methods described herein (e.g., in part, in whole and / or in various combinations) .
[0185] In some embodiments, a method or methods may be executed by a computing system. Fig. 22 shows an example of a system 2200 that may include one or more computing systems 2201-1, 2201-2, 2201-3 and 2201-4, which may be operatively coupled via one or more networks 2209, which may include wired and / or wireless networks. As shown, the system 2200 may include one or more other components 2208.
[0186] As an example, a system may include an individual computer system or an arrangement of distributed computer systems. In the example of Fig. 22, the computer system 2201-1 may include one or more modules 2202, which may be or include processor-executable instructions, for example, executable to perform various tasks (e.g., receiving information, requesting information, processing information, simulation, outputting information, etc. ) .
[0187] As an example, a module may be executed independently, or in coordination with, one or more processors 2204, which is (or are) operatively coupled to one or more storage media 2206 (e.g., via wire, wirelessly, etc. ) . As an example, one or more of the one or more processors 2204 may be operatively coupled to at least one of one or more network interface 2207. In such an example, the computer system 2201-1 may transmit and / or receive information, for example, via the one or more networks 2209 (e.g., consider one or more of the Internet, a private network, a cellular network, a satellite network, etc. ) . As shown, one or more other components 2208 may be included in the computer system 2201-1.
[0188] As an example, the computer system 2201-1 may receive from and / or transmit information to one or more other devices, which may be or include, for example, one or more of the computer systems 2201-2, etc. A device may be located in a physical location that differs from that of the computer system 2201-1. As an example, a location may be, for example, a processing facility location, a data center location (e.g., server farm, etc. ) , a rig location, a wellsite location, a downhole location, etc.
[0189] As an example, a processor may be or include a microprocessor, microcontroller, processor module or subsystem, programmable integrated circuit, programmable gate array, or another control or computing device.
[0190] As an example, the storage media 2206 may be implemented as one or more computer-readable or machine-readable storage media. As an example, storage may be distributed within and / or across multiple internal and / or external enclosures of a computing system and / or additional computing systems.
[0191] As an example, a storage medium or storage media may include one or more different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs) , erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs) , electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories, magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks, other magnetic media including tape, optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs) , BLUERAY disks, or other types of optical storage, or other types of storage devices.
[0192] As an example, a storage medium or media may be located in a machine running machine-readable instructions, or located at a remote site from which machine-readable instructions may be downloaded over a network for execution.
[0193] As an example, various components of a system such as, for example, a computer system, may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software (e.g., including firmware) , including one or more signal processing and / or application specific integrated circuits.
[0194] As an example, a system may include a processing apparatus that may be or include a general-purpose processors or application specific chips (e.g., or chipsets) , such as ASICs, FPGAs, PLDs, or other appropriate devices.
[0195] As an example, a device may be a mobile device that includes one or more network interfaces for communication of information. For example, a mobile device may include a wireless network interface (e.g., operable via IEEE 802.11, ETSI GSM, BLUETOOTH, satellite, etc. ) . As an example, a mobile device may include components such as a main processor, memory, a display, display graphics circuitry (e.g., optionally including touch and gesture circuitry) , a SIM slot, audio / video circuitry, motion processing circuitry (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope) , wireless LAN circuitry, smart card circuitry, transmitter circuitry, GPS circuitry, and a battery. As an example, a mobile device may be configured as a cell phone, a tablet, etc. As an example, a method may be implemented (e.g., wholly or in part) using a mobile device. As an example, a system may include one or more mobile devices.
[0196] As an example, a system may be a distributed environment, for example, a so-called “cloud” environment where various devices, components, etc. interact for purposes of data storage, communications, computing, etc. As an example, a device or a system may include one or more components for communication of information via one or more of the Internet (e.g., where communication occurs via one or more Internet protocols) , a cellular network, a satellite network, etc. As an example, a method may be implemented in a distributed environment (e.g., wholly or in part as a cloud-based service) .
[0197] As an example, information may be input from a display (e.g., consider a touchscreen) , output to a display or both. As an example, information may be output to a projector, a laser device, a printer, etc. such that the information may be viewed. As an example, information may be output stereographically or holographically. As to a printer, consider a 2D or a 3D printer. As an example, a 3D printer may include one or more substances that may be output to construct a 3D object. For example, data may be provided to a 3D printer to construct a 3D representation of a subterranean formation. As an example, layers may be constructed in 3D (e.g., horizons, etc. ) , geobodies constructed in 3D, etc. As an example, holes, fractures, etc., may be constructed in 3D (e.g., as positive structures, as negative structures, etc. ) .
[0198] Although only a few examples have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the examples. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.
Claims
1.A method (2100) comprising:accessing drilling data associated with borehole depth (2110) ;interpolating the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range (2120) ;performing isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range (2130) ; andoutputting the multidimensional control surface (2140) .2.The method of claim 1, comprising controlling drilling using the multidimensional control surface, optionally wherein the controlling comprises utilizing a controller that controls drilling equipment, and optionally wherein the controller comprises an automated controller that operates according at a level of automation.3.The method of claims 1 or 2, wherein the multidimensional control surface comprises an isotonic map.4.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the interpolating utilizes bilinear interpolation that interpolates each of the drilling control parameters with respect to the drilling behavior.5.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the drilling behavior is rate of penetration (ROP) , optionally wherein the drilling control parameters comprise rotational speed and weight-on-bit.6.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the drilling behavior is shock or stick-slip.7.The method of any preceding claim, comprising determining uncertainty of the control structure, optionally wherein the determining uncertainty comprises comparing a measured behavior for a set of drilling control parameters to a control structure behavior for the set of drilling control parameters and / or optionally wherein the determining uncertainty depends on one or more of the interpolating and the performing isotonic regression.8.The method of any preceding claim, comprising rendering the control surface graphically to a display.9.The method of any preceding claim, comprising rendering uncertainty for the control surface graphically to a display.10.The method of any preceding claim, rendering uncertainty that overlays the control surface.11.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the control surface comprises a contour map.12.The method of any preceding claim, comprising cropping the control surface, based at least in part on uncertainty of one or more regions of the control surface, to generate a cropped control surface.13.The method of any preceding claim, comprising implementing a cropped control surface for controlling drilling of a borehole.14.A system (2190) comprising:one or more processors (2193) ;memory (2194) accessible to at least one of the one or more processors; andprocessor-executable instructions (2196) stored in the memory and executable to instruct the system to:access drilling data associated with borehole depth (2111) ;interpolate the drilling data for a drilling behavior with respect to drilling control parameters for a borehole depth range (2121) ;perform isotonic regression on the drilling behavior to generate a multidimensional control surface for the borehole depth range (2131) ; andoutput the multidimensional control surface (2141) .15.A computer program product that comprises computer-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to perform a method according to any of claims 1 to 13.