Multivalent ionizable lipid delivery systems

Abstract

The present disclosure relates in part to cationic lipids and their use, e.g., in delivering nucleic acids to cells.

Description

MULTIVALENT IONIZABLE LIPID DELIVERY SYSTEMSCROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional Patent Application Nos.63 / 717,159, filed November 6, 2024, and 63 / 770,829, filed March 12, 2025, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure relates, in part, to various novel lipids, including methods, compositions, and products for delivering nucleic acids to cells.

[0003] Lipid-based materials, such as liposomes, are used as biological carriers for pharmaceutical and other biological applications, e.g., to introduce agents into cultured cell lines. Lipids are commonly used to deliver nucleic acids to cells in vitro under low-serum or serum-free conditions, for instance in transfection. However, serum components inhibit the activity of many lipids, limiting their use in the presence of serum, both in vitro and in vivo.

[0004] Improved lipid delivery systems, e.g., to achieve higher levels of transfection both in vitro and in vivo, are desirable. In particular, lipid delivery systems that are active in the presence of serum are needed. Improved levels of transfection will allow the treatment of disease states for which higher levels of expression than are currently achievable with lipid delivery systems are needed for therapeutic effect. Alternatively, higher transfection levels will allow for use of smaller amounts of material to achieve comparable expression levels, thereby decreasing potential toxicities and decreasing cost.

[0005] There is a need for improved lipids, lipid-like materials, and lipid-based delivery systems.SUMMARY

[0006] Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to new lipids that find use, inter alia, in improved delivery of biological payloads, e.g., nucleic acids, to cells.

[0007] Provided herein in some embodiments, is a compound represented by the structure of Formula (A- VIII):Formula (A- VIII)wherein,R1is hydroxyl, amino, or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl;R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl;R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl;R6and R7are each independently hydrogen, Ci-C20alkyl, or C3-C20alkenyl;p is an integer from 1 to 8;n is an integer from 0 to 6 andq is an integer from 1 to 6;provided that when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted oxo, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl, n is an integer from 0 to 2, three of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-C12alkyl; and two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Cg-Cn alkenyl; andprovided that when R1is hydroxyl, R2is hydrogen, n is 0 or 1, q is 6, R5’ isO R3, R3is Cg alkyl or hydrogen, and R4is Cg-Cio alkyl, R5is not linear Ce-Cis alkyl or Ci8 alkenyl.

[0009] In some embodiments, R3is Cn alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the compound is represented by the structure:

[0010] Provided herein, in some embodiments, is a compound represented by the structure of Formula (B):Formula (B)wherein,each R1is independently C5-C12 cycloalkyl, 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5-8 membered heteroaryl, O(C=O)-(C5-Ci2cycloalkyl), N(RA)(RB), or hydroxyl;wherein RAand RBare each independently hydrogen, Ci-C6alkyl, or Ci- Ce heteroalkyl;each R2is independently hydrogen or hydroxyl;x is an integer from 0 to 6;p is an integer from 1 to 4;R9is C6-C22alkenyl or is represented by the structure:wherein,R2’ is hydrogen or hydroxyl;R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C1-C20 alkenyl;m is an integer from 0 to 2; andy is an integer from 1 to 6.

[0011] In some embodiments, Ri is C5-C12 cycloalkyl, or 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl,O(C=O)-(C5-Ci2 cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, Ri is

[0012] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound selected from:

[0013] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound selected from:

[0015] Another aspect of the present disclosure is a compound of Table 1.

[0016] Another aspect of the present disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

[0017] In some embodiments, provided herein is a lipid aggregate comprising any one of the compounds provided herein (e.g., such as the compounds in Table 1). A further aspect of the present disclosure is a lipid aggregate comprising the compound of any one of the compounds provided herein (e.g., such as the compounds in Table 1). In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate further comprises a phospholipid. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate further comprises a steroid or steroid derivative. In some embodiments, the steroid or steroid derivative comprises cholesterol. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate further comprises a polymer conjugated lipid. In some embodiments, the polymer conjugated lipid is a PEGylated lipid. In embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more additional lipids or polymers. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more helper lipids. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more additional cationic lipids, anionic lipids, neutral lipids, multi-valent charged lipids, or zwitterionic lipids. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more phospholipids. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more polymer-conjugated lipids. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more polyethylene glycol(PEG)-ylated lipids. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more steroids or steroid derivatives. In some embodiments, the lipid aggregate does not comprise cholesterol. In some cases, the lipid aggregate further comprises a nucleic acid, selected from a DNA or RNA molecule. In some cases, the lipid aggregate further comprises a nucleic acid, selected from DNA or RNA.

[0018] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for transfecting a cell with a nucleic acid, comprising contacting the cell with a complex of the nucleic acid and any compound (e.g., lipid) provided herein. An additional aspect of the present disclosure is method for transfecting a cell with a nucleic acid, comprising contacting the cell with a complex of the nucleic acid and a compound provided herein (e.g., such as the compounds in Table 1). In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for transfection a cell with a nucleic acid, optionally DNA or RNA, comprising contacting the cell with a complex of the nucleic acid and any compound provided in Table 1.

[0019] In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid, optionally DNA or RNA, any one of the compounds provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the lipid aggregates provided herein.

[0020] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein.

[0021] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit comprising any of the compounds provided herein and instructions for using the compound(s). In some embodiments, the kit comprises instructions for transfecting a nucleic acid molecule in cells using the compound. In some embodiment, the kit comprises transfection media, transfection reagents, and / or vessels for culturing of cells. In some embodiments, the kit comprises instruction for treating a disease or a disorder in a subject in need thereof.

[0022] Any aspect or embodiment disclosed herein can be combined with any other aspect or embodiment as disclosed herein.INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0023] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to a same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0024] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0025] FIG. 1 shows a cartoon showing the delivery of lipid-mRNA formulations to blood cells.

[0026] FIG. 2 shows composition of a lipid library.

[0027] FIG. 3A shows graphs of dynamic light scattering (DLS) measure of LNP size.

[0028] FIG. 3B shows poly dispersity index of LNPs.

[0029] FIG. 4 shows a graph of zeta potential of nanoparticle formation.

[0030] FIG. 5 shows a graph of encapsulation efficiency of LNPs.

[0031] FIG.6A shows flow cytometry scatter plots of monocytes transfected with LNPs and lipoplexes. FIG. 6B shows a density plot of GFP+ transfected cells.

[0032] FIG. 7 shows a graph of a lipoplex screen in THP-1 monocytes.

[0033] FIG.8A shows flow cytometry scatter plots of lipoplex transfected Jurkat T cells. FIG.8B shows a graph.

[0034] FIG.9 shows a graph of the relative viability of THP-1 monocytes after transfection.

[0035] FIG. 10 shows a graph of the viability of THP-1 monocytes after transfection.

[0036] FIG. 11 shows a cartoon of mRNA-LNP formulation delivery to iPSC-derived MSCs and skin cells.

[0037] FIG. 12 is an NMR of synthesized 6-bromohexyl 2-hexyldecanoate.

[0038] FIG. 13 is an NMR of synthesized 6-(butylamino)hexyl 2-hexyldecanoate.

[0039] FIG. 14 is an NMR of synthesized 6-(butyl(3-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)hexyl 2-hexyldecanoate.

[0040] FIG. 15 is an NMR of synthesized 6-((3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)(butyl)amino)hexyl 2-hexyldecanoate.

[0041] FIG. 16 is a mass spectrometry graph of synthesized 6-((3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)(butyl)amino)hexyl 2-hexyldecanoate.

[0042] FIG. 17 is an NMR of synthesized 6-bromohexyl 2-hexyldecanoate.

[0043] FIG. 18 is an NMR of synthesized 2,2'-((butane-l,4-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(propane-3,l-diyl))bis(isoindoline-l,3-dione).

[0044] FIG. 19 is an NMR of synthesized (butane-l,4-diylbis((3-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)azanediyl))bis(hexane-6, 1 -diyl) bis(2 -hexyldecanoate).

[0045] FIG. 20 is an NMR of synthesized (butane- l,4-diylbis((3-aminopropyl)azanediyl))bis(hexane-6, 1 -diyl) bis(2 -hexyldecanoate).

[0046] FIG. 21 is an NMR of synthesized 6-bromohexyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate.

[0047] FIG. 22 is an NMR of synthesized ((4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl)bis(hexane-6,l-diyl) (9Z,9'Z, 12Z, 12'Z)-bis(octadeca-9, 12-dienoate).

[0048] FIG. 23 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0049] FIG. 24 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0050] FIG.25 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0051] FIG. 26 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0052] FIG. 27 is an NMR of synthesized compound 33 (C54H110N4O6).

[0053] FIG. 28 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0054] FIG. 29 is an NMR of a synthesized 5 C tether variant of a compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0055] FIG. 30 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0056] FIG. 31 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0057] FIG. 32 is an NMR of a synthesized Compound 31 (C54H110N4O6).

[0058] FIG. 33 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (Compound 20).

[0059] FIG. 34 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (Compound 38).

[0060] FIG. 35 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (Compound 29).

[0061] FIG. 36 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (Compound 41).

[0062] FIG. 37 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (Compound 62).

[0063] FIG. 38 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (Compound 64).

[0064] FIG. 39 shows green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in cells transfected using compounds provided herein compared to ToRNAdo™ and lipof ectamine™ 3000 (LF3000).

[0065] FIG. 40 shows flow cytometry data of ToRNAdo™ lipoplex transfection into fibroblasts at a lipid:mRNA weight ratio of 2:1.

[0066] FIG. 41 shows Compound 34 LNP transfections into fibroblasts. In the top row, N: P ratio = 8, and in the bottom row N: P ratio = 4.

[0067] FIG. 42 shows flow cytometry data of Compound 16 lipoplex transfection at a 2:1 lipid:mRNA weight ratio into fibroblasts.

[0068] FIG.43 shows flow cytometry data of Compound 31 transfection at a 3: 1 lipid:mRNA weight ratio into fibroblasts.

[0069] FIG.44A-C showtimelapse images of various lipoplex uptake into iMSCs from 8 to 18 hours.

[0070] FIG.45 shows quantification of uptake of various lipoplex complexes into iMSCs at 24 hours.

[0071] FIG.46 shows the percentage of live cells present at 24 hours following transfection of various lipoplex complexes into iMSCs.

[0072] FIG. 47 shows the relative GFP fluorescence in iMSCs post-lipoplex treatment with various lipids containing bis hexyldecanoate lipid tails at 24 hours.

[0073] FIG.48A-B show iMSCs transfected with various lipoplex complexes after 24 hours.

[0074] FIG. 49 shows mean GFP intensity at 24 hours measured in GFP+ PBMC cells transfected with various lipoplex complexes.

[0075] FIG. 50A-B shows PBMCs 24 hours after transfection with various lipoplex complexes.

[0076] FIG. 51 shows THP-1 cells 24 hours after transfection with lipoplex complexes.

[0077] FIG. 52 shows THP-1 cells 24 hours post transfection.

[0078] FIG. 53 shows flow cytometry data acquired 24 hours post transfection for 120,000 THP-1 cells transfected with Compound 16 lipoplex at a 2.5:1 lipid:mRNA weight ratio (1000 ng mRNA).

[0079] FIG. 54 shows flow cytometry data acquired 24 hours post transfection for 120,000 THP-1 cells transfected with Compound 16 LNP at a 2.5:1 lipid:mRNA weight ratio (1000 ng mRNA).

[0080] FIG.55 shows quantification of GFP fluorescence in Compound 26 LNP treated HEKn cells.

[0081] FIG.56 shows expression after 24 hours of various lipoplex complexes transfected into Jurkat cells.

[0082] FIG. 57 shows five cell types transfected with RNA complexed with DLinDHS lipoplex.

[0083] FIG. 58 shows expression of GFP mRNA lipoplex complexes in keratinocytes.

[0084] FIG. 59 shows expression of DLinDHS lipoplex complex in keratinocytes.

[0085] FIG. 60 shows rat lung epithelial tissue cross sections.

[0086] FIG. 61 shows rat dermal tissue cross sections.

[0087] FIG. 62 shows a preparation scheme for branched ester substituted compounds provided herein.

[0088] FIG. 63 shows a preparation scheme for branched ester substituted bis hydroxy ethyl ethylenediamine compounds provided herein.

[0089] FIG.64 shows a preparation scheme for branched ester substituted 1,4 -diaminobutane compounds provided herein.

[0090] FIG.65 shows a preparation scheme for branched hydroxy ester substituted compounds provided herein.

[0091] FIG. 66 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (e.g., synthetic intermediate).

[0092] FIG. 67 is an NMR of a synthesized compound relevant to the present disclosure (Compound 99).DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0093] The present disclosure is based, in part, on the discovery of lipids that, inter alia, demonstrate superior abilities to support delivery of nucleic acids to cells, e.g., during transfection. The present disclosure provides such compositions, methods of making the compositions, and methods of using the compositions to introduce nucleic acids into cells, including for the treatment of diseases.Rational design of multivalent ionizable lipid delivery systems

[0094] In recent years, lipid-based mRNA delivery has become the gold standard method for inducing exogenous protein production in vivo as evidenced by the success of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. While intramuscular injections are ideal for vaccine applications, intravenous injections are generally more suitable for achieving broad internal distribution of therapeutic payloads. Following systemic administration, blood cells are the first cells encountered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and therefore serve as high interest targets for in situ protein production. With the goal of identifying a lipid formulation capable of efficiently transfecting blood cells, a library of 16 multivalent ionizable lipids with variations in headgroup and lipid tail was synthesized and screened. Headgroup variations included spermine (a naturally occurring biomolecule), dihydroxysp ermine, 2 -hydroxypropylamine, and ethanolamine (the headgroup of SM-102, the ionizable lipid component of Spikevax). The lipid tails varied in degree of unsaturation, carbon chain length, and head-to-tail spacer length. Lipids were characterized as lipoplexes and as solid LNPs, using mRNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) as representative nucleic acid cargo. Nanoparticle size, surface charge, mRNA encapsulation, transfection efficiency, and cellular toxicity were evaluated. Lipoplexes were formulated at various weight ratios of lipid:mRNA, and mRNA-loading efficiency was determined via gel electrophoresis. The lowest lipid:mRNA weight ratio that displayed complete complexation for each lipid was used for the corresponding lipids in subsequent in vitro analyses. The ability to efficiently target blood cells using lipid delivery systems opens the door to a variety of applications, including potent in vivo mRNA delivery and cell reprogramming.

[0095] Provided herein are lipids that may be formulated with nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) without the need for formulation with additional lipids, such as polymer conjugated lipids, cationic lipids, phospholipids, or with steroids or steroid derivatives. The lipids provided herein may be formulated in the absence of additional lipids (e.g., helper lipids), while still allowing for particle stability, blood compatibility, and delivery efficiency. An advantage of formulating lipid compositions (e.g. lipid aggregates / nanoparticles) in the absence of additional helper lipids or steroid / steroid derivatives may be the enablement of facile tailoring the resulting compositionsfor delivery of a wide range of therapeutic cargos without the need for tuning of several (e.g., four to five) individual components for optimal delivery and stability.

[0096] Any of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), or (B-III) may be used in lipoplex of the present disclosure.Novel ionizable lipids

[0097] Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing cationic or ionizable lipids offer several advantages compared to other vehicles for nucleic acid delivery and have seen expanded clinical use with the introduction the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and in treatments for genetic diseases. However, poor targeting, insufficient cellular uptake, andlow endosomal release currently limit the use of lipid nanoparticles as efficient delivery systems for next -generation gene therapies. To address these limitations, novel ionizable lipids of the present disclosure were designed, synthesized, and formulated as LNPs to optimize mRNA delivery to cells.

[0098] In some instances, the lipids provided herein comprise a library of ionizable lipids was developed comprising hexyl 2 -hexyldecanoate lipid tails and hydrophilic headgroups derived from spermine or 2-hydroxypropylamine.

[0099] In some embodiments, the lipids provided herein are represented by the structure of Formula (A):Formula (A)

[0100] In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl, amino, or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl or amino. In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R1is amino.

[0101] In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen.

[0102] In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkyl). In some embodiments, R3andR4are each independently C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkenyl). In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0103] In some embodiments, R3is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3is Ci-C20alkyl (e.g., C6-C20alkyl). In some embodiments, R3is C3-C2o alkenyl (e.g., Ce-C2o alkenyl). In some embodiments, R3is C3-C2o monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is C3-C2o diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0104] In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen, Ci-C2o alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4is Ci-C2o alkyl (e.g., Ce-C2o alkyl). In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20alkenyl (e.g., C6-C20alkenyl). In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is C3-C2o triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0105] In some embodiments, R3and R4are the same. In some embodiments, R3and R4are different.

[0106] In some embodiments, R5is C3-C2o alkyl, C3-C2o alkenyl, or is represented by thestructure. In some embodiments, R5is C3-C2o alkyl. In some embodiments, R5is C3-C20alkyl. In some embodiments, R5is C3-C20alkenyl. In some,

[0107] In some embodiments, R5’ is C3-C2o alkyl, C3-C2o alkenyl, or is represented by thestructuresome embodiments, R5’ is C3-C2o alkyl. In someembodiments, R5’ is C3-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments,someembodiments,

[0108] In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C6- C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently hydrogen. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently Ci-C20alkyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C6-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C6-C20monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C6- C2o diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently Ce-C2o triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0109] In some embodiments, R6is hydrogen, Ci-C20alkyl, or C6-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R6is Ci-C2o alkyl. In some embodiments, R6is C6-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C6-C20monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C6-C20diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C6-C20triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0110] In some embodiments, R7is hydrogen, Ci-C2o alkyl, or Ce-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R7is Ci-C2o alkyl. In some embodiments, R7is C6-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C6-C20monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C6-C20diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C6-C20triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.,some embodiments,

[0113] In some embodiments, R6and R7are the same. In some embodiments, R6and R7are different.

[0114] In some embodiments, p is an integer from 0 to 6. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4. In some embodiments, p is 5. In some embodiments, p is 6.

[0115] In some embodiments, q is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, q is 1. In some embodiments, q is 2. In some embodiments, q is 3. In some embodiments, q is 4. In some embodiments, q is 5. In some embodiments, q is 6.

[0116] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3and R6are each individually C3-C2o triunsaturated alkenyl or C3-C2o triunsaturated alkenyl.

[0117] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3is C3-C2o triun saturated alkenyl or Ce-C20triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3is C3-C20triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3is C6-C20triunsaturated alkenyl

[0118] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C20alkenyl, C3-C20triunsaturated alkenyl, or C3-C20triun saturated alkenyl.

[0119] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C20triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, whenR1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C20triun saturated alkenyl.

[0120] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-C20alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-C2o alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-C20alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-C2o alkyl.

[0121] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Cg-Cn alkenyl. In someembodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl.

[0122] In some embodiments, the lipids provided herein comprise the structure of Formula (A-I):Formula (A-I)

[0123] In some embodiments, the lipids provided herein are represented by the structure of Formula (A-I).

[0124] In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl, amino, or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R1is amino. In some embodiments, R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with oxo and heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with oxo. In some embodiments, R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with heteroaryl.

[0125] In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R2is hydroxyl.

[0126] In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkyl). In some embodiments, R3andR4are each independently C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkenyl). In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0127] In some embodiments, R3is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkyl). In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkenyl). In some embodiments, R3is C3-C2o monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20 triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0128] In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4is C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkyl). Insome embodiments, R4is C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkenyl). In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is C3-C2o triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0129] In some embodiments, R5is C3-C20alkyl, C3-C20alkenyl, or is represented by the structure:, some embodiments, R5issome embodiments, R5is C3-C20alkenyl.

[0131] In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently hydrogen, Ci-C20alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently hydrogen. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently Ci-C20alkyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C3-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C3-C20monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C3-C2o diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C3-C2o triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0132] In some embodiments, R6is hydrogen, Ci-C20alkyl, or C3-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R6is Ci-C20alkyl. In some embodiments, R6is C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C3-C2o monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C3-C20diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C3-C20triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0133] In some embodiments, R7is hydrogen, Ci-C20alkyl, or C3-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R7is Ci-C2o alkyl. In some embodiments, R7is C3-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C3-C20monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C3-C20diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C3-C20triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0134] In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 8. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4. In some embodiments, p is 5. In some embodiments, p is 6. In some embodiments, p is 7. In some embodiments, p is 8.

[0135] In some embodiments, q is an integer from 0 to 6. In some embodiments, n is an integer from 0 to 2. In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.

[0136] In some embodiments, q is an integer from 0 to 6. In some embodiments, q is 1. In some embodiments, q is 2. In some embodiments, q is 3. In some embodiments, q is 4. In some embodiments, q is 5. In some embodiments, q is 6.

[0137] In some embodiments, R6is C1-C20 alkyl and R7is C1-C20 alkyl.

[0138] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3and R6are each individually C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl or C6-C2o triunsaturated alkenyl.

[0139] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3is C3-C20 triun saturated alkenyl or C3-C2o triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3is C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, R3is C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl

[0140] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C20 alkenyl, C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl, or C3-C20 triun saturated alkenyl.

[0141] In some embodiments, the C3-C20 alkenyl as used herein may be a C6-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, the C3-C20 alkenyl as used herein may be a C10-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, the C3-C20 alkenyl as used herein may be a C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, the C3-C20 alkenyl as used herein may be a C15-C20 alkenyl.

[0142] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, whenR1is hydroxyl, at least one of R3and R6is branched C3-C20 triun saturated alkenyl.

[0143] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl.

[0144] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl.

[0145] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted oxo, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl, n is an integer from 0 to 2, three of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-C12 alkyl; and two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl. In some embodiments,hydrogen, and R4is C8-Ci0alkyl, R5is not linear C6-Ci8alkyl or Ci8alkenyl.

[0146] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (A-I) is represented by the structure of Formula (A-II):Formula (A-II)

[0147] In some embodiments, R5is C3-C2o alkyl or Ci-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R5is C3-C2o alkyl. In some embodiments, R5is Ci-C20alkenyl. In some embodiments, R5is C3-C20alkenyl.

[0148] In some embodiments, x is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, x is 1. In some embodiments, x is 2. In some embodiments, x is 3. In some embodiments, x is 4. In some embodiments, x is 5. In some embodiments, x is 6.

[0149] In some embodiments, y is an integer from 1 to 8. In some embodiments, y is 1. In some embodiments, y is 2. In some embodiments, y is 3. In some embodiments, y is 4. In some embodiments, y is 5. In some embodiments, y is 6. In some embodiments, y is 7. In some embodiments, y is 8.. In some embodiments, R5is. In someembodiments, R5is. In some embodiments, R5is. In some

[0151] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (A-I) is represented by the structure of Formula (A-III):Formula (A-III)

[0152] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (A-I) is represented by the structure of Formula (A-IV):Formula (A-IV)

[0153] In some embodiments, R1, R2R3;R4, R6, and R7are described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, n, q, and p are integers described elsewhere herein.R6,. In some

[0158] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (A-I) is represented by the structure of Formula (A-V):Formula (A-V)

[0159] In some embodiments, R1, R2, and R5are described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, n and q are integers described elsewhere herein.

[0160] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (A-I) is represented by the structure of Formula (A- VI):Formula (A- VI)

[0161] In some embodiments, R1, R2, R6, and R7are described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, n, q, and p are integers described elsewhere herein.

[0162] In further embodiments, the compound of Formula (A-I) is represented by the structure of Formula (A- VII):Formula (A- VII)

[0163] In some embodiments, R1and R2are described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, n, q, and p are integers described elsewhere herein.

[0164] Provided herein in some embodiments are compounds represented by the structure of Formula (A- VIII):Formula (A- VIII)

[0165] In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl, amino, or Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R1is amino. In some embodiments, R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R1is hydroxyl or amino.

[0166] In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R2is hydroxyl.

[0167] In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkyl). In some embodiments, R3andR4are each independently C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkenyl). In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0168] In some embodiments, R3is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkyl). In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkenyl). In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20 monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is C3-C20 triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0169] In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4is C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkyl). In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkenyl). In some embodiments, R4is C3-C2o monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is C3-C20 triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0170] In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently hydrogen. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkyl). In some embodiments, R6andR7are each independently C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkenyl). In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6and R7are each independently C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0171] In some embodiments, R6is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R6is C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkyl). In some embodiments, R6is C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C2o alkenyl). In some embodiments, R6is C3-C20 monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R6is C3-C20 triunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0172] In some embodiments, R7is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4is C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkyl). In some embodiments, R7is C3-C20 alkenyl (e.g., C6-C20 alkenyl). In some embodiments, R7is C3-C2o monounsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C3-C20 diunsaturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C3-C20 triun saturated alkenyl. In some embodiments, the alkenyl may be linear or branched.

[0173] In some embodiments, R3and R6are hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4and R7are each individually C10-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4and R7are each individually Ci2-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4and R7are each individually linear or branched C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is linear or branched C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is linear C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R4is branched C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is linear or branched C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is linear C12-C20 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R7is branched C12-C20 alkenyl.

[0174] In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 8. In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4. In some embodiments, p is 5. In some embodiments, p is 6. In some embodiments, p is 7. In some embodiments, p is 8.

[0175] In some embodiments, p is an integer from 0 to 6. In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 1. Insome embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4. In some embodiments, p is 5. In some embodiments, p is 6.

[0176] In some embodiments, q is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, q is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, q is 1. In some embodiments, q is 2. In some embodiments, q is 3. In some embodiments, q is 4. In some embodiments, q is 5. In some embodiments, q is 6.

[0177] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl three or four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl four of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C1-C20 alkyl.

[0178] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl. In some embodiments, when R1is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl, two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl.

[0179] In some embodiments, when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted oxo, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl, n is an integer from 0 to 2, three of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-Cn alkyl; and two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl. In some embodiments,O R3when R1is hydroxyl, R2is hydrogen, n is 0 or 1, q is 6, R5’ is, R3is C8alkyl or hydrogen, and R4is C8-Ci0alkyl, R5is not linear C6-Ci8alkyl or Ci8alkenyl.

[0180] In some embodiments, provided herein are compounds comprising substituted polyamines, such as substituted spermines and substituted spermine derivatives. In some embodiments, provided herein are compounds comprising the structure of Formula (B):Formula (B)

[0181] In some embodiments, each R1is independently C5-C12 cycloalkyl, 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5-8 membered heteroaryl, O(C=O)-(C5-Ci2cycloalkyl), N(RA)(RB), or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, eachR1is amino or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, each R1is independently C5-C12 cycloalkyl, 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5-8 membered heteroaryl, O(C=O)-(C5-Ci2cycloalkyl), orN(RA)(RB). In some embodiments, each R1is N(RA)(RB) or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R1is amino or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is amino. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is 5-8 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is aryl. In other embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is C5-C12 cycloalkyl. Insome embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is O(C=O)-(Cs-Ci2 cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is0. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is morpholino. In someembodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is C5-C12 cycloalkyl, 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl, or O(C=O)-(C5-Ci2cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl is substituted. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R1is N(RA)(RB).

[0182] In some embodiments, RAand RBare each independently hydrogen, Ci-C6alkyl, or Ci-C6heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, RAand RBare each independently hydrogen. In some embodiments, RAand RBare each independently Ci-Ce alkyl. In some embodiments, RAand RBare each independently Ci-C6heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, RAand RBare taken with the atom from which they are attached to form a 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., morpholine). In some instances, RAand RBare the same. In other instances, RAand RBare different. In some embodiments, the alkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted.

[0183] In some embodiments, each R2is independently hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, (e.g., at least one) R2is hydrogen. In some embodiments, e.g., at least one) R2is hydroxyl.

[0184] In some embodiments, x is an integer from 0 to 2. In some embodiments, x is 0. In some embodiments, x is 1. In some embodiments, x is 2. In some instances, each x is independently an integer from 0 to 6. In some instances, each x is independently an integer from 0 to 2.

[0185] In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 4. In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 3. In some embodiments, p is an integer from 2 to 4. In some embodiments, p is 3 or 4.In some embodiments, p is an integer from 1 to 2. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4.

[0186] In some embodiments, R9is substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., substituted with oxo and one or more of R3and R4). In some embodiments, R9is C6-C22 alkenyl (e.g., C14-C22 alkenyl) or isrepresented by the structure

[0187] . In some embodiments, R9is C14-C22 alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R9are not bothC14-C22 alkenyl. In some embodiments,embodiments,some embodiments,embodiments, R9are not both Ci8alkenyl. In some embodiments, R9are not both:

[0188] In some embodiments, each R2’ is independently hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2’ is hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2’ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R2’ is hydroxyl.

[0189] In some embodiments, each R2is independently hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R2is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R2is hydroxyl.

[0190] In some embodiments, R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or Ci-C2o alkenyl.

[0191] In some embodiments, R3is C6-C2o alkyl or C6-C2o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6-C2o alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6-C2o alkenyl.

[0192] In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen or C1-C12 alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4is C1-C12 alkyl.

[0193] In some embodiments, m is an integer from 0 to 2. In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is an integer from 0 to 1.

[0194] In some embodiments, y is an integer from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, y is 1. In some embodiments, y is 2. In some embodiments, y is 3. In some embodiments, y is 4. In some embodiments, y is 5. In some embodiments, y is 6.

[0195] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (B) has the structure of Formula (B-I):[, is independently:n some embodiments, at least one ofR4. In some embodiments, at least one of

[0198] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (B) is represented by the structure of Formula (B-II):Formula (B-II)R4

[0199] In some embodiments, eachindependently:

[0200] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (B) is represented by the structure of Formula (B-III):Formula (B-III)

[0201] In some embodiments, R1, R2, x, y, and p are each independently integers described elsewhere herein.

[0202] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (B) is represented by the structure of Formula (B-IV):

[0203] In some embodiments, R2, R9, x, y, and p are defined elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, nanoparticle formulations incorporating these ionizable lipids were prepared at a molar ratio of 50:38.5:10:1.5 (ionizable lipid: cholesterol: DSPC / DOPE: DMG-PEG2000) with mRNA encoding GFP at an N / P ratio of 3.

[0204] In some embodiments, the mean diameter (e.g., of the nanoparticles) is from about 100 nm to about 150 nm, such as measured by DLS.

[0205] In some embodiments, the lipids demonstrate encapsulation efficiencies between 70-80%, comparable to LNPs formulated using FDA-approved lipids ALC0315 and DLin-MC3-DMA. LNPs were administered to iPSC-derived MSCs, primary human fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. Microplate imaging showed peak GFP fluorescence between 40- and 48-hours post-transfection.

[0206] Novel ionizable lipids were identified that produced LNPs exhibiting lower mean particle sizes, higher loading efficiencies, and enhanced GFP expression compared to LNPs incorporating ALC0315 orDLin-MC3-DMA. These results may indicate that lipids containing elements of spermine and 2-hydroxypropylamine headgroups may serve as components of nextgeneration, lipid nanoparticle-based gene therapies and assist in the rational design of ionizable lipids for mRNA delivery.

[0207] In some embodiments, provided herein are compounds of any of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), or (B-III) may be used in lipid nanoparticle of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, provided herein are compounds comprising the structure of any compound in Table 1.

[0208] Additional compounds and features relevant to the present disclosure can be found in W02021003462A1 and in US10,501,404. The contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0209] Below is Table 1, depicting a range of compounds (Compounds 1-111) synthesized through methods as disclosed herein and for use in the methods disclosed herein.Table 1#17, 23-25, 27, 29, 57-61, 94, 95, and 97-99 of Table 1.

[0211] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (B) comprise 15, 18-22, 26, 28, SO- 56, 62-93, 96, and 100-112 of Table 1.

[0212] In some embodiments, the compound is any one of compounds 90-111 of Table 1. In some embodiments, the compound is any one of compounds 90-112 of Table 1.In some embodiments, the compound is:

[0213] In some embodiments, described herein is a compound of Formula XV:

[0214] In some embodiments, described herein is a compound of Formula XXI:

[0215] In some embodiments, the compound is:

[0216] In some embodiments, the compound provided herein is not a compound of Formula XV. In some embodiments, the compound provided herein is not a compound of Formula XXI.

[0217] The present disclosure also relates to intermediates and synthetic methods for preparing the compound e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A-VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and compositions of the disclosure.

[0218] In embodiments, the compound (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)), and / or pharmaceutical composition and / or lipid aggregate and / or lipid carrier and / or lipid nucleic-acidcomplex and / or liposome and / or lipid nanoparticle comprising the compound (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)), is soluble in an alcohol (e.g., ethyl alcohol) at room temperature (e.g., about 20-25°C) and / or at low temperatures (e.g., about 0°C, or about -10°C, or about -20°C, or about -30°C, or about -40°C, or about -50°C, or about -60°C, or about -70°C, or about -80°C).

[0219] Certain synthetic methods, e.g., that are useful for preparation of a compound described herein (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)), have been discovered. Certain embodiments relate to a method for extracting an organic compound from a reaction containing lithium and / or aluminum compounds. Other embodiments relate to a method for extracting an organic compound from a reaction containing a reducing agent. In one embodiment, the reducing agent is a metal hydride. In another embodiment, the reducing agent is lithium aluminum hydride. In some embodiments, the reaction is quenched with water to yield a quenched reaction. In other embodiments one or more solvents are removed from the quenched reaction, e.g., by evaporation. In one embodiment, the quenched reaction is dried, e.g., with heat and / or under reduced pressure. In another embodiment, the dried, quenched reaction is extracted with a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is an alcohol. In one embodiment, the alcohol is isopropyl alcohol. In another embodiment the isopropyl alcohol is heated to about 80°C. In a further embodiment, the solvent containing the organic compound is decanted and / or filtered. In a still further embodiment, the solvent is removed, e.g., by evaporation, to yield the organic compound.

[0220] Methods for purifying the compounds of the present disclosure (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) have also been discovered. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for purifying a compound (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)). In one embodiment, a sample containing a compound (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and one or more impurities is suspended in a solvent. In one embodiment, the solvent is acetone. In another embodiment, the solvent is heated. In some embodiments, the compound is soluble in the solvent. In other embodiments at least one of the one or more impurities is insoluble in the solvent. In one embodiment, the one or more impurities comprise a phthalimide derivative. In one embodiment, the one or more impurities comprise phthalhydrazine. In a further embodiment, the sample is suspended in acetone, the compound dissolves, and at least one ofthe one or more impurities forms a precipitate. In a still further embodiment, the precipitate is removed by decanting, filtration, and / or centrifugation. In yet another embodiment, the solvent is removed, e.g., by evaporation, to yield a purified compound.

[0221] In aspects, the present disclosure relates to a method for extracting an organic compound from a reaction containing lithium aluminum hydride and a solvent comprising: (a) quenching the reaction with water; (b) removing the solvent; (c) removing excess water; and (d) extracting the organic compound with an alcohol (optionally isopropyl alcohol); to yield an extracted organic compound.

[0222] In aspects, the present disclosure relates to a method for extracting an organic compound from a reaction containing a water-reactive compound and a first solvent comprising: (a) quenching the reaction with water; (b) removing the first solvent; (c) removing excess water; and (d) extracting the organic compound with a second solvent; to yield an extracted organic compound.

[0223] In aspects, the present disclosure relates to a method for purifying an organic compound from a mixture of the organic compound and a phthalimide or phthalimide derivative (optionally phthalhydrazine) comprising: (a) dissolving the mixture in acetone to form a precipitate; (b) removing the precipitate by centrifugation; and (c) removing the acetone; to yield a purified organic compound.Pharmaceutical Compositions, Lipid Aggregates, Lipid Carriers

[0224] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier and / or a lipid nucleic-acid complex and / or a liposome and / or a lipid nanoparticle which comprises a compound described herein e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)).

[0225] In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition and / or lipid aggregate and / or lipid carrier and / or lipid nucleic-acid complex and / or liposome and / or lipid nanoparticle is in any physical form including, e.g., lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, interleaved bilayers, etc.

[0226] In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier is a liposome.

[0227] In embodiments, the liposome is a large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), multilamellar vesicles (MLV) or small unilamellar vesicle (SUV). In embodiments, the liposome has a diameter up to about 50 to 80 nm. In embodiments, the liposome has a diameter of greater than about 80 to 1000 nm, or larger. In embodiments, the liposome has a diameter of about 50 to 1000 nm, e.g., about 200 nm or less. In some embodiments, the liposome has a diameter ofabout 50 nm to about 300 nm. In some embodiments, the liposome has a diameter of about 50 nm to about 250 nm. In some embodiments, the liposome has a diameter of no more than about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the liposome has a diameter of no more than about 400 nm (e.g., no more than 350 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm, or 200 nm). Size indicates the size (diameter) of the particles formed. Size may alternatively indicate the hydrodynamic radius of the particles formed. Size distribution may be determined using quasi -elastic light scattering (QELS) on a Nicomp Model 370 sub-micron particle sizer.

[0228] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to methods and compositions for producing lipid-encapsulated nucleic acid particles in which nucleic acids are encapsulated within a lipid layer. Such nucleic acid-lipid particles, including, without limitation incorporating RNAs, are characterized using a variety of biophysical parameters including: drug to lipid ratio; encapsulation efficiency; particle size, and poly dispersity index (PDI). High drug to lipid ratios, high encapsulation efficiency, good nuclease resistance and serum stability and controllable particle size, generally less than 200 nm in diameter are desirable (without limitation).

[0229] In certain embodiments, a particle size, which can affect transfection efficiency, depends on an ionic strength of a complexation medium. In other embodiments, particle size may depend on the ionic strength of a body fluid. In embodiments, the particle size depends on the pH of a complexation medium, or on the pH of a body fluid. In various embodiments, the particle size depends on the complexation time or temperature, or on the rate of mixing of components of a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier and / or a lipid nucleic-acid complex and / or a liposome and / or a lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the particle size can be measured as a Z-average particle size, which reports the average size of a particle distribution. In some embodiments, a desirable size of the particles is from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, or from about 150nm to about 200 nm, or from about 150 nm to about 175 nm, or from about 155 to about 165 nm.

[0230] Another physical attribute of the lipid nanoparticles in accordance with the present disclosure is a poly dispersity index (PDI), which is an indication of their size distribution. The term “polydispersity” (or “dispersity”) is used to describe the degree of non -uniformity of a size distribution of particles. The PDI is dimensionless and it is scaled such that values smaller than 0.15 are considered monodisperse. Danaei etal., Pharmaceutics. 2018 May 18;10(2):57. PDI values larger than 0.7 indicate that the sample has a very broad particle size distribution and may be suitable to be analyzed by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Id. PDI values of below 0.3 are deemed acceptable in drug delivery applications using lipid-based carriers, and the values below 0.2 are commonly deemed acceptable in practice for various polymer-basednanoparticles. Id. see also Badran etal., Digest J. Nanomater. Biostruct. 2014, 9, 83-91; Chen et al., Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 408, 223-234; Putri etal., J. Pharm. Sci. Commun. 2017, 14, 79-85.

[0231] In some embodiments, a measure of a particle size (e.g., measured as a Z-average particle size (nm)) and a measure of a PDI represent suitability of the lipid nanoparticles for transfection. In embodiments, lipid carriers in accordance with the present disclosure have a size of less than 200 nm in diameter and a PDI of less than 0.2.

[0232] In some embodiments, lipid carriers in accordance with the present disclosure have a pH-dependent zeta potential. Zeta potential, measured in volts (V) or millivolts (mV), is determined for characterization of nanoparticles to estimate the surface charge, which can be used for understanding the physical stability of nanosuspensions. Zeta potential is a key indicator of the stability of colloidal dispersions. The zeta potential is the electric potential at the boundary of the double layer (DL) or the shear plane of a particle and has values that typically range from +100 to -100 mV. Values of zeta potential that are less than negative 20 mV or greater than positive 20 mV are typically desired for an electrostatically stabilized suspension. Zeta potential is affected by a pH of the medium. Other factors include ionic strength, concentration of additive(s), and temperature.

[0233] In some embodiments, a Zeta potential of a pharmaceutical composition comprising lipid particles is less than -20 mV at a pH of greater than 7.0, or less than -20 mV at a pH of greater than 7.1, or less than -20 mV at a pH of greater than 7.2, or less than -20 mV at a pH of greaterthan 7.3, or less than -20 mV at a pH of greater than 7.4, or less than -20 mV at a pH of greater than 7.5.

[0234] In embodiments, the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate in accordance with the present disclosure has the Z-average particle size from about 50 nm to about 2000 nm, or from about 700 nm to about 1500nm. In some embodiments, the Z-average particle size is about 750 nm. In some embodiments, the Z-average particle size is less than about 200 nm. In some embodiments, titrable particle size is desired, without limitation, to determine the ability of the compound, or pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate, to permeate in vivo from the site of administration.

[0235] In some embodiments, properties of a medium in which a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate in accordance with the present disclosure is formed are used to control the Z-average particle size.

[0236] In embodiments, the ionic strength of a medium in which a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate in accordance with the present disclosure is formed is used to control the Z-average particle size.

[0237] In embodiments, the particle size is determined by control of the concentration of any one or more solutes (e.g., without limitation, sodium chloride, or calcium chloride, or potassium chloride, or sodium phosphate) in the medium of formation of the lipid aggregate. In embodiments, the lipid aggregate is formed in deionized water, with no solutes added, which may optionally be used to control the particle size.

[0238] In embodiments, the ionic strength of a medium in which a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate in accordance with the present disclosure is formed, is used to maintain a particle size less than or equal to 200 nm.

[0239] In embodiments, a pH of a medium in which a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate in accordance with the present disclosure is formed is used to control the Z-average particle size.

[0240] In embodiments, the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate in accordance with the present disclosure comprises a stable dispersion of particles. In some embodiments, the stable dispersion has a pH from about 7.0 to about 8.0, or a pH of about 7.4.

[0241] In some embodiments, complexation of a nucleic acid (e.g., a small interfering RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), long non -coding RNA (IncRNA), plasmid DNA, etc.) with a lipid nanoparticle confers nuclease resistance. In some embodiments, the nuclease is an RNase, optionally RNase A. In some embodiments, the RNase is naturally occurring in vivo.

[0242] Nucleic acid to lipid ratio is the amount of nucleic acid in a defined volume of preparation divided by the amount of lipid in the same volume. This may be on a mole per mole basis, or on a weight per weight basis, or on a weight per mole basis, or on a mole per weight basis. For final, administration -ready formulations, the nucleic acidlipid ratio may optionally be calculated after dialysis, chromatography and / or enzyme (e.g., nuclease) digestion has been employed to remove as much external nucleic acid as possible.

[0243] Encapsulation efficiency refers to the drug (including nucleic acid) to lipid ratio of the starting mixture divided by the drug (including nucleic acid) to lipid ratio of the final, administration competent formulation. This is a measure of relative efficiency. For a measure of absolute efficiency, the total amount of nucleic acid added to the starting mixture that ends up in the administration competent formulation, can also be calculated. The amount of lipid lost during the formulation process may also be calculated. Efficiency is a measure of the wastage and expense of the formulation.Transfection

[0244] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers have utility in lipid aggregates for delivery of macromolecules and other compounds into cells. In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A-VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers have utility for delivery of nucleic acids into cells.

[0245] In embodiments, there is provided a method for transfecting a cell with a nucleic acid, comprising contacting the cell with a complex of the nucleic acid and a present compound (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical composition and / or lipid aggregate and / or lipid carrier. In embodiments, the complex of the nucleic acid and the present compound (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical composition and / or lipid aggregate and / or lipid carrier is formed prior to contact with the cell.

[0246] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers encapsulate nucleic acids with high-efficiency, and / or have high drug:lipid ratios, and / or protect the encapsulated nucleic acid from degradation and / or clearance in serum, and / or are suitable for systemic delivery, and / or provide intracellular delivery of the encapsulated nucleic acid. In addition, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A-VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are well -tolerated and provide an adequate therapeutic index, such that patient treatment at an effective dose of the nucleic acid is not associated with significant toxicity and / or risk to the patient.

[0247] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are polycationic. In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers form stable complexes with various anionic macromolecules, such as polyanions, such as nucleic acids, such as RNA or DNA. These compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V),(A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers, in various embodiments, have the property, when dispersed in water, of forming lipid aggregates which strongly, via their cationic portion, with polyanions. By using an excess of cationic charges relative to the anionic compound, the polyanion-lipid complexes may be adsorbed on cell membranes, thereby facilitating uptake of the desired compound by the cells.

[0248] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers and / or lipid nucleic-acid complexes and / or liposomes and / or lipid nanoparticles mediate one or more of (i) compacting a nucleic acid payload to be delivered, without wishing to be bound by theory, protecting it from nuclease degradation and enhancing receptor-mediated uptake, (ii) improving association with negatively-charged cellular membranes, without wishing to be bound by theory, by giving the complexes a positive charge, (iii) promoting fusion with endosomal membranes, without wishing to be bound by theory, facilitating the release of complexes from endosomal compartments, and (iv) enhancing transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

[0249] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers for transfection, or methods of transfection, which have a high transfection efficiency. In embodiments, the transfection efficiency is measured by assaying a percentage of cells that are transfected compared to the entire population, during a transfection protocol. In various embodiments, the transfection efficiency of the present compositions and methods is greater than about 30%, or greater than about 40%, or greater than about 50%, or greater than about 60%, or greater than about 70%, or greater than about 80%, or greater than about 90%, or greater than about 95%. In various embodiments, the transfection efficiency of the present compositions and methods is greater than the transfection efficiency of commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 (Life Technologies)). In various embodiments, the transfection efficiency of the present compositions and methods is about 5 -fold, or 10-fold, or 15-fold, or 20-fold, or 30-fold greater than the transfection efficiency of commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 Life Technologies).

[0250] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers for transfection, or methods of transfection, which permit a high level of endosomal escape. In various embodiments, the endosomal escape of the present compositions and methods is greater than the endosomal escape of commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 Life Technologies). In various embodiments, the endosomal escape of the present compositions and methods is about 5-fold, or 10-fold, or 15-fold, or 20-fold, or 30-fold greater than the endosomal escape of commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 (Life Technologies)).

[0251] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are serum -resistant. In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are substantially stable in serum. In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are serum -resistant. In embodiments, the present transfection methods can function in the presence of serum and / or do not require serum inactivation and / or media changes. In embodiments, the stability in serum and / or serum -resistant is measurable via in vitro assays. Transfection efficiency in varying amounts of serum may be used to assess the ability to transfect a macromolecule (e.g., without limitation, DNA or RNA), optionally in comparison to commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 (Life Technologies)).

[0252] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers for transfection, or methods of transfection have low or reduced toxicity effects. In embodiments, the present disclosure relates present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers fortransfection, or methods of transfection have reduced toxicity effects as compared to commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 Life Technologies). In various embodiments, the present compositions and methods allow for cells having greater than about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or about 80%, or about 90%, or about 95% viability after transfection. In various embodiments, the present compositions and methods allow for cells having 5 -fold, or 10-fold, or 15-fold, or 20-fold, or 30-fold greater viability after transfection, as compared to commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 (Life Technologies)). In embodiments, toxicity effects include disruption in cell morphology and / or viability or deregulation of one or more genes.

[0253] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers for transfection, or methods of transfection, which permit a high level of protein expression from the nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) being transfected. In various embodiments, the protein expression of the present compositions and methods is greater than about 30%, or greater than about 40%, or greater than about 50%, or greater than about 60%, or greaterthan about 70%, or greater than about 80%, or greater than about 90%, or greater than about 95% than untransfected. In various embodiments, the resultant protein expression of the present compositions and methods is greater than the resultant protein expression of commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 (Life Technologies)). In various embodiments, the resultant protein expression of the present compositions and methods is about 5 -fold, or 10-fold, or 15-fold, or 20-fold, or 30-fold greater than the resultant protein expression of commercially available products (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 (Life Technologies)).

[0254] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B- II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers for transfection, or methods of transfection, which allow for transfection, including efficient transfection as described herein, in various cell types. In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A- III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers for transfection, ormethods of transfection, which allow for transfection, including efficient transfection as described herein, in established cell lines, hard-to-transfect cells, primary cells, stem cells, and blood cells. In embodiments, the cell type is a keratinocyte, fibroblast, or PBMC.

[0255] In embodiments, present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)), pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier is suitable for transfection or delivery of compounds to target cells, either in vitro or in vivo.

[0256] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers for transfection, or methods of transfection that do not require additional reagents for transfection, e.g., the LipofectAMINE PLUS Reagent (Life Technologies).

[0257] In embodiments, the present compounds are components of a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier which does not require an additional or helper lipid, e.g., for efficient transfection. For instance, the pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier does not require an additional cationic lipid, ionizable lipid, polymer conjugated lipid, phospholipid, or steroid or steroid derivative, e.g., for efficient transfection. For instance, in embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier which does not require one or more of DOPE, DOPC, cholesterol, and a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lipid (inclusive, without limitation, or a PEGylation of DOPE, DOPC, and / or cholesterol), e.g., for efficient transfection.

[0258] In some embodiments, the present compounds may be formulated without any additional lipids, e.g., for efficient transfection. For instance, in embodiments, the compounds provided herein, such as provided in Table 1, may be formulated in absence of one or more of a phospholipid, steroid or steroid derivative, or polymer conjugated lipid, e.g., for efficient transfection.

[0259] In embodiments, the present compounds are components of a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier that further comprise an additional or helper lipid.

[0260] In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is selected from one or more of the following categories: cationic lipids; anionic lipids; neutral lipids; multi-valent charged lipids; and zwitterionic lipids. In some cases, a cationic lipid may be used to facilitate a charge-charge interaction with nucleic acids.

[0261] In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is a neutral lipid. In embodiments, the neutral lipid is dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), l,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), or cholesterol. In embodiments, cholesterol is derived from plant sources. In other embodiments, cholesterol is derived from animal, fungal, bacterial or archaeal sources.

[0262] In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is a further cationic lipid. In embodiments, the cationic lipid is N-[l-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N, N, N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), l,2-bis(oleoyloxy)-3 -3 -(trimethylammonia) propane (DOTAP), or 1,2-dioleoyl-3 -dimethylammonium -propane (DOD AP).

[0263] In embodiments, the phospholipids 18:0 PC, 18:1 PC, 18:2 PC, 18:2 PE, DSPE, DOPE, 18:2 PE, DMPE or a combination thereof are used as helper lipids. In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is DOTMA and DOPE, optionally in a ratio of about 1:1. In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is DHDOS and DOPE, optionally in a ratio of about 1:1.

[0264] In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is a commercially available product (e.g., LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECT AMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 Life Technologies).

[0265] In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is a compound having the Formula (C):Where, R1 and R4 are straight-chain alkenyl having 17 carbon atoms; R2 and R5 are — (CH2)p — NH2 where p is 1-4; 1 is 1-10; and Xa is a physiologically acceptable anion.

[0266] In embodiments, the additional or helper lipid is aPEGylated lipid. In embodiments, the PEGylated lipid has a PEG molecule covalently attached to it, where the PEG has an average molecular weight of from about 10 kDa to about 400 kDa. In embodiments, the polyethylene glycols, which are suitable for use in the present disclosure are those having an average molecular weight of at least 10,000 daltons to 40,000 daltons. In embodiments, the PEGs have an average molecular weight of 20,000 daltons, such as an average molecular weight of in therange of 20,000 to 700,000 daltons, for example in the range of 20,000 to 600,000 daltons, such as in the range of 35,000 to 500,000 daltons, for example in the range of 35,000 to 400,000 daltons, such as in the range of 35,000to 350,000 daltons, for example in the range of 50,000 to 350,000 daltons, such as in the range of 100,000 to 300,000 daltons, for example in the range of 150,000 to 350,000 daltons, such as in the range of 200,000 to 300,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, polyethylene glycols suitable for use with the compositions and methods described herein are those having an average molecular weight selected from approximately 10,000 daltons, approximately 15,000 daltons, approximately 20,000 daltons, approximately 25,000 daltons, approximately 30,000 daltons, approximately 35,000 daltons, approximately 50,000 daltons, approximately 75,000 daltons, approximately 100,000 daltons, approximately 150,000 daltons, approximately 200,000 daltons, approximately 250,000 daltons, approximately 300,000 daltons, approximately 400,000 daltons, 150,000 daltons, 200,000 daltons, 250,000 daltons, 300,000 daltons, 400,000 daltons. In the present context, referring to the average molecular weight of polyethylene glycols, “approximately” means + / - 30%. In embodiments, PEG, that is attached covalently to the with the compositions and methods described herein, has an average molecular weight of 10 kDa, 20 kDa, or 40 kDa. In embodiments, the PEG, is a branched PEG, a star PEG, or a comb PEG.

[0267] In one embodiment, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers include one or more polymer conjugated lipid (e.g., PEG lipid). In one embodiment, the present compounds (e.g, of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers include one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains, optionally selected from PEG200, PEG300, PEG400, PEG600, PEG800, PEG1000, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG3000, and PEG4000. In embodiments, the PEG is PEG2000. In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A-VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers include 1, 2 -distearoyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise PEGylated lipid l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(poly ethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG); in another embodiment, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A-VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise l,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(poly ethylene glycol)-2000] (DMPE-PEG); in yet another embodiment, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise 1,2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxypoly ethylene gly col-2000 (DMG-PEG). In further embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise a mixture of PEGylated lipids or free PEG chains.

[0268] In some embodiments, the compositions (e.g., lipid aggregates) described herein comprise a phospholipid. In some embodiments, the phospholipid comprises any phospholipid suitable according to one of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the phospholipid comprises DSPC. In some embodiments, the phospholipids comprise DOPE.

[0269] In some embodiments, the compositions (e.g., lipid aggregates) described herein comprise a steroid or steroid derivative. In some embodiments, the steroid or steroid derivative comprises cholesterol or any other steroid or steroid derivative suitable according to one of skill in the art.

[0270] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise one or more of N-(carbonyl-ethoxypoly ethylene glycol 2000)-l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (MPEG2000-DSPE), fully hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, LIPOFECTAMINE3000, a cationic lipid, a polycationic lipid, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[folate(poly ethylene glycol)-5000] (FA-MPEG5000-DSPE).

[0271] In some embodiments, one or more PEGylated helper lipids are incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers and / or liposomes and / or lipid nanoparticles comprising the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)). In some embodiments, the concentration of PEGylated helper lipid, or the ratio of PEGylated helper lipid to any one or more of the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II),(B -III), or (B-IV)), or the ratio of PEGylated helper lipid to nucleic acid is used to affect particle size. In some embodiments, particle size is determined by other factors (e.g., without limitation, ionic strength of the solution containing the particles, addition of salts to a solution containing the particles, addition of other small molecules to a solution containing the particles, adjustment of the pH of a solution containing the particles). In some embodiments, particle size control by other factors is used in conjunction with one or more PEGylated helper lipids, or in place of one or more PEGylated helper lipids.

[0272] In one embodiment, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise about 3.2 mg / mL N-(carbonyl-ethoxypolyethylene glycol 2000)-l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (MPEG2000-DSPE), about 9.6 mg / mL fully hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine, about 3.2 mg / mL cholesterol, about 2 mg / mL ammonium sulfate, and histidine as a buffer, with about 0.27 mg / mL l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[folate(polyethylene glycol)-5000] (FA-MPEG5000-DSPE) added to the lipid mixture. In another embodiment, the nucleic acids are complexed by combining 1 L of LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 per about 1 pg of nucleic acid and incubating at room temperature for at least about 5 minutes. In one embodiment, the LIPOFECTAMINE 3000 is a solution comprising a lipid at a concentration of about 1 mg / mL. In embodiments, nucleic acids are encapsulated by combining about 10 pg of the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers per about 1 pg of nucleic acid and incubating at room temperature for about 5 minutes.

[0273] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise one or more nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle is a polymeric nanoparticle. In various embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise one or more of a diblock copolymer, a triblock copolymer, a tetrablock copolymer, and a multiblock copolymer. In various embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers compriseone or more of polymeric nanoparticles comprising a polyethylene glycol (PEG) -modified polylactic acid (PLA) diblock copolymer (PLA-PEG), PEG-polypropylene glycol-PEG-modified PLA-tetrablock copolymer (PLA-PEG-PPG-PEG), and Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer. In another embodiment, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise a statistical, or an alternating, or a periodic copolymer, or any other sort of polymer.

[0274] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise one or more lipids that are described in WO / 2000 / 027795, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0275] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprises Polybrene™ (hexadim ethrine bromide) as described in U. S. Pat. No. 5,627,159, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0276] In various embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers comprise one or more polymers. Examples of polymer include hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene™), DEAE-Dextran, protamine, protamine sulfate, poly -L-ly sine, or poly-D -lysine. These polymers may be used in combination with cationic lipids to result in synergistic effects on uptake by cells, stability of the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers, including serum stability (e.g., stability in vivo), endosomal escape, cell viability, and protein expression.

[0277] In embodiments, the present compounds are components of a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier that further comprise one or more additional lipids or polymers selected from Table 2. In other embodiments, the nucleic acids of the present disclosure are components of a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier that further comprise one or more lipids or polymers selected from Table 2.

[0278] In various embodiments, one or more, or two or more, or three or more, or four or more, or five or more of the lipids of Table 2 are combined in a formulation with the presentcompounds and are components of a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier.Table 2. Illustrative Biocompatible Lipids and Polymers

[0279] Additional components that may be present in a pharmaceutical composition and / or a lipid aggregate and / or a lipid carrier and / or a lipid nucleic-acid complex and / or a liposome and / or a lipid nanoparticle of the present disclosure include bilayer stabilizing components such as polyamide oligomers (see, e.g., U. S. Pat. No. 6,320,017), peptides, proteins, detergents, lipidderivatives, such as PEG coupled to phosphatidylethanolamine and PEG conjugated to ceramides (see, U. S. Pat. No. 5,885,613).

[0280] In embodiments, the present lipids include a further cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a sterol, and a lipid selected to reduce aggregation of lipid particles during formation, which may result from steric stabilization of particles which prevents charge -induced aggregation during formation. Examples of lipids that reduce aggregation of particles during formation include polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lipids, monosialoganglioside Gml, and polyamide oligomers (“PAO”) such as (described in U. S. Pat. No. 6,320,017). Other compounds with uncharged, hydrophilic, steric -barrier moieties, which prevent aggregation during formulation, like PEG, Gml or ATTA, can also be coupled to lipids for use as in the methods and compositions of the disclosure. ATTA-lipids are described, e.g., in U. S. Pat. No. 6,320,017, and PEG-lipid conjugates are described, e.g., in U. S. Pat. Nos. 5,820,873, 5,534,499 and 5,885,613. Typically, the concentration of the lipid component selected to reduce aggregation is about 0.1 to 15% (by mole percent of lipids). If the particles are stable after formulation, the PEG or ATTA can be dialyzed away before administration to a subject.

[0281] In embodiments, it is desirable to target the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers using targeting moieties that are specific to a cell type or tissue. Targeting of lipid particles using a variety of targeting moieties, such as ligands, cell surface receptors, glycoproteins, vitamins e.g., riboflavin) and monoclonal antibodies, has been previously described (see, e.g., U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,957,773 and 4,603,044). The targeting moieties cancomprise the entire protein or fragments thereof. Targeting mechanisms generally require that the targeting agents be positioned on the surface of the lipid particle in such a manner that the target moiety is available for interaction with the target, for example, a cell surface receptor. A variety of different targeting agents and methods are known and available in the art, including those described, e.g., in Sapra and Allen, Prog. Lipid Res. 42(5):439-62 (2003); and Abra et al., J. Liposome Res. 12:1-3, (2002). Standard methods for couplingthe target agents can be used. For example, phosphatidylethanolamine, which can be activated for attachment of target agents, or derivatized lipophilic compounds, such as lipid -derivatized bleomycin, can be used.Antibody -targeted liposomes can be constructed using, for instance, liposomes that incorporate protein A (see, Renneisen, etal., J. Bio. Chem., 265:16337-16342 (1990) and Leonetti, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 87:2448-2451 (1990). Other examples of antibody conjugation are disclosed in U. S. Pat. No. 6,027,726, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Examples of targeting moieties can also include other proteins, specific to cellular components, including antigens associated with neoplasms or tumors. Proteins used as targeting moieties can be attached to the liposomes via covalent bonds (see, Heath, Covalent Attachment of Proteins to Liposomes, 149 Methods in Enzymology 111-119 (Academic Press, Inc. 1987)). Other targeting methods include the biotin-avidin system.

[0282] In embodiments, the present compositions and methods employ a complexation medium. In an embodiment, the complexation medium has a pH greater than about 7, or greater than about 7.2, or greater than about 7.4, or greater than about 7.6, or greater than about 7.8, or greater than about 8.0, or greater than about 8.2, or greater than about 8.4, or greater than about 8.6, or greater than about 8.8, or greater than about 9.0. In an embodiment, the complexation medium comprises transferrin. In a further embodiment, the complexation medium comprises DMEM. In a still further embodiment, the complexation medium comprises DMEM / F12. Nucleic Acids

[0283] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are suitable for associating with a nucleic acid, inclusive of, for instance, include any oligonucleotide or polynucleotide.

[0284] In embodiments, the nucleic acid is an RNA, a small interfering RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (IncRNA), antisense oligonucleotide, ribozyme, plasmid, immune stimulating nucleic acid, antisense, antagomir, antimir, microRNA mimic, supermir, U1 adaptor, or aptamer. In embodiments, the nucleic acidis an RNA. In embodiments, the nucleic acid is an mRNA. In embodiments, the nucleic acid is a small RNA (e.g., miRNA or siRNA).

[0285] In embodiments, nucleic acids are fully encapsulated within the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers. In other embodiments, nucleic acids are partially encapsulated within the present compounds e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A-VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers. In still other embodiments, nucleic acids and the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A-VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are both present with no encapsulation of the nucleic acids within the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers.

[0286] Fully encapsulated indicates that the nucleic acid in the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers is not significantly degraded after exposure to serum or a nuclease assay that would significantly degrade free nucleic acids. In a fully encapsulated system, in embodiments, less than about 25% of particle nucleic acid is degraded in a treatment that would normally degrade about 100% offree nucleic acid. In embodiments, less than about 10% or less than about 5% of the particle nucleic acid is degraded.

[0287] Extent of encapsulation may be determined by an Oligreen assay. Oligreen is an ultrasensitive fluorescent nucleic acid stain for quantitating oligonucleotides and single -stranded DNA in solution (available from Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA).

[0288] Fully encapsulated also suggests that the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are serum stable, that is, that they do not rapidly decompose into their component parts upon in vivo administration.

[0289] In embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are complexed with anucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) in different ratios depending on the target cell type, generally ranging from about 1:16 to about 25:1 ng lipid: ng RNA. Illustrative lipid: RNA ratios are from about 1:1 to about 10:1, e.g., without limitation, about 2.5:1, or about 5:1.

[0290] In some embodiments, the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are complexed with a nucleic acid in different ratios. In some embodiments, the ratio of compound (lipid):nucleic acid is from about 1:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of compound (lipid):nucleic acid is from about 1:1 to about 9:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of compound (lipid):nucleic acid is from about 1:1 to about 6:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of compound (lipid):nucleic acid is from about 1:1 to about 5:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of compound (lipid):nucleic acid is about 5:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of compound (lipid):nucleic acid is 2.5:1.

[0291] Additional parameters such as nucleic acid concentration, buffer type and concentration, etc., will have an effect on transfection efficiency, and can be altered by routine experimentation by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

[0292] In embodiments, the nucleic acid is selected from RNA or DNA.

[0293] In embodiments, the DNA is a plasmid, cosmid, phage, recombinant virus or other vector. In embodiments, a vector (or plasmid) refers to discrete elements that are used to, for example, introduce heterologous nucleic acid into cells for expression or replication thereof. The vectors can remain episomal or can be designed to effect integration of a gene or portion thereof into a chromosome of the genome. Also contemplated are vectors that are artificial chromosomes, such as yeast artificial chromosomes and mammalian artificial chromosomes. Selection and use of such vehicles are well known to those of skill in the art. Included are vectors capable of expressing DNA that is operatively linked with regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of such DNA fragments (e.g., expression vectors). Thus, a vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into an appropriate host cell, results in expression of the DNA. Appropriate vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and / or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or those that integrate into the host cell genome.

[0294] In embodiments, the RNA is a synthetic RNA. In embodiments, the RNA is a chemically synthesized RNA. In embodiments, the RNA is an in vitro transcribed RNA.

[0295] In embodiments, the RNA is selected from an siRNA, a IncRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a microRNA, an antagomir, an aptamer, a ribozyme and a mRNA.

[0296] In embodiments, the synthetic RNA (inclusive, without limitation of mRNA) does not comprise a non-canonical nucleotide.

[0297] In embodiments, the synthetic RNA (inclusive, without limitation of mRNA) comprises one or more non-canonical nucleotides.

[0298] In embodiments, the one or more non-canonical nucleotides avoids substantial cellular toxicity. In embodiments, the one or more non-canonical nucleotides substantially avoids cell toxicity in vivo. In embodiments, the one or more non-canonical nucleotides substantially avoids an immune reaction in a human subject. For example, the immune reaction may be an immune response mediated by the innate immune system. Immune response can be monitored using markers known in the art (e.g., cytokines, interferons, TLRs). In embodiments, the effective dose obviates the need for treatment of the human subject with immune suppressants agents (e.g., B18R) used to moderate the residual toxicity.

[0299] In embodiments, the immune response is reduced by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 99%, about 99.9%, or greater than about 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. In embodiments, upregulation of one or more immune response markers is reduced by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 99%, about 99.9%, or greater than about 99.9% as compared to the upregulation of the one or more immune response markers induced by a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. In embodiments, the immune response marker comprises an mRNA or protein product of an interferon gene, including an interferon alpha gene, IFNB1, TLR3, RARRES3, EIF2AK2, STAT1, STAT2, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFIT5, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, OASL, ISG20 or a fragment, variant, analogue, or family -member thereof. In embodiments, the immune response marker comprises an mRNA or protein product of an TNF gene, including an TNF alpha gene, TNFRSF1 A; TNFRSF1B; LTBR; TNFRSF4; CD40; FAS; TNFRSF6B; CD27; TNFRSF8; TNFRSF9; TNFRSF10A; TNFRSF10B;TNFRSF10C; TNFRSF10D; TNFRSF11A; TNFRSF11B; TNFRSF12A; TNFRSF13B;TNFRSF13C; TNFRSF14; NGFR; TNFRSF17; TNFRSF18; TNFRSF19; TNFRSF21;TNFRSF25; and EDA2R or a fragment, variant, analogue, or family -member thereof. In embodiments, the immune response marker comprises an mRNA or protein product of an interleukin gene, including an IL-6 gene, IL-1; IL-2; IL-3; IL-4; IL-5; IL-6; IL-7; IL-8 or CXCL8; IL-9; IL-10; IL-11; IL-12; IL-13; IL-14; IL-15; IL-16; IL-17; IL-18; IL-19; IL-20; IL-21; IL-22; IL-23; IL-24; IL-25; IL-26; IL-27; IL-28; IL-29; IL-30; IL-31; IL-32; IL-33; IL-35; IL-36 or a fragment, variant, analogue, or family -member thereof.

[0300] In embodiments, cell death is about 10%, about 25%, about 50%, about 75%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or over about 95% less than the cell death observed with a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Moreover, cell death may affect fewer than about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about5%, about 1%, about 0.1%, about 0.01% or fewer than about 0.01% of cells contacted with the modified nucleic acids.

[0301] Certain non-canonical nucleotides, when incorporated into RNA molecules, can reduce the toxicity of the RNA molecules, in part, without wishing to be bound by theory, by interfering with binding of proteins that detect exogenous nucleic acids, for example, protein kinase R, Rig-1 and the oligoadenylate synthetase family of proteins. Non-canonical nucleotides that have been reported to reduce the toxicity of RNA molecules when incorporated therein include pseudouridine, 5 -methyluridine, 2-thiouridine, 5 -methylcytidine, N6-methyladenosine, and certain combinations thereof. However, the chemical characteristics of non-canonical nucleotides that can enable them to lower the in vivo toxicity of RNA molecules have, until this point, remained unknown. Furthermore, incorporation of large amounts of most non-canonical nucleotides, for example, 5 -methyluridine, 2-thiouridine, 5 -methylcytidine, and N6-methyladenosine, can reduce the efficiency with which RNA molecules can be translated into protein, limiting the utility of RNA molecules containing these nucleotides in applications that require protein expression. In addition, while pseudouridine can be completely substituted for uridine in RNA molecules without reducing the efficiency with which the synthetic RNA molecules can be translated into protein, in certain situations, for example, when performing frequent, repeated transfections, synthetic RNA molecules containing only adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and pseudouridine can exhibit excessive toxicity.

[0302] In embodiments, the non-canonical nucleotides have one or more substitutions at positions selected from the 2C, 4C, and 5C positions for a pyrimidine, or selected from the 6C, 7N and 8C positions for a purine.

[0303] In embodiments, the non-canonical nucleotides comprise one or more of 5-hydroxycytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -carboxy cytidine, 5-formylcytidine, 5 -methoxy cytidine, pseudouridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5-carboxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, and 5 -methoxy pseudouridine, optionally at anamount of at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or 100% of the non-canonical nucleotides.

[0304] In embodiments, at least about 50% of cytidine residues are non-canonical nucleotides, and which are selected from 5 -hydroxycytidine, 5 -methyl cytidine, 5 -hydroxy methylcytidine, 5-carboxy cytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, and 5 -meth oxy cytidine.

[0305] In embodiments, at least about 75% or at least about 90% of cytidine residues are non-canonical nucleotides, and the non-canonical nucleotides are selected from 5 -hydroxy cytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, 5 -hydroxy methylcytidine, 5 -carb oxy cytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, and 5-methoxy cytidine.

[0306] In embodiments, at least about 20% of uridine, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 75%, or at about least 90% of uridine residues are non-canonical nucleotides, and the non-canonical are selected from pseudouridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5-methyluridine, 5 -hydroxymethyluridine, 5-carboxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, and 5 -methoxypseudouridine.

[0307] In embodiments, at least about 40%, or atleast about 50%, or at least about 75%, or at about least 90% of uridine residues are non-canonical nucleotides, and the non-canonical nucleotides are selected from pseudouridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5-carboxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, and 5 -methoxypseudouridine.

[0308] In embodiments, at least about 10% of guanine residues are non-canonical nucleotides, and the non-canonical nucleotide is optionally 7-deazaguanosine.

[0309] In embodiments, the synthetic RNA comprises no more than about 50% 7-deazaguanosine in place of guanosine residues.

[0310] In embodiments, the synthetic RNA does not comprise non-canonical nucleotides in place of adenosine residues.

[0311] In embodiments, the disclosure pertains to, RNA molecules containing one or more non-canonical nucleotides that include one or more substitutions at the 2C and / or 4C and / or 5C positions in the case of a pyrimidine or the 6C and / or 7N and / or 8C positions in the case of a purine can be less toxic than synthetic RNA molecules containing only canonical nucleotides, due in part to the ability of substitutions at these positions to interfere with recognition of synthetic RNA molecules by proteins that detect exogenous nucleic acids, and furthermore, that substitutions at these positions can have minimal impact on the efficiency with which thesynthetic RNA molecules can be translated into protein, due in part to the lack of interference of substitutions at these positions with base-pairing and base-stacking interactions.

[0312] Examples of non-canonical nucleotides that include one or more substitutions at the 2C and / or 4C and / or 5C positions in the case of a pyrimidine or the 6C and / or 7N and / or 8C positions in the case of a purine include, but are not limited to 2 -thiouridine, 5 -azauridine, pseudouridine, 4 -thiouridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -aminouridine, 5- aminopseudouridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, 5- methoxypseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethyluridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5- carboxyuridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, 5-methyl-5- azauridine, 5 -amino-5 -azauridine, 5-hydroxy-5-azauridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5- aminopseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 4 -thio-5-azauri dine, 4 -thiopseudouridine, 4-thio- 5 -methyluridine, 4-thio-5-aminouridine, 4-thio-5-hydroxyuridine, 4-thio-5-methyl-5-azauridine, 4-thio-5-amino-5-azauridine, 4-thio-5-hydroxy-5-azauridine, 4-thio-5 -methylpseudouridine, 4- thio-5 -aminopseudouridine, 4-thio-5-hydroxypseudouridine, 2 -thiocytidine, 5 -azacytidine, pseudoisocytidine, N4 -methylcytidine, N4-aminocytidine, N4-hydroxy cytidine, 5- methylcytidine, 5 -aminocytidine, 5 -hydroxy cytidine, 5 -methoxy cytidine, 5- hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -carboxycytidine, 5-formylcytydine, 5-methyl-5-azacytidine, 5-amino- 5 -azacytidine, 5-hydroxy-5-azacytidine, 5 -methylpseudoisocytidine, 5 -aminopseudoisocytidine, 5 -hydroxypseudoisocytidine, N4-methyl-5 -azacytidine, N4-methylpseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-5- azacytidine, 2 -thiopseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-methylcytidine, 2-thio-N4-aminocytidine, 2- thio-N4-hydroxy cytidine, 2-thio-5 -methylcytidine, 2-thio-5-aminocytidine, 2-thio-5- hydroxy cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-5 -amino-5 -azacytidine, 2-thio-5- hydroxy-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-5-methylpseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-5-aminopseudoisocytidine, 2- thio-5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4- methylpseudoisocytidine, N4-methy 1-5 -methylcytidine, N4-methyl-5 -aminocytidine, N4- methyl-5 -hydroxy cytidine, N4-methyl-5-methyl-5 -azacytidine, N4-methyl-5-amino-5- azacytidine, N4-methyl-5-hydroxy-5-azacytidine, N4-methyl-5-methylpseudoisocytidine, N4- methyl-5-aminopseudoisocytidine, N4-methyl-5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, N4-amino-5-azacytidine, N4-aminopseudoisocytidine, N4-amino-5 -methylcytidine, N4-amino-5-aminocytidine, N4-amino-5 -hydroxy cytidine, N4-amino-5-methyl-5 -azacytidine, N4-amino-5-amino-5 -azacytidine, N4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-azacytidine, N4-amino-5-methylpseudoisocytidine, N4-amino-5-aminopseudoisocytidine, N4-amino-5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, N4 -hydroxy-5 -azacytidine, N4-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-methylcytidine, N4-hydroxy-5 -aminocytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-hydroxy cytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-methyl-5 -azacytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-amino-5-azacytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-hydroxy-5 -azacytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-methylpseudoisocytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-aminopseudoisocytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 2 -thio-N4-methyl-5 -methylcytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5 -aminocytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-hydroxy cytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-methyl-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-amino-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-hydroxy-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-methylpseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-aminopseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-methyl-5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-aminopseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-methylcytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5 -aminocytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-hydroxy cytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-methyl-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-amino-5 -azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-methylpseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-aminopseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-amino-5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 2 -thio-N4 -hydroxy -5 -methylcytidine, N4-hydroxy-5-aminocytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-hydroxycytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-methyl-5 -azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-amino-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-hydroxy-5-azacytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-methylpseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-aminopseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-N4-hydroxy-5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, N6-m ethyladenosine, N6-aminoadenosine, N6-hydroxyadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 8-azaadenosine, N6-methyl-7-deazaadenosine, N6-methyl-8-azaadenosine, 7-deaza-8-azaadenosine, N6-methyl-7-deaza-8-azaadenosine, N6-amino-7-deazaadenosine, N6-amino-8-azaadenosine, N6-amino-7-deaza-8-azaadenosine, N6-hydroxyadenosine, N6-hydroxy-7-deazaadenosine, N6-hydroxy-8-azaadenosine, N6-hydroxy-7-deaza-8-azaadenosine, 6-thioguanosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-azaguanosine, 6-thio-7-deazaguanosine, 6-thio-8-azaguanosine, 7-deaza-8 -azaguanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-azaguanosine, and 5 -methoxyuridine.

[0313] In embodiments, the disclosure relates to one or more non-canonical nucleotides selected from 5 -hydroxy cytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5-carboxycytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, 5 -methoxy cytidine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5 -carboxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, pseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, and 5-methoxypseudouridine. In embodiments, atleast50%, oratleast55%, or atleast60%, or atleast65%, or atleast70%, or atleast 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or 100% of the non-canonical nucleotides are one or more of 5 -hydroxycytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -carb oxy cytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, 5 -methoxy cytidine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5 -carboxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, pseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, and 5-methoxypseudouridine.

[0314] In embodiments, at least about 50%, or at least about 55%%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or atleast 95%, or 100% of cytidine residues are non-canonical nucleotides selected from 5-hydroxycytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -carboxy cytidine, 5-formylcytidine, 5 -methoxy cytidine.

[0315] In embodiments, atleast about 20%, or about 30%, or about 40%, or about 50%, or at least about 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or 100% of uridine residues are non-canonical nucleotides selected from 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5 -carboxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, pseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, and 5-methoxypseudouridine.

[0316] In embodiments, atleast about 10% (e.g., 10%, or about 20%, or about 30%, or about 40%, or about 50%) of guanosine residues are non-canonical nucleotides, and the non-canonical nucleotide is optionally 7-deazaguanosine. In embodiments, the RNA contains no more than about 50% 7-deazaguanosine in place of guanosine residues.

[0317] In embodiments, the RNA does not contain non-canonical nucleotides in place of adenosine residues.

[0318] Note that alternative naming schemes exist for certain non-canonical nucleotides. For example, in certain situations, 5 -methylpseudouridine can be referred to as “3-methylpseudouridine” or “N3 -methylpseudouridine” or “1 -methylpseudouridine” or “Nl-methylpseudouridine”.

[0319] Nucleotides that contain the prefix “amino” can refer to any nucleotide that contains a nitrogen atom bound to the atom at the stated position of the nucleotide, for example, 5 -aminocytidine can refer to 5 -aminocytidine, 5 -methylaminocytidine, and 5 -nitrocytidine. Similarly, nucleotides that contain the prefix “methyl” can refer to any nucleotide that contains acarbon atom bound to the atom at the stated position of the nucleotide, for example, 5 -methylcytidine can refer to 5 -methylcytidine, 5 -ethylcytidine, and 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, nucleotides that contain the prefix “thio” can refer to any nucleotide that contains a sulfur atom bound to the atom at the given position of the nucleotide, and nucleotides that contain the prefix “hydroxy” can refer to any nucleotide that contains an oxygen atom bound to the atom at the given position of the nucleotide, for example, 5 -hydroxyuridine can refer to 5 -hydroxyuridine and uridine with a methyl group bound to an oxygen atom, where the oxygen atom is bound to the atom at the 5C position of the uridine.

[0320] Certain embodiments are therefore directed to RNA comprising one or more non-canonical nucleotides, where the RNA molecule contains one or more nucleotides that includes one or more substitutions at the 2C and / or 4C and / or 5C positions in the case of a pyrimidine or the 6C and / or 7N and / or 8C positions in the case of a purine.

[0321] In embodiments, the non-canonical nucleotides include at least one of pseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thiouridine, 5 -azauridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5 -aminouridine, 2-thiopseudouridine, 4 -thiopseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5-aminopseudouridine, pseudoisocytidine, N4 -methylcytidine, 2-thiocytidine, 5 -azacytidine, 5-hydroxy cytidine, 5 -aminocytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, N4 -methylpseudoisocytidine, 2-thiopseudoisocytidine, 5 -hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 5 -aminopseudoisocytidine, 5-methylpseudoisocytidine, 7 -deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 6-thioguanosine, and 6-thio-7-deazaguanosine. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides includes at least one of pseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thiouridine, 5-azauridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-aminouridine, 2 -thiopseudouridine, 4-thiopseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5-methylpseudouridine, and 5 -aminopseudouridine and at least one of pseudoisocytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 2-thiocytidine, 5 -azacytidine, 5 -hydroxy cytidine, 5 -aminocytidine, 5-methylcytidine, N4-methylpseudoisocytidine, 2 -thiopseudoisocytidine, 5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 5 -aminopseudoisocytidine, and 5 -methylpseudoisocytidine. In still another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides include at least one of pseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thiouridine, 5-azauridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5 -aminouridine, 2-thiopseudouridine, 4-thiopseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, and 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5 -aminopseudouridine and at least one of pseudoisocytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 2-thiocytidine, 5 -azacytidine, 5 -hydroxy cytidine, 5 -aminocytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, N4-methylpseudoisocytidine, 2 -thiopseudoisocytidine, 5-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 5-aminopseudoisocytidine, and 5 -methylpseudoisocytidine and at least one of 7-deazaguanosine, 6-thioguanosine, 6-thio-7-deazaguanosine, and 5 -methoxyuridine. In yet another embodiment,the one or more nucleotides includes 5 -methylcytidine and 7-deazaguanosine. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides also includes pseudouridine or 4 -thiouridine or 5-methyluridine or 5 -aminouridine or 4-thiopseudouridine or 5 -methylpseudouridine or 5-aminopseudouridine. In a still another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides also includes 7 -deazaadenosine. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides includes pseudoisocytidine and 7-deazaguanosine and 4-thiouridine. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides includes pseudoisocytidine or 7-deazaguanosine and pseudouridine. In still another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides includes 5 -methyluridine and 5 -methylcytidine and 7-deazaguanosine. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleotides includes pseudouridine or 5 -methylpseudouridine and 5 -methylcytidine and 7-deazaguanosine. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleotides includes pseudoisocytidine and 7-deazaguanosine and pseudouridine. In one embodiment, the RNA comprising one or more non-canonical nucleotides is present in vivo.

[0322] Certain non-canonical nucleotides can be incorporated more efficiently than other non-canonical nucleotides into RNA molecules by RNA polymerases that are commonly used for in vitro transcription, due in part to the tendency of these certain non-canonical nucleotides to participate in standard base-pairing interactions and base-stacking interactions, and to interact with the RNA polymerase in a manner similar to that in which the corresponding canonical nucleotide interacts with the RNA polymerase. As a result, certain nucleotide mixtures containing one or more non-canonical nucleotides can be beneficial in part because in vitro-transcription reactions containing these nucleotide mixtures can yield a large quantity of RNA. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a nucleotide mixture containing one or more nucleotides that includes one or more substitutions at the 2C and / or 4C and / or 5C positions in the case of a pyrimidine or the 6C and / or 7N and / or 8C positions in the case of a purine. Nucleotide mixtures include, but are not limited to (numbers preceding each nucleotide indicate an illustrative fraction of the non-canonical nucleotide triphosphate in an in vz / ro-transcription reaction, for example, 0.2 pseudoisocytidine refers to a reaction containing adenosine-5'-triphosphate, guanosine-5 '-triphosphate, uridine-5 '-triphosphate, cytidine-5 '-triphosphate, and pseudoisocytidine-5 '-triphosphate, where pseudoisocytidine-5 '-triphosphate is present in the reaction at an amount approximately equal to 0.2 times the total amount of pseudoisocytidine-5'-triphosphate + cytidine-5 '-triphosphate that is present in the reaction, with amounts measured either on a molar or mass basis, and where more than one number preceding a nucleoside indicates a range of illustrative fractions): 1.0 pseudouridine, 0.1 - 0.82-thiouri dine, 0.1 - 0.8 5-methyluridine, 0.2 - 1.0 5 -hydroxyuridine, 0.2 - 1.0 5 -methoxyuridine, 0.1 - 1.0 5-aminouridine, 0.1 - 1.0 4-thiouridine, 0.1 - 1.02-thiopseudouridine, 0.1 - 1.0 4-thiopseudouridine, 0.1 - 1.05 -hydroxypseudouridine, 0.2 - 1 5 -methylpseudouridine, 0.2 - 1.05 -methoxy pseudouridine, 0.1 - 1.0 5 -aminopseudouridine, 0.2 - 1.02-thiocytidine, 0.1 - 0.8 pseudoisocytidine, 0.2 - 1.0 5 -methylcytidine, 0.2 - 1.0 5 -hydroxy cytidine, 0.2 - 1.0 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 0.2- 1.05 -methoxy cytidine, 0.1 - 1.0 5 -aminocytidine, 0.2 - 1.0 N4-methylcytidine, 0.2- 1.05 -methylpseudoisocytidine, 0.2- 1.05-hydroxypseudoisocytidine, 0.2 - 1.0 5 -aminopseudoisocytidine, 0.2 - 1.0 N4-methylpseudoisocytidine, 0.2 - 1.02-thiopseudoisocytidine, 0.2 - 1.07-deazaguanosine, 0.2 - 1.06-thioguanosine, 0.2 - 1.06-thio-7-deazaguanosine, 0.2- 1.08-azaguanosine, 0.2- 1.07 -deaza-8 -azaguanosine, 0.2 - 1.06-thio-8-azaguanosine, 0.1 - 0.5 7-deazaadenosine, and 0.1 - 0.5 N6-methyladenosine.

[0323] In embodiments, the RNA comprising one or more non-canonical nucleotides composition or synthetic polynucleotide composition (e.g., which may be prepared by in vitro transcription) contains substantially or entirely the canonical nucleotide at positions having adenine or “A” in the genetic code. The term “substantially” in this context refers to at least 90%. In these embodiments, the RNA composition or synthetic polynucleotide composition may further contain (e.g., consist of) 7-deazaguanosine at positions with “G” in the genetic code as well as the corresponding canonical nucleotide “G”, and the canonical and non-canonical nucleotide at positions with G may be in the range of 5: 1 to 1:5, or in embodiments in the range of 2:1 to 1:2. In these embodiments, the RNA composition or synthetic polynucleotide composition may further contain (e.g., consist of) one or more (e.g., two, three or four) of 5-hydroxycytidine, 5 -methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -carboxy cytidine, 5-formylcytidine, 5 -methoxy cytidine at positions with “C” in the genetic code as well as the canonical nucleotide “C”, and the canonical and non-canonical nucleotide at positions with C may be in the range of 5:1 to 1:5, or in embodiments in the range of 2:1 to 1:2. In embodiments, the level of non-canonical nucleotide at positions of “C” are as described in the preceding paragraph. In these embodiments, the RNA composition or synthetic polynucleotide composition may further contain (e.g., consist of) one or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of 5-hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5 -hydroxymethyluridine, 5-carboxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5-methoxyuridine, pseudouridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5-hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5 -carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, and 5-methoxypseudouridineat positions with “U” in the genetic code as well as the canonical nucleotide “U”, and the canonical and non-canonical nucleotide at positions with “U” may be in the range of 5:1 to 1:5, or in some embodiments in the range of 2:1 to 1:2. In embodiments, the level of non-canonical nucleotide at positions of “U” are as described in the preceding paragraph.

[0324] Combining certain non-canonical nucleotides can be beneficial in part because the contribution of non-canonical nucleotides to lowering the toxicity of RNA molecules can be additive. Embodiments are therefore directed to a nucleotide mixture, where the nucleotide mixture contains more than one of the non-canonical nucleotides listed above, for example, the nucleotide mixture contains both pseudoisocytidine and 7 -deazaguanosine or the nucleotide mixture contains both N4-methylcytidine and 7-deazaguanosine, etc. In one embodiment, the nucleotide mixture contains more than one of the non-canonical nucleotides listed above, and each of the non-canonical nucleotides is present in the mixture at the fraction listed above, for example, the nucleotide mixture contains 0.1 - 0.8 pseudoisocytidine and 0.2 - 1.07-deazaguanosine or the nucleotide mixture contains 0.2 - 1.0 N4-methylcytidine and 0.2 - 1.07-deazaguanosine, etc.

[0325] In certain situations, for example, when it may not be necessary or desirable to maximize the yield of an in vzfro-transcription reaction, nucleotide fractions other than those given above may be used. The illustrative fractions and ranges of fractions listed above relate to nucleotide-triphosphate solutions of typical purity (greater than 90% purity). Larger fractions of these and other nucleotides can be used by using nucleotide-triphosphate solutions of greater purity, for example, greater than about 95% purity or greater than about 98% purity or greater than about 99% purity or greater than about 99.5% purity, which can be achieved, for example, by purifying the nucleotide triphosphate solution using existing chemical -purification technologies such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or by other means. In one embodiment, nucleotides with multiple isomers are purified to enrich the desired isomer.

[0326] Other embodiments are directed to a method for inducing a cell in vivo to express a protein of interest by contacting the cell with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers and a RNA molecule that contains one or more non-canonical nucleotides that includes one or more substitutions at the 2C and / or 4C and / or 5C positions in the case of a pyrimidine or the 6C and / or 7N and / or 8C positions in the case of a purine. Still other embodiments are directed to a method for transfecting, reprogramming, and / or gene-editing a cell in vivo by contacting the cell with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers and a RNA molecule that contains one or more non-canonical nucleotides that includes one or more substitutions at the 2C and / or 4C and / or 5C positions in the case of a pyrimidine or the 6C and / or 7N and / or 8C positions in thecase of a purine. In one embodiment, the RNA molecule is produced by in vitro transcription. In one embodiment, the RNA molecule encodes one or more reprogramming factors. In another embodiment, the one or more reprogramming factors includes Oct4 protein. In another embodiment, the cell is also contacted with a RNA molecule that encodes Sox2 protein. In yet another embodiment, the cell is also contacted with a RNA molecule that encodes Klf4 protein. In yet another embodiment, the cell is also contacted with a RNA molecule that encodes c-Myc protein. In yet another embodiment, the cell is also contacted with a RNA molecule that encodes Lin28 protein.

[0327] Enzymes such as T7 RNA polymerase may preferentially incorporate canonical nucleotides in an in vz / ro-transcription reaction containing both canonical and non -canonical nucleotides. As a result, an in v’z / ZYz-tran scription reaction containing a certain fraction of a non-canonical nucleotide may yield RNA containing a different, often lower, fraction of the non-canonical nucleotide than the fraction at which the non-canonical nucleotide was present in the reaction. In certain embodiments, references to nucleotide incorporation fractions (for example, “a synthetic RNA molecule containing 50% pseudoisocytidine” or “0.1 - 0.8 pseudoisocytidine”) therefore can refer both to RNA molecules containing the stated fraction of the nucleotide, and to RNA molecules synthesized in a reaction containing the stated fraction of the nucleotide (or nucleotide derivative, for example, nucleotide-triphosphate), eventhough such a reaction may yield RNA containing a different fraction of the nucleotide than the fraction at which the non-canonical nucleotide was present in the reaction.

[0328] Different nucleotide sequences can encode the same protein by utilizing alternative codons. In certain embodiments, references to nucleotide incorporation fractions therefore can refer both to RNA molecules containing the stated fraction of the nucleotide, and to RNA molecules encoding the same protein as a different RNA molecule, where the different RNA molecule contains the stated fraction of the nucleotide.

[0329] The non-canonical nucleotide members of the 5 -methylcytidine de-methylation pathway, when incorporated into synthetic RNA, can increase the efficiency with which the synthetic RNA can be translated into protein in vivo, and can decrease the toxicity of the synthetic RNA in vivo. These non-canonical nucleotides include, for example: 5 -methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, and 5 -carboxy cytidine (a.k.a. “cytidine-5-carboxylic acid”). Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a nucleic acid. In embodiments, the nucleic acid is present in vivo. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid is a synthetic RNA molecule. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises one or more non-canonical nucleotides. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises one or more non-canonicalnucleotide members of the 5-methylcytidine de-methylation pathway. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises at least one of 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, and 5 -carboxy cytidine or a derivative thereof. In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises at least one of pseudouridine, 5 -methylpseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, N4 -methylcytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, and 7-deazaguanosine or a derivative thereof.5-methylcytidine De -Methylation Pathway

[0330] Certain combinations of non-canonical nucleotides can be particularly effective at increasing the efficiency with which synthetic RNA can be translated into protein in vivo, and decreasing the toxicity of synthetic RNA in vivo, for example, the combinations: 5-methyluridine and 5-methylcytidine, 5 -hydroxyuridine and 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxyuridine and 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -methyluridine and7-deazaguanosine, 5-methylcytidine and 7-deazaguanosine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-methylcytidine, and 7-deazaguanosine, and 5-methyluridine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, and 7-deazaguanosine. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a nucleic acid comprising at least two of 5 -methyluridine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, and 7-deazaguanosine or one or more derivatives thereof. Other embodiments are directed to a nucleic acid comprising at least three of 5 -methyluridine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, and 7-deazaguanosine or one or more derivatives thereof. Other embodiments are directed to a nucleic acid comprising all of 5 -methyluridine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, and 7-deazaguanosine or one or more derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises one or more 5 -methyluridine residues, one or more 5-methylcytidine residues, and one or more 7-deazaguanosine residues or one or more 5 -methyluridine residues, one or more 5 -hydroxymethylcytidine residues, and one or more 7-deazaguanosine residues.

[0331] Synthetic RNA molecules containing certain fractions of certain non-canonical nucleotides and combinations thereof can exhibit particularly high translation efficiency and low toxicity in vivo. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a nucleic acid comprising at least one of one or more uridine residues, one or more cytidine residues, and one or more guanosine residues, and comprising one or more non-canonical nucleotides. In one embodiment, between about 20% and about 80% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues. In another embodiment, between about 30% and about 50% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues. In a further embodiment, about 40% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues. In one embodiment, between about 60% and about 80% of the cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidine residues. In another embodiment, between about 80% and about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues. In a further embodiment, about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues. In a still further embodiment, between about 20% and about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -hydroxymethylcytidine residues. In one embodiment, between about 20% and about 80% of the guanosine residues are 7 -deazaguanosine residues. In another embodiment, between about 40% and about 60% of the guanosine residues are 7-deazaguanosine residues. In a further embodiment, about 50% of the guanosine residues are 7-deazaguanosine residues. In one embodiment, between about 20% and about 80% or between about 30% and about 60% or about 40% of the cytidine residues are N4-methylcytidine and / or N4-acetylcytidine residues. In another embodiment, each cytidine residue is a 5 -methylcytidine residue. In a further embodiment, about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues and / or 5 -hydroxymethylcytidine residues and / or N4 -methylcytidine residues and / or N4-acetylcytidine residues and / or one or more derivatives thereof. In a still further embodiment, about 40% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues, between about 20% and about 100% of the cytidine residues are N4 -methylcytidine and / or N4-acetylcytidine residues, and about 50% of the guanosine residues are 7 -deazaguanosine residues. In one embodiment, about 40% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues and about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues. In another embodiment, about 40% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues and about 50% of the guanosine residues are 7-deazaguanosine residues. In a further embodiment, about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues and about 50% of the guanosine residues are 7-deazaguanosine residues. In a further embodiment, about 100% of the uridine residues are 5 -hydroxyuridine residues. In one embodiment, about 40% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues, about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues, and about 50% of the guanosine residues are 7-deazaguanosine residues. In another embodiment, about 40% of the uridine residues are 5 -methyluridine residues, between about 20% and about 100% of thecytidine residues are 5-hydroxymethylcytidine residues, and about 50% of the guanosine residues are 7 -deazaguanosine residues. In embodiments, less than 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues. In other embodiments, less than 100% of the cytidine residues are 5-hydroxymethylcytidine residues. In one embodiment, each uridine residue in the synthetic RNA molecule is a pseudouridine residue or a 5 -methylpseudouridine residue. In another embodiment, about 100% of the uridine residues are pseudouridine residues and / or 5-methylpseudouridine residues. In a further embodiment, about 100% of the uridine residues are pseudouridine residues and / or 5 -methylpseudouridine residues, about 100% of the cytidine residues are 5 -methylcytidine residues, and about 50% of the guanosine residues are 7-deazaguanosine residues.

[0332] Other non -canonical nucleotides that can be used in place of or in combination with 5 -methyluridine include, but are not limited to pseudouridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, 5 -methoxy pseudouridine, 5 -carboxyuridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5 -formylpseudouridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5-hydroxymethylpseudouridine, and 5 -methylpseudouridine (“1 -methylpseudouridine”, “Nl-methylpseudouridine”) or one or more derivatives thereof. Other non-canonical nucleotides that can be used in place of or in combination with 5 -methylcytidine and / or 5-hydroxymethylcytidine include, but are not limited to pseudoisocytidine, 5 -methylpseudoisocytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, 5-carboxycytidine, 5-methoxy cytidine, N4-methylcytidine, N4-acetylcytidine or one or more derivatives thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, when performing only a single transfection, injection or delivery or when the cells, tissue, organ or patient being transfected, injected or delivered to are not particularly sensitive to transfection -associated toxicity or innate-immune signaling, the fractions of non-canonical nucleotides can be reduced. Reducing the fraction of non-canonical nucleotides can be beneficial, in part, because reducing the fraction of non-canonical nucleotides can reduce the cost of the nucleic acid. In certain situations, for example, when minimal immunogenicity of the nucleic acid is desired, the fractions of non-canonical nucleotides can be increased.

[0333] Enzymes such as T7 RNA polymerase may preferentially incorporate canonical nucleotides in an in vz / ro-transcription reaction containing both canonical and non-canonical nucleotides. As a result, an in v’z / ZYz-tran scription reaction containing a certain fraction of a non-canonical nucleotide may yield RNA containing a different, often lower, fraction of the non-canonical nucleotide than the fraction at which the non-canonical nucleotide was present in the reaction. In certain embodiments, references to nucleotide incorporation fractions (for example,“50% 5 -methyluridine”) therefore can refer both to nucleic acids containing the stated fraction of the nucleotide, and to nucleic acids synthesized in a reaction containing the stated fraction of the nucleotide (or nucleotide derivative, for example, nucleotide-triphosphate), eventhough such a reaction may yield a nucleic acid containing a different fraction of the nucleotide than the fraction at which the non-canonical nucleotide was present in the reaction. In addition, different nucleotide sequences can encode the same protein by utilizing alternative codons. In certain embodiments, references to nucleotide incorporation fractions therefore can refer both to nucleic acids containing the stated fraction of the nucleotide, and to nucleic acids encoding the same protein as a different nucleic acid, where the different nucleic acid containsthe stated fraction of the nucleotide.

[0334] Certain embodiments are directed to a nucleic acid comprising a 5 '-cap structure selected from Cap 0, Cap 1, Cap 2, and Cap 3 or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises one or more UTRs. In another embodiment, the one or more UTRs increase the stability of the nucleic acid. In a further embodiment, the one or more UTRs comprise an alpha-globin or beta-globin 5'-UTR. In a still further embodiment, the one or more UTRs comprise an alpha-globin or beta-globin 3'-UTR. In a still further embodiment, the synthetic RNA molecule comprises an alpha -globin or beta-globin 5'-UTR and an alpha-globin or beta-globin 3'-UTR. Certain embodiments are directed to a nucleic acid comprising a post-transcriptional regulatory element. In one embodiment, the post-transcriptional regulatory element is selected from Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHP) Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE), Hepatitis B virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (HPRE), chicken lysozyme matrix attachment region (cMAR), and 5'-DNase I-hypersensitive sites 4 (cHS4). In another embodiment, the one or more UTRs include WPRE. In a further embodiment, the synthetic RNA molecule comprises an alpha-globin or beta-globin 5’-UTR and a 3’-UTR comprising WPRE. In a still further embodiment, the synthetic RNA molecule comprises one or more copies of WPRE in addition to an alpha-globin or beta-globin 5'-UTRand an alpha-globin or beta -globin 3 '-UTR. Illustrative WPRE elements of the disclosure are SEQ ID NO: 813, SEQ ID NO: 814, SEQ ID NO: 815, SEQ ID NO: 816, SEQ ID NO: 817, and SEQ ID NO: 818.

[0335] In one embodiment, the 5'-UTR comprises a Kozak sequence that is substantially similar to the Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a 3'-poly(A) tail. In a further embodiment, the 3'-poly(A) tail is between about 20 nt and about 250 nt or between about 120 nt and about 150 nt long. In a further embodiment, the 3'-poly(A) tail is about 2 O nt, or about 3 O nt, or about 40 nt, or about 5 Ont, or about 60 nt, or about 70 nt, or about 80 nt, or about 90 nt, or about 100 nt, or about 110 nt, or about 120 nt, or about 130 nt, orabout 140 nt, or about 150nt, or about 160 nt, or about 170 nt, or about 180 nt, or about 190 nt, or about 200 nt, or about 210 nt, or about 220 nt, or about 23 Ont, or about 240 nt, or about 250 nt long.

[0336] Poly(A) tails produced by poly(A) polymerase may vary in length depending on reaction conditions including reaction time and enzyme activity, and that an enzymatic tailing reaction may produce a mixture of RNA molecules having poly(A) tails of varied lengths. Certain embodiments are directed to a synthetic RNA molecule containing a tail of about 10, about20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about200, about225, about250, about275, about300, about 325, about 350, or about 400, or more than about 400 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the tail is a poly(A) tail. Other embodiments are directed to a tail containing fewer than about 10 nucleotides.

[0337] Synthesizing RNA using a template that encodes a tail can enable increased control over the length of the tail and reduced variability within or among reactions. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a template encoding a tail. In certain embodiments, the tail contains about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about200, about225, about250, about275, about300, about325, about350, or about 400 nucleotides. Other embodiments are directed to a synthetic RNA molecule synthesized using a template that encodes a tail.

[0338] Inclusion of nucleotides other than adenosine within the tail can enhance stability and / or translation efficiency of a synthetic RNA molecule and improve fidelity of template DNA production in bacteria. Some embodiments are therefore directed to a synthetic RNA molecule comprising a tail, where the tail comprises adenosine nucleotides and one or more other nucleotides. Other embodiments are directed to a template that encodes a tail, where the tail comprises deoxyadenosine nucleotides and one or more other nucleotides. In one embodiment, the tail includes guanosine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the tail includes cytosine nucleotides. In a further embodiment, the tail includes uridine nucleotides. In a still further embodiment, the tail includes one or more chemically modified nucleotides and / or non-canonical nucleotides. In various embodiments, the other nucleotides are incorporated at regularly spaced intervals, or at random intervals, or in pairs or groups of adjacent nucleotides separated by one or more adenosine nucleotides. In one embodiment, the tail includes deoxyguanosine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the tail includes deoxy cytosine nucleotides. In a further embodiment, the tail includes deoxyuridine nucleotides. In various embodiments, the other nucleotides are incorporated at regularly spaced intervals, or at random intervals, or in pairs or groups of adjacent nucleotides separated by one or more deoxyadenosinenucleotides. In embodiments, the tail region is comprised of about 2%-10% non-uridine nucleotides, about 10%-20% non-uridine nucleotides, about 20%-35% non-uridine nucleotides.

[0339] Inclusion of a stem-loop structure before or after the tail can enhance stability and / or translation efficiency of a synthetic RNA molecule. Some embodiments are therefore directed to a synthetic RNA molecule comprising a tail and a stem -loop structure. In various embodiments, the stem -loop structure appears before the tail, after the tail, or before or after the tail. In certain embodiments, the stem-loop structure is a histone 3' UTR stem -loop. In certain embodiments, the sequence of the stem -loop structure is A(G(Y(Y(Y(UUYUNA)R)R)R)C)A or M(G(G(C(Y(C(UUUUMA)G)R)G)C)C)A or A(G(G(Y(Y(Y(UHHUHA)R)R)R)C)C)A.

[0340] An aspect of the present disclosure is a composition comprising a DNA template comprising: (a) a sequence encoding a protein, (b) a tail region comprising deoxyadenosine nucleotides and one or more other nucleotides, and (c) a restriction enzyme binding site.

[0341] In embodiments, the length of the tail region is between about 80 base pairs and about 120 base pairs, about 120 base pairs and about 160 base pairs, about 160 base pairs and about 200 base pairs, about 200 base pairs and about 240 base pairs, about 240 base pairs and about 280 base pairs, or about 280 base pairs and about 320 base pairs.

[0342] In embodiments, the length of the tail region is greater than 320 base pairs.

[0343] In embodiments, the tail region comprises about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% guanosine residues.

[0344] In embodiments, the tail region comprises about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% cytidine residues.

[0345] In embodiments, the tail region comprises about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% uridine residues.

[0346] In any of the preceding embodiments and aspects, the tail region comprises about 99%, about 98%, about 95%, about 90%, about 85%, about 80%, about 75%, about 70%, about 65%, about 60%, about 55%, or about 50% adenosine residues.

[0347] In embodiments, the synthetic RNA comprises about 200 nucleotides to about 5000 nucleotides.

[0348] In embodiments, the synthetic RNA comprises from about 500 to about 2000 nucleotides, or about 500 to about 1500 nucleotides, or about 500 to about 1000 nucleotides.Proteins of Interest

[0349] In embodiments, the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or lipid aggregate described herein is complexed with or associates with a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA, e.g., mRNA) and the nucleic acid encodes a recombinant protein of interest.

[0350] In embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest is a soluble protein.

[0351] In embodiments, the protein of interest is selected from Table 3B.

[0352] In embodiments, the soluble protein is one or more reprogramming factors. In embodiments, the one or more reprogramming factors is selected from Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, 1-Myc, Tert, Nanog, Lin28, Utfl, Aicda, miR200 micro-RNA, miR302 micro-RNA, miR367 micro-RNA, miR369 micro-RNA and biologically active fragments, analogues, variants and family -members thereof.

[0353] In embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest is a gene -editing protein. In embodiments, the gene-editing protein is selected from a nuclease, a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease, a meganuclease, a nickase, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) -associated protein, CRISPR / Cas9, Cas9, xCas9, Casl2a (Cpfl), Casl3a, Casl4, CasX, CasY, a Class 1 Cas protein, a Class 2 Cas protein, and MAD7, or a natural or engineered variant, family -member, orthologue, fragment or fusion construct thereof.

[0354] In embodiments, the gene-editing protein comprises a DNA-binding domain comprising a plurality of repeat sequences and at least one of the repeat sequences comprises the amino acid sequence LTPvQVVAIAwxyza (SEQ ID NO: 819), wherein each of “v”, “w”, “x”, and “y”, is independently selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y and null; “z” is selected from GGRPALE (SEQ ID NO: 820), GGKQALE (SEQ ID NO: 821), GGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQD (SEQ ID NO: 630), GGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQA (SEQ ID NO: 631), GKQALETVQRLLPVLCQD (SEQ ID NO: 824), and GKQALETVQRLLPVLCQA (SEQ ID NO: 825), and “a” is any four consecutive amino acids or null. In embodiments, “v” is Q, D or E, “w” is S or N, “x” is I, H, N, or I, and “y” is D, A, I, N, H, K, S, G or null. In embodiments, repeat sequence is between 36 and 39 amino acids long (e.g., 36, or 37, or 38, or 39 amino acids long).

[0355] In embodiments, a comprises at least one glycine (G) residue. In embodiments, a comprises at least one histidine (H) residue. In embodiments, a comprises at least one histidine (H) residue at any one of positions 33, 34, or 35. In embodiments, a comprises at least one aspartic acid (D) residue. In embodiments, a comprises at least one, or two, or three of a glycine (G) residue, a histidine (H) residue, and an aspartic acid (D) residue.

[0356] In embodiments, a comprises one or more hydrophilic residues, optionally selected from: a polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acid, optionally selected from arginine (R) and lysine (K); a polar and neutral of charge hydrophilic amino acid, optionally selected from asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), proline (P), and cysteine (C); a polar and negatively charged hydrophilic amino acid, optionally selected from aspartate (D) and glutamate (E), and an aromatic, polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acid, optionally selected from histidine (H).

[0357] In some embodiments, a comprises one or more polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acids selected from arginine (R) and lysine (K). In some embodiments, a comprises one or more polar and neutral of charge hydrophilic amino acids selected from asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), proline (P), and cysteine (C). In some embodiments, a comprises one or more polar and negatively charged hydrophilic amino acids selected from aspartate (D) and glutamate (E). In some embodiments, a comprises one or more aromatic, polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acids selected from histidine (H).

[0358] In embodiments, a comprises one or more hydrophobic residues, optionally selected from: a hydrophobic, aliphatic amino acid, optionally selected from glycine (G), alanine (A), leucine (L), isoleucine (I), methionine (M), and valine (V), and a hydrophobic, aromatic amino acid, optionally selected from phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), and tyrosine (Y). In some embodiments, a comprises one or more hydrophobic, aliphatic amino acids selected from glycine (G), alanine (A), leucine (L), isoleucine (I), methionine (M), and valine (V). In some embodiments, a comprises one or more aromatic amino acids selected from phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), and tyrosine (Y).

[0359] In embodiments, a is defined by GabG, where “a” and “b” is independently selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y and null.

[0360] In embodiments, a is selected from GHGG (SEQ ID NO: 828), HGSG (SEQ ID NO: 829), HGGG (SEQ ID NO: 830), GGHD (SEQ ID NO: 831), GAHD (SEQ ID NO: 832), AHDG(SEQ ID NO: 833), PHDG(SEQ ID NO: 834), GPHD (SEQ ID NO: 835), GHGP (SEQ ID NO: 836), PHGG (SEQ ID NO: 837), PHGP (SEQ ID NO: 838), AHGA (SEQ ID NO: 839), LHGA (SEQ ID NO: 840), VHGA (SEQ ID NO: 841), IVHG (SEQ ID NO: 842), IHGM (SEQ ID NO: 843), RDHG (SEQ ID NO: 845), RHGE (SEQ ID NO: 846), HRGE (SEQ ID NO: 847), RHGD (SEQ ID NO: 848), HRGD (SEQ ID NO: 849), GPYE (SEQ ID NO: 850), NHGG (SEQ ID NO: 851), THGG (SEQ ID NO: 852), GTHG (SEQ ID NO: 853), GSGS (SEQ ID NO: 854), GSGG (SEQ ID NO: 855), GGGG (SEQ ID NO: 856), GRGG (SEQ ID NO: 857), and GKGG (SEQ ID NO: 858).

[0361] In embodiments, the gene-editing protein comprises a DNA-binding domain comprising a plurality of repeat sequences and at least one of the repeat sequences comprises the amino acid sequence: LTPvQVVAIAwxyzGHGG (SEQ ID NO:629) and is between 36 and 39 amino acids long, wherein: “v” is Q, D orE, “w” is S or N, “x” isH, N, or I, “y” is D, A, I, N, G, H, K, S, or null, and “z” is GGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQD (SEQ ID NO: 630) or GGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQA (SEQ ID NO: 631).

[0362] In embodiments, the gene-editing protein further comprises a nuclease domain comprising a catalytic domain of a nuclease.

[0363] In embodiments, the gene-editing protein is capable of creating a single-strand or double-strand break in the gene.

[0364] In embodiments, the single-strand or double-strand break causes persistent altered splicing of the gene.

[0365] It has now been discovered that incorporation of microRNA binding sites in the sequence of synthetic RNA molecules can render the encoded protein immunotolerated. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a synthetic RNA molecule comprising a microRNA binding site. In one embodiment, the microRNA binding site is a miR223 micro-RNA binding site. In another embodiment the microRNA binding site is a miR142 micro-RNA binding site (mIR-142 has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 810). In some embodiments, the microRNA binding site is present in the 3 ’-UTR of the synthetic RNA molecule. In other embodiments, the 3 ’ -UTR of the synthetic RNA molecule comprises multiple microRNA binding sites. In still other embodiments, the 3 ’-UTR of the synthetic RNA molecule comprises multiple miR142 microRNA binding sites. In certain embodiments, the 3 ’-UTR of the synthetic RNA molecule comprises multiple miR223 micro-RNA binding sites. In one embodiment, the miR142 microRNA binding site is TCCATAAAGTAGGAAACACTACA (SEQ ID NO: 811). In another embodiment, the 3’-UTR of the synthetic RNA molecule comprises four copies of the miR142 micro-RNA binding site (SEQ ID NO: 812). In a further embodiment, the microRNA binding sites are separated by two or more nucleotides. In one embodiment, the encoded protein is a gene-editing protein. In another embodiment, the encoded protein is expressed preferentially in non-hematopoeitic cells. In certain embodiments, the encoded protein is rendered immunotolerated. In other embodiments, the encoded protein is absent or is present at lower than normal levels in a subject. In still other embodiments, the encoded protein is a gene-editing protein, and a vector for repairing or inserting a gene is delivered to a cell. In some embodiments, the gene product is rendered immunotolerated.

[0366] Some embodiments are directed toward the provocation and / or stimulation and / or propagation of an immune response. In some embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest is an antigen. In some embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest provides acquired immunity to one or more diseases, optionally infectious diseases. In some embodiments, the immune system mounts a response to the recombinant protein of interest. In some embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest is derived from a pathogen or toxin; in some other embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest is a synthetic mimic of a pathogen or toxin. In some embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest is a fusion protein, optionally comprising, independently, a sequence derived from or mimicking a pathogen or toxin, and / or a sequence known to stimulate immune response. In some embodiments, the subject is rendered immune or resistant to certain pathogens or toxins after administration of synthetic RNAs encoding an antigen of interest.

[0367] In various embodiments, the pathogen is coronavirus. Coronaviruses (Co Vs) are members of the family Coronaviridae, including betacoronavirus and alphacoronavirus-respiratory pathogens.

[0368] In embodiments, the coronavirus protein is a betacoronavirus protein or an alphacoronavirus protein. In some embodiments, the betacoronavirus protein is selected from a SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV-HKUl, and HCoV-OC43 protein, or an antigenic fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the alphacoronavirus protein is selected from a HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E protein, or an antigenic fragment thereof.

[0369] In some embodiments, the coronavirus is a betacoronavirus or an alphacoronavirus. In some embodiments, the betacoronavirus is selected from a SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV-HKUl, andHCoV-OC43. In embodiments, the alphacoronavirus is selected from a HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E. In embodiments, the coronavirus is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

[0370] In some embodiments, the recombinant protein of interest iss a coronavirus protein. In various embodiments, the coronavirus protein is a protein from SARS-CoV-2, such as, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 protein is selected from spike surface glycoprotein, membrane glycoprotein M, envelope protein E, and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein N, or an antigenic fragment thereof. In embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 protein selected from spike surface glycoprotein comprises SI, S2 and S2’.

[0371] In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises the following amino acid sequence:MFVFLVLLPLVSSQCVNLTTRTQLPPAYTNSFTRGVYYPDKVFRSSVLHSTQDLFLPFFS NVTWFHAIHVSGTNGTKRFDNPVLPFNDGVYFASTEKSNIIRGWIFGTTLD SKTQ SLLIV NNATNVVIKVCEFQFCNDPFLGVYYHKNNKSWMESEFRVYSSANNCTFEYVSQPFLMD LEGKQGNFKNLREFVFKNIDGYFKIYSKHTPINLVRDLPQGFSALEPLVDLPIGINITRFQ TLLALHRSYLTPGDSSSGWTAGAAAYYVGYLQPRTFLLKYNENGTITDAVDCALDPLS ETKCTLKSFTVEKGIYQTSNFRVQPTESIVRFPNITNLCPFGEVFNATRFASVYAWNRKRI SNCVADYSVLYNSASFSTFKCYGVSPTKLNDLCFTNVYADSFVIRGDEVRQIAPGQTGK IADYNYKLPDDFTGCVIAWNSNNLDSKVGGNYNYLYRLFRKSNLKPFERDISTEIYQAG STPCNGVEGFNCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGYQPYRVVVLSFELLHAPATVCGPKKSTNLV KNKCVNFNFNGLTGTGVLTESNKKFLPFQQFGRDIADTTDAVRDPQTLEILDITPCSFGG VSVITPGTNTSNQVAVLYQDVNCTEVPVAIHADQLTPTWRVYSTGSNVFQTRAGCLIGA EHVNNSYECDIPIGAGICASYQTQTNSPRRARSVASQSIIAYTMSLGAENSVAYSNNSIAI PTNFTISVTTEILPVSMTKTSVDCTMYICGDSTECSNLLLQYGSFCTQLNRALTGIAVEQD KNTQEVFAQVKQIYKTPPIKDFGGFNFSQILPDPSKPSKRSFIEDLLFNKVTLADAGFIKQ YGDCLGDIAARDLICAQKFNGLTVLPPLLTDEMIAQYTSALLAGTITSGWTFGAGAALQ IPFAMQMAYRFNGIGVTQNVLYENQKLIANQFNSAIGKIQDSLSSTASALGKLQDVVNQ NAQALNTLVKQLSSNFGAISSVLNDILSRLDKVEAEVQIDRLITGRLQSLQTYVTQQLIR AAEIRASANLAATKMSECVLGQSKRVDFCGKGYHLMSFPQSAPHGVVFLHVTYVPAQE KNFTTAPAICHDGKAHFPREGVFVSNGTHWFVTQRNFYEPQIITTDNTFVSGNCDVVIGI VNNTVYDPLQPELDSFKEELDKYFKNHTSPDVDLGDISGINASVVNIQKEIDRLNEVAK NLNESLIDLQELGK YEQ YIKWPWYIWLGFIAGLIAIVMVTIMLCCMTSCC SCLKGCC SC GSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT (SEQ ID NO: 100).

[0372] In some embodiments, the envelope protein comprises the following amino acid sequence:MYSFVSEETGTLIVNSVLLFLAFVVFLLVTLAILTALRLCAYCCNIVNVSLVKPSFYVYS RVKNLNSSRVPDLLV (SEQ ID NO: 101).

[0373] In some embodiments, the membrane protein comprises the following amino acid sequence:MADSNGTITVEELKKLLEQWNLVIGFLFLTWICLLQFAYANRNRFLYIIKLIFLWLLWPV TLACFVLAAVYRINWITGGIAIAMACLVGLMWLSYFIASFRLFARTRSMWSFNPETNILL NVPLHGTILTRPLLESELVIGAVILRGHLRIAGHHLGRCDIKDLPKEITVATSRTLSYYKL GASQRVAGDSGFAAYSRYRIGNYKLNTDHSSSSDNIALLVQ (SEQ ID NO: 102).

[0374] In some embodiments, the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein N comprises the following amino acid sequence:MSDNGPQNQRNAPRITFGGPSDSTGSNQNGERSGARSKQRRPQGLPNNTASWFTALTQ HGKEDLKFPRGQGVPINTNSSPDDQIGYYRRATRRIRGGDGKMKDLSPRWYFYYLGTG PEAGLPYGANKDGIIWVATEGALNTPKDHIGTRNPANNAAIVLQLPQGTTLPKGFYAEG SRGGSQASSRSSSRSRNSSRNSTPGSSRGTSPARMAGNGGDAALALLLLDRLNQLESKM SGKGQQQQGQTVTKKSAAEASKKPRQKRTATKAYNVTQAFGRRGPEQTQGNFGDQEL IRQGTDYKHWPQIAQFAPSASAFFGMSRIGMEVTPSGTWLTYTGAIKLDDKDPNFKDQ VILLNKHIDAYKTFPPTEPKKDKKKKADETQALPQRQKKQQTVTLLPAADLDDFSKQL QQSMSSADSTQA (SEQ ID NO: 103).

[0375] In embodiments, the spike surface glycoprotein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100, membrane glycoprotein precursor M comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101, the envelope protein E comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102, and the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein N comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103, or an amino acid sequence at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 97%, or at least about 98%, or at least about 99% identity with any of the foregoing, or an antigenic fragment of any of the foregoing.

[0376] In various embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 protein may comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least about 60%, or at least about 61%, or at least about 62%, or at least about 63%, or at least about 64%, or at least about 65%, or at least about 66%, or at least about 67%, or at least about 68%, or at least about 69%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 71%, or at least about 72%, or at least about 73%, or at least about 74%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 76%, or at least about 77%, or at least about 78%, or at least about 79%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 81%, or at least about 82%, or at least about 83%, or at least about 84%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 86%, or at least about 87%, or at least about 88%, or at least about 89%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 91%, or at least about 92%, or at least about 93%, or at least about 94%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 96%, or at least about 97%, or at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity with any known wild type amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 protein or a SARS-CoV-2 amino acid sequence disclosed herein (e.g., about 60%, or about 61%, or about 62%, or about 63%, or about 64%, or about 65%, or about 66%, or about 67%, or about 68%, or about 69%, or about 70%, or about 71%, orabout72%, orabout73%, orabout74%, orabout75%, orabout76%, orabout77%, or about78%, orabout79%, or about80%, or about 81%, or about 82%, or about 83%, or about 84%, or about 85%, or about 86%, or about 87%, or about 88%, or about 89%, or about 90%, or about 91%, or about 92%, or about 93%, or about 94%, or about 95%, or about 96%, or about97%, or about 98%, or about 99% sequence identity), e.g., relative to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 100, 101, 102, 103, or an antigenic fragment thereof.

[0377] In embodiments, a nucleic acid is provided that encodes a coronavirus protein, or an antigenic fragment thereof. The coronavirus protein can be any of the coronavirus proteins, including a betacoronavirus protein or an alphacoronavirus protein. The nucleic acid, without limitation, comprises RNA, such as, without limitation, mRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises, without limitation, DNA. The DNA can be associated with an AAV, encoding a coronavirus protein, or an antigenic fragment thereof.

[0378] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a vector that can comprise any type of nucleotides, including, but not limited to DNA and RNA, which may be single- stranded or double-stranded, synthesized or obtained in part from natural sources, and which in exemplary aspects contain natural, non-natural or altered nucleotides.

[0379] In embodiments, vaccines are provided against one or more diseases, pathogens, or toxins. In some embodiments, a vaccine in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure generates protective antibody titers and / or T cell response to an encoded antigen. The encoded antigen can be, e.g., infections agent antigen, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 antigen. In some embodiments, a vaccine in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure generates antigen-specific antibody titers (e.g., IgG, IgM and / or IgA) specific for an encoded antigen which can be infections agent antigen, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 antigen).

[0380] It has now been discovered that expression of certain factors along with a protein can render the encoded protein immunotolerated. In embodiments, the disclosure relates to the delivery of synthetic RNA molecules that are capable of inducing immunotoleration to an encoded protein by co-delivery of a factor that induces tolerance. In certain embodiments the codelivered factors are expressed by synthetic RNA molecules. In some embodiments, a codelivered factor is IL2 (SEQ ID NO:548). In some embodiments, a co-delivered factor is IL10 (SEQ ID NO:272 or SEQ ID NO:273) (e.g., without limitation, IL2, IL10, and / or tgf-P). In some embodiments, a co-delivered factor is TGFP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 190). In some embodiments, a codelivered factor is TGFP-2 (SEQ ID NO:191).Gene Editing

[0381] In aspects, the present disclosure relates to a complex of one or more synthetic RNA molecules and a compound described herein (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)), where the one or more synthetic RNA molecules include at least one RNA molecule encoding one or more gene-editing protein is selected from a nuclease, a transcription activator-like effector nuclease(TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease, a meganuclease, a nickase, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein, CRISPR / Cas9, Cas9, xCas9, Cast 2a (Cpfl), Casl3a, Casl4, CasX, CasY, a Class 1 Cas protein, a Class 2 Cas protein, andMAD7, or a natural or engineered variant, family -member, orthologue, fragment or fusion construct thereof.

[0382] In aspects, the present disclosure relates to a method for gene-editing a cell, comprising transfecting the cell with a complex of one or more synthetic RNA molecules and a compound described herein (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)), where the one or more synthetic RNA molecules include at least one RNA molecule encoding one or more gene -editing protein is selected from a nuclease, a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease, a meganuclease, a nickase, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein, CRISPR / Cas9, Cas9, xCas9, Cas 12a (Cpfl), Cas 13 a, Cas 14, CasX, CasY, a Class 1 Cas protein, a Class 2 Cas protein, and MAD7, or a natural or engineered variant, family -member, orthologue, fragment or fusion construct thereof.

[0383] Several naturally occurring proteins contain DNA-binding domains that can recognize specific DNA sequences, for example, zinc fingers (ZFs) and transcription activator -like effectors (TALEs). Fusion proteins containing one or more of these DNA-binding domains and the cleavage domain of FokI endonuclease can be used to create a double -strand break in a desired region of DNA in a cell see, e.g., US Patent Appl. Pub. No. US 2012 / 0064620, US Patent Appl. Pub. No. US 2011 / 0239315, US Patent No. 8,470,973, US Patent Appl. Pub. No. US 2013 / 0217119, US Patent No. 8,420,782, US Patent Appl. Pub. No. US 2011 / 0301073, US Patent Appl. Pub. No. US 2011 / 0145940, US Patent No. 8,450,471, US Patent No. 8,440,431, US Patent No. 8,440,432, and US Patent Appl. Pub. No. 2013 / 0122581, the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference). Other gene-editing proteins include clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated proteins. However, current methods for gene editing cells are inefficient and carry a risk of uncontrolled mutagenesis, making them undesirable for research, therapeutic or cosmetic use.

[0384] Some embodiments are directed to methods of gene-editing and / or gene correction employing the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers. For instance, in embodiments the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / orpharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers associate with a synthetic RNA encoding a gene-editing protein and the resultant composition is used to gene-edit and / or gene correct a cell, e.g., ex vivo or in vivo.

[0385] Some embodiments encompass synthetic RNA-based gene-editing and / or gene correction, e.g., with RNA comprising non-canonical nucleotides, e.g., RNA encoding one or more of a nuclease, a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease, a meganuclease, a nickase, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein a DNA-repair protein, a DNA-modification protein, a basemodification protein, a DNA methyltransferase, an protein that causes DNA demethylation, an enzyme for which DNA is a substrate or a natural or engineered variant, family -member, orthologue, fragmentor fusion construct thereof. In embodiments, the efficiency of the geneediting and / or gene correction is high, for example, higher thanDNA-based gene editing and / or gene correction. In embodiments, the present methods of gene-editing and / or gene correction are efficient enough for in vivo application. In embodiments, the present methods of gene-editing and / or gene correction are efficient enough to not require cellular selection e.g., selection of cells that have been edited).

[0386] In embodiments, the efficiency of gene-editing of the present methods is about 1%, or about 2%, or about 3%, or about 4%, or about 5%, or about 6%, or about 7%, or about 8%, or about 9%, or about 10%, or about 20%, or about 30%, or about 40%, or about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or about 80%, or about 90%, or about 100%. In various embodiments, the efficiency of gene-correction of the present methods is about 1%, or about 2%, or about 3%, or about 4%, or about 5%, or about 6%, or about 7%, or about 8%, or about 9%, or about 10%, or about20%, or about30%, or about 40%, or about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or about 80%, or about 90%, or about 100%

[0387] Some embodiments are directed to high -efficiency gene-editing proteins comprising engineered nuclease cleavage or DNA-modification domains. Other embodiments are directed to high-fidelity gene-editing proteins comprising engineered nuclease cleavage or DNA-modification domains. Various embodiments are directed to high -efficiency gene-editing proteins comprising engineered DNA-binding domains. Other embodiments are directed to high-fidelity gene-editing proteins comprising engineered DNA-binding domains. Still other embodiments are directed to gene-editing proteins comprising engineered repeat sequences. Some embodiments are directed to gene-editing proteins comprising one or more CRISPR associated family members. Some embodiments are directed to methods for altering the DNA sequence of a cell by transfecting the cell with or inducing the cell to express a gene -editingprotein. Other embodiments are directed to methods for altering the DNA sequence of a cell that is present in an in vitro culture. Still further embodiments are directed to methods for altering the DNA sequence of a cell that is present in vivo.

[0388] Gene-editing proteins that comprise the StsI endonuclease cleavage domain (SEQ ID NO: 1) can exhibit substantially lower off-target activity in vivo than previously disclosed geneediting proteins, while maintaining a high level of on -target activity in vivo. Other novel engineered proteins have also been discovered that can exhibit high on -target activity in vivo, low off-target activity in vivo, small size, solubility, and other desirable characteristics when they are used as the nuclease domain of a gene-editing protein: StsI-HA (SEQ ID NO: 2), Stsl-HA2 (SEQ ID NO: 3), StsI-UHA (SEQ ID NO: 4), StsI-UHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 5), StsI-HF (SEQ ID NO: 6), and StsI-UHF (SEQ ID NO: 7). StsI-HA, StsI-HA2 (high activity), StsI-UHA, and StsI-UHA2 (ultra-high activity) can exhibit higher on -target activity in vivo than both wild-type StsI and wild-type FokI, due in part to specific amino-acid substitutions within the N-terminal region at the 34 and 61 positions, while StsI -HF (high fidelity) and StsI-UHF (ultra-high fidelity) can exhibit lower off-target activity in vivo than both wild-type StsI and wild -type FokI, due in part to specific amino-acid substitutions within the C-terminal region at the 141 and 152 positions.

[0389] Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a protein. In embodiments, the protein is present in vivo. In other embodiments, the protein comprises a nuclease domain. In one embodiment, the nuclease domain comprises one or more of the cleavage domain of FokI endonuclease (SEQ ID NO: 53), the cleavage domain of StsI endonuclease (SEQ ID NO: 1), StsI-HA (SEQ ID NO: 2), StsI-HA2 (SEQ ID NO: 3), StsI-UHA (SEQ ID NO: 4), StsI-UHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 5), StsI-HF (SEQ ID NO: 6), and StsI-UHF (SEQ ID NO: 7) or a biologically active fragment or variant thereof.

[0390] Engineered gene-editing proteins that comprise DNA-binding domains comprising certain novel repeat sequences can exhibit lower off-target activity in vivo than previously disclosed gene-editing proteins, while maintaining a high level of on-target activity in vivo. Certain of these engineered gene-editing proteins can provide several advantages over previously disclosed gene-editing proteins, including, for example, increased flexibility of the linker region connecting repeat sequences, which can result in increased binding efficiency. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a protein comprising a plurality of repeat sequences. In one embodiment, at least one of the repeat sequences contains the amino -acid sequence: GabG, where “a” and “b” each represent any amino acid. In one embodiment, the protein is a gene-editing protein. In another embodiment, one or more of the repeat sequencesare present in a DNA-binding domain. In a further embodiment, “a” and “b” are each independently selected from the group: H and G. In a still further embodiment, “a” and “b” are H and G, respectively. In one embodiment, the amino-acid sequence is present within about 5 amino acids of the C-terminus of the repeat sequence. In another embodiment, the amino-acid sequence is present at the C-terminus of the repeat sequence. In embodiments, one or more G in the amino-acid sequence GabG is replaced with one or more amino acids other than G, for example A, H or GG. In one embodiment, the repeat sequence has a length of between about 32 and about40 amino acids or between about 33 and about 39 amino acids or between about 34 and 38 amino acids or between about 35 and about 37 amino acids or about 36 amino acids or greater than about 32 amino acids or greater than about 33 amino acids or greater than about 34 amino acids or greater than about 35 amino acids. Other embodiments are directed to a protein comprising one or more transcription activator-like effector domains. In one embodiment, at least one of the transcription activator-like effector domains comprises a repeat sequence. Other embodiments are directed to a protein comprising a plurality of repeat sequences generated by inserting one or more amino acids between at least two of the repeat sequences of a transcription activator-like effector domain. In one embodiment, one or more amino acids is inserted about 1 or about 2 or about 3 or about 4 or about 5 amino acids from the C-terminus of at least one repeat sequence. Still other embodiments are directed to a protein comprising a plurality of repeat sequences, wherein about every other repeat sequence has a different length than the repeat sequence immediately preceding or following the repeat sequence. In one embodiment, every other repeat sequence is about 36 amino acids long. In another embodiment, every other repeat sequence is 36 amino acids long. Still other embodiments are directed to a protein comprising a plurality of repeat sequences, wherein the plurality of repeat sequences comprises at least two repeat sequences that are each at least 36 amino acids long, and wherein at least two of the repeat sequences that are at least 36 amino acids long are separated by at least one repeat sequence that is less than 36 amino acids long. Some embodiments are directed to a protein that comprises one or more sequences selected from, for example, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, and SEQ ID NO: 60.

[0391] Other embodiments are directed to a protein that comprises a DNA-binding domain. In embodiments, the DNA-binding domain comprises a plurality of repeat sequences. In one embodiment, the plurality of repeat sequences enables high-specificity recognition of a binding site in a target DNA molecule. In another embodiment, at least two of the repeat sequences have at least about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or about 80%, or about 90%, or about 95%, or about 98%, or about 99% homology to each other. In a further embodiment, at least one of the repeat sequences comprises one or more regions capable of binding to a binding site in a targetDNA molecule. In a still further embodiment, the binding site comprises a defined sequence of between about 1 to about 5 bases in length. In one embodiment, the DNA-binding domain comprises a zinc finger. In another embodiment, the DNA-binding domain comprises a transcription activator-like effector (TALE). In a further embodiment, the plurality of repeat sequences includes at least one repeat sequence having at least about 50% or about 60% or about 70% or about 80% or about 90% or about 95% or about 98%, or about 99% homology to a TALE. In a still further embodiment, the gene-editing protein comprises a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein. In one embodiment, the gene-editing protein comprises a nuclear -localization sequence. In another embodiment, the nuclear-localization sequence comprises the amino-acid sequence: PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 471). In one embodiment, the gene-editing protein comprises a mitochondrial -localization sequence. In another embodiment, the mitochondrial-localization sequence comprises the amino-acid sequence: LGRVIPRKIASRASLM (SEQ ID NO: 472). In one embodiment, the gene-editing protein comprises a linker. In another embodiment, the linker connects a DNA-binding domain to a nuclease domain. In a further embodiment, the linker is between about 1 and about 10 amino acids long. In embodiments, the linker is about 1, about 2, or about 3, or about 4, orabout5, orabout6, or about 7, orabout8, orabout9, or about 10 amino acids long. In one embodiment, the gene-editing protein is capable of generating a nick or a double-strand break in a target DNA molecule.

[0392] In embodiments, gene-editing protein comprises: (a) a DNA-binding domain comprising a plurality of repeat sequences and at least one of the repeat sequences comprises the amino acid sequence: LTPvQVVAIAwxyzGHGG (SEQ ID NO: 629), where “v” is Q, D or E, “w” is S or N, “x” is H, N, or I,“y” is D, A, I, N, G, H, K, S, or null, and “z” is GGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQD (SEQ ID NO: 630) or GGKQALETVQRLLPVLCQA (SEQ ID NO: 631); and, optionally, (b) a nuclease domain comprising a catalytic domain of a nuclease. In embodiments, the nuclease domain is capable of forming a dimer with another nuclease domain. In embodiments, the nuclease domain comprises the catalytic domain of a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 632. In embodiments, at least one of the repeat sequences comprising the amino acid sequence LTPvQVVAIAwxyzGHGG (SEQ ID NO: 629) is between 36 and 39 amino acids long.

[0393] Certain embodiments are directed to a method for modifying the genome of a cell in vivo, the method comprising introducing into a cell in vivo a nucleic acid molecule encoding a non-naturally occurring fusion protein comprising an artificial transcription activator-like (TAL) effector repeat domain comprising one or more repeat units 36 amino acids in length and anendonuclease domain, wherein the repeat domain is engineered for recognition of a predetermined nucleotide sequence, and wherein the fusion protein recognizes the predetermined nucleotide sequence. In one embodiment, the cell is a eukaryotic cell. In another embodiment, the cell is an animal cell. In a further embodiment, the cell is a mammalian cell. In a still further embodiment, the cell is a human cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a plant cell. In another embodiment, the cell is a prokaryotic cell. In embodiments, the fusion protein introduces an endonucleolytic cleavage in a nucleic acid of the cell, whereby the genome of the cell is modified.

[0394] Certain embodiments are directed to a composition for altering the DNA sequence of a cell in vivo comprising a nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a gene-editing protein. Other embodiments are directed to a composition for altering the DNA sequence of a cell in vivo comprising a nucleic-acid mixture, wherein the nucleic-acid mixture comprises: a first nucleic acid that encodes a first gene-editing protein, and a second nucleic acid that encodes a second gene-editing protein. In one embodiment, the binding site of the first gene-editing protein and the binding site of the second gene -editing protein are present in the same target DNA molecule. In another embodiment, the binding site of the first gene-editing protein and the binding site of the second gene-editing protein are separated by less than about 50 bases, or less than about 40 bases, or less than about 30 bases or less than about 20 bases, or less than about 10 bases, or between about 10 bases and about 25 bases or about 15 bases. In one emb odiment, the nuclease domain of the first gene-editing protein and the nuclease domain of the second gene -editing protein are capable of forming a dimer. In another embodiment, the dimer is capable of generating a nick or double-strand break in a target DNA molecule.

[0395] Certain embodiments are directed to a therapeutic composition. Other embodiments are directed to a cosmetic composition. In embodiments, the composition comprises a repair template. In a further embodiment, the repair template is a single -stranded DNA molecule or a double-stranded DNA molecule.

[0396] Other embodiments are directed to an article of manufacture for synthesizing a protein or a nucleic acid encoding a protein. In one embodiment, the article is a nucleic acid. In another embodiment, the protein comprises a DNA-binding domain. In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a DNA-binding domain. In one embodiment, the protein comprises a nuclease domain. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a nuclease domain. In one embodiment, the protein comprises a plurality of repeat sequences. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid encodes a plurality of repeat sequences. In a further embodiment, the nuclease domain is selected fromFokI, StsI, StsI-HA, StsI-HA2, StsI-UHA, StsI-UHA2, StsI-HF, and StsI-UHF or a natural or engineered variant or biologically active fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises an RNA-polymerase promoter. In another embodiment, the RNA-polymerase promoter is a T7 promoter or a SP6 promoter. In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a viral promoter. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises an untranslated region. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid is an in vz / ro-transcription template.

[0397] Certain embodiments are directed to a method for inducing a cell to express a protein in vivo. Other embodiments are directed to a method for altering the DNA sequence of a cell in vivo comprising transfecting the cell in vivo with a gene-editing protein or inducing the cell to express a gene-editing protein in vivo. Still other embodiments are directed to a method for reducing the expression of a protein of interest in a cell in vivo. In one embodiment, the cell is induced to express a gene-editing protein, wherein the gene-editing protein is capable of creating a nick or a double-strand break in a target DNA molecule. In another embodiment, the nick or double-strand break results in inactivation of a gene. Still other embodiments are directed to a method for generating an inactive, reduced-activity or dominant-negative form of a protein in vivo. In one embodiment, the protein is surviving. Still other embodiments are directed to a method for repairing one or more mutations in a cell in vivo. In one embodiment, the cell is contacted with a repair template. In another embodiment, the repair template is a DNA molecule. In a further embodiment, the repair template does not contain a binding site of the gene-editing protein. In a still further embodiment, the repair template encodes an amino-acid sequence that is encoded by a DNA sequence that comprises a binding site of the gene -editing protein.

[0398] In various embodiments, the repair template is about 20 nucleotides, or about 30 nucleotides, or about 40 nucleotides, or about 50 nucleotides, or about 60 nucleotides, or about 70 nucleotides, or about 80 nucleotides, or about 90 nucleotides, or about 100 nucleotides, or about 150 nucleotides, or about 200 nucleotides, or about 300 nucleotides, or about 400 nucleotides, orabout500 nucleotides, or about 750 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides. In various embodiments, the repair template is about 20-1000 nucleotides, or about 20-500 nucleotides, or about 20-400 nucleotides, or about 20-200 nucleotides, or about 20-100 nucleotides, or about 80-100 nucleotides, or about 50-100 nucleotides.

[0399] In various embodiments, the mass ratio of RNA (e.g., synthetic RNA encoding geneediting protein) to repair template is about 1:10, or about 1:9, or about 1:8, or about 1:7, or about 1:6, or about 1:5, or about 1:4, or about 1:3, or about 1:2, or about 1:1, or about 2:1, or about3:1, or about 4:1, or about 5:1, or about 6:1, or about 7:1, or about 8:1, or about 9:1, or about 10:1.

[0400] In various embodiments, the molar ratio of RNA (e.g., synthetic RNA encoding geneediting protein) to repair template is about 1:10, or about 1:9, or about 1:8, or about 1:7, or about 1:6, or about 1:5, or about 1:4, or about 1:3, or about 1:2, or about 1:1, or about 2:1, or about 3:1, or about 4:1, or about 5:1, or about 6:1, or about 7:1, or about 8:1, or about 9:1, or about 10:1.

[0401] In various embodiments, the repair template has a dual function, causing a repair to a gene-edited target sequence and preventing further binding of a gene -editing protein, thereby reducing or eliminating further gene-editing (e.g., via the repair template causing a repair that renders what was the gene-editing protein binding site no longer suitable for gene-editing protein binding). Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present gene -editing methods are tunable to ensure a single gene-edit per target site.Reprogramming

[0402] In aspects, the present disclosure relates to a method for reprogramming a differentiated cell to a less differentiated state, comprising (a) providing a differentiated or non -pluripotent cell; (b) culturing the differentiated cell or non-pluripotent; and (c) transfecting the differentiated cell or non-pluripotent with a complex of one or more synthetic RNA molecules and a compound described herein (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A -I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)), where the one or more synthetic RNA molecules include at least one RNA molecule encoding one or more reprogramming factors and where the transfecting results in the cell expressing the one or more reprogramming factors, to result in the cell being reprogrammed to a less differentiated state. In embodiments, step (c) occurs in the presence of a medium containing ingredients that support reprogramming of the differentiated cell to a less differentiated state. In embodiments, the further comprises repeating step (c) at least twice during 5 consecutive days. In embodiments, the amount of one or more synthetic RNA molecules transfected in one or more later transfections is greater than the amount transfected in one or more earlier transfections. In embodiments, steps (a)-(c) are performed without using feeder cells and occur in the presence of a feeder cell conditioned medium. In embodiments, step (c) is performed without using irradiated human neonatal fibroblast feeder cells and occurs in the presence of a feeder cell conditioned medium. In embodiments, the synthetic RNA molecule encodes one or more reprogramming factor(s) selected from Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, 1-Myc, Tert, Nanog, Lin28,Utfl, Aicda, miR200 micro-RNA, miR302 micro-RNA, miR367 micro-RNA, miR369 micro-RNA and biologically active fragments, analogues, variants and family -members thereof.

[0403] In embodiments, the differentiated or non-pluripotent cell is derived from a biopsy. In embodiments, the differentiated or non -pluripotent cell is from a human subject. In embodiments, the differentiated or non -pluripotent cell is derived from a dermal punch biopsy sample. In embodiments, differentiated or non -pluripotent cell is a keratinocyte, fibroblast, or PBMC.

[0404] In embodiments, the method for reprogramming further comprising contacting the cell with at least one member of the group: poly-L-lysine, poly-L-omithine, RGD peptide, fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen, and laminin.

[0405] In embodiments, the method for reprogramming uses a medium which is substantially free of immunosuppressants.

[0406] Cells can be reprogrammed by exposing them to specific extracellular cues and / or by ectopic expression of specific proteins, microRNAs, etc. While several reprogramming methods have been previously described, most that rely on ectopic expression require the introduction of exogenous DNA, which can carry mutation risks. DNA-free reprogramming methods based on direct delivery of reprogramming proteins have been reported. However, these methods are too inefficient and unreliable for commercial use. In addition, RNA-based reprogramming methods havebeen described (see, e.g., Angel. MIT Thesis. 2008. 1-56; Angel et al. PLoS ONE. 2010.5,107; Warren etal. Cell Stem Cell. 2010.7,618-630; Angel. MIT Thesis. 2011. 1-89; and Lee etal, Cell. 2012. 151,547-558; the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference). However, existing RNA-based reprogramming methods are slow, unreliable, and inefficient when performed on adult cells, require many transfections (resulting in significant expense and opportunity for error), can reprogram only a limited number of cell types, can reprogram cells to only a limited number of cell types, require the use of immunosuppressants, and require the use of multiple human-derived components, including blood -derived HSA and human fibroblast feeders. The many drawbacks of previously disclosed RNA-based reprogramming methods make them undesirable for research, therapeutic or cosmetic use.

[0407] Reprogramming can be performed by transfecting cells with one or more nucleic acids encoding one or more reprogramming factors. Examples of reprogramming factors include, but are not limited to Oct4 protein, Sox2 protein, Klf4 protein, c-Myc protein, 1-Myc protein, TERT protein, Nanog protein, Lin28 protein, Utfl protein, Aicda protein, miR200 micro-RNA, miR302 micro-RNA, miR367 micro-RNA, miR369 micro-RNA and biologically active fragments, analogues, variants and family -members thereof. Certain embodiments are thereforedirected to a method for reprogramming a cell in vivo. In one embodiment, the cell in vivo is reprogrammed by transfecting the cell with one or more nucleic acids encoding one or more reprogramming factors. In one embodiment, the one or more nucleic acids includes an RNA molecule that encodes Oct4 protein. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acids also includes one or more RNA molecules that encodes Sox2 protein, Klf4 protein, and c-Myc protein. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acids also includes an RNA molecule that encodes Lin28 protein. In one embodiment, the cell is a human skin cell, and the human skin cell is reprogrammed to a pluripotent stem cell. In another embodiment, the cell is a human skin cell, and the human skin cell is reprogrammed to a glucose-responsive insulinproducing cell. Examples of other cells that can be reprogrammed and other cells to which a cell can be reprogrammed include, but are not limited to skin cells, pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, P-cells, retinal pigmented epithelial cells, hematopoietic cells, cardiac cells, airway epithelial cells, neural stem cells, neurons, glial cells, bone cells, blood cells, and dental pulp stem cells. In one embodiment, the cell is contacted with a medium that supports the reprogrammed cell. In one embodiment, the medium also supports the cell.

[0408] Importantly, infecting skin cells with viruses encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, combined with culturing the cells in a medium that supports the growth of cardiomyocytes, has been reported to cause reprogramming of the skin cells to cardiomyocytes, without first reprogramming the skin cells to pluripotent stem cells (See Efs et al., Nat Cell Biol.2011;13:215-22, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). In certain situations, direct reprogramming (reprogramming one somatic cell to another somatic cell without first reprogramming the somatic cell to a pluripotent stem cell, also known as “transdifferentiation”) may be desirable, in part because culturing pluripotent stem cells can be time-consuming and expensive, the additional handling involved in establishing and characterizing a stable pluripotent stem cell line can carry an increased risk of contamination, and the additional time in culture associated with first producing pluripotent stem cells can carry an increased risk of genomic instability and the acquisition of mutations, including point mutations, copy-number variations, and karyotypic abnormalities. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for reprogramming a somatic cell in vivo, wherein the cell is reprogrammed to a somatic cell, and wherein a characterized pluripotent stem -cell line is not produced.

[0409] In certain situations, fewer total transfections may be required to reprogram a cell according to the methods of the present disclosure than according to other methods. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for reprogramming a cell in vivo, whereinbetween about 1 and about 12 transfections are performed during about 20 consecutive days, or between about 4 and about 10 transfections are performed during about 15 consecutive days, or between about 4 and about 8 transfections are performed during about 10 consecutive days. It is recognized that when a cell is contacted with a medium containing nucleic acid molecules, the cell may likely come into contact with and / or internalize more than one nucleic acid molecule either simultaneously or at different times. A cell can therefore be contacted with a nucleic acid more than once, e.g., repeatedly, even when a cell is contacted only once with a medium containing nucleic acids.

[0410] Of note, nucleic acids can contain one or more non -canonical or “modified” residues as described herein. For instance, any of the non-canonical nucleotides described herein can be used in the present reprogramming methods. In one embodiment, pseudouridine -5 '-triphosphate can be substituted for uridine-5 '-triphosphate in an in vz / ro-transcription reaction to yield synthetic RNA, wherein up to 100% of the uridine residues of the synthetic RNA may be replaced with pseudouridine residues. In vz / ro-transcription can yield RNA with residual immunogenicity, even when pseudouridine and 5 -methyl cytidine are completely substituted for uridine and cytidine, respectively (see, e.g., Angel. Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells to Pluripotency Using RNA [Doctoral Thesis], Cambridge, MA: MIT; 2011, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). For this reason, it is common to add an immunosuppressant to the transfection medium when transfecting cells with RNA. In certain situations, adding an immunosuppressant to the transfection medium may not be desirable, in part because the recombinant immunosuppressant most commonly used for this purpose, B18R, can be expensive and difficult to manufacture. Cells, in vivo can be transfected and / or reprogrammed according to the methods of the present disclosure, without using Bl 8R or any other immunosuppressant. Reprogramming cells in vivo according to the methods of the present disclosure without using immunosuppressants can be rapid, efficient, and reliable. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo, wherein the transfection medium does not contain an immunosuppressant. Other embodiments are directed to a method for reprogramming a cell in vivo, wherein the transfection medium does not contain an immunosuppressant. In certain situations, for example when using a high cell density, it may be beneficial to add an immunosuppressant to the transfection medium. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo, wherein the transfection medium contains an immunosuppressant. Other embodiments are directed to a method for reprogramming a cell in vivo, wherein the transfection medium contains an immunosuppressant. In one embodiment, the immunosuppressant is Bl 8R or a biologically active fragment, analogue, variant or family -member thereof or dexamethasone or a derivative thereof. In oneembodiment, the transfection medium does not contain an immunosuppressant, and the nucleic -acid dose is chosen to prevent excessive toxicity. In another embodiment, the nucleic-acid dose is less than about lmg / cm2of tissue or less than about lmg / 100,000 cells or less than about 1 Omg / kg.

[0411] Reprogrammed cells produced according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure are suitable for therapeutic and / or cosmetic applications as they do not contain undesirable exogenous DNA sequences, and they are not exposed to animal -derived or human-derived products, which may be undefined, and which may contain toxic and / or pathogenic contaminants. Furthermore, the high speed, efficiency, and reliability of certain embodiments of the present disclosure may reduce the risk of acquisition and accumulation of mutations and other chromosomal abnormalities. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure can thus be used to generate cells that have a safety profile adequate for use in therapeutic and / or cosmetic applications. For example, reprogramming cells using RNA and the medium of the present disclosure, wherein the medium does not contain animal or human -derived components, can yield cells that have not been exposed to allogeneic material. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a reprogrammed cell that has a desirable safety profile. In one embodiment, the reprogrammed cell has a normal karyotype. In another embodiment, the reprogrammed cell has fewer than about 5 copy -number variations (CNVs) relative to the patient genome, such as fewer than about 3 copy -number variations relative to the patient genome, or no copy -number variations relative to the patient genome. In yet another embodiment, the reprogrammed cell has a normal karyotype and fewer than about 100 single nucleotide variants in coding regions relative to the patient genome, or fewer than about 50 single nucleotide variants in coding regions relative to the patient genome, or fewer than about 10 single nucleotide variants in coding regions relative to the patient genome.

[0412] Endotoxins and nucleases can co-purify and / or become associated with other proteins, such as serum albumin. Recombinant proteins, in particular, can often have high levels of associated endotoxins and nucleases, due in part to the lysis of cells that can take place during their production. Endotoxins and nucleases can be reduced, removed, replaced or otherwise inactivated by many of the methods of the present disclosure, including, for example, by acetylation, by addition of a stabilizer such as sodium octanoate, followed by heat treatment, by the addition of nuclease inhibitors to the albumin solution and / or medium, by crystallization, by contacting with one or more ion -exchange resins, by contacting with charcoal, by preparative electrophoresis or by affinity chromatography. Partially or completely reducing, removing, replacing, or otherwise inactivating endotoxins and / or nucleases from a medium and / or from oneor more components of a medium can increase the efficiency with which cells can be transfected and reprogrammed. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo with one or more nucleic acids, wherein the transfection medium is treated to partially or completely reduce, remove, replace or otherwise inactivate one or more endotoxins and / or nucleases. Other embodiments are directed to a medium that causes minimal degradation of nucleic acids. In one embodiment, the medium contains less than about lEU / mL, or less than about 0. lEU / mL, or less than about O. OlEU / mL.

[0413] In certain situations, protein -based lipid carriers such as serum albumin can be replaced with non-protein-based lipid carriers such as methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. The medium of the present disclosure can also be used without a lipid carrier, for example, when transfection is performed using a method that may not require or may not benefit from the presence of a lipid carrier, for example, using one or more lipid-based transfection reagents, polymer-based transfection reagents or peptide-based transfection reagents or using electroporation. Many protein-associated molecules, such as metals, can be highly toxic to cells in vivo. This toxicity can cause decreased viability, as well as the acquisition of mutations. Certain embodiments thus have the additional benefit of producing cells that are free from toxic molecules.

[0414] The associated-molecule component of a protein can be measured by suspending the protein in solution and measuring the conductivity of the solution. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a medium that contains a protein, wherein about a 10% solution of the protein in water has a conductivity of less than about 500 pmho / cm. In one embodiment, the solution has a conductivity of less than about 50 pmho / cm. In another embodiment, less than about 0.65% of the dry weight of the protein comprises lipids and / or less than about 0.35% of the dry weight of the protein comprises free fatty acids.

[0415] The amount of nucleic acid delivered to cells in vivo can be increased to increase the desired effect of the nucleic acid. However, increasing the amount of nucleic acid delivered to cells in vivo beyond a certain point can cause a decrease in the viability of the cells, due in part to toxicity of the transfection reagent. When a nucleic acid is delivered to a population of cells in vivo in a fixed volume (for example, cells in a region of tissue), the amount of nucleic acid delivered to each cell can depend on the total amount of nucleic acid delivered to the population of cells and to the density of the cells, with a higher cell density resulting in less nucleic acid being delivered to each cell. In certain embodiments, a cell in vivo is transfected with one or more nucleic acids more than once. Under certain conditions, for example when the cells are proliferating, the cell density may change from one transfection to the next. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo with a nucleicacid, wherein the cell is transfected more than once, and wherein the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell is different for two of the transfections. In one embodiment, the cell proliferates between two of the transfections, and the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell is greater for the second of the two transfections than for the first of the two transfections. In another embodiment, the cell is transfected more than twice, and the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell is greater for the second of three transfections than for the first of the same three transfections, and the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cells is greater for the third of the same three transfections than for the second of the same three transfections. In yet another embodiment, the cell is transfected more than once, and the maximum amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell during each transfection is sufficiently low to yield at least about 80% viability for at least two consecutive transfections.

[0416] Modulating the amount of nucleic acid delivered to a population of proliferating cells in vivo in a series of transfections can result in both an increased effect of the nucleic acid and increased viability of the cells. In certain situations, when cells in vivo are contacted with one or more nucleic acids encoding one or more reprogramming factors in a series of transfections, the efficiency of reprogramming can be increased when the amount of nucleic acid delivered in later transfections is greater than the amount of nucleic acid delivered in earlier transfections, for at least part of the series of transfections. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for reprogramming a cell in vivo, wherein one or more nucleic acids is repeatedly delivered to the cell in a series of transfections, and the amount of the nucleic acid delivered to the cell is greater for at least one later transfection than for at least one earlier transfection. In one embodiment, the cell is transfected between about 2 and about 10 times, or between about 3 and about 8 times, or between about 4 and about 6 times. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acids includes at least one RNA molecule, the cell is transfected between about 2 and about 10 times, and the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell in each transfection is the same as or greater than the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell in the most recent previous transfection. In yet another embodiment, the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell in the first transfection is between about 20ng / cm2and about 250ng / cm2, or between 100ng / cm2and 600ng / cm2. In yet another embodiment, the cell is transfected about 5 times at intervals of between about 12 and about 48 hours, and the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell is about 25ng / cm2for the first transfection, about 50ng / cm2for the second transfection, about 100ng / cm2for the third transfection, about 200ng / cm2for the fourth transfection, and about 400ng / cm2for the fifth transfection. In yet another embodiment, the cell is further transfected at least once after the fifth transfection, and the amount of nucleic acid delivered to the cell is about 400ng / cm2.

[0417] Certain embodiments are directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo with a nucleic acid, wherein the amount of nucleic acid is determined by measuring the cell density, and choosingthe amount of nucleic acid to transfect based on the measurement of cell density. In one embodiment, the cell density is measured by optical means. In another embodiment, the cell is transfected repeatedly, the cell density increases between two transfections, and the amount of nucleic acid transfected is greater for the second of the two transfections than for the first of the two transfections.

[0418] The amount of a circulating protein that is produced in a patient can be increased by administering to a patient a nucleic acid at a plurality of administration sites. In certain embodiments, the amount of a circulating protein is increased relative to the amount of the circulating protein that is produced in a patient by administering to the patient the nucleic acid at a single injection site. In one embodiment, the administering is by injection. In another embodiment, the injection is intradermal injection. In still another embodiment, the injection is subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. In embodiments, the plurality of administration sites comprises administration sites in the skin. In other embodiments, the plurality of administration sites is at least about 1 or at least about 2 or at least about 5 or at least about 10 or at least about 20 or at least about 50 or at least about 100 administration sites. In one embodiment, the administering is performed within at least about 5 minutes or at least about 10 minutes or at least about 30 minutes or at least about 1 hour or at least about 2 hours or at least about 5 hours or at least about 12 hours or at least about 1 day. In certain embodiments, the amount of a circulating protein is increased by at least about 10 percent or at least about 20 percent or at least about 50 percent or at least about 100 percent or at least about 3 -fold or at least about 5 -fold or at least about 10-fold or at least about 20-fold or at least about 50-fold or at least about 100-fold or at least about 500-fold or at least about 1000-fold or greater than 1000-fold.

[0419] In certain situations, the in vivo transfection efficiency and viability of cells contacted with the medium of the present disclosure can be improved by conditioning the medium. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for conditioning a medium. Other embodiments are directed to a medium that is conditioned. In one embodiment, the feeders are fibroblasts, and the medium is conditioned for approximately 24 hours. Other embodiments are directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo, wherein the transfection medium is conditioned. Other embodiments are directed to a method for reprogramming and / or gene-editing a cell in vivo, wherein the medium is conditioned. In one embodiment, the feeders are mitotically inactivated, for example, by exposure to a chemical such as mitomycin -C or by exposure to gamma radiation. In certain embodiments, it may be beneficial to use only autologous materials, in partto, for example and not wishing to be bound by theory, avoid the risk of disease transmission from the feeders to the cell or the patient. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo, wherein the transfection medium is conditioned, and wherein the feeders are derived from the same individual as the cell being transfected. Other embodiments are directed to a method for reprogramming and / or gene-editing a cell in vivo, wherein the medium is conditioned, and wherein the feeders are derived from the same individual as the cell being reprogrammed and / or gene-edited.

[0420] Several molecules can be added to media by conditioning. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a medium that is supplemented with one or more molecules that are present in a conditioned medium. In one embodiment, the medium is supplemented with Wntl, Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt3a or a biologically active fragment, analogue, variant, agonist, or family -member thereof. In another embodiment, the medium is supplemented with TGF-P or a biologically active fragment, analogue, variant, agonist, or family -member thereof. In yet another embodiment, a cell in vivo is reprogrammed according to the method of the present disclosure, wherein the medium is not supplemented with TGF-P for between about 1 and about 5 days, and is then supplemented with TGF-P for at least about 2 days. In yet another embodiment, the medium is supplemented with IL-6, IL-6R or a biologically active fragment, analogue, variant, agonist, or family -member thereof. In yet another embodiment, the medium is supplemented with a sphingolipid or a fatty acid. In still another embodiment, the sphingolipid is lysophosphatidic acid, lysosphingomyelin, sphingosine-1 -phosphate or a biologically active analogue, variant or derivative thereof.

[0421] In addition to mitotically inactivating cells, under certain conditions, irradiation can change the gene expression of cells, causing cells to produce less of certain proteins and more of certain other proteins that non -irradiated cells, for example, members of the Wnt family of proteins. In addition, certain members of the Wnt family of proteins can promote the growth and transformation of cells. In certain situations, the efficiency of reprogramming can be greatly increased by contacting a cell in vivo with a medium that is conditioned using irradiated feeders instead of mitomycin-c-treated feeders. The increase in reprogramming efficiency observed when using irradiated feeders is caused in part by Wnt proteins that are secreted by the feeders. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for reprogramming a cell in vivo, wherein the cell is contacted with Wntl, Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt3a or a biologically active fragment, analogue, variant, family -member or agonist thereof, including agonists of downstream targets of Wnt proteins, and / or agents that mimic one or more of the biological effects of Wnt proteins, for example, 2-amino-4-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzylamino]-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine.

[0422] Because of the low efficiency of many DNA-based reprogramming methods, these methods may be difficult or impossible to use with cells derived from patient samples, which may contain only a small number of cells. In contrast, the high efficiency of certain embodiments of the present disclosure can allow reliable reprogramming of a small number of cells, including single cells. Certain embodiments are directed to a method for reprogramming a small number of cells. Other embodiments are directed to a method for reprogramming a single cell. In one embodiment, the cell is contacted with one or more enzymes. In another embodiment, the enzyme is collagenase. In yet another embodiment, the collagenase is animal -component free. In one embodiment, the collagenase is present at a concentration of between about O.lmg / mL and about lOmg / mL, or between about 0.5mg / mL and about 5mg / mL. In another embodiment, the cell is a blood cell. In yet another embodiment, the cell is contacted with a medium containing one or more proteins that is derived from the patient’s blood. In still another embodiment, the cell is contacted with a medium comprising: DMEMZF12 + 2mML-alanyl-L-glutamine + between about 5% and about 25% patient-derived serum, or between about 10% and about 20% patient-derived serum, or about 20% patient-derived serum.

[0423] In certain situations, transfecting cells in vivo with a mixture of RNA encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc using the medium of the present disclosure can cause the rate of proliferation of the cells to increase. When the amount of RNA delivered to the cells is too low to ensure that all of the cells are transfected, only a fraction of the cells may show an increased proliferation rate. In certain situations, such as when generating a personalized therapeutic, increasing the proliferation rate of cells may be desirable, in part because doing so can reduce the time necessary to generate therapeutic, and therefore can reduce the cost of therapeutic. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for transfecting a cell in vivo with a mixture of RNA encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. In one embodiment, the cell exhibits an increased proliferation rate. In another embodiment, the cell is reprogrammed.

[0424] Methods for simultaneous or sequential gene editing and reprogramming of somatic cells as described herein, are also provided.Methods of Treatment

[0425] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to method of treatment of a disease or disorder by delivering a therapeutic agent with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers.

[0426] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to method of treatment of a disease or disorder by delivering a nucleic acid therapeutic agent with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers.

[0427] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to method of treatment of a disease or disorder by delivering an RNA, e.g., synthetic RNA, therapeutic agent with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A-VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers.

[0428] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to method of treatment of a disease or disorder by delivering a therapeutic agent, e.g., nucleic acid, e.g., RNA, e.g., synthetic RNA, therapeutic agent with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers in a method of expressing a protein of interest that has a therapeutic effect.

[0429] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to method of treatment of a disease or disorder by delivering a therapeutic agent, e.g., nucleic acid, e.g., RNA, e.g., synthetic RNA, therapeutic agent with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers in a method of expressing a gene-editing protein that has a therapeutic effect (e.g., gene-editing or gene correction, e.g., in vivo and / or ex vivo).

[0430] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to method of treatment of a disease or disorder by delivering a therapeutic agent, e.g., nucleic acid, e.g., RNA, e.g., synthetic RNA, therapeutic agent with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers in a method of expressing a reprogramming factor that has a therapeutic effect (e.g., ex vivo).

[0431] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to method of treatment of a disease or disorder by delivering a therapeutic agent, e.g., nucleic acid, e.g., RNA, e.g., synthetic RNA, therapeutic agent with the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A- VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers in a method ofexpressing a gene-editing protein that has a therapeutic effect e.g., gene-editing or gene correction, e.g., in vivo and / or ex vivo) and expressing a reprogramming factor that has a therapeutic effect (e.g., ex vivo).

[0432] Certain embodiments are directed to a method for treating a patient comprising: a. inducing a cell to express a protein of interest by transfecting the cell in vivo with a nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest and / or b. reprogramming the cell in vivo. In one embodiment, the cell is reprogrammed to a less differentiated state. In another embodiment, the cell is reprogrammed by transfecting the cell with one or more synthetic RNA molecules encoding one or more reprogramming proteins. In a further embodiment, the cell is differentiated. In a still further embodiment, the cell is differentiated into one of a skin cell, a glucose -responsive insulin-producing cell, a hematopoietic cell, a cardiac cell, a retinal cell, a renal cell, a neural cell, a stromal cell, a fat cell, a bone cell, a muscle cell, an oocyte, and a sperm cell. Other embodiments are directed to a method for treating a patient comprising: a. inducing a cell to express a gene-editing protein by transfecting the cell in vivo with a nucleic acid encoding a gene-editing protein and / or b. reprogramming the cell in vivo.

[0433] In embodiments, the treatment results in one or more of the patient’s symptoms being ameliorated.

[0434] Certain embodiments are directed to methods and compositions for the treatment of rare diseases. In embodiments, the rare disease is one or more of a rare metabolic disease, a rare cardiovascular disease, a rare dermatologic disease, a rare neurologic disease, a rare developmental disease, a rare genetic disease, a rare pulmonary disease, a rare liver disease, a rare kidney disease, a rare psychiatric disease, a rare reproductive disease, a rare musculoskeletal disease, a rare orthopedic disease, an inborn error of metabolism, a lysosomal storage disease, and a rare ophthalmologic disease.

[0435] Examples of diseases that can be treated with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, including ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy, macular degeneration, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, thalassemia, Fanconi anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, muscular dystrophy, severe combined immunodeficiency, hereditary sensory neuropathy, cancer, and HIV / AIDS.

[0436] Further examples of diseases that can be treated with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to type 1 diabetes, heart disease, including ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy, macular degeneration, Parkinson’s disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, thalassemia, Fanconi anemia, severe combined immunodeficiency, hereditary sensory neuropathy, xerodermapigmentosum, Huntington’s disease, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and infectious diseases including hepatitis and HIV / AIDS.

[0437] In embodiments, examples of diseases that can be treated with the present disclosure include infectious diseases. In some embodiments, the infectious disease is an infection with a pathogen, optionally selected from a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite. In some embodiments, the virus is: (a) an influenza virus, optionally selected from Type A, Type B, Type C, and Type D influenza viruses, or (b) a member of the Coronaviridae family, optionally selected from a betacoronavirus, optionally selected from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome -Corona Virus (MERS-CoV), HCoV-HKUl, and HCoV-OC43 or an alphacoronavirus, optionally selected from HCoV-NL63 andHCoV-229E. In some embodiments, the virus is SARS-CoV-2. In some embodiments, the protein of interest, as described elsewhere herein, is an antigen, such as a 2019-nCoV protein, an antigenic fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding the same, optionally selected from spike surface glycoprotein, membrane glycoprotein M, envelope protein E, and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein N. In some embodiments, protein of interest, as described elsewhere herein, is an antigen, such as the SI or S2 subunit of the spike surface glycoprotein, or an antigenic fragment thereof.

[0438] In various embodiments, the subject is afflicted with coronavirus disease 2019 (CO VID-19). In additional embodiments, the subject is elderly and / or afflicted with one or more comorbidities, including, but not limited to, hypertension and / or diabetes. A subject afflicted with a coronavirus infection can acquire symptoms including, but not limited to, fever, tiredness, dry cough, aches and pains, shortness of breath and other breathing difficulties, diarrhea, upper respiratory symptoms (e.g., sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, cough, sore throat), pneumonia, pneumonia respiratory failure, hepatic and renal insufficiency, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and a cytokine imbalance.

[0439] In some embodiments, the virus is an influenza virus. In some embodiments, the protein of interest, as described elsewhere herein, is an antigen, such as an influenza viral antigen, optionally selected from hemagglutinin (HA) protein, matrix 2 (M2) protein, and neuraminidase, or an antigenic fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding the same.

[0440] In embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, yellow fever, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, anthrax, rabies, Japanese Encephalitis, meningitis, measles, mumps, rubella, gastroenteritis, smallpox, typhoid fever, varicella (chickenpox), rotavirus, and shingles. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the treatment of hepatitis. Illustrative hepatitisthat may be treated include, but is not limited to, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, acute hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis.

[0441] In embodiments, the disease or disorder is metabolic disorder. In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is selected from a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, a disorder of amino acid metabolism, a disorder of the urea cycle, a disorder of fatty acid metabolism, a disorder of porphyrin metabolism, a disorder of lysosomal storage, a disorder of peroxisome biogenesis, and a disorder of purine or pyrimidine metabolism.

[0442] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism and wherein the disease is galactosemia and the defective gene is optionally GALT, GALK1, or GALE; wherein the disease is essential fructosuria and the defective gene is optionally KHK; wherein the disease is Hereditary fructose intolerance and the defective gene is optionally ALDOB; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type I and the defective gene is optionally G6PC, SLC37A4, or SLC17A3; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type II and the defective gene is optionally GAA; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type III and the defective gene is optionally AGL; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type IV and the defective gene is optionally GBE1; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type V and the defective gene is optionally PYGM; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type VI and the defective gene is optionally PYGL; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type VII and the defective gene is optionally PYGM; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type IX and the defective gene is optionally PHKA1, PHKA2, PHKB, PHKG1, or PHKG2; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type XI and the defective gene is optionally SLC2A2; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type XII and the defective gene is optionally ALDOA; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type XIII and the defective gene is optionally ENO1, ENO2, or ENO3; wherein the disease is glycogen storage disease type 0 and the defective gene is optionally GYSI or GYS2; wherein the disease is pyruvate carboxylase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally PC; wherein the disease is pyruvate kinase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally PKLR; wherein the disease is transaldolase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally TALDO1; wherein the disease is triosephosphate isomerase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally TPI1; wherein the diseaseis fructose bisphosphatase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally FBP1; wherein the disease is hyperoxaluria and the defective gene is optionally AGXT or GRHPR; wherein the disease is hexokinase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally HK1; wherein the disease is glucose-galactose malabsorption andthe defective gene is optionally SLC5A1; or wherein the disease is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally G6PD.

[0443] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of amino acid metabolism wherein the disease is alkaptonuria and the defective gene is optionally HGD; wherein the disease is aspartylglucosaminuria and the defective gene is optionally AGA; wherein the disease is methylmalonic acidemia and the defective gene is optionally MUT, MCEE, MMAA, MMAB, MMACHC, MMADHC, orLMBRDl; wherein the disease is maple syrup urine disease and the defective gene is optionally BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBT, or DLD; wherein the disease is homocystinuria and the defective gene is optionally CBS; wherein the diseaseis tyrosinemia and the defective gene is optionally FAH, TAT, or HPD; wherein the disease is trimethylaminuria and the defective gene is optionally FMO3; wherein the disease is Hartnup disease and the defective gene is optionally SLC6A19; wherein the disease is biotinidase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally BTD; wherein the disease is ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally OTC; wherein the disease is carbamoylphosphate synthase I deficiency disease and the defective gene is optionally CPS1; wherein the disease is citrullinemia and the defective gene is optionally ASS or SLC25A13; wherein the disease is hyperargininemia and the defective gene is optionally ARG1; wherein the disease is hyperhomocysteinemia and the defective gene is optionally MTHFR; wherein the disease is hypermethioninemia and the defective gene is optionally MAT1 A, GNMT, or AHCY; wherein the disease is hyperlysinemias and the defective gene is optionally AASS; wherein the disease is nonketotic hyperglycinemia and the defective gene is optionally GLDC, AMT, or GCSH; wherein the disease is Propionic acidemia and the defective gene is optionally PCCA or PCCB; wherein the disease is hyperprolinemia and the defective gene is optionally ALDH4A1 or PRODH; wherein the disease is cystinuria and the defective gene is optionally SLC3A1 or SLC7A9; wherein the disease is dicarboxylic aminoaciduria and the defective gene is optionally SLC1 Al; wherein the disease is glutaric acidemia type 2 and the defective gene is optionally ETFA, ETFB, orETFDH; wherein the disease is isovaleric acidemia and the defective gene is optionally IVD; or wherein the disease is 2 -hydroxy glutaric aciduria and the defective gene is optionally L2HGDH or D2HGDH.

[0444] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of the urea cycle wherein the disease is N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally NAGS; wherein the disease is argininosuccinic aciduria and the defective gene is optionally ASL; or wherein the disease is argininemia and the defective gene is optionally ARG1.

[0445] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of fatty acid metabolism wherein the disease is very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally ACADVL; wherein the disease is long-chain 3 -hydroxy acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally HADHA; wherein the disease is medium -chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency andthe defective gene is optionally ACADM; wherein the disease is short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally ACADS; wherein the disease is 3 -hydroxy acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally HADH; wherein the diseaseis 2,4 dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally NADK2; wherein the disease is 3 -hydroxy-3 -methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally HMGCL; wherein the disease is malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally MLYCD; wherein the disease is systemic primary carnitine deficiency and the defective gene is optionally SLC22A5; wherein the diseaseis carnitine-acylcamitine translocase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally SLC25A20; wherein the disease is carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency and the defective gene is optionally CPT1A; wherein the disease is carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency and the defective gene is optionally CPT2; wherein the disease is lysosomal acid lipase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally LIPA; or wherein the disease is Gaucher's disease and the defective gene is optionally GBA.

[0446] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of porphyrin metabolism wherein the disease is acute intermittent porphyria and the defective gene is optionally HMBS; wherein the disease is Gunther disease and the defective gene is optionally UROS; wherein the disease is porphyria cutanea tarda and the defective gene is optionally UROD; wherein the disease is hepatoerythropoietic porphyria and the defective gene is optionally UROD; wherein the disease is hereditary coproporphyria andthe defective gene is optionally CPOX; wherein the disease is variegate porphyria and the defective gene is optionally PPOX; wherein the disease is erythropoietic protoporphyria and the defective gene is optionally FECH; or wherein the disease is aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency porphyria and the defective gene is optionally AL AD.

[0447] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of lysosomal storage wherein the disease is Farber disease and the defective gene is optionally ASAHI; wherein the disease is Krabbe disease and the defective gene is optionally GALC; wherein the disease is galactosialidosis and the defective gene is optionally CTSA; wherein the diseaseis fabry disease and the defective gene is optionally GLA; wherein the disease is Schindler disease and the defective gene is optionally NAGA; wherein the disease is GM1 gangliosidosis and thedefective gene is optionally GLB1; wherein the disease is Tay-Sachs disease and the defective gene is optionally HEXA; wherein the disease is Sandhoff disease and the defective gene is optionally HEXB; wherein the disease is GM2 -gangliosidosis, AB variant and the defective gene is optionally GM2A; wherein the disease is Niemann-Pick disease and the defective gene is optionally SMPD1, NPC1, orNPC2; wherein the disease is metachromatic leukodystrophy and the defective gene is optionally ARSA or PSAP; wherein the disease is multiple sulfatase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally SUMF1; wherein the disease is Hurler syndrome and the defective gene is optionally IDUA; wherein the disease is Hunter syndrome and the defective gene is optionally IDS; wherein the disease is Sanfilippo syndrome and the defective gene is optionally SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, or GNS; wherein the disease is Morquio syndrome and the defective gene is optionally GALNS or GLB1; wherein the disease is Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome and the defective gene is optionally ARSB; wherein the disease is Sly syndrome andthe defective gene is optionally GUSB; wherein the disease is sialidosis and the defective gene is optionally NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, orNEU4; wherein the disease is I-cell disease and the defective gene is optionally GNPTAB or GNPTG; wherein the disease is mucolipidosis type IV and the defective gene is optionally MC0LN1; wherein the disease is infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and the defective gene is optionally PPT1 or PPT2; wherein the disease is Jansky -Bielschowsky disease and the defective gene is optionally TPP1; wherein the disease is Batten disease and the defective gene is optionally CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, MFSD8, CLN8, or CTSD; wherein the disease is Kufs disease, Type A and the defective gene is optionally CLN6 or PPT1; wherein the disease is Kufs disease, TypeB and the defective gene is optionally DNAJC5 or CTSF; wherein the disease is alpha-mannosidosis and the defective gene is optionally MAN2B1, MAN2B2, or MAN2C1; wherein the disease is beta-mannosidosis andthe defective gene is optionally MANBA; wherein the disease is fucosidosis and the defective gene is optionally FUCA1; wherein the diseaseis cystinosis and the defective gene is optionally CTNS; wherein the disease is pycnodysostosis and the defective gene is optionally CTSK; wherein the disease is Salla disease and the defective gene is optionally SLC 17 A5; wherein the disease is Infantile free sialic acid storage disease andthe defective gene is optionally SLC17A5; or wherein the disease is Danon disease and the defective gene is optionally LAMP2.

[0448] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of peroxisome biogenesis wherein the disease is Zellweger syndrome and the defective gene is optionally PEX1, PEX2, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX12, PEX14, or PEX26; wherein the disease is Infantile Refsum disease and the defective gene is optionally PEX1, PEX2, or PEX26; wherein the disease is neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and the defective gene is optionally PEX5, PEX1, PEX10, PEX13, orPEX26; wherein the disease is RCDP Type 1 and the defective gene is optionally PEX7; wherein the disease is pipecolic acidemia and the defective gene is optionally PAHX; wherein the disease is acatalasia and the defective gene is optionally CAT; wherein the disease is hyperoxaluria type 1 and the defective gene is optionally AGXT; wherein the disease is Acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally AC0X1; wherein the disease is D-bifunctional protein deficiency and the defective gene is optionally HSD17B4; wherein the disease is dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally GNPAT; wherein the disease is X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and the defective gene is optionally ABCD1; wherein the disease is a-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally AMACR; wherein the disease is RCDP Type 2 and the defective gene is optionally DHAPAT; wherein the disease is RCDP Type 3 and the defective gene is optionally AGPS; wherein the disease is adult refsum disease-1 and the defective gene is optionally PHYH; or wherein the disease is mulibrey nanism and the defective gene is optionally TRIM37.

[0449] In embodiments, the metabolic disorder is a disorder of purine or pyrimidine metabolism wherein the diseaseis Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and the defective gene is optionally HPRT; wherein the disease is adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally APRT; wherein the disease is adenosine deaminase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally ADA; wherein the disease is Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency type 1 and the defective gene is optionally AMPD1; wherein the disease is adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally ADSL; wherein the disease is dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally DPYD; wherein the disease is Miller syndrome and the defective gene is optionally DHODH; wherein the disease is orotic aciduria and the defective gene is optionally UMPS; wherein the disease is purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and the defective gene is optionally PNP; or wherein the disease is xanthinuria and the defective gene is optionally XDH, MOCS1, or MOCS2, GEPH.

[0450] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method for modulating transthyretin (TTR). The method comprising a step of administering an effective amount of a synthetic RNA encoding TTR to a subject, wherein the synthetic RNA comprises one or more non -canonical nucleotides that avoid substantial cellular toxicity.

[0451] In embodiments, the modulating results in an increase in the quantity of TTR in the subject.

[0452] In embodiments, the modulating results in a decrease in the quantity of TTR in the subject.

[0453] In embodiments, the modulating results in treatment of one or more of an amyloid disease, senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA), familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC).

[0454] In embodiments, the non-canonical nucleotides have one or more substitutions at positions selected from the 2C, 4C, and 5C positions for a pyrimidine, or selected from the 6C, 7N and 8C positions for a purine.

[0455] In emobidments, the present disclosure treats or reduces pain, e.g., post-surgical pain and / or chronic pain, by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a synthetic RNA encoding a gene-editing protein capable of creating a double-strand break in a voltage-gated sodium channel type 1 (NaVl) gene, e.g., NaV1.3, NaV1.7, NaV1.8, and / or NaV1.9.

[0456] In embodiments, the administering is directed to the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS), e.g., to neurons and glial cells of the CNS or PNS.

[0457] In embodiments, the disease or disorder is a lung disease or disorder. In embodiments, the disease or disorder is an inflammation is associated with a lung disease or disorder. In embodiments, the lung disease or disorder is selected from Asbestosis, Asthma, Bronchiectasis, Bronchitis, Chronic Cough, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Common Cold, Croup, Cystic Fibrosis, Hantavirus, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Influenza, Lung Cancer, Pandemic Flu, Pertussis, Pleurisy, Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary Hypertension, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Sarcoidosis, Sleep Apnea, Spirometry, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and Tuberculosis.

[0458] Further still, in some embodiments, the present compositions may be used in the treatment, control, or prevention of a disease, disorder and / or condition and / or may alter, modify or change the appearance of a member of the integumentary system of a subject suffering from a disease, disorder and / or condition such as, but not limited to, acne vulgaris, acne aestivalis, acne conglobata, acne cosmetic, acne fulminans, acne keloidalis nuchae, acne mechanica, acne medicamentosa, acne miliaris necrotica, acne necrotica, acne rosacea, actinic keratosis, acne vulgaris, acne aestivalis, acne conglobata, acne cosmetic, acne fulminans, acne keloidalis nuchae, acne mechanica, acne medicamentosa, acne miliaris necrotica, acne necrotica, acne rosacea, acute urticaria, allergic contact dermatitis, alopecia areata, angioedema, athlete's foot, atopic dermatitis, autoeczematization, baby acne, balding, bastomycosis, blackheads, birthmarks and other skin pigmentation problems, boils, bruises, bug bites and stings, burns, cellulitis,chiggers, chloracne, cholinergic or stress uricara, chronic urticara, cold type urticara, confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, corns, cysts, dandruff, dermatitis herpetiformis, dermatographism, dyshidrotic eczema, diaper rash, dry skin, dyshidrosis, ectodermal dysplasia such as, hyprohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and X-linked hyprohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, eczema, epidermaodysplasia verruciformis, erythema nodosum, excoriated acne, exercise -induced anaphylasis folliculitis, excess skin oil, folliculitis, freckles, frostbite, fungal nails, hair density, hair growth rate, halogen acne, hair loss, heat rash, hematoma, herpes simplex infections (e.g., non-genital), hidradenitis suppurativa, hives, hyperhidrosis, hyperpigmentation, hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, hypopigmentation, impetigo, ingrown hair, heat type urticara, ingrown toenail, infantile acne or neonatal acne, itch, irritant contact dermatitis, jock itch, keloid, keratosis pilaris, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei, melasma, moles, molluscum contagiosum, nail growth rate, nail health, neurodermatitis, nummular eczema, occupational acne, oil acne, onychomycosis, physical urticara, pilonidal cyst, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis versicolor, poison ivy, pomade acne, pseudofolliculitis barbae or acne keloidalis nuchae, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pressure or delayed pressue urticara, puncture wounds such as cuts and scrapes, rash, rare or water type urticara, rhinoplasty, ringworm, rosacea, rothmund-thomson syndrome, sagging of the skin, scabis, scars, seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, shingles, skin cancer, skin tag, solar type urticara, spider bite, stretch marks, sunburn, tar acne, tropical acne, thinning of skin, thrush, tinea versicolor, transient acantholytic dermatosis, tycoon's cap or acne necrotica miliaris, uneven skin tone, varicose veins, venous eczema, vibratory angioedema, vitiligo, warts, Weber-Christian disease, wrinkles, x-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, xerotic eczema, yeast infection and general signs of aging.

[0459] Illustrative cancers and / or tumors of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a basal cell carcinoma, biliary tract cancer; bladder cancer; bone cancer; brain and central nervous system cancer; breast cancer; cancer of the peritoneum; cervical cancer; choriocarcinoma; colon and rectum cancer; connective tissue cancer; cancer of the digestive system; endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer; eye cancer; cancer of the head and neck; gastric cancer (including gastrointestinal cancer); glioblastoma; hepatic carcinoma; hepatoma; intraepithelial neoplasm; kidney or renal cancer; larynx cancer; leukemia; liver cancer; lung cancer (e.g., small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and squamous carcinoma of the lung); melanoma; myeloma; neuroblastoma; oral cavity cancer (lip, tongue, mouth, and pharynx); ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; prostate cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; rectal cancer; cancer of the respiratory system; salivary gland carcinoma; sarcoma; skin cancer; squamous cell cancer; stomach cancer; testicular cancer; thyroid cancer; uterine or endometrial cancer; cancer of the urinary system; vulval cancer; lymphoma includingHodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as B-cell lymphoma (including low grade / follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL); small lymphocytic (SL) NHL; intermediate grade / follicular NHL; intermediate grade diffuse NHL; high grade immunoblastic NHL; high grade lymphoblastic NHL; high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL; bulky disease NHL; mantle cell lymphoma; AIDS-related lymphoma; and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); Hairy cell leukemia; chronic myeloblastic leukemia; as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas; and post -transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), as well as abnormal vascular proliferation associated with phakomatoses, edema (such as that associated with brain tumors), and Meigs' syndrome.

[0460] In embodiments, one or more rare diseases are treated, controlled or prevented with the present compositions, including, by way of illustration, Erythropoietic Protoporphyria, Hailey-Hailey Disease, Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB), Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Cutis Laxa, Protein C & Protein S Deficiency, Alport Syndrome, Striate Palmoplantar Keratoderma, Lethal Acantholytic EB, Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE), Ichthyosis Vulgaris, Pemphigus Vulgaris, and Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome.

[0461] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat, control or prevent one or more inflammatory diseases or conditions, such as inflammation, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, respiratory disease, atherosclerosis, restenosis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory pelvic disease, pain, ocular inflammatory disease, celiac disease, Leigh Syndrome, Glycerol Kinase Deficiency, Familial eosinophilia (FE), autosomal recessive spastic ataxia, laryngeal inflammatory disease; Tuberculosis, Chronic cholecystitis, Bronchiectasis, Silicosis and other pneumoconioses.

[0462] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat, control or prevent one or more autoimmune diseases or conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, lupus, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Guillain -Barre syndrome, scleroderms, Goodpasture's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, autoimmune epilepsy, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Primary biliary sclerosis, Sclerosing cholangitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Addison's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Fibromyalgia, Menier's syndrome; transplantation rejection (e.g., prevention of allograft rejection) pernicious anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Reiter's syndrome, Grave's disease, and other autoimmune diseases.

[0463] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat, control or prevent one or more neurologic diseases, including ADHD, AIDS — Neurological Complications, Absence ofthe Septum Pellucidum, Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum, Agnosia, Aicardi Syndrome, Alexander Disease, Alpers' Disease, Alternating Hemiplegia, Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Anencephaly, Aneurysm, Angelman Syndrome, Angiomatosis, Anoxia, Aphasia, Apraxia, Arachnoid Cysts, Arachnoiditis, Arnold -Chiari Malformation, Arteriovenous Malformation, Aspartame, Asperger Syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasia, Ataxia, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, Autonomic Dysfunction, Back Pain, Barth Syndrome, Batten Disease, Behcet's Disease, Bell's Palsy, Benign Essential Blepharospasm, Benign Focal Amyotrophy, Benign Intracranial Hypertension, Bernhardt -Roth Syndrome, Binswanger's Disease, Blepharospasm, Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome, Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries, Brachial Plexus Injuries, Bradbury -Eggleston Syndrome, Brain Aneurysm, Brain Injury, Brain and Spinal Tumors, Brown-Sequard Syndrome, Bulbospinal Muscular Atrophy, Canavan Disease, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Causalgia, Cavernomas, Cavernous Angioma, Cavernous Malformation, Central Cervical Cord Syndrome, Central Cord Syndrome, Central Pain Syndrome, Cephalic Disorders, Cerebellar Degeneration, Cerebellar Hypoplasia, Cerebral Aneurysm, Cerebral Arteriosclerosis, Cerebral Atrophy, Cerebral Beriberi, Cerebral Gigantism, Cerebral Hypoxia, Cerebral Palsy, Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorder, Chiari Malformation, Chorea, Choreoacanthocytosis, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), Chronic Orthostatic Intolerance, Chronic Pain, Cockayne Syndrome Type II, Coffin Lowry Syndrome, Coma, including Persistent Vegetative State, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Congenital Facial Diplegia, Congenital Myasthenia, Congenital Myopathy, Congenital Vascular Cavernous Malformations, Corticobasal Degeneration, Cranial Arteritis, Craniosynostosis, Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease, Cumulative Trauma Disorders, Cushing's Syndrome, Cytomegalic Inclusion Body Disease (CIBD), Cytomegalovirus Infection, Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome, Dandy -Walker Syndrome, Dawson Disease, DeMorsier's Syndrome, Dejerine -Klumpke Palsy, Dementia — Multi -Infarct, Dementia — Subcortical, Dementia With Lewy Bodies, Dermatomyositis, Developmental Dyspraxia, Devic's Syndrome, Diabetic Neuropathy, Diffuse Sclerosis, Dravet' s Syndrome, Dysautonomia, Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, Dysphagia, Dyspraxia, Dystonias, Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy, Empty Sella Syndrome, Encephalitis Lethargica, Encephalitis and Meningitis, Encephaloceles, Encephalopathy, Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis, Epilepsy, Erb's Palsy, Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies, Fabry's Disease, Fahr's Syndrome, Fainting, Familial Dysautonomia, Familial Hemangioma, Familial Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification, Familial Spastic Paralysis, Febrile Seizures (e.g., GEFS and GEFS plus), Fisher Syndrome, Floppy Infant Syndrome, Friedreich's Ataxia, Gaucher's Disease, Gerstmann'sSyndrome, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease, Giant Cell Arteritis, Giant Cell Inclusion Disease, Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy, Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia, Guillain -Barre Syndrome, HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy, Hallervorden-Spatz Disease, Head Injury, Headache, Hemicrania Continua, Hemifacial Spasm, Hemiplegia Alterans, Hereditary Neuropathies, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, Heredopathia Atactica Polyneuritiformis, Herpes Zoster Oticus, Herpes Zoster, Hirayama Syndrome, Holoprosencephaly, Huntington's Disease, Hydranencephaly, Hydrocephalus — Normal Pressure, Hydrocephalus, Hydromyelia, Hypercortisolism, Hypersomnia, Hypertonia, Hypotonia, Hypoxia, Immune -Mediated Encephalomyelitis, Inclusion Body Myositis, Incontinentia Pigmenti, Infantile Hypotonia, Infantile Phytanic Acid Storage Disease, Infantile Refsum Disease, Infantile Spasms, Inflammatory Myopathy, Intestinal Lipodystrophy, Intracranial Cysts, Intracranial Hypertension, Isaac's Syndrome, Joubert Syndrome, Kearns-Sayre Syndrome, Kennedy's Disease, Kinsboume syndrome, Kleine-Levin syndrome, Klippel Feil Syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS), Kliiver-Bucy Syndrome, Korsakoffs Amnesic Syndrome, Krabbe Disease, Kugelberg-Welander Disease, Kuru, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome, Landau -Kleffner Syndrome, Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment, Lateral Medullary Syndrome, Learning Disabilities, Leigh's Disease, Lennox -Gastaut Syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Leukodystrophy, Levine-Critchley Syndrome, Lewy Body Dementia, Lissencephaly, Locked -In Syndrome, Lou Gehrig's Disease, Lupus — Neurological Sequelae, LymeDisease — Neurological Complications, Machado-Joseph Disease, Macrencephaly, Megalencephaly, Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome, Meningitis, Menkes Disease, Meralgia Paresthetica, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Microcephaly, Migraine, Miller Fisher Syndrome, Mini-Strokes, Mitochondrial Myopathies, Mobius Syndrome, Monomelic Amyotrophy, Motor Neuron Diseases, Moyamoy a Disease, Mucolipidoses, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Multi -Infarct Dementia, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy, Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension, Multiple System Atrophy, Muscular Dystrophy, Myasthenia — Congenital, Myasthenia Gravis, Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis, Myoclonic Encephalopathy of Infants, Myoclonus, Myopathy — Congenital, Myopathy — Thyrotoxic, Myopathy, Myotonia Congenita, Myotonia, Narcolepsy, Neuroacanthocytosis, Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation, Neurofibromatosis, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Neurological Complications of AIDS, Neurological Manifestations of Pompe Disease, Neuromyelitis Optica, Neuromyotonia, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Neuronal Migration Disorders, Neuropathy — Hereditary, Neurosarcoidosis, Neurotoxicity, Nevus Cavernosus, Niemann -Pick Disease, O'Sullivan-McLeod Syndrome, Occipital Neuralgia, Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence, Ohtahara Syndrome, Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, Opsoclonus Myoclonus, Orthostatic Hypotension,Overuse Syndrome, Pain — Chronic, Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Paresthesia, Parkinson's Disease, Pamyotonia Congenita, Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis, Paroxysmal Hemicrania, Parry -Romberg, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease, Pena Shokeir II Syndrome, Perineural Cysts, Periodic Paralyses, Peripheral Neuropathy, Periventricular Leukomalacia, Persistent Vegetative State, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Phytanic Acid Storage Disease, Pick's Disease, Piriformis Syndrome, Pituitary Tumors, Polymyositis, Pompe Disease, Porencephaly, Post-Polio Syndrome, Postherpetic Neuralgia, Postinfectious Encephalomyelitis, Postural Hypotension, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Prion Diseases, Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy, Progressive Locomotor Ataxia, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Sclerosing Poliodystrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Pseudotumor Cerebri, Pyridoxine Dependent and Pyridoxine Responsive Siezure Disorders, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Type I, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Type II, Rasmussen's Encephalitis and other autoimmune epilepsies, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome, Refsum Disease — Infantile, Refsum Disease, Repetitive Motion Disorders, Repetitive Stress Injuries, Restless Legs Syndrome, Retrovirus-Associated Myelopathy, Rett Syndrome, Reye's Syndrome, Riley -Day Syndrome, SUNCT Headache, Sacral Nerve Root Cysts, Saint Vitus Dance, Salivary Gland Disease, Sandhoff Disease, Schilder's Disease, Schizencephaly, Seizure Disorders, Septo-Optic Dysplasia, Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy (SMEI), Shaken Baby Syndrome, Shingles, Shy -Drager Syndrome, Sjogren's Syndrome, Sleep Apnea, Sleeping Sickness, Soto's Syndrome, Spasticity, Spina Bifida, Spinal Cord Infarction, Spinal Cord Injury, Spinal Cord Tumors, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Spinocerebellar Atrophy, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome, Stiff-Person Syndrome, Striatonigral Degeneration, Stroke, Sturge-Weber Syndrome, Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy, Swallowing Disorders, Sydenham Chorea, Syncope, Syphilitic Spinal Sclerosis, Syringohydromyelia, Syringomyelia, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Tabes Dorsalis, Tardive Dyskinesia, Tarlov Cysts, Tay -Sachs Disease, Temporal Arteritis, Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome, Thomsen Disease, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Thyrotoxic Myopathy, Tic Douloureux, Todd's Paralysis, Tourette Syndrome, Transient Ischemic Attack, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Transverse Myelitis, Traumatic Brain Injury, Tremor, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, Tuberous Sclerosis, Vascular Erectile Tumor, Vasculitis including Temporal Arteritis, Von Economo's Disease, Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), Von Recklinghausen's Disease, Wallenberg's Syndrome, Werdnig-Hoffman Disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, West Syndrome, Whipple's Disease, Williams Syndrome, Wilson's Disease, X-Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, and Zellweger Syndrome.

[0464] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat and reduce pain, e.g., post-surgical pain or chronic pain.

[0465] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat Huntington’s disease.

[0466] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat sickle-cell anemia or thalassemia.

[0467] In embodiments, the present compositions alter RNA splicing of exons associated with a disease or disorder. In embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from Alport Syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Bethlem myopathy and Ullrich scleroatonic muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa, Friedreich ataxia, Huntington’s Disease, Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa, Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), and various myopathies and dystrophies.

[0468] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat one or more respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, allergies, impeded respiration, respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasoconstriction, emphysema, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), Loeffler's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, Pleurisy, pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, Sarcoidosis, complications associated with respiratory syncitial virus infection, and other respiratory diseases.

[0469] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat, control or prevent cardiovascular disease, such as a disease or condition affecting the heart and vasculature, including but not limited to, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), aortic stenosis, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), transient ischemic attacks (TIA), angina (stable and unstable), atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia, valvular disease, and / or congestive heart failure.

[0470] In embodiments, the present compositions are used to treat, control or prevent one or more metabolic-related disorders. In embodiments, the present disclosure is useful for the treatment, controlling or prevention of diabetes, including Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and diabetes associated with obesity. The compositions and methods of the present disclosure are useful for the treatment or prevention of diabetes -related disorders, including without limitation diabetic nephropathy, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis and its sequelae, vascular restenosis, irritablebowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, other inflammatory conditions, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, neoplastic conditions, adipose cell tumors, adipose cell carcinomas, such as liposarcoma, prostate cancer and other cancers, including gastric, breast, bladder and colon cancers, angiogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, high blood pressure, Metabolic Syndrome (e.g., a person has three or more of the following disorders: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose), ovarian hyperandrogenism (polycystic ovary syndrome), and other disorders where insulin resistance is a component, such as sleep apnea. The compositions and methods of the present disclosure are useful for the treatment, control, or prevention of obesity, including genetic or environmental, and obesity -related disorders. The obesity -related disorders herein are associated with, caused by, or result from obesity. Examples of obesity -related disorders include obesity, diabetes, overeating, binge eating, and bulimia, hypertension, elevated plasma insulin concentrations and insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, endometrial, breast, prostate, kidney and colon cancer, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, gallstones, heart disease, abnormal heart rhythms and arrythmias, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, sudden death, stroke, polycystic ovary disease, craniopharyngioma, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Frohlich's syndrome, GH-deficient subjects, normal variant short stature, Turner's syndrome, and other pathological conditions showing reduced metabolic activity or a decrease in resting energy expenditure as a percentage of total fat-free mass, e.g., children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Further examples of obesity -related disorders are Metabolic Syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome, reproductive hormone abnormalities, sexual and reproductive dysfunction, such as imp aired fertility, infertility, hypogonadism in males and hirsutism in females, fetal defects associated with maternal obesity, gastrointestinal motility disorders, such as obesity -related gastro-esophageal reflux, respiratory disorders, such as obesity -hypoventilation syndrome (Pickwickian syndrome), breathlessness, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation, such as systemic inflammation of the vasculature, arteriosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, lower back pain, gallbladder disease, hyperuricemia, gout, and kidney cancer, and increased anesthetic risk. The compositions and methods of the present disclosure are also useful to treat Alzheimer's disease.

[0471] Nucleic acids, including liposomal formulations containing nucleic acids, when delivered in vivo, can accumulate in the liver and / or spleen. It has now been discovered that nucleic acids encoding proteins can modulate protein expression in the liver and sp leen, and that nucleic acids used in this manner can constitute potent therapeutics for the treatment of liver and spleen diseases. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for treating liver and / orspleen disease by delivering to a patient a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest. Other embodiments are directed to a therapeutic composition comprising a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest, for the treatment of liver and / or spleen disease. Diseases and conditions of the liver and / or spleen that can be treated include, but are not limited to: hepatitis, alcohol -induced liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, Epstein Barr virus infection, adenovirus infection, cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hemochromatosis, Wilson's Disease, Gilbert's Disease, and cancer of the liver and / or spleen.

[0472] In some embodiments, the present compositions and methods relate to the treatment of type 1 diabetes, heart disease, including ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy, macular degeneration, Parkinson’s disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, thalassemia, Fanconi anemia, severe combined immunodeficiency, hereditary sensory neuropathy, xeroderma pigmentosum, Huntington’s disease, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and infectious diseases including hepatitis and HIV / AIDS.

[0473] In embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in treating or preventing one or more metabolic diseases or disorders. In embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in treating or preventing one or more of diseases or disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, diseases or disorders of amino acid metabolism, diseases or disorders of the urea cycle, diseases or disorders of fatty acid metabolism, diseases or disorders of porphyrin metabolism, lysosomal storage disorders, peroxisome biogenesis disorders, and diseases or disorders of purine or pyrimidine metabolism.

[0474] In embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in treating or preventing one or more ophthalmologic diseases or disorders, including without limitation diabetic retinopathy, dry eye, cataracts, retinal vein occlusion, macular edema, macular degeneration (wet & dry), refraction and accommodation disorders, keratoconus, amblyopia, glaucoma, Stargardt disease, endophthalmitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis, retinal detachment, corneal ulcers, dacryocystitis, Duane retraction syndrome, and optic neuritis.

[0475] In embodiments, the ophthalmologic diseases or disorders is central serous retinopathy (CSR), adult vitelliform disease, uveitis, both primary and secondary to systemic disease (e.g., by way of non-limiting example, sarcoid, rheumatoid disease, the arthritidities, etc.), the white dot syndromes (including MEWDS (multiple evanescent white dot syndrome), serpiginous choroidopathy, AMPPE (acute multifocal posterior placoid epitheli op athy), POHS (presumed ocular histoplasmosis), or Serpiginous Chorioretinopathy. In some embodiments, the disease can be a maculopathy or cone dystrophy such as, by way or non-limiting example, Stargardt disease.In some embodiments, the disease can be an inherited degenerative disease such as Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP). In some embodiments, the ocular disease can be an ocular melanoma, an ocular tumor or an infiltrating tumor.

[0476] In embodiments, the ophthalmologic disease or disorder is Fuch’s corenal dystrophy. In embodiments, the ophthalmologic disease or disorder is Leber congenital amaurosis.

[0477] In embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in targeting any of the proteins or in treatment of any of the diseases or disorders of Table 2A, Table 2B, and / or Table 2C.

[0478] In various embodiments, the present methods and compositions include using a nucleic acid drug, including a synthetic RNA, in the diagnosing, treating, preventing or ameliorating of a disease, disorder and / or condition described herein. In various embodiments, the present methods and compositions include using a nucleic acid drug, including a synthetic RNA, in the altering, modifying and / or changing of a tissue (e.g., cosmetically).

[0479] Generally speaking, in various embodiments, a synthetic RNA as described herein is administered to a human at specific doses described herein and the synthetic RNA comprises a sequence, sometimes referred to as a target sequence that encodes a protein of interest, which may be a therapeutic protein.

[0480] Synthetic RNA comprising only canonical nucleotides can bind to pattern recognition receptors, can be recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and can trigger a potent immune response in cells, which can result in translation block, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and cell death. Synthetic RNA comprising certain non -canonical nucleotides can evade detection by the innate immune system, and can be translated at high efficiency into protein, including in humans. Synthetic RNA comprising at least one of the non-canonical nucleotides described herein, including, for example, a member of the group: 5 -methylcytidine, 5 -hydroxy cytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -carboxy cytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, 5-methoxy cytidine, pseudouridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5 -carb oxyuridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5-methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5-methoxypseudouridine, and 5 -formylpseudouridine can evade detection by the innate immune system, and can be translated at high efficiency into protein, including in humans. Certain embodiments are therefore directed to a method for inducing a cell to express a protein of interest comprising contacting a cell with synthetic RNA. Other embodiments are directed to a method for transfecting a cell with synthetic RNA comprising contacting a cell with a solution comprising one or more synthetic RNA molecules. Still other embodiments are directed to amethod for treating a patient comprising administering to the patient synthetic RNA. In one embodiment, the synthetic RNA comprises at least one of the non -canonical nucleotides described herein, including, for example, a member of the group: 5 -methylcytidine, 5-hydroxy cytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 5 -carb oxy cytidine, 5 -formylcytidine, 5-methoxy cytidine, pseudouridine, 5 -hydroxyuridine, 5 -methyluridine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 5 -carb oxyuridine, 5 -methoxyuridine, 5 -formyluridine, 5-hydroxypseudouridine, 5-methylpseudouridine, 5 -hydroxymethylpseudouridine, 5-carboxypseudouridine, 5-methoxypseudouridine, and 5 -formylpseudouridine. In another embodiment, the synthetic RNA encodes a protein of interest. Illustrative RNAs may contain combinations and levels of non-canonical and non-canonical nucleotides as described elsewhere herein. In embodiments, the method results in the expression of the protein of interest. In embodiments, the method results in the expression of the protein of interest in the patient’s skin.

[0481] Other embodiments are directed to a method for delivering a nucleic acid to a cell in vivo. Still other embodiments are directed to a method for inducing a cell in vivo to express a protein of interest. Still other embodiments are directed to a method for treating a patient. In one embodiment, the method comprises disrupting the stratum comeum. In another embodiment, the method comprises contacting a cell with a nucleic acid. In yet another embodiment, the method results in the cell internalizing the nucleic acid. In a further embodiment, the method results in the cell expressing the protein of interest. In a still further embodiment, the method results in the expression of the protein of interest in the patient. In a still further embodiment, the method results in the amelioration of one or more of the patient’s symptoms. In a still further embodiment, the patient is in need of the protein of interest. In a still further embodiment, the patient is deficient in the protein of interest.

[0482] Still other embodiments are directed to a method for treating a patient comprising delivering to a patient a composition. In another embodiment, the composition comprises one or more nucleic acid molecules. In yet another embodiment, at least one of the one or more nucleic acid molecules encodes a protein of interest. In embodiments, the nucleic acid is synthetic RNA. In other embodiments, the method results in the amelioration of one or more of the patient’s symptoms. Other embodiments are directed to a method for treating an indication by delivering to a cell or a patient a nucleic acid encoding a protein or a peptide. Still other embodiments are directed to a composition comprising a nucleic acid encoding a protein or a peptide. Indications that can be treated using the methods and compositions of the present disclosure and proteins and peptides that can be encoded by compositions of the present disclosure are set forth in Table 3A, Table 3B, and / or Table 3C, and are given by way of example, and not by way of limitation.In one embodiment, the indication is selected from Table 3A, Table 3B, and / or Table 3C. In another embodiment the protein or peptide is selected from Table 3A, Table 3B, and / or Table 3C. In yet another embodiment, the indication and the protein or peptide are selected from the same row of Table 3A, Table 3B, and / or Table 3C. In another embodiment, the protein is a gene-editing protein. In yet another embodiment, the gene-editing protein targets a gene that is at least partly responsible for a disease phenotype. In yet another embodiment, the gene-editing protein targets a gene that encodes a protein selected from Table 3A, Table 3B, and / or Table 3C. In still another embodiment, the gene-editing protein corrects or eliminates, either alone or in combination with one or more other molecules or gene-editing proteins, a mutation that is at least partly responsible for a disease phenotype.

[0483] In various embodiments, the present disclosure contemplates the targeting of the precursor forms and / or mature forms and / or isoforms and / or mutants of any of the proteins disclosed in Table 3A, Table 3B, and / or Table 3C and such proteins. In embodiments, any of the precursor forms and / or mature forms and / or isoforms and / or mutants have enhanced secretion relative to the corresponding wild type proteins. In embodiments, any of the precursor forms and / or mature forms and / or isoforms and / or mutants have altered half -lives (e.g., serum, plasma, intracellular) - for instance, longer or shorter half-lives. In embodiments, this is relative to wild type.

[0484] Table 3 A. Illustrative Indications

[0485] In Table 3B, all Illustrative Identifiers (e.g., Gene Seq nos. and references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties).Table 3B. Illustrative Proteins and Illustrative Peptides

[0486] In various embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in treating or preventing one or more of diseases or disorders in the table below. In various embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in treating or preventing one or more of diseases or disorders in the table below for instance by modulating the genes associated with the diseases in the table below. In embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in gene-editing the genes described in the below Table 3C using the present compositions.

[0487] Table 3C

[0488] The Entrez entries listed in the table above are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0489] Additional illustrative targets of the present disclosure include the cosmetic targets listed in Table 6 of International Patent Publication No. WO 2013 / 151671, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0490] Further, in some embodiments, the present methods and compositions find use in targeting any of the proteins or in treatment of any of the diseases or disorders of Table 2A, Table 2B, and / or Table 2C. In various embodiments, the present disclosure contemplates the targeting of the full-length and / or truncated forms of any of the proteins disclosed in Table 2B.In various embodiments, the present disclosure contemplates the targeting of the precursor forms and / or mature forms and / or isoforms of any of the proteins disclosed in Table 2A, Table 2B, and / or Table 2C.

[0491] In various embodiments, the present disclosure contemplates the targeting of a protein having about 60% (e.g., about 60%, or about 61%, or about 62%, or about 63%, or about 64%, or about 65%, or about 66%, or about 67%, or about 68%, or about 69%, or about 70%, or about 71%, orabout72%, orabout73%, orabout74%, orabout75%, orabout76%, orabout77%, or about78%, orabout79%, or about80%, or about 81%, or about 82%, or about 83%, or about 84%, or about 85%, or about 86%, or about 87%, or about 88%, or about 89%, or about 90%, or about 91%, or about 92%, or about 93%, or about 94%, or about 95%, or about 96%, or about 97%, or about 98%, or about 99%) sequence identity with any of the protein sequences disclosed herein (e.g., in Table 2A, Table 2B, and / or Table 2C).

[0492] In various embodiments, the present disclosure contemplates the targeting of a protein comprising an amino acid sequence having one or more amino acid mutations relative to any of the protein sequences described herein (e.g., in Table 2A, Table 2B, and / or Table 2C). For example, the present disclosure contemplates the targeting of a protein comprising an amino acid sequence having 1, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or 11, or 12 amino acid mutations relative to any of the protein sequences described herein e.g., in Table 2A, Table 2B, and / or Table 2C). In embodiments, the one or more amino acid mutations may be independently selected from substitutions, insertions, deletions, and truncations.

[0493] In embodiments, the amino acid mutations are amino acid substitutions, and may include conservative and / or non-conservative substitutions.

[0494] “ Conservative substitutions” may be made, for instance, on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, size, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and / or the amphipathic nature of the amino acid residues involved. The 20 naturally occurring amino acids can be grouped intothe following six standard amino acid groups: (1) hydrophobic: Met, Ala, Vai, Leu, He; (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr; Asn, Gin; (3) acidic: Asp, Glu; (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg; (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro; and (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.

[0495] As used herein, “conservative substitutions” are defined as exchanges of an amino acid by another amino acid listed within the same group of the six standard amino acid groups shown above. For example, the exchange of Asp by Glu retains one negative charge in the so modified polypeptide. In addition, glycine and proline may be substituted for one another based on their ability to disrupt a-helices.

[0496] As used herein, “non-conservative substitutions” are defined as exchanges of an amino acid by another amino acid listed in a different group of the six standard amino acid groups (1) to (6) shown above.

[0497] In various embodiments, the substitutions may also include non-classical amino acids (e.g., selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, N-formylmethionine P-alanine, GABA and 6-Aminolevulinic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), D-isomers of the common amino acids, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, a-amino isobutyric acid, 4 -aminobutyric acid, Abu, 2-amino butyric acid, y-Abu, s-Ahx, 6-amino hexanoic acid, Aib, 2-amino isobutyric acid, 3 -amino propionic acid, ornithine, norleucine, norvaline, hydroxyproline, sarcosme, citrulline, homocitrulline, cysteic acid, t-butylglycine, t-butylalanine, phenylglycine, cyclohexylalanine, P-alanine, fluoro-amino acids, designer amino acids such as P methyl amino acids, C a-methyl amino acids, N a-methyl amino acids, and amino acid analogs in general).Methods of Manufacture

[0498] Chemical synthetic methods of the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are described elsewhere herein.

[0499] The methods and compositions of the disclosure make use of certain cationic lipids, the synthesis, preparation and characterization of which is described elsewhere herein and in the accompanying Examples. In addition, the present disclosure provides methods of preparing lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers, including those associated with a therapeutic agent, e.g., a nucleic acid.

[0500] In embodiments, the present lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers, e.g., liposomes, are created using microfluidics. In embodiments, the present lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are manufactured using a Nanoassemblr instrument (Precision Nanosystems). In embodiments, syringe pumps are used to mix organic and aqueous solutions at a specified flowrate. Optionally,the ratio of the flowrate of the aqueous solution to that of the organic solution may be selected from about 1:1, about 2:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, about 5:1, about 6:1, about 8: 1, or about 10: 1. In embodiments, the organic solution comprises one or more of ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, toluene, and chloroform, or a mixture thereof. In other embodiments, other solvents are used.

[0501] In embodiments, the present lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are manufactured by dropwise mixture of one solution into another. In embodiments, the present lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers are manufactured with a spray mechanism, or by solvent evaporation, or by sonication, or by extrusion through one or more membranes, or through a process of self -assembly, or by a combination of methods.

[0502] In the methods described herein, a mixture of lipids is combined with a buffered aqueous solution of nucleic acid to produce an intermediate mixture containing nucleic acid encapsulated in lipid particles wherein the encapsulated nucleic acids are present in a nucleic acid / lipid ratio of about 3 wt % to about 25 wt %, e.g., 5 to 15 wt %. The intermediate mixture may optionally be sized to obtain lipid-encapsulated nucleic acid particles wherein the lipid portions are unilamellar vesicles, e.g., having a diameter of 30 to 150 nm, e.g., about 40 to 90 nm. The pH is then raised to neutralize at least a portion of the surface charges on the lipid -nucleic acid particles, thus providing an at least partially surface -neutralized lipid-encapsulated nucleic acid composition.

[0503] Several cationic lipids are amino lipids that are charged at a pH below the pKa of the amino group and substantially neutral at a pH above the pKa. These cationic lipids are termed titratable cationic lipids and can be used in the present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers using a two-step process. First, lipid vesicles can be formed at the lower pH with titratable cationic lipids and other vesicle components in the presence of nucleic acids. In this manner, the vesicles will encapsulate and entrap the nucleic acids. Second, the surface charge of the newly formed vesicles can be neutralized by increasing the pH of the medium to a level above the pKa of the titratable cationic lipids present, i.e., to physiological pH or higher. Particularly advantageous aspects of this process include both the facile removal of any surface adsorbed nucleic acid and a resultant nucleic acid delivery vehicle which has a neutral surface. The present compounds (e.g., of Table 1 or Formula (A), (A-I), (A-II), (A-III), (A-IV), (A-V), (A- VI), (A- VII), (A-VIII), (B), (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), or (B-IV)) and / or pharmaceutical compositions and / or lipid aggregates and / or lipid carriers and / or liposomes and / or lipid particles having a neutral surface are expectedto avoid rapid clearance from circulation and to avoid certain toxicities which are associated with cationic liposome preparations. Additional details concerning these uses of such titratable cationic lipids in the formulation of nucleic acid-lipid particles are provided in U. S. Pat. No.6,287,591 and U. S. Pat. No. 6,858,225, incorporated herein by reference.

[0504] Vesicles formed in this manner provide formulations of uniform vesicle size with high content of nucleic acids. Additionally, the vesicleshave a size range of from about 30 to about 150 nm, e.g., about 30 to about 90 nm.

[0505] Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the very high efficiency of nucleic acid encapsulation is a result of electrostatic interaction at low pH. At acidic pH (e.g., pH 4.0) the vesicle surface is charged and binds a portion of the nucleic acids through electrostatic interactions. When the external acidic buffer is exchanged for a more neutral buffer e.g., pH 7.5) the surface of the lipid particle or liposome is neutralized, allowing any external nucleic acid to be removed. More detailed information on the formulation process is provided in various publications (e.g., U. S. Pat. No. 6,287,591 and U. S. Pat. No. 6,858,225).

[0506] The present disclosure provides, in embodiments, methods of preparing lipid / nucleic acid formulations. In the methods described herein, a mixture of lipids is combined with a buffered aqueous solution of nucleic acid to produce an intermediate mixture containing nucleic acid encapsulated in lipid particles, e.g., wherein the encapsulated nucleic acids are present in a nucleic acid / lipid ratio of about 10 wt % to about 50 wt %. The intermediate mixture may optionally be sized to obtain lipid-encapsulated nucleic acid particles wherein the lipid portions are unilamellar vesicles, e.g., having a diameter of 30 to 150nm, or about 40 to 90 nm. The pH is then raised to neutralize at least a portion of the surface charges on the lipid -nucleic acid particles, thus providing an at least partially surface -neutralized lipid-encapsulated nucleic acid composition.

[0507] In embodiments, the mixture of lipids includes at least two lipid components: a first lipid component of the present disclosure that is selected from among lipids which have a pKa such that the lipid is cationic at pH below the pKa and neutral at pH above the pKa, and a second lipid component that is selected from among lipids that prevent particle aggregation during lipid-nucleic acid particle formation. In embodiments, the amino lipid is a novel cationic lipid of the present disclosure.

[0508] In preparing the nucleic acid-lipid particles of the disclosure, the mixture of lipids is typically a solution of lipids in an organic solvent. This mixture of lipids can then be dried to form a thin film or lyophilized to form a powder before being hydrated with an aqueous buffer to form liposomes. Alternatively, in a method, the lipid mixture can be solubilized in a watermiscible alcohol, such as ethanol, and this ethanolic solution added to an aqueous buffer resultingin spontaneous liposome formation. In embodiments, the alcohol is used in the form in which it is commercially available. For example, ethanol can be used as absolute ethanol (100%), or as 95% ethanol, the remainder being water. This method is described in more detail in U. S. Pat. No. 5,976,567, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0509] In embodiments, the mixture of lipids is a mixture of cationic lipids, neutral lipids (other than a cationic lipid), a sterol (e.g, cholesterol) and a PEG-modified lipid (e.g., a PEG-DMG or PEG-DMA) in an alcohol solvent. In embodiments, the lipid mixture consists essentially of a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, cholesterol and a PEG-modified lipid in alcohol, e.g., ethanol. In embodiments, the first solution consists of the above lipid mixture in molar ratios of about 20-70% cationic lipid: 5-45% neutral lipid:20-55% cholesterol:0.5 -15% PEG-modified lipid. In embodiments, the first solution consists essentially of a lipid chosen from Table 1, DSPC, Choi and PEG-DMG or PEG-DMA, e.g., in a molar ratio of about 20-60% cationic lipid: 5-25% DSPC:25-55% Chol:0.5-15% PEG-DMG or PEG-DMA. In embodiments, the molar lipid ratio is approximately 40 / 10 / 40 / 10 (mol % cationic lipid / DSPC / Chol / PEG-DMG or PEG-DMA), 35 / 15 / 40 / 10 (mol % cationic lipid / DSPC / Chol / PEG-DMG or PEG-DMA) or 52 / 13 / 30 / 5 (mol % cationic lipid / DSPC / Chol / PEG-DMG or PEG-DMA). In embodiments, the neutral lipid in these compositions is replaced with POPC, DPPC, DOPE or SM.

[0510] In embodiments, the lipid mixture is combined with a buffered aqueous solution that may contain the nucleic acids. The buffered aqueous solution of is typically a solution in which the buffer has a pH of less than the pKa of the protonatable lipid in the lipid mixture. Examples of suitable buffers include citrate, phosphate, acetate, and MES. Buffers will be in the range of 1-1000 mM of the anion, depending on the chemistry of the nucleic acid being encapsulated, and optimization of buffer concentration may be significant to achieving high loading levels (see, e.g., U. S. Pat. No. 6,287,591 andU. S. Pat. No. 6,858,225). Alternatively, pure water acidified to pH 5-6 with chloride, sulfate or the like may be useful. In this case, it may be suitable to add 5% glucose, or another non-ionic solute which will balance the osmotic potential across the particle membrane when the particles are dialyzed to remove ethanol, increase the pH, or mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as normal saline. The amount of nucleic acid in buffer can vary, but will typically be from about 0.01 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, e.g., from about 0.5 mg / mL to about 50 mg / mL.

[0511] The mixture of lipids and the buffered aqueous solution of therapeutic nucleic acids is combined to provide an intermediate mixture. The intermediate mixture is typically a mixture of lipid particles having encapsulated nucleic acids. Additionally, the intermediate mixture mayalso contain some portion of nucleic acids which are attached to the surface of the lipid particles (liposomes or lipid vesicles) due to the ionic attraction of the negatively -charged nucleic acids and positively -charged lipids on the lipid particle surface (the amino lipids or other lipid making up the protonatable first lipid component are positively charged in a buffer having a pH of less than the pKa of the protonatable group on the lipid). In embodiments, the mixture of lipids is an alcohol solution of lipids and the volumes of each of the solutions is adjusted so that upon combination, the resulting alcohol content is from about 20% by volume to about 45% by volume. The method of combining the mixtures can include any of a variety of processes, often depending upon the scale of formulation produced. For example, when the total volume is about 10-20 mL or less, the solutions can be combined in a test tube and stirred together using a vortex mixer. Large-scale processes can be carried out in suitable production scale glassware.

[0512] Optionally, the lipid-encapsulated therapeutic agent (e.g., nucleic acid) complexes which are produced by combining the lipid mixture and the buffered aqueous solution of therapeutic agents (e.g., nucleic acids) can be sized to achieve a desired size range and relatively narrow distribution of lipid particle sizes. In embodiments, the compositions provided herein will be sized to a mean diameter of from about 70 to about 200 nm, e.g., about 90 to about 130 nm. Several techniques are available for sizing liposomes to a desired size. One sizing method is described in U. S. Pat. No. 4,737,323, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Sonicating a liposome suspension either by bath or probe sonication produces a progressive size reduction down to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) less than about 0.05 microns in size. Homogenization is another method which relies on shearing energy to fragment large liposomes into smaller ones. In a typical homogenization procedure, multilamellar vesicles are recirculated through a standard emulsion homogenizer until selected liposome sizes, typically between about 0.1 and 0.5 microns, are observed. In both method...

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A compound represented by the structure of Formula (A -VIII):Formula (A- VIII)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate, wherein,R1is hydroxyl, amino, or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted with one or more of oxo and heteroaryl;R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl;R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C3-C2o alkenyl;R6and R7are each independently hydrogen, Ci-C20alkyl, or C3-C20alkenyl;p is an integer from 1 to 8;n is an integer from 0 to 6 andq is an integer from 1 to 6;provided that when R1is hydroxyl or Ci-C6alkoxy substituted oxo, R2is hydrogen or hydroxyl, n is an integer from 0 to 2, three of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear Ci-C12alkyl; and two of R3, R4, R6, and R7are not linear C8-Cn alkenyl; andprovided that when R1is hydroxyl, R2is hydrogen, n is 0 or 1, q is 6, R5’ isO R3, R3is C8alkyl or hydrogen, and R4is C8-Ci0alkyl, R5is not linear C6-Ci8alkyl or Cis alkenyl.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R6and R7are each independently hydrogen, C5-Ci5alkyl, or C5-Ci5alkenyl.

3. The compound of claim4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R3is C5.15 alkyl.

5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R3is Cn alkyl.

6. The compound of any one of claims 1-5, wherein p is an integer from 1 to 5.

7. The compound of claim 6, wherein p is 5.

8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein n is an integer from 0 to 3.

9. The compound of claim 8, wherein n is 0.

10. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 5.

11. The compound of claim 10, wherein q is 4.

12. The compound of any one of claims 1-11, wherein R4is hydrogen.

13. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the compound is represented by the structure:

14. A compound represented by the structure of Formula (B):Formula (B)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein,each R1is independently C5-C12 cycloalkyl, 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5-8 membered heteroaryl, O(C=O)-(Cs-Ci2 cycloalkyl), N(RA)(RB), or hydroxyl;wherein RAand RBare each independently hydrogen, Ci-C6alkyl, or Ci- Ce heteroalkyl;each R2is independently hydrogen or hydroxyl;x is an integer from 0 to 6;p is an integer from 1 to 4;R9is C6-C22 alkenyl or is represented by the structure:wherein,R2’ is hydrogen or hydroxyl;R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, or C1-C20 alkenyl;m is an integer from 0 to 2; andy is an integer from 1 to 6.

15. The compound of claim 14, wherein Ri is C5-C12 cycloalkyl, or 5-8 membered heterocycloalkyl, O(C=O)-(C5-Ci2cycloalkyl).

16. The compound of claim 15, wherein Ri is17. A compoundrepresentedby a structure represented in Table 1, Formula (A- VIII), Formula (B), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

18. A compound selected from:pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

19. A compound selected from:osolvate thereof.

20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-19, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

21. A lipid aggregate comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-19.

22. The lipid aggregate of claim 21, further comprising a phospholipid.

23. The lipid aggregate of claim 21 or 22, further comprising a steroid or steroid derivative.

24. The lipid aggregate of claim 23, wherein the steroid or steroid derivative comprises cholesterol.

25. The lipid aggregate of any one of claims 23-24, further comprising a polymer conjugated lipid.

26. Thelipid aggregate of claim25, wherein thepolymerconjugatedlipidisaPEGylated lipid.

27. Thelipid aggregate of claim 21, wherein the lipid aggregate does notcomprise one or more additional lipids or polymers.

28. Thelipid aggregate of claim 21, wherein the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more helper lipids.

29. Thelipid aggregate of claim 28, wherein the lipid aggregate does not comprise oneormore additional cationic lipids, anionic lipids, neutral lipids, multi -valentcharged lipids, or zwitterionic lipids.

30. The lipid aggregate of claim 28 or 29, wherein the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more phospholipids.

31. The lipid aggregate of any one of claims 28-30, wherein the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more polymer-conjugated lipids.

32. The lipid aggregate of any one of claims 28-31, wherein the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ylated lipids.

33. The lipid aggregate of any one of claims 28-32, wherein the lipid aggregate does not comprise one or more steroids or steroid derivatives.

34. The lipid aggregate of any one of claims 28-33, wherein the lipid aggregate does not comprise cholesterol.

35. The lipid aggregate of any one of claims 21-34, further comprising a nucleic acid, selected from DNA or RNA.

36. A method for transfecting a cell with a nucleic acid, the method comprising contacting the cell with a complex of a nucleic acid, optionally DNA or RNA, and the compound of any one of claims 1-19.

37. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid, optionally DNA or RNA, the compound of any one of the compounds of any one of claims 1-19, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

38. A method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 20.

39. A kit comprisingthe compound of any one of claims 1-19, and instruction forusing the compound.

40. The kit of claim 39, wherein the kit comprises instruction for transfecting a nucleic acid molecule in cells using the compound.

41. The kit of claim 39 or 40, wherein the kit further comprises transfection media, transfection reagents, and / or vessels for culturing of cells.

42. The kit of any one of claims 39-41, wherein the kit comprises instruction for treating a disease or a disorder in a subject in need thereof.

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