Anti-CD3 single domain antibodies and uses thereof
Anti-CD3 single domain antibodies address the issue of severe side effects in existing antibodies by inducing T cell activation with reduced cytokine release, enhancing the efficacy of bi- or multi-specific molecules in targeting T-cell tumors.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NANJING PROBIO BIOTECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing anti-CD3 antibodies cause severe side effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) due to cross-linking and Fc receptor binding, limiting their effectiveness in bi- or multi-specific molecules targeting disease-associated antigens.
Development of anti-CD3 single domain antibodies (sdAbs) that induce T cell activation with reduced cytokine release and lower side effects, suitable for use in bi- or multi-specific molecules, immunoconjugates, and chimeric antigen receptors, which can target T-cell tumors via ADCC and CDC.
The sdAbs demonstrate comparable binding and activation capabilities to CD3 while minimizing CRS, offering higher target cell killing efficacy with lower cytokine release and improved safety profiles.
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Figure PCTCN2025087815-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ANTI-CD3 SINGLE DOMAIN ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOFCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority benefits of International Patent Applications No. PCT / CN2024 / 131822 filed on November 13, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCII TEXT FILE
[0002] The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing, named “P12147-PCT. 250407. Sequence Listing. xml” , having a size of 149, 103 bytes, and a date of creation: April 7, 2025.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present disclosure relates to a monoclonal single domain antibody, that is able to specifically bind the CD3 protein, especially the human CD3 protein, and a molecule, e.g., a bi-specific or multi-specific molecule, that contains such a single domain antibody. The disclosure also provides the use of the single domain antibody in preparation of a bi-specific or multi-specific molecule that contains another binding moiety against a disease associated antigen, e.g., a tumor associated antigen such as CD20, HER2 or GPRC5D, as well as the use of the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule in treating a disease. Also provided are nucleic acid molecules encoding the sdAb of the present invention, vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules and cells comprising the vectors of the present invention.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] T cells recognize peptide antigens loaded onto the MHC molecules on e.g., antigen presenting cells or tumor cells, by clonotypically distributed αβ or γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) . The antigen-specific chains of the TCR do not possess signaling domains and thus are coupled to and depend on CD3 molecules for signal transduction. Each CD3 molecule is composed of a γ chain, a δ chain, two ε chains, and two ζ chains, forming three dimers, namely εγ, εδ and ζζ, in the TCR-CD3 complex. The intracellular portions of CD3 chains contain several immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) , the phosphorylation of which enables the CD3 chains to bind to ZAP70, a kinase important in T cell signaling cascade. With ample co-stimulation, T cells are then activated, releasing cytolytic mediators, such as perforin and granzyme, causing target cell death (Waldman AD, et al., (2020) Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nat Rev Immunol. 20 (11) : 651-668) .
[0005] Antibodies against CD3 have been developed to down-regulate undesired T cell activations. For example, OKT3, the first anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody approved for treatment in humans, binds the CD3ε chain and prevents TCR-antigen interaction, blocking cytotoxic T cell function. It reversed acute renal, hepatic, cardiac and combined kidney-pancreas transplant rejection episodes in clinical trials (Todd PA, Brogden RN. (1989) Muromonab CD3. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Drugs. 37 (6) : 871-99) . Teplizumab, another anti-CD3 antibody, has been approved to delay the onset of clinical type 1 diabetes (stage 3) in patients 8 years of age or older with preclinical (stage 2) disease. The cross-linking of these anti-CD3 antibodies, which occurs when they bind to Fc receptors (FcRs) , may activate T cells, resulting in release of cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α, which on one hand promotes cell proliferation and differentiation, and on the other hand causes side effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) (Herold KC et al., (2003) Activation of human T cells by FcR nonbinding anti-CD3 mAb, hOKT3gamma1 (Ala-Ala) J Clin Invest. 111 (3) : 409-418) . The Fc regions of the anti-CD3 antibodies are therefore often engineered to have weak FcR binding capability.
[0006] The anti-CD3 antibodies have also been used for construction of bi-specific or multi-specific molecules that may further contain a functional moiety targeting a disease associated antigen such as a tumor associated antigen (TAA) . The bi-or multi-specific molecules may redirect or relocate T cells to the diseased cells, resulting in activation of T cells around the diseased cells and T cell-mediated diseased cell killing. However, similarly, the binding of the disease associated antigen-targeting functional moieties to target cells leads to cross-linking of these bi-specific or multi-specific molecules, causing adverse side effects such as CRS, and the Fc region modification to the Fc regions in mono-specific anti-CD3 antibodies is not applicable to the bi-or multi-specific molecules.
[0007] Therefore, anti-CD3 antibodies that can trigger T cell activation but cause less severe side effects are needed.
[0008] Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The inventors of the disclosure have developed some anti-CD3 single domain antibodies (sdAbs) that can induce T cell activation and cause less severe side effects such as CRS. These sdAbs, due to their small size, can be used in construction of bi-or multi-specific molecules that may further contain one or more binding moiety against a disease associated antigen. They may be also used alone or with a second binding moiety to generate immunoconjugates (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates) or chimeric antigen receptors, that target e.g., T-cell tumors such as T-cell leukemia / lymphoma. These sdAbs, alone or with second binding moiety against T-cell tumors, may also kill tumor cells via e.g., antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) , complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and etc.
[0010] The inventors of the disclosure have also developed some anti-CD3 single domain antibodies (sdAbs) that are able to induce potent T cell activation and cause relatively high cytokine release. These sdAbs, alone or linked to a second binding moiety, may be used to treat patients that are not sensitive to CRS or treated with TNFα blockade, immunosuppressant dexamethasone, or tocilizumab (Singh A, et al., (2021) Overcoming the challenges associated with CD3+ T-cell redirection in cancer. Br J Cancer. 124 (6) : 1037-1048) . Especially, these sdAbs, alone or with a second binding moiety can be made as immunoconjugates (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates) or chimeric antigen receptors, to target e.g., T-cell tumors. These sdAbs, alone or with second binding moiety against T-cell tumors, may also kill tumor cells via e.g., antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) , complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and etc.
[0011] The inventors of the disclosure have also developed some anti-CD3 single domain antibodies (sdAbs) with relatively low T cell activation ability that can cause relatively low cytokine release. These sdAbs, alone or linked to a second binding moiety, may be used to treat patients sensitive to CRS where low T cell activation levels are sufficient to alleviate or control diseases. They may be also used alone or with a second binding moiety to generate immunoconjugates or chimeric antigen receptors.
[0012] The anti-CD3 sdAbs of the present application can be used to prepare antibody retargeted viral vector particles, or antibody conjugated nanoparticles, to deliver therapeutic nucleic acids (e.g., mRNAs, siRNAs, etc. ) to CD3+ immune cells such as T cells. For example, the CD3 targeting viral vector particles, or CD3 targeting antibody conjugated nanoparticles, can deliver nucleic acids encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to CD3+ T cells in vivo, and convert them into CAR-T cells upon administration of patients
[0013] As compared to the prior art anti-CD3 antibodies such as SP-34, the anti-CD3 sdAb of the disclosure shows i) comparable, or higher, binding activity to the CD3 protein (especially the human CD3 protein) or CD3-expressing cells, including comparable, or higher, Bmax (maximal binding) , and comparable, or lower, binding EC50, and ii) comparable, or higher, activity to induce T cell activation, including comparable, or higher, T cell activation levels as induced, and comparable, or lower, induction EC50. The anti-CD3 sdAb of the disclosure may induce comparable or less cytokine release, or alternatively cause comparable or less severe side effects such as CRS. Further, the anti-CD3 sdAb of the disclosure has low immunogenicity.
[0014] While not wishing to be bound to any theory, the inventors of the disclosure believe that it is the CD3 epitope to which the sdAb of the disclosure binds that contributes to the sdAb’s ability to induce relatively high level of T cell activation but relatively low level of cytokine release. The sdAb of the disclosure retains such characteristics when it becomes part of a bi-or multi-specific molecule against CD3 and a disease associated antigen, i.e., the bi-or multi-specific molecule has high killing capability against target cells and causes lower cytokine release or CRS.
[0015] Therefore, in a first aspect, the disclosure provides an anti-CD3 (Cluster of differentiation 3) single domain antibody (sdAb) that may comprise a CDR1, a CDR2 and a CDR3, wherein the CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of GX1PYX2RNCMG (SEQ ID NO: 75) , wherein X1 is Y, T or S, X2 is S, E, or Q, wherein the CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence ALGTLSGNTYYVX3SVX4G (SEQ ID NO: 76) , wherein X3 is D or M, X4 is K or W, wherein the CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of WX5FPRGSCGDFNRAAFGY (SEQ ID NO: 77) , wherein X5 is S or A.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence GX1PYX2RNCMG (SEQ ID NO: 75) , wherein X2 is E or S when X1 is Y; X2 is S, E or Q when X1 is T; X2 is E or Q when X1 is S.
[0017] The CDR1 may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 or 57.
[0018] The CDR2 may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 58, 59, 60, or 61.
[0019] The CDR3 may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 62 or 63.
[0020] The single domain antibody of the disclosure may comprise: i) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; ii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; iii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; iv) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; v) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; vi) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; vii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; viii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; ix) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; x) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; xi) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; xii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xiii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xiv) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xv) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xvi) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xvii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xviii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xix) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xx) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xxi) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; xxii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; or xxiii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0021] The sdAb may comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 50. In certain embodiments, the sdAb may comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 13.
[0022] The disclosure also provides an anti-CD3 (Cluster of differentiation 3) single domain antibody (sdAb) that may comprise a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3, wherein the CDR1, the CDR2 and the CDR3 may comprise the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, of a sdAb comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 50. In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides an anti-CD3 (Cluster of differentiation 3) single domain antibody (sdAb) that may comprise a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3, wherein the CDR1, the CDR2 and the CDR3 may comprise the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, of a sdAb comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 13.
[0023] The single domain antibody of the disclosure may be camelid or humanized.
[0024] The single domain antibody may bind CD3 and in certain embodiments activate T cell via TCR mediated signaling.
[0025] In a second aspect, the disclosure provides a CD3-binding molecule that can specifically bind the CD3 protein, e.g., the human CD3 protein, which may comprise the single domain antibody of the disclosure.
[0026] The CD3-binding molecule may be the single domain antibody of the disclosure.
[0027] The CD3-binding molecule may be a recombinant fusion protein comprising the single domain antibody of the disclosure and an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region. The immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may be an IgG, IgD, IgA, IgM or IgE heavy chain constant region, e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 heavy chain constant region, or a functional fragment thereof, e.g., a Fc fragment. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may comprise a hinge region, a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may comprise a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may be with binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) . In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may be with no or weak binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) . For example, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may be an IgG4 heavy chain constant region or an engineered IgG1 heavy chain constant region with reduced FcR (e.g., FcγR) and / or complement system protein binding affinity, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 72. The C-terminus of the single domain antibody may be linked to the N-terminus of the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region.
[0028] The CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure may be a dimer comprising two copies of the recombinant fusion proteins above (e.g., the recombinant fusion protein comprising the single domain antibody and an Fc region) linked via e.g., one or more disulfide bonds. In certain embodiments, the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure may be a homologous dimer of the recombinant fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure may be a heterologous dimer of the recombinant fusion protein.
[0029] The CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure may be a heavy chain only antibody (HCAb) or an antigen-binding portion thereof. The heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof may comprise the single domain antibody of the disclosure linked to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, as described above. The heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof may comprise two heavy chains, or consists of two heavy chains, wherein at least one of the heavy chain comprises the single domain antibody linked to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region described above. The heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof may be camelid, chimeric or humanized. In certain embodiments, the heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof may be the dimer described above comprising the single domain antibody of the disclosure, or the single domain antibody-immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region fusion protein (e.g., the single domain antibody-Fc region fusion protein) .
[0030] The CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure may bind CD3 and activate T cell via TCR mediated signaling.
[0031] In a third aspect, the disclosure provides the use of the single domain antibody or the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure in preparation of a bi-or multi-specific molecule.
[0032] The bi-or multi-specific molecule may comprise i) the single domain antibody or the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure, linked to ii) a binding moiety against a disease associated antigen.
[0033] The disease associated antigen may be a tumor associated antigen, including, but not limited to, CD20, HER2 and GPRC5D. The disease associated antigen may be an infectious disease associated antigen. The disease associated antigen may be an inflammatory disease associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be CD20, HER2 or GPRC5D. In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be an intracellular Tumor Specific Antigen (TSA) presented to the cell surface via binding to MHC molecules and recognized by a T cell receptor (TCR) .
[0034] In certain embodiments, the binding moiety against a disease associated antigen may be a T-cell receptor (TCR) or any of its subunits, such as the α, β, γ or δ chain, that is able to bind a disease associated antigen presented via an MHC-peptide complex.
[0035] Accordingly, the disclosure provides a bi-or multi-specific molecule that may comprise i) an antigen binding domain against CD3, which may comprise the single domain antibody or the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure, linked to ii) an antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen. The antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen.
[0036] The disease associated antigen may be a tumor associated antigen. The disease associated antigen may be an infectious disease associated antigen. The disease associated antigen may be an inflammatory disease associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be CD20, HER2 or GPRC5D.
[0037] The antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen, via a linker. The linker may be a peptide of about 5 to 30 amino acid residues. In one embodiment, the linker may be a peptide of about 10 to 30 amino acid residues. In one embodiment, the linker may be a peptide of about 10 to 15 amino acid residues. In one embodiment, the linker may be a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of e.g., SEQ ID NO: 66, 80 or 83.
[0038] The antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen, via a single domain antibody against a third antigen.
[0039] The antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen may be an antibody (including, but not limited to, a full-length IgG antibody, a heavy chain only antibody, a scFv, and a single domain antibody) or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind the disease associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain may comprise a heavy chain constant region with binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) . In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain may comprise a heavy chain constant region with no or weak binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) . The heavy chain constant region may be an IgG4 heavy chain constant region or an engineered IgG1 heavy chain constant region with reduced or no FcR (e.g., FcγR) and / or complement system protein binding affinity, or a functional fragment thereof. The antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to the N-or C-terminus of a heavy chain, or to the N-or C-terminus of a light chain of the antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind the disease associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to the N-or C-terminus of a single domain antibody against the tumor associated antigen. Alternatively, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be inserted into a heavy chain or a light chain of the antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind the disease associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be inserted into a heavy chain only antibody against the disease associated antigen between the single domain antibody against the disease associated antigen and the heavy chain constant region (e.g., the Fc region) . In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be positioned between a heavy chain variable region-CH1 fragment and a CH2-CH3 fragment. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to N-or C terminus of an scFv or an scFv-heavy chain constant region (e.g., Fc) fragment against the disease associated antigen.
[0040] The bi-or multi-specific molecule, in certain embodiments, may comprise one antigen binding domain against CD3 and one antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen. The bi-or multi-specific molecule, in certain embodiments, may comprise one antigen binding domain against CD3 and two copies of antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen. The bi-or multi-specific molecule, in certain embodiments, may comprise two copies of antigen binding domain against CD3 and one antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen. The bi-or multi-specific molecule, in certain embodiments, may comprise two copies of antigen binding domain against CD3 and two copies of antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen is a tumor associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the disease is a B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, Breast Cancer, Gastric, Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma, Multiple Myeloma, or Ovarian Cancer.
[0041] In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule may be present in any one of the formats set forth in Table 19 below.
[0042] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be a tumor associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be CD20, HER2, or GPRC5D.
[0043] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be CD20, and the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen may be an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20 may comprise a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20 may further comprise a heavy chain constant region with weak or no binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) , e.g., a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20 may further comprise a light chain constant region that may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of the heavy chain or the light chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus of the heavy chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be positioned between the anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region-CH1 fragment and the CH2-CH3 fragment. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be positioned between an anti-CD20 scFv and a heavy chain constant region or a Fc region. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to N-or C-terminus of an anti-CD20 scFv.
[0044] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be HER2, and the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen may be an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2 may comprise a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2 may further comprise a heavy chain constant region with weak or no binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) , e.g., a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2 may further comprise a light chain constant region that may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of the heavy chain or the light chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus of the heavy chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be positioned between the anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region-CH1 fragment and the CH2-CH3 fragment. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be positioned between an anti-HER2 scFv and a heavy chain constant region or a Fc region. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to N-or C-terminus of an anti-HER2 scFv.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be GPRC5D, and the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen may be a heavy chain only antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof (e.g., a sdAb) that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D. The heavy chain only antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D may comprise a variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71. The heavy chain only antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D may further comprise a heavy chain constant region with weak or no binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) , e.g., a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of the heavy chain of the heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D, optionally with a linker or a single domain antibody against a third antigen. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus of the heavy chain of the heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be positioned between an anti-GPRC5D sdAb and a heavy chain constant region or a Fc region.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise: a first polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the anti-CD3 single domain antibody of the disclosure, a second polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region, a third polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the anti-CD3 single domain antibody of the disclosure, and a fourth polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region, wherein the anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region in the first polypeptide chain and the anti-CD20 light chain variable region in the second polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against CD20, the anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region in the third polypeptide chain and the anti-CD20 light chain variable region in the fourth polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against CD20, wherein the heavy chain constant region in the first polypeptide and the heavy chain constant region in the third polypeptide are associated together via e.g., the knobs-into-holes approach, the covalent bond (s) and / or the disulfide bond (s) .
[0047] In certain embodiments, the anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region, the anti-CD20 light chain variable region, the heavy chain constant region, the light chain constant region and the linker comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 64, 67, 65, 68 and 66, respectively.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise: a first polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the anti-CD3 single domain antibody of the disclosure, a second polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region, a third polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the anti-CD3 single domain antibody of the disclosure, and a fourth polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region, wherein the anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region in the first polypeptide chain and the anti-HER2 light chain variable region in the second polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against HER2, the anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region in the third polypeptide chain and the anti-HER2 light chain variable region in the fourth polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against HER2, wherein the heavy chain constant region in the first polypeptide and the heavy chain constant region in the third polypeptide are associated together via e.g., the knobs-into-holes approach, the covalent bond (s) and / or the disulfide bond (s) .
[0049] In certain embodiments, the anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region, the anti-HER2 light chain variable region, the heavy chain constant region, the light chain constant region and the linker comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 70, 65, 68 and 66, respectively.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise: i) a first polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of the disclosure, and a second polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of the disclosure, ii) a first polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of the disclosure, and a second polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and an anti-GPRC5D variable region, iii) a first polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, a linker, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, and a heavy chain constant region, and a second polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, a linker, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, and a heavy chain constant region, or alternatively iv) a first polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, a linker, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, and a heavy chain constant region, and a second polypeptide chain comprising, or consisting of, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, a linker, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, and a heavy chain constant region, wherein the anti-GPRC5D variable region in the first peptide chain is the antigen binding domain against GPRC5D, the anti-GPRC5D variable region in the second peptide chain is the antigen binding domain against GPRC5D, wherein the heavy chain constant region in the first polypeptide and the heavy chain constant region in the second polypeptide are associated together via e.g., the knobs-into-holes approach, the covalent bond (s) and / or the disulfide bond (s) .
[0051] In certain embodiments, the anti-GPRC5D variable region, the heavy chain constant region, and the linker comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 71, 72 and 66, respectively.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, an optional linker, a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) , a linker, a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) , an optional linker, and the single domain antibody of the disclosure.
[0053] In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, an optional linker, a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) , a linker, a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) , an optional linker, and an anti-GPRC5D variable region.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, an optional linker, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, an optional linker, a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) , a linker, and a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) . In certain embodiments, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the single domain antibody of the disclosure, an optional linker, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, an optional linker, a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) , a linker, and a heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) .
[0055] A heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) with hole mutation may comprise e.g., the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 81 or 85. A heavy chain constant region (e.g., a Fc region) with knob mutation may comprise e.g., the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 82 or 84.
[0056] The bi-or multi-specific molecule of the present application may comprise any of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 91-131. The bi-or multi-specific molecule of the present application may comprise a chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 91-131.
[0057] The bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure can only induce T cell activation in the presence of cells that express or over-express a disease associated antigen the bi-or multi-specific molecule can bind. As compared to the prior art molecules, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure has relatively high killing capability against target cells but causes relatively low cytokine release or CNS. Further, the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure shows good safety, low risk of causing CRS, and higher activity to induce T cell-dependent cytotoxicity (TDCC) in vivo and thus higher in vivo anti-disease efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical tests.
[0058] In a fourth aspect, the disclosure may provide an immunoconjugate, comprising i) a CD3 binding moiety that may comprise the anti-CD3 single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule (with the disease associated antigen being a T-cell tumor associated antigen, e.g., the T cell receptor or its subunit (s) ) of the disclosure, and ii) an effector molecule. The effector molecule may be a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of a therapeutic agent
[0059] a drug, a toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin or fragment thereof) , a radioisotope, a protein, a peptide, and a nucleic acid.
[0060] The immunoconjugate of the disclosure may be an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in which the anti-CD3 sdAb the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule as described herein is conjugated to the effector molecule covalently or via a linker (e.g., a cleavable linker) .
[0061] In a fifth aspect, the disclosure provides a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus: (a) a CD3 binding moiety that may comprise the anti-CD3 single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule (with the disease associated antigen being a T-cell tumor associated antigen, e.g., the T cell receptor or its subunit (s) , preferably in the sdAb-sdAb or sdAb-scFv formats) of the disclosure; (b) a transmembrane domain; and (c) a cytoplasmic domain.
[0062] In certain embodiments, the transmembrane domain may comprise a CD8αtransmembrane region or a CD28 transmembrane region.
[0063] In certain embodiments, the cytoplasmic domain comprises at least one signaling domain selected from the group consisting of CD3ζ, FcRγ, FcRβ, CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, and CD66d.
[0064] Accordingly, the disclosure provides an immune cell, especially an effector immune cell, e.g., a T cell, or an NK cell provided with the CAR of the disclosure.
[0065] In a sixth aspect, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid molecule that may encode the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule (including the heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof) , the bi-or multi-specific molecule, the immunoconjugate or the CAR of the disclosure, as well as an expression vector that may comprise the nucleic acid molecule and a regulatory element, and a cell that may comprise the expression vector or have the nucleic acid molecule integrated into its genome.
[0066] A method for preparing the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, the bi-or multi-specific molecule, or the CAR of the disclosure using the host cell above is also provided, that may comprise the steps of (i) expressing the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, the bi-or multi-specific molecule or the CAR in the host cell, and (ii) isolating the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, the bispecific molecule or the CAR from the host cell or its cell culture.
[0067] The disclosure provides a viral vector composition, comprising a viral vector nucleic acid encoding a viral envelope that includes a CD3 targeting domain, which is the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of the present application. In some embodiments, the viral vector composition, comprising: i) a viral vector nucleic acid encoding a viral envelope that includes a CD3 targeting domain, which is the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of the present application, and ii) a viral vector nucleic acid comprising an expression cassette that comprises a transgene encoding a protein or an RNA. The viral vector may be a lentiviral vector. The viral vector may be an adeno associated viral (AAV) vector. The viral vector nucleic acid may comprise an expression cassette that comprises a transgene encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . In some embodiments, the viral vector composition is a viral vector particle. In some embodiments, the disclosure also provides a viral vector composition, comprising a CD3 targeting domain which is defined as the above.
[0068] The disclosure also provides a viral (e.g., a lentivirus or an AAV) vector composition, comprising i) an envelope plasmid comprising an expression cassette that comprises a nucleic acid encoding the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of the present application, and ii) a transgene plasmid comprising an expression cassette that comprises a transgene encoding a protein (e.g., a CAR) or an RNA.
[0069] The disclosure also provides an antibody conjugated nanoparticle, comprising the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of the present application, conjugated to the nanoparticle. The nanoparticle may carry a therapeutic nucleic acid (e.g., an RNA) to a CD3+ cell. The nanoparticle may be a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) .
[0070] The disclosure further provides a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, which may comprise the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule (including the heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof) , the bi-or multi-specific molecule, the immunoconjugate, the immune cell with the CAR, the viral vector particle, the viral vector composition, the antibody conjugated nanoparticle, the nucleic acid molecule, the expression vector or the host cell of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, the composition may be a pharmaceutical composition that may further contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0071] In a seventh aspect, the disclosure provides the use of the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure, the bi-or multi-specific molecule (with the disease associated antigen being a T-cell marker, e.g., the T cell receptor or its subunit (s) ) , the immunoconjugate or the immune cell with the CAR of the disclosure in down-regulating T cell (e.g., CD3+ T cell) activation and function, or alleviating a disease or inflammation associated with excessive T cell (e.g., CD3+ T cell) activation, e.g., transplant rejection, or in preparation of a medicament for down-regulating T cell (e.g., CD3+ T cell) activation or alleviating a disease or inflammation associated with excessive T cell (e.g., CD3+ T cell) activation. In certain embodiments, the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure, the bi-or multi-specific molecule, the immunoconjugate or the immune cell with the CAR of the disclosure may kill pathogenic T cells.
[0072] Particularly, the disclosure provides a method for down-regulating T cell (e.g., CD3+ T cell) activation and function, or alleviating a disease or inflammation associated with excessive T cell (e.g., CD3+ T cell) activation in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, the bi-or multi-specific molecule (with the disease associated antigen being a T-cell marker, e.g., the T cell receptor or its subunit (s) ) , the immunoconjugate or the immune cell with the CAR of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure, the bi-or multi-specific molecule, the immunoconjugate or the immune cell with the CAR of the disclosure may kill T cells.
[0073] Further, the disclosure provides the use of the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure in treating a disease associated with the disease associated antigen, or in preparation of a medicament for treating a disease associated with the disease associated antigen.
[0074] Particularly, the disclosure provides a method for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure.
[0075] The disease may be a tumor that expresses or over-expresses a tumor associated antigen the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure can specifically bind, including, but not limited to, a tumor expresses or over-expresses CD20, HER2 or GPRC5D.
[0076] The disease may be an infectious disease that expresses or over-expresses an infectious disease associated antigen the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure can specifically bind.
[0077] The disease may be an inflammatory disease that expresses or over-expresses an inflammatory disease associated antigen the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure can specifically bind.
[0078] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating a disease or disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the anti-CD3 sdAb, or other extended therapeutic modalities containing this anti-CD3 sdAbs, including but not limited to the immunoconjugate, the Ab drug conjugates (ADC) , the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule, the immune cell with the CAR, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the host cell, the viral vector composition, the antibody conjugated nanoparticle, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
[0079] In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is autoimmune disease or cancer (tumor) .
[0080] In certain embodiments, the cancer expresses CD3.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor, e.g., ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer (small cell or non-small cell) , colon cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) , renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer) , head-and-neck tumors, mesothelioma, melanoma, sarcomas, or brain tumors (e.g., gliomas, such as glioblastomas) .
[0082] In certain embodiments, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, e.g., leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma, including acute myeloid leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, T-cell large granula lymphocyte leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
[0083] The subject, in certain embodiments, is human.
[0084] The disclosure also provides the use of the composition, e.g., the pharmaceutical composition, of the disclosure in treating a disease, or in preparation of a medicament for treating a disease.
[0085] The disclosure also provides the use of the single domain antibody, the CD3 binding molecule, or the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure in preparation of a CD3 targeting viral vector particle, a CD3 targeting viral vector composition, or a CD3 targeting antibody conjugated nanoparticle, which may be used to deliver therapeutic nucleic acid (e.g., an mRNA, an siRNA, or a DNA) to CD3+ immune cells in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo. Particularly, the CD3 targeting viral vector particle, or the CD3 targeting viral vector composition may be used to generate CAR-carrying CD3+ immune cells, e.g., CAR-T cells.
[0086] Other features and advantages of the instant disclosure will be apparent from the following detailed description and examples, which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, Genbank entries, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
[0087] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention not to encompass within the invention any previously known product, process of making the product, or method of using the product such that Applicants reserve the right and hereby disclose a disclaimer of any previously known product, process, or method. It is further noted that the invention does not intend to encompass within the scope of the invention any product, process, or making of the product or method of using the product, which does not meet the written description and enablement requirements of the USPTO (35 U.S.C. §112, first paragraph) or the EPO (Article 83 of the EPC) , such that Applicants reserve the right and hereby disclose a disclaimer of any previously described product, process of making the product, or method of using the product. It may be advantageous in the practice of the invention to be in compliance with Art. 53 (c) EPC and Rule 28 (b) and (c) EPC. All rights to explicitly disclaim any embodiments that are the subject of any granted patent (s) of applicant in the lineage of this application or in any other lineage or in any prior filed application of any third party is explicitly reserved. Nothing herein is to be construed as a promise.
[0088] It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as "comprises" , "comprised" , "comprising" and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean "includes" , "included" , "including" , and the like; and that terms such as "consisting essentially of" and "consists essentially of" have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the invention.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0089] The following detailed description, given by way of example, but not intended to limit the invention solely to the specific embodiments described, may best be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0090] FIG. 1 shows the binding activity of AS39678-VHH1 to AS39678-VHH17 to CD3+GS-J2C cells in FACS.
[0091] FIG. 2 shows the binding activity of AS39678-Variant 1 to AS39678-Variant 12 to CD3+ GS-J2C cells in FACS.
[0092] FIG. 3 shows the activity of AS39678-Variant 1 to AS39678-Variant 12 to induce GS-J2C cell activation in a reporter gene assay.
[0093] FIG. 4 shows the binding activity of AS39678-VHH13 variants to CD3+ GS-J2C cells in FACS.
[0094] FIG. 5 shows the activity of AS39678-VHH13 variants to induce GS-J2C cell activation in a reporter gene assay.
[0095] FIG. 6 shows the epitope binning results of AS39678-Variant 9.
[0096] FIG. 7 shows the activity of bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in presence or absence of target cells expressing TAAs bound by the bi-specific molecules.
[0097] FIG. 8 shows the activity of bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of target cells expressing TAAs bound by the bi-specific molecules.
[0098] FIG. 9 shows the activity of anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecules to induce PBMC dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Jeko-1 cells, with PBMCs from Donor Y1701.
[0099] FIG. 10 shows TNFα release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0100] FIG. 11 shows IFNγ release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0101] FIG. 12 shows IL-2 release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0102] FIG. 13 shows the activity of anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecules to induce PBMC dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Jeko-1 cells, with PBMCs from Donor NF0058.
[0103] FIG. 14 shows TNFα release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0104] FIG. 15 shows IFNγ release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0105] FIG. 16 shows IL-2 release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during anti-CD3 / CD20 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0106] FIG. 17 shows the activity of anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecules to induce PBMC dependent cellular cytotoxicity against MM. 1S cells, with PBMCs from Donor Y1701.
[0107] FIG. 18 shows TNFα release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0108] FIG. 19 shows IFNγ release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0109] FIG. 20 shows IL-2 release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0110] FIG. 21 shows the activity of anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecules to induce PBMC dependent cellular cytotoxicity against MM. 1S cells, with PBMCs from Donor NF0058.
[0111] FIG. 22 shows TNFα release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0112] FIG. 23 shows IFNγ release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0113] FIG. 24 shows IL-2 release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0114] FIG. 25 shows the activity of AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Jeko-1 cells.
[0115] FIG. 26 shows the activity of AS39678-Variant containing anti-HER2×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of SKBR-3 cells.
[0116] FIG. 27 shows the activity of AS39678-Variant containing anti-GPRC5D×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Mouse 3T3 GPRC5D+ cells.
[0117] FIG. 28 shows the activity of AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce PBMC dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Jeko-1 cells, with PBMCs from Donor Y1701.
[0118] FIG. 29 shows TNFα release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0119] FIG. 30 shows IFNγ release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0120] FIG. 31 shows IL-2 release by PBMCs from Donor Y1701 during AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0121] FIG. 32 shows the activity of AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce PBMC dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Jeko-1 cells, with PBMCs from Donor NF0058.
[0122] FIG. 33 shows TNFα release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0123] FIG. 34 shows IFNγ release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0124] FIG. 35 shows IL-2 release by PBMCs from Donor NF0058 during AS39678-Variant containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecule-mediated target cell killing.
[0125] FIG. 36 shows the activity of AHF43673-containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Jeko-1 cells.
[0126] FIG. 37 shows the activity of AHF43673-containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Jeko-1 cells.
[0127] FIG. 38 shows the activity of AHF43673-containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Jeko-1 cells.
[0128] FIG. 39 shows the activity of AHF43673-containing anti-CD20×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Jeko-1 cells.
[0129] FIG. 40 shows the activity of AHF43673-containing anti-GPRC5D×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Mouse 3T3 GPRC5D+ cells.
[0130] FIG. 41 shows the activity of AHF43673-containing anti-GPRC5D×CD3 bi-specific molecules to induce GS-J2C cell activation in the presence of Mouse 3T3 GPRC5D+ cells.
[0131] FIG. 42 shows the PK concentration-time curve of sdAb-Fc molecules.
[0132] FIG. 43 shows the PK concentration-time curve of sdAb-containing bi-specific molecules.
[0133] FIG. 44 shows the tumor size in tumor-bearing mice treated with exemplary bi-specific molecules.
[0134] FIG. 45 shows the tumor size in tumor-bearing mice treated with exemplary bi-specific molecules.
[0135] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0136] To ensure that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.
[0137] The term “CD3” refers to cluster of differentiation 3, comprising γ, δ, ε and ζ chains. The term “CD3” may comprise variants, isoforms, homologs, orthologs and paralogs. For example, an antibody specific for a human CD3 protein (such as CD3δε) may, in certain cases, cross-react with a CD3 protein from a species other than human, such as monkey. In other embodiments, an antibody specific for a human CD3 protein may be completely specific for the human CD3 protein and exhibit no cross-reactivity to other species or of other types, or may cross-react with CD3 from certain other species but not all other species. The term “human CD3” refers to a CD3 protein having an amino acid sequence from a human.
[0138] The term “antibody” herein refers to an immunoglobulin that specifically recognizes and binds an antigen through the antigen binding site located in the variable region (s) of the immunoglobulin, or an antigen-binding portion thereof. The term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody (or simply “antibody portion” ) , as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen.
[0139] The term “antibody” , in certain embodiments, includes IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM whole antibodies and any antigen-binding portion (i.e., “antigen-binding portion” ) or single chains thereof. Whole antibodies are glycoproteins comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The heavy chain constant regions of the antibodies can mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system. The “functional fragment” of a heavy chain constant region refers to the part of the heavy chain constant region that retains certain activity such as the binding affinity to FcRs and / or the complement system component (s) or the ability to extend the serum half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL VH, CL and C H1 domains; (ii) a F (ab') 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341: 544-546) , which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) a complementarity determining region (CDR) . Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv) .
[0140] In certain embodiments, the term “antibody” refers to a heavy chain only antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof. The term “heavy chain only antibody” or “HCAb” refers to a functional antibody, which comprises heavy chains only, but lacks the light chains usually found in 4-chain immunoglobulins. The naturally occurring heavy chain only antibodies are found in e.g., camelids (such as camels, llamas, or alpacas) . Each camelid heavy chain only antibody contains a heavy chain variable region / domain, called VHH domain, VHH fragment or single-chain antibody (sdAb) , and a heavy chain constant region. The VHH functions to interact with the antigen. The VHH contains three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four framework regions (FRs) , arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The heavy chain constant region may contain a hinge region, a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain. The lacking CH1 domain is replaced with an extended hinge region. In a chimeric or humanized heavy chain only antibody, the heavy chain constant region may contain a typical IgG, such as IgG1, IgG2 or IgG4, constant region. The constant region may mediate the binding of the heavy chain only antibody to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system. The “functional fragment” of a heavy chain constant region refers to the part of the heavy chain constant region that retains certain activity such as the binding affinity to FcRs and / or the complement system component (s) or the ability to extend the serum half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof. The “antigen-binding portion” or “antigen binding portion” as used in connection with a heavy chain only antibody refers to one or more fragments of a heavy chain only antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen. Examples of “antigen-binding fragments / portions” of a heavy chain only antibody include, but not limited to, (i) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) ; (ii) a monovalent VHH fragment; (iii) a bivalent fragment comprising two monovalent VHH fragments; (iv) a monovalent fragment comprising a VHH fragment linked to a partial heavy chain constant region, such as a VHH domain linked to the CH2 domain, or CH2 and CH3 domains of a heavy chain constant region; (v) a bivalent fragment comprising two VHH fragments each linked to a partial heavy chain constant region; (vi) multiple monovalent VHH domains (each with or without a full or partial heavy chain constant region) linked with or without linkers.
[0141] In certain embodiments, the term “antibody” refers to a single-domain antibody, or a nanobody. The term “single-domain antibody” , “nanobody” or “sdAb” refers to a single antigen-binding polypeptide comprising a single monomeric variable antibody domain having three complementary determining regions (CDRs) , which is capable of binding to an antigen without pairing with a corresponding CDR-containing polypeptide. In some cases, the single domain antibody is engineered from a camelid HCAb, and is also called the VHH domain. The single domain antibody is a kind of antigen-binding portion of a heavy chain only antibody. The camelid sdAb is one of the smallest known antigen binding antibody fragments.
[0142] The term “Fc region” of an antibody, including a heavy chain only antibody, is the tail region of an antibody that may interact with FcRs (including e.g., FcγR and FcRn) and some proteins of the complement system, to activate the immune system, or to extend antibody’s serum half-life. The IgG, IgA and IgD Fc region is composed of two identical fragments derived from the second and third constant domains (CH2 and CH3) of the antibody’s heavy chains, while the IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2-4) . The Fc region may naturally or be engineered to have no or weak binding affinity to FcRs (including e.g., FcγR and FcRn) and / or complement system protein (s) .
[0143] The term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody made by combining genetic material from a nonhuman (e.g., camelid) source with genetic material from a human being. Or more generally, a chimeric antibody is an antibody having genetic material from a certain species with genetic material from another species.
[0144] The term “humanized antibody” , as used herein, refers to an antibody from non-human (e.g., camelid) species whose protein sequences have been modified to increase similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans.
[0145] The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations and / or post-translation modifications (e.g., isomerization, amidation) that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. In contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes) , the monoclonal antibodies are directed against a single determinant on the antigen.
[0146] A “bi-specific” or “multi-specific” molecule, as used herein, specifically binds two or more target molecules, or two or more different epitopes in a same target molecule. The bi-or multi-specific antibody of the disclosure specifically binds CD3 and a disease associated antigen. In contrast, a “monospecific” molecule specifically binds a certain target molecule, especially a certain epitope in the target molecule.
[0147] As used herein, an antibody that “specifically binds to” an antigen is intended to refer to an antibody that binds to the antigen but does not substantially bind to non-antigen molecules. Preferably, the antibody binds to an antigen with “high affinity” , namely with a KD of 5.0 x10-8 M or less. The term “does not substantially bind” to an ani, as used herein, means does not bind or does not bind with a high affinity to the protein or cells, i.e. binds to the protein or cells with a KD of 1.0 x 10-6 M or more, more preferably 1.0 x 10-5 M or more, more preferably 1.0 x 10-4 M or more, more preferably 1.0 x 10-3 M or more, even more preferably 1.0 x 10-2 M or more.
[0148] The term “EC50” , also known as half maximal effective concentration, refers to the concentration of a molecule, e.g., a single domain antibody or a bi-specific molecule, which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time.
[0149] The term “IC50” , also known as half maximal inhibitory concentration, refers to the concentration of a molecule, e.g., a single domain antibody, or a bi-specific molecule, which inhibits a specific biological or biochemical function by 50%relative to the absence of the molecule.
[0150] The term “cross-link” or “cross-linking” refers to aggregation of anto-CD3 antibodies through binding of antibody Fc regions to FcRs on immune cells, or through binding of the antibodies (by e.g., the moiety in a bi-or multi-specific molecule targeting the disease associated antigen) to the disease associated antigens on target cells. In in vitro tests, antibody cross-linking occurs when antibodies bind to e.g., the secondary antibodies coupled to e.g., ELISA plates. The anti-CD3 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof of the disclosure can activate T cells when antibody cross-linking occurs.
[0151] The term “subject” includes any human or nonhuman animal. The term “nonhuman animal” includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cats, cows, horses, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles, although mammals are preferred, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cats, cows and horses.
[0152] The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a molecule, e.g., the single domain antibody or the bi-or multi-specific molecule, of the disclosure sufficient to prevent or ameliorate the symptoms associated with a disease or condition (such as tumor) and / or lessen the severity of the disease or condition. A therapeutically effective amount is understood to be in context to the condition being treated, where the actual effective amount is readily discerned by those of skill in the art.
[0153] The percent “sequence identity” as used herein in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptides, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, considering or not considering conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, two nucleic acids or polypeptides of the disclosure are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection.
[0154] As used herein, the term “treatment / treating” refers to a method that is carried out to obtain a beneficial or desired clinical outcome. For the purpose of the disclosure, the beneficial or desired clinical outcome includes, but not limited to, easing symptom, narrowing the scope of disease, stabilizing (i.e., not aggravating) the state of disease, delaying or slowing the progress of disease, and alleviating symptoms (either partially or completely) , no matter detectable or not detectable. In addition, “treatment” also refers to a prolonged survival period compared to the expected survival period (if no treatment is accepted) . The beneficial or desired clinical outcome described herein may include, but not limited to, slowing of tumor progression, cancer regression, enhancement of anti-tumor immune response, a reduction in tumor growth or size, necrosis of the tumor, a decrease in severity of at least one disease symptom, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction, or otherwise amelioration of disease symptoms in the patient.
[0155] The anti-CD3 single domain antibodies of the disclosure are structurally and chemically characterized as described below and in the following Examples. The variable region CDRs have been defined by the Kabat numbering system. The CDR1s are defined by the Kabat numbering system and with 5 additional amino acids. However, as is well known in the art, the CDRs can also be determined by other systems such as Chothia, and IMGT, AbM, or Contact numbering system / method, based on single domain antibody sequences.
[0156] The disclosure may provide a CD3-binding molecule that may specifically bind the CD3 protein, e.g., the human CD3 protein, which may comprise the single domain antibody of the disclosure.
[0157] The CD3-binding molecule may be the single domain antibody of the disclosure.
[0158] The CD3-binding molecule may be a recombinant fusion protein comprising the single domain antibody of the disclosure linked to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region may be with no or weak binding affinity to the Fc receptors and / or the complement system protein (s) . The C-terminus of the single domain antibody may be linked to the N-terminus of the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region.
[0159] The single domain antibody or the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure may bind CD3 and activate T cell via TCR mediated signaling.
[0160] The present disclosure may provide an immunoconjugate, comprising the anti-CD3 single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule (with the disease associated antigen being a T-cell tumor associated antigen, e.g., the T cell receptor or its subunit (s) ) of the disclosure, and an effector molecule. The effector molecule may be a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of a drug, a toxin, a radioisotope, a protein, a peptide, and a nucleic acid.
[0161] The immunoconjugate of the disclosure may be an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in which the anti-CD3 sdAb, the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule as described herein is conjugated to one or more drugs, including but not limited to a maytansinoid; an auristatin such as monomethylauristatin drug moieties DE and DF; a dolastatin; a calicheamicin or derivative thereof; an anthracycline such as daunomycin or doxorubicin; methotrexate; vindesine; a taxane such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, larotaxel, tesetaxel, and ortataxel; a trichothecene; and CC1065.
[0162] The immunoconjugate of the disclosure may comprise the anti-CD3 sdAb, the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule as described herein conjugated to an enzymatically active toxin or fragment thereof, including but not limited to diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) , ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S) , momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin, and tricothecenes.
[0163] The immunoconjugate of the disclosure may comprise the anti-CD3 sdAb, the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule as described herein conjugated to a radioactive atom to form a radio-conjugate. A variety of radioactive isotopes are available for the production of radio-conjugates. Examples include At211, I131, I125, Y90, Re186, Re188, Sm153, Bi212, P32, Pb212 and radioactive isotopes of Lu. When the radio-conjugate is used for detection, it may comprise a radioactive atom for scintigraphic studies, for example Tc-99m or I-123, or a spin label for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging (also known as magnetic resonance imaging, “MRI” ) , such as iodine-123, iodine-131, indium-111, fluorine-19, carbon-13, nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, gadolinium, manganese or iron.
[0164] The immunoconjugates or ADCs herein expressly contemplate, but are not limited to such conjugates prepared with cross-linker reagents including, but not limited to, BMPS, EMCS, GMBS, HBVS, LC-SMCC, MBS, MPBH, SBAP, SIA, SIAB, SMCC, SMPB, SMPH, sulfo-EMCS, sulfo-GMBS, sulfo-KMUS, sulfo-MBS, sulfo-SIAB, sulfo-SMCC, and sulfo-SMPB, and SVSB (succinimidyl- (4-vinylsulfone) benzoate) which are commercially available (e.g., from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL., U.S.A) .
[0165] The immunoconjugate of the disclosure may be used to target CD3+ cells (e.g., CD3+ tumor cells) and mark or kill these cells.
[0166] the disclosure provides a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus: (a) a CD3 binding moiety that may comprise the anti-CD3 single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule or the bi-or multi-specific molecule (with the disease associated antigen being a T-cell tumor associated antigen, e.g., the T cell receptor or its subunit (s) , preferably in the sdAb-sdAb or sdAb-scFv formats) of the disclosure; (b) a transmembrane domain; and (c) a cytoplasmic domain.
[0167] In certain embodiments, the transmembrane domain may comprise a CD8αtransmembrane region or a CD28 transmembrane region.
[0168] In certain embodiments, the cytoplasmic domain comprises at least one signaling domain selected from the group consisting of CD3ζ, FcRγ, FcRβ, CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, and CD66d.
[0169] In certain embodiments, the cytoplasmic domain may comprise at least one costimulatory domain selected from the group consisting of CD28, 4-1BB (CD137) , CD27, OX40, CD40, PD-1, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, TNFRSF9, TNFRSF4, TNFRSF8, CD40LG, ITGB2, KLRC2, TNFRSF18, TNFRSF14, HAVCR1, LGALS9, CD83, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83.
[0170] In certain embodiments, the cytoplasmic domain may comprise a CD3ζ signaling domain and a 4-1BB costimulatory domain. In certain embodiments, the cytoplasmic domain may comprise a CD3ζ signaling domain and a CD28 costimulatory domain.
[0171] In certain embodiments, the CAR may further comprise a CD8α hinge between the CD30-binding moiety and the transmembrane domain.
[0172] Accordingly, the disclosure provides an immune cell, especially an effector immune cell, e.g., a T cell, or an NK cell provided with the CAR of the disclosure.
[0173] The immune cell with the CAR of the disclosure may be used to target CD3+ cells (e.g., CD3+ tumor cells) and mark or kill these cells.
[0174] The disclosure provides a viral vector particle, comprising: i) a viral envelope comprising a CD3 targeting domain which is the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of the present application, and ii) a viral vector nucleic acid comprising an expression cassette that comprises a transgene encoding a protein or an RNA, or a viral (e.g., a lentivirus or an AAV) vector composition, comprising i) an envelope plasmid comprising an expression cassette that comprises a nucleic acid encoding the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of the present application, and ii) a transgene plasmid comprising an expression cassette that comprises a transgene encoding a protein (e.g., a CAR) or an RNA. The preparation of such viral vector particle or composition can be found in e.g., US2024218390A1.
[0175] The disclosure also provides an antibody conjugated nanoparticle, comprising the single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of the present application, conjugated to the nanoparticle. The nanoparticle may carry a therapeutic nucleic acid (e.g., an RNA) to a CD3+ cell. The nanoparticle may be a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) . The methods for preparing the antibody conjugated nanoparticle are known in the art, and described in e.g., Van Zundert I, et al., (2021) Versatile and Robust Method for Antibody Conjugation to Nanoparticles with High Targeting Efficiency. Pharmaceutics. 13 (12) : 2153.
[0176] The disclosure relates to a bi-or multi-specific molecule comprising a single domain antibody of the disclosure linked to at least one additional functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein (e.g., another antibody or ligand for a receptor) targeting a disease associated antigen.
[0177] The bi-or multi-specific molecule has, in addition to CD3 binding specificity, a second specificity to a disease associated antigen, particularly a disease associated antigen that is uniquely expressed on diseased cells, or alternatively expressed on diseased cells at high levels but at low levels on normal counterparts.
[0178] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be a tumor associated antigen, such as CD20, GPRC5D, and HER2.
[0179] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be an infectious disease associated antigen such as a marker protein on pathogens or infected cells.
[0180] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be an inflammatory disease associated antigen such as a marker protein expressed on active immune cells causing inflammations.
[0181] The bi-or multi-specific molecules of the disclose may each comprise the single domain antibody of the disclosed linked to the N-or C-terminus of a heavy chain, or to the N-or C-terminus of a light chain of the antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind the disease associated antigen.
[0182] The bi-or multi-specific molecules of the disclosure pull T cells closer to the diseased cells. Cross-linking occurs to the bi-or multi-specific molecules when the bi-or multi-specific molecules bind to the disease associated antigens, and T cells can be activated to kill the diseased cells accordingly. The “diseased cell” herein refers to a cell expressing or over-expressing a disease associated antigen.
[0183] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen is CD20, a marker on pre-and mature B cells, but not on hematopoietic stem cells, pro-B cells or normal plasma cells, is a promising antigen for diagnosis and / or treatment of B cell lymphomas and B cell leukemia.
[0184] The bi-or multi-specific molecule may comprise i) an antigen binding domain against CD3, which may comprise the single domain antibody or the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure, and ii) an antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen, wherein the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen.
[0185] The antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen, via a linker. The linker may be made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, preferably from 5 to 30 amino acids linked by peptide bonds, wherein the amino acids are selected from the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. One or more of these amino acids may be glycosylated, as is understood by those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the 5 to 30 amino acids may be selected from glycine, alanine, proline, asparagine, glutamine, serine and lysine. In one embodiment, a linker is made up of a majority of amino acids that are sterically unhindered, such as glycine and alanine. Exemplary linkers are polyglycines, particularly poly (Gly-Ala) , and polyalanines. One exemplary linker in the disclosure is one with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. The linker may also be a non-peptide linker. For example, alkyl linkers such as -NH-, - (CH2) s-C (O) -, wherein s=2-20 can be used. These alkyl linkers may further be substituted by any non-sterically hindering group such as lower alkyl (e.g., C1-4) lower acyl, halogen (e.g., CI, Br) , CN, NH2, phenyl, etc.
[0186] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be CD20, and the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen may be an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20 may comprise a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20 may further comprise a heavy chain constant region and a light chain constant region. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of the heavy chain or the light chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20.
[0187] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be HER2, and the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen may be an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2 may comprise a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2 may further comprise a heavy chain constant region and a light chain constant region. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of the heavy chain or the light chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2.
[0188] In certain embodiments, the disease associated antigen may be GPRC5D, and the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen may be a heavy chain only antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D. The heavy chain only antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind HER2 may comprise a variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71. The heavy chain only antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D may further comprise a heavy chain constant region. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding domain against CD3 may be linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of the heavy chain of the heavy chain only antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D.
[0189] The single domain antibody, the CD3-binding molecule, or the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may comprise one or more conservative modifications in the CDR or other regions. It is understood in the art that certain conservative sequence modification can be made which do not remove antigen binding. As used herein, the term “conservative sequence modification” is intended to refer to amino acid modifications that do not significantly affect or alter the binding characteristics of the antibody containing the amino acid sequence. Such conservative modifications include amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions. Modifications can be introduced into an antibody of the disclosure by standard techniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Conservative amino acid substitutions are ones in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . Thus, one or more amino acid residues within the CDR regions of an antibody of the disclosure can be replaced with other amino acid residues from the same side chain family and the altered antibody can be tested for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
[0190] The single domain antibodies of the disclosure are humanized antibodies. They were obtained by grafting the camelid VHH CDRs to human acceptor frameworks that shared high sequence identity to the camel counterparts. Some framework residues were back-mutated to preserve the antigen binding affinity. Antibodies interact with target antigens predominantly through amino acid residues that are located in the six heavy and light chain CDRs. For this reason, the amino acid sequences within CDRs are more diverse between individual antibodies than sequences outside of CDRs. Because CDR sequences are responsible for most antibody-antigen interactions, it is possible to express recombinant antibodies that mimic the properties of specific naturally occurring antibodies by constructing expression vectors that include CDR sequences from the specific naturally occurring antibody grafted onto framework sequences from a different antibody with different properties.
[0191] Based on the humanized single domain antibodies obtained above, point mutations were designed and introduced into the CDRs or framework regions, for binding affinity improvement.
[0192] Antibodies or molecules of the disclosure can be engineered to include modifications within the Fc region, typically to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody, such as serum half-life, complement fixation, Fc receptor binding, and / or antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Furthermore, an antibody or molecule of the disclosure can be chemically modified (e.g., one or more chemical moieties can be attached to the antibody) or be modified to alter its glycosylation, again to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody or molecule.
[0193] In one embodiment, the hinge region of CH1 is modified in such that the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region is altered, e.g., increased or decreased. This approach is described further in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,425. The number of cysteine residues in the hinge region of CH1 is altered to, for example, facilitate assembly of the light and heavy chains or to increase or decrease the stability of the antibody.
[0194] In another embodiment, the Fc hinge region of an antibody is mutated to decrease the biological half-life of the antibody. More specifically, one or more amino acid mutations are introduced into the CH2-CH3 domain interface region of the Fc-hinge fragment such that the antibody has impaired Staphylococcyl protein A (SpA) binding relative to native Fc-hinge domain SpA binding. This approach is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,745.
[0195] In still another embodiment, the glycosylation of an antibody is modified. For example, a glycosylated antibody can be made (i.e., the antibody lacks glycosylation) . Glycosylation can be altered to, for example, increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, altering one or more sites of glycosylation within the antibody sequence. For example, one or more amino acid substitutions can be made that result in elimination of one or more variable region framework glycosylation sites to thereby eliminate glycosylation at that site. Such aglycosylation may increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,350 and 6,350,861.
[0196] Additionally or alternatively, an antibody can be made that has an altered type of glycosylation, such as a hypofucosylated antibody having reduced amounts of fucosyl residues or an antibody having increased bisecting GlcNac structures. Such altered glycosylation patterns have been demonstrated to increase or reduce the ADCC ability of antibodies. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, expressing the antibody in a host cell with altered glycosylation machinery. Cells with altered glycosylation machinery have been described in the art and can be used as host cells in which to express recombinant antibodies of the disclosure to thereby produce an antibody with altered glycosylation. For example, the cell lines Ms704, Ms705, and Ms709 lack the fucosyltransferase gene, FUT8 (α (1, 6) -fucosyltransferase) , such that antibodies expressed in the Ms704, Ms705, and Ms709 cell lines lack fucose on their carbohydrates. The Ms704, Ms705, and Ms709 FUT8- / -cell lines were created by the targeted disruption of the FUT8 gene in CHO / DG44 cells using two replacement vectors. As another example, EP 1, 176, 195 describes a cell line with a functionally disrupted FUT8 gene, which encodes a fucosyl transferase, such that antibodies expressed in such a cell line exhibit hypofucosylation by reducing or eliminating the α-1, 6 bond-related enzyme.
[0197] Another modification of the antibodies herein that is contemplated by this disclosure is pegylation. An antibody can be pegylated to, for example, increase the biological (e.g., serum) half-life of the antibody. To pegylate an antibody, the antibody, or fragment thereof, typically is reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) , such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG, under conditions in which one or more PEG groups become attached to the antibody or antibody fragment. Preferably, the pegylation is carried out via an acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction with a reactive PEG molecule (or an analogous reactive water-soluble polymer) . As used herein, the term “polyethylene glycol” is intended to encompass any of the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatize other proteins, such as mono (C1-C10) alkoxy-or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol-maleimide. In certain embodiments, the antibody to be pegylated is an aglycosylated antibody. Methods for pegylating proteins are known in the art and can be applied to the antibodies of the disclosure. See, e.g., EP 0 154 316 and EP 0 401 384.
[0198] The antibodies may contain no asparagine isomerism sites. The deamidation of asparagine may occur on N-G or D-G sequences and result in the creation of an isoaspartic acid residue that introduces a link into the polypeptide chain and decreases its stability (isoaspartic acid effect) .
[0199] In another aspect, the disclosure provides nucleic acid molecules that encode the single domain antibody, CD3-binding molecule, or bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure. The nucleic acids can be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form. A nucleic acid is “isolated” or “rendered substantially pure” when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids or proteins, by standard techniques. A nucleic acid of the disclosure can be, e.g., DNA or RNA and may or may not contain intronic sequences.
[0200] Nucleic acids of the disclosure can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques. For antibodies obtained from an immunoglobulin gene library (e.g., using phage display techniques) , a nucleic acid encoding such antibodies can be recovered from the gene library.
[0201] The expression vector comprises the nucleic acid and a regulatory element. The regulatory element refers to specific DNA sequences that influence the transcription and translation of genes. The expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the polypeptide chain from a host cell. The antibody chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein) .
[0202] In addition to the polypeptide chain genes and regulatory sequences, the recombinant expression vectors of the disclosure can carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216; 4,634,665 and 5,179,017) . For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced. Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr-host cells with methotrexate selection / amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection) .
[0203] For expression of the single domain antibody, CD3-binding molecule, or bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure, the expression vector (s) is transfected into a host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term “transfection” are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like. Although it is theoretically possible to express the antibodies or molecules of the disclosure in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, expression of antibodies in eukaryotic cells, particularly mammalian host cells, is the most preferred because such eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody.
[0204] The expression vectors that can be used in the present application include but are not limited to plasmids, viral vectors, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) , bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) , transformation-competent artificial chromosomes (TACs) , mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) and human artificial episomal chromosomes (HAECs) .
[0205] The regulatory element refers to specific DNA sequences that influence the transcription and translation of genes. In the art, the regulatory elements can be promoters, enhancers, introns, Poly (A) signal, signal peptide, ribosome binding site, silencers, insulators and so on.
[0206] Mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the disclosure include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) , NSO myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells.
[0207] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which may comprise the single domain antibody, CD3-binding molecule, bi-or multi-specific molecule, the immunoconjugate, the nucleic acid molecule, the expression vector or the host cell of the disclosure, formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may optionally contain one or more additional pharmaceutically active ingredients, such as an anti-tumor antibody.
[0208] The pharmaceutical composition may comprise any number of excipients. Excipients that can be used include carriers, surface active agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, solid binders, dispersion or suspension aids, solubilizers, colorants, flavoring agents, coatings, disintegrating agents, lubricants, sweeteners, preservatives, isotonic agents, and combinations thereof. The selection and use of suitable excipients are taught in Gennaro, ed., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Ed. (Lippincott Williams &Wilkins 2003) .
[0209] Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) . Depending on the route of administration, the active ingredient can be coated in a material to protect it from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate it. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intra-articular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion. Alternatively, an antibody of the disclosure can be administered via a non-parenteral route, such as a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, e.g., intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically.
[0210] Pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. They can also be formulated in a micro-emulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
[0211] The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated and the particular mode of administration and will generally be that amount of the composition which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01%to about 99%of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0212] Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response) . For example, a single bolus can be administered, several divided doses can be administered over time or the dose can be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required.
[0213] A “therapeutically effective dosage” of the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure, may result in a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction. For example, for the treatment of tumor-bearing subjects, a “therapeutically effective dosage” preferably reduces tumor size by at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80%, or even eliminate tumors, relative to untreated subjects.
[0214] The pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure may have multiple applications. For example, the composition may be used in treatment and alleviation of a disease.
[0215] The pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the single domain antibody, CD3-binding molecule, or the immunoconjugate of the disclosure may be used to treat and / or alleviate inflammatory diseases, e.g., auto-immune diseases, or to reduce or eliminate graft rejection. In one embodiment, the CD3-binding molecule of the disclosure may contain a heavy chain constant region with weak or no FcR binding affinity.
[0216] The pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bi-or multi-specific molecule of the disclosure may be used to treat certain diseases, wherein the bi-or multi-specific molecule is specific to CD3 and a disease associated antigen, does not contain an Fc region, or contains an Fc regions with weak or no FcR binding affinity. Depending on the disease associated antigen, the pharmaceutical composition may be used to treat various diseases, including tumors, such as colon adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, renal cell cancer, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, and gastric cancer, original or metastatic; infectious diseases such as AIDS; and inflammatory diseases or autoimmune diseases.
[0217] The disclosure provides methods of combination therapy in which the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure is co-administered with one or more additional antibodies or non-antibody agents.
[0218] The combination of therapeutic agents discussed herein can be administered concurrently as a single composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or concurrently as separate compositions with each agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, the combination of therapeutic agents can be administered sequentially.
[0219] Furthermore, if more than one dose of the combination therapy is administered sequentially, the order of the sequential administration can be reversed or kept in the same order at each time point of administration, sequential administrations can be combined with concurrent administrations, or any combination thereof.
[0220] Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
[0221] The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as further limiting. The contents of all figures and all references, Genbank sequences, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are expressly incorporated herein by reference. ExamplesExample 1. Humanization of anti-CD3 single domain antibody
[0222] A single domain antibody (sdAb) AS39678-VHH (SEQ ID NO. 50) , identified from an immunized camel phage display library, was analyzed for the CDRs and FRs and subjected to homology modeling using the MOE platform (CloudScientific) . The framework residues having a solvent accessible surface area <15%were identified, and the human framework acceptors for sdAb humanization that shared high sequence identity to the camel counterparts were selected. The CDRs of AS39678-VHH were grafted to the acceptor frameworks as selected, and some residues were back-mutated to preserve the antigen binding affinity.
[0223] The DNA sequences encoding the resulting humanized sdAbs, namely AS39678-VHH1 to AS39678-VHH17 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-17 respectively linked to a human IgG Fc region (SEQ ID NO: 72) , and also the parental sdAb linked to the same Fc region, were synthesized, inserted into pcDNA3.4 (GenScript) , and transfected into ExpiCHO-S cells. The recombinantly expressed sdAb-Fc molecules were purified from the cell culture supernatants using Protein A beads, and determined for yield and purity by SEC-HPLC.
[0224] The purity and yield of each sdAb-Fc molecule were set forth in Table 1. Most of these antibodies had a purity of 95%or above, and the yield was over 200 mg / L for some sdAb-Fc molecules. Table 1. Purity and yield of anti-CD3 sdAb-Fc molecules Example 2. Binding activities of humanized sdAb-Fc molecules to human CD3 on GS-J2C cells
[0225] The humanized sdAb-Fc molecules obtained in Example 1 were tested for their binding activity to the human CD3 protein expressed on GS-J2C cells, an in-house engineered Jurkat cell line endogenously expressing human CD3 and stably harboring a luciferase reporter gene under the control of a promoter responsive to NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) mediated activation.
[0226] Briefly, 3-fold serial dilutions of the sdAb-Fc molecules were prepared using PBS, with 300 nM as the starting concentration. Then, 100 μl diluted sdAb-Fc molecules were added to 2×105 GS-J2C cells seeded on each well of a 96-well plate and incubated for 1 hour at 4℃in dark. After incubation, the cells were washed three times with PBS, and incubated with 100 μL Alexa anti-Human IgG secondary antibody (Jackson, Cat. #109-605-098) at a final concentration of 1 μg / mL at 4℃ for 45 minutes. Finally, the cells were washed three times with PBS, and subjected to flowcytometric analysis in a BD FACSCelestaTM Cell Analyzer for fluorescence detection. The MFIs (mean fluorescence intensity) were plotted against the sdAb-Fc concentrations using GraphPad Prism. An anti-huCD3 monoclonal Ab clone SP-34 comprising the heavy and light chain sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73 and 74 was recombinantly expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells, purified, and used as a benchmark antibody. An anti-HEL (Hen Egg Lysozyme) antibody with human IgG1 constant region was used as a negative control.
[0227] As shown in FIG. 1, the sdAb-Fc molecules containing humanized variants AS39678-VHH13, -VHH14, -VHH15, and -VHH17 showed comparable binding activity to cell surface CD3 on GS-J2C cells as compared with parental AS39678-VHH-Fc molecule, while the remaining ones showed reduced binding activity to CD3.Example 3. Expression of sdAb-containing fusion proteins in prokaryotic cells
[0228] Codon optimization was performed for the DNA sequence encoding the humanized sdAb AS39678-VHH13.
[0229] The DNA fragments after codon optimization for expressing AS39678-VHH13 were synthesized, inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector under the control of Sp signal peptide, and transformed into the E. Coli TG1 strain. With IPTG induction, the sdAbs were expressed as fusion proteins, each with an anti-BSA sdAb at the C-terminus. The cell culture supernatants were harvested and subjected to capture ELISA, to measure the sdAbs’ binding capability to the human CD3 protein.
[0230] Briefly, the microtiter ELISA plates were coated with 0.15625 μg / ml BSA in 100 μl pH 9.6 carbonate buffer at 4℃ overnight, and then incubated with blocking buffer at 37℃ for 1 hour. The plates were added with 50 μl of the cell culture supernatant and 50 μl PBST, and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours, to capture the sdAb-containing fusion proteins. The plates were then incubated with 100 μl 5 μg / ml His tagged human CD3δε protein (ACRO, Cat. #CDD-H52W1) at 37℃ for 60 minutes, followed by 100 μl HRP conjugated anti-His antibody (GenScript, Cat. #A00612) for 45 minutes. The plates were incubated with 100 μl TMB substrate for 10 minutes at room temperature, and then added with 50 μl 1 M HCl to stop the reaction. The plates were measured for absorbance at 450 nm using a spectrometer.Example 4. Single point mutagenesis in anti-CD3 sdAbs
[0231] Amino acid mutations were designed and introduced to the CDR or FR region (s) of AS39678-VHH13 to enhance its binding capability to the human CD3 protein.
[0232] In particular, DNA fragments encoding AS39678-VHH13 variants containing designed amino acid mutation (s) linked to an anti-BSA sdAb at the C-terminus were synthesized, inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector under the control of Sp signal peptide, and transformed to E. Coli cells for expression. The sdAb variants were expressed as fusion proteins with the anti-BSA sdAb at the C-terminus. The cell culture supernatants containing the sdAb fusion proteins were tested for their binding activity to the human CD3 protein following the protocol described in Example 3.
[0233] The sdAb fusion proteins showing increased binding capability in the assay were set forth in Table 2 together with the amino acid substitution (s) introduced into the CDRs or FRs. Table 2. sdAb variants showing improved CD3 binding ability in capture ELISA Example 5. Production of AS39678-VHH13 variants containing multiple point mutations
[0234] Some single point mutations that were tested in Example 4 and resulted in highest CD3 binding abilities without compromising antibody expression were combined for further construction of sdAb variants. Totally 12 AS39678-VHH13 variants, namely AS39678-Variant 1 to 12, were constructed with the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 18 to 29, recombinantly expressed in Expi-CHOS cells (A29127, Thermofisher) with a human IgG Fc region (SEQ ID NO: 72) at the C-terminus, purified, and measured for their purity and yield.
[0235] As shown in Table 3, all the AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules showed high purity and yield. Table 3. Purity and yield of AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules Example 6. Binding activities of AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules to human CD3 on GS-J2C cells
[0236] Following the protocol of Example 2, the 12 AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules obtained in Example 5 were measured for their binding activity to the human CD3 protein on the surface of GS-J2C cells by FACS.
[0237] As shown in FIG. 2, most of the AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules showed higher binding activity to the human CD3 protein on GS-J2C Jurkat cells, than the AS39678-VHH13-Fc molecule.Example 7. Activities of AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules to induce T cell activation
[0238] The 12 AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules were also tested for their ability to induce T cell activation in a reporter gene assay.
[0239] Briefly, the sdAb-Fc molecules were serially diluted in Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, Servicebio, G4200-500ML) , 3-fold dilution starting at 300 nM. Then, 100 μl of such diluted sdAb-Fc molecules were coated on 96-well plates by incubation overnight at 4℃. The 96-well plates were washed 3 times with 0.05%PBST, seeded with 3×105 GS-J2C cells in 100 μl RPMI 1640 complete culture medium (RPMI 1640 Medium (Gibco, C22400500BT) supplemented with 10%FBS (Bettergrow, BF1001-500) ) , and incubated in a cell incubator at 37℃ for about 6 hours. Then the plates were added with 50 μl Bio-Lite luciferase detection reagent (Vazyme, DD1201-02) , and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. The luminescence signals were read in a Microplate Reader (BMG, PHERAstar FSX) , and plotted against the sdAb-Fc concentration by Prism to determine the EC50 values. The relative activity was calculated as (EC50 of AS39678-VHH13 / EC50 of an AS39678-VHH13 variant) ×100%.
[0240] The results were shown in FIG. 3 and Table 4. As compared with the AS39678-VHH13-Fc molecule, improved potency in T cell activation was observed in molecules containing AS39678-Variant 5, AS39678-Variant 9, AS39678-Variant 10, AS39678-Variant 11 and AS39678-Variant 12. Table 4. Activity of AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules to induce T cell activation EXAMPLE 8. Binding affinity maturation of AS39678-VHH13
[0241] More beneficial mutations identified in Example 4, including Y27T / S, S30Q / E, R45P, G47A / P, D62M, K65W and S100A, were randomly combined for constructing more AS39678-VHH13 variants. The theoretical diversity of the sdAb variant library was 432, and the real size of the constructed library was 4.2×108 cfu. From the library, 450 clones were randomly selected and tested for their binding ability to the human CD3δε protein by capture ELISA following the protocol of Example 3.
[0242] The results were summarized in Table 5. Some cell culture supernatants containing the sdAb variant-containing fusion proteins showed improved binding capability to the human CD3 protein than that containing AS39678-VHH13-containing fusion protein, with the OD450 (variant) to OD450 (WT) ratio being 5.000 or higher. Table 5. CD3 binding ability of AS39678-VHH13 variants in capture ELISA Example 9. Production and characterization of affinity matured sdAb variant-containing molecules
[0243] Totally 20 sdAb variants identified from the library in Example 8 were selected for sequencing, recombinant expression and characterization, following the protocols described in Example 4 and 5. Briefly, the DNA fragments encoding the 20 sdAb variants having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 30 to 49 with a human IgG Fc region (SEQ ID NO: 72) at the C terminus were synthesized, inserted into pCDNA3.4 expression vectors, and transfected into ExpiCHO-S cells. The sdAb-containing molecules were purified from the cell culture supernatants using Protein A beads, and measured for their yield and purity, which results were summarized in Table 6.
[0244] Further, the binding affinity of the purified sdAb variant-containing molecules to the human CD3δε protein was determined using Biacore 8K. Briefly, the human CD3δε proteins at various concentrations were coupled to CM5 sensor chips, and the purified sdAb variant-containing molecules flowed over the sensor chips. The dissociation rate (kd) and association rate (ka) were obtained, and the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) was calculated as the kd / ka ratio and summarized in Table 7.
[0245] These sdAb variant-containing molecules had a purity of 89%or higher, and the yield was almost 200 mg / L or more. Most importantly, all of these sdAb variant-containing molecules showed high binding affinity to the CD3δε protein with the KD value being lower than 1×10-8. Table 6. Purity and yield of AS39678-VHH13 variants Table 7. Apparent affinity of AS39678-VHH13 variants to human CD3δε protein Example 10. Binding activities of affinity matured sdAb variants to cell surface CD3 on GS-J2C cells
[0246] The purified AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules obtained in Example 9 were further tested for their ability to bind the human CD3 protein on the surface of GS-J2C cells, following the protocol of Example 2. The MFI values were plotted against the sdAb-Fc concentration by GraphPad Prism, and the relative binding activity was calculated as (EC50 of AS39678-VHH13 / EC50 of an AS39678-VHH13 variant) ×100%.
[0247] The results were shown in FIG. 4 and Table 8. All the 20 affinity matured variant-Fc molecules obtained in Example 9 showed improved binding activity to the cell surface human CD3 protein, including higher Bmax (maximal binding) or lower EC50, than AS39678-VHH13-Fc molecule. Table 8. EC50 and relative binding activity of affinity matured sdAb variants Example 11. Activities of AS39678-VHH13 variants to induce T cell activation Table 9. T Cell Activation activity of affinity matured sdAb variants
[0248] Following the protocol of Example 7, the purified AS39678-VHH13 variant-Fc molecules obtained in Example 9 were further tested for their ability to induce T cell activation.
[0249] As shown in FIG. 5 and Table 9, all the sdAb variant-Fc molecules showed higher T cell activation capability than AS39678-VHH13-Fc, including higher T cell activation level or lower EC50.Example 12. Epitope binning
[0250] The anti-CD3 sdAbs identified in Example 5 were fused to a human IgG Fc region at the C-terminus and tested in the epitope binning assay with selected anti-CD3 benchmark antibodies. The benchmark antibodies, i.e., the analogs of Sp34, OKT3 and UCTH1 were recombinantly expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells, and purified, as described above.
[0251] Briefly, 3-fold serial dilutions of the antibodies of present application and the benchmark antibodies were respectively prepared with PBS, starting at a concentration of 300 nM. Fifty (50) μL of each of the diluted antibodies were added to 50 μL of 2×105 Jurkat cells, and the mixtures were incubated at 4℃ for 40 minutes. Then, the cells were washed with PBS, added with 100 μL biotin labelled AS39678-Variant 9-Fc molecule, and incubated at 4℃ for 40 minutes. The cells were washed by PBS, added with 100 μL of secondary antibody (PE Streptavidin (BD, Cat#. 554061) ) , incubated at 4℃ for 30 minutes, and washed by PBS. Finally, the cells were washed three times with PBS and subjected to flow cytometric analysis in a BD FACSCelestaTM Cell Analyzer for fluorescence detection. The MFIs (mean fluorescence intensitys) were plotted against the antibody concentrations using GraphPad Prism.
[0252] As shown in FIG. 6, all benchmark CD3 Abs being tested competed with AS39678-Variant 9 for binding to the Jurkat cells, suggesting AS39678-Variant 9 binds to an overlapping epitope to SP34, OKT3 and UCHT1.Example 13. Thermostability of VHH-Fc molecules by Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF)
[0253] The thermostability of the VHH-Fc molecules of the present application was measured by DSF.
[0254] Technologies’ PrometheusTM instruments can detect changes in the fluorescence of tryptophans (and fluorophores with equivalent spectroscopic properties) over a wide range of temperatures using nanoDSFTM, an advanced Differential Scanning Fluorimetry technology. The instruments can be used to induce thermal unfolding of proteins and to determine thermal unfolding transition temperatures. According to the changes in the fluorescence signal value of the protein at 330 nm or 350 nm wavelength, the Tonset and Tm results can be obtained.
[0255] The test results were shown in Table 10. Table 10. Thermostability of VHH-Fc molecules Example 14. Production of monovalent VHH molecules
[0256] Some selected AS39678-VHH13 variants were recombinantly expressed as monovalent VHH molecules with 3*flag and 6*his tag at the C-terminus. Briefly, the DNA fragments encoding the AS39678-VHH13 variants having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 30 to 49 with the tags were synthesized, inserted into pCDNA3.4 expression vectors, and transfected into ExpiCHO-S cells. The sdAbs were purified from the cell culture supernatants using Ni Magnetic beads, and measured for their yield and purity, which results were summarized in Table 11. Table 11. Purity and yield of anti-CD3 monovalent VHHs Example 15. Thermostability of monovalent VHHs by DSF
[0257] The monovalent VHHs prepared in Example 15 were measured for their thermostability by DSF.
[0258] The results were shown in Table 12. Table 12. Thermostability of monovalent VHHs EXAMPLE 16. Construction of sdAb-containing bispecific antibodies
[0259] Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) were constructed using i) AS39678-VHH, AS39678-V5, -V9, -V11, AHF43332, AHF43334, AHF43355, AHF43416, AHF43424, AHF43421, AHF43386, AHF43525, AHF43529, AHF43517, AHF43533, AHF44343, AHF43605, AHF43594, AHF43616, AHF44340, AHF43673, AHF44351, AHF43728, AHF44348, and ii) a binding moiety against a tumor associated antigen (TAA) .
[0260] Particularly, bispecific antibodies were generated by fusing the selected anti-CD3 sdAbs of the present application, via a linker (amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66) to the C-terminus of the Fc fragment of Rituximab (anti-CD20, having the heavy chain variable region, heavy chain constant region (with Fc LALA mutation) , light chain variable region and light chain constant region of SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65, 67 and 68, respectively) , C-terminus of the Fc fragment Trastuzumab (anti-Her2, having the heavy chain variable region, heavy chain constant region (with Fc LALA mutation) , light chain variable region and light chain constant region of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 65, 70 and 68, respectively) or C-terminus of the Fc fragment of an anti-GPRC5D sdAb-Fc molecule (in house developed with the VHH region (AHP44411) and Fc region (CH2-CH3 with LALA mutation) of SEQ ID NOs: 71 and 72, respectively, described in CN202410822419.9) .
[0261] Positive controls were prepared by fusing the SP34 scFv to C-terminus of anti-TAA antibodies including Rituximab, Trastuzumab and AHP44411 and recombinantly expressed similarly in ExpiCHO-S cells.
[0262] The DNA sequences encoding the BsAbs were cloned into pcDNA3.4 expression vectors, and transfected into ExpiCHO-S cells. The recombinantly expressed BsAbs were purified from cell culture supernatants and further characterized.
[0263] The purity and the yield of the BsAbs were summarized in Table 13 and Table 14. Table 13. Purity and yield of bispecific antibodies Table 14. Purity and yield of bispecific antibodies containing AHP44411 Example 17. Activity of bispecific antibodies to induce T cell activation
[0264] The purified bispecific antibodies were tested for their ability to induce T cell activation in the presence or absence of TAA-expressing cells.
[0265] Briefly, the BsAbs were serially diluted in RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium (RPMI 1640 Medium (Gibco, C22400500BT) supplemented with 10%FBS (Bettergrow, BF1001-500) ) , 4-fold dilution starting at 5 nM. Then, 20 μl of such diluted BsAbs were added to 2×104 target cells, i.e., CD20+ Raji cells (National Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures TCHu 44) , HER2+ SKBR-3 cells (ATCC HTB-30) , Mouse 3T3 GPRC5D+ (N_MP1) cells or NIH Mouse 3T3 cells (ATCC CRL-1658) , in 40 μl RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium, on 96-well assay plates, and incubated at RT for 30 min. The plates were added with 2×104 GS-J2C cells (as the effector cells) in 40 μl RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium, and incubated at 37℃ for about 6 hours. The plates were then added with 50 μl Bio-Lite luciferase detection reagent (Vazyme) , and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes.
[0266] The luminescence signals were read in a Microplate Reader (BMG, PHERAstar FSX) , and plotted against the BsAb concentration by Prism to determine the EC50 values. The relative activity was calculated as (EC50 of AS39678-VHH13-containing BsAb / EC50 of an AS39678-VHH13 variant-containing BsAb) ×100%.
[0267] The results were shown in FIG. 7, FIG. 8, Table 15 and Table 16.
[0268] No or very low GS-J2C cell activation was observed when the GS-J2C cells were co-cultured with cells that did not express a TAA bound by the TAA-targeting moiety in the BsAb, suggesting that the BsAbs were not able to induce T cell activation in the absence of the TAA-expressing cells that the TAA-targeting moiety in the BsAb can bind. In the presence of TAA-expressing cells bound by the TAA-targeting moiety in the BsAb, all the BsAbs containing AS39678-VHH13 variants showed higher activity in inducing GS-J2C cell activation, including higher T cell activation level or lower EC50, than the AS39678-VHH-containing BsAb. Table 15. Activity of BsAbs to induce T cell activation Table 16. Activity of BsAbs to induce T cell activation Example 18. Bispecific antibodies induced potent tumor cell killing with low cytokine release by T cells
[0269] The bispecific antibodies were tested for their ability to induce T cell dependent cellular cytotoxicity (TDCC) and cytokine release by T cells.
[0270] Briefly, 50 μL of 1×105 cells / ml target cells, i.e., CD20+ Jeko-1 cells (ATCC CRL-3006) , or GPRC5D+ MM. 1S cells (ATCC CRL-2974) , were added and incubated with 50 μL of serially diluted bispecific antibodies for 30 minutes, and then added and incubated for 24 hours with 100 μL of 2.5×106 cells / mL PBMCs from different donors at an E: T ratio of 50: 1. The cell suspensions were centrifuged, and the cell culture supernatants were collected and measured for the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (Cytotoxicity Assay Kit (LDH) , Roche, Cat#. 11644793001) , TNFα (HTRF Human TNF-α Detection Kit, Revvity, 62HTNFAPEH) , IFN γ ( Human IFN gamma Quantitative Detection Kit, Vazyme, DD2706-03) , IL-2( Human IL2 Quantitative Detection Kit, Vazyme, DD2705-03) levels.
[0271] As shown in FIGs. 9-16, the anti-CD3 / CD20 bispecific antibodies of the present application induced potent TDCC against target cells in a dose-dependent manner. Although the SP34-containing positive antibody had a lower EC50 value, the TDCC effect mediated by BsAb#Rituximab-V5, BsAb#Rituximab-V9, and BsAb#Rituximab-V11 at high concentrations was comparable to or even higher than that of the SP34-containing positive control antibody. Most importantly, BsAb#Rituximab-V5, BsAb#Rituximab-V9 and BsAb#Rituximab-V11 induced lower cytokine release by PBMCs, including lower TNFα and IL-2 release, than the SP34-containing positive control antibody.
[0272] As shown in FIGs. 17-24, the anti-CD3 / GPRC5D bispecific antibodies of the present application, induced TDCC against target cells in a dose-dependent manner, with lower target cell killing activity and also lower cytokine releases, as compared to the SP34-containing positive control antibody.Example 19. Production and characterization of more anti-TAA×CD3 BsAbs
[0273] More bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) in other formats, as specified in Table 17, were constructed using i) AS39678-Variant 9, and ii) a binding moiety against a tumor associated antigen (TAA) . The sequences of Rituximab, Trastuzumab, AHP44411-Fc, AS39678-Variant 9 and the linker were the same with those used in Example 16. In BsAb#AHP44411-V9-Fc (LALA) , the AS39678-Variant 9 was inserted into AHP44411-Fc between AHP44411 and the Fc part. Table 17. BsAb formats
[0274] The DNA sequences encoding the BsAbs were cloned into pcDNA3.4 expression vectors, and transfected into ExpiCHO-S cells. The recombinantly expressed BsAbs were purified from cell culture supernatants and further characterized.
[0275] The purity and the yield of the BsAbs were summarized in Table 18. Table 18. Purity and yield of bispecific antibodies
[0276] The bispecific antibodies were tested for their ability to induce T cell activation in the presence of TAA-expressing cells.
[0277] Briefly, the BsAbs were serially diluted in RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium (RPMI 1640 Medium (Gibco, C22400500BT) supplemented with 10%FBS (Bettergrow, BF1001-500) ) , 6-fold dilution starting at 5 nM. Then, 20 μl of such diluted BsAbs were added to 2×104 target cells, i.e., CD20+ Jeko-1 cells (ATCC CRL-3006) , HER2+ SKBR-3 cells (ATCC HTB-30) , or Mouse 3T3 GPRC5D+ (N_MP1) cells, in 40 μl RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium, on 96-well assay plates, and incubated at room temperature (RT) for 30 min. The plates were added with 2×104 GS-J2C cells (as the effector cells) in 40 μl RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium, and incubated at 37℃ for about 6 hours. The plates were then added with 50 μl Bio-Lite luciferase detection reagent (Vazyme) , and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. The epcoritamab, glofitamab and talquetamab analogs, as the positive controls or benchmarks, were expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells.
[0278] The luminescence signals were read in a Microplate Reader (BMG, PHERAstar FSX) , and these signals were plotted against the BsAb concentration by Prism to determine the EC50 values.
[0279] The results of T cell activation by the anti-CD20×CD3 bispecific antibodies were shown in FIG. 25. The T cell activation potency of the BsAbs ranked from low to high as follows: fusing anti-CD3 VHH to the N-terminus of Rituximab LC (BsAb#Rituximab-V9LN) , to the C-terminus of Rituximab LC (BsAb#Rituximab-V9LC) , to the N-terminus of Rituximab HC (BsAb#Rituximab-V9HN) , and to the C-terminus of Rituximab HC (BsAb#Rituximab-V9HC) . Notably, fusing the anti-CD3 VHH to the N-terminus of Rituximab LC significantly reduced the potency. Other formats showed comparable or a bit lower potency as compared to the benchmark antibodies and can be used for subsequent BsAb construction.
[0280] The results of the anti-HER2×CD3 bispecific antibodies were shown in FIG. 26. The T cell activation potency ranked from low to high as follows: fusing anti-CD3 VHH to the N-terminus of Trastuzumab HC (BsAb#Trastuzumab-V9HN) , to the N-terminus of Trastuzumab LC (BsAb#Trastuzumab-V9LN) , to the C-terminus of Trastuzumab LC (BsAb#Trastuzumab-V9LC) , and to the C-terminus of Trastuzumab HC (BsAb#Trastuzumab-V9HC) . Notably, fusing the anti-CD3 VHH to the N-terminus of either Trastuzumab LC or HC significantly reduced the potency.
[0281] The results of the anti-GPRC5D×CD3 bispecific antibodies were shown in FIG. 27. The T cell activation potency ranked from low to high as follows: fusing anti-CD3 VHH to the N-terminus of anti-GPRC5D VHH (BsAb#V9-AHP44411-Fc) , inserting between anti-GPRC5D VHH and Fc (BsAb#AHP44411-V9-Fc) , and fusing anti-CD3 VHH to the C-terminus of the Fc region (BsAb#AHP44411-Fc-V9) . Notably, fusing the anti-CD3 VHH to the N-terminus of the anti-GPRC5D VHH significantly reduced the potency. Other formats showed higher activation activity than the benchmark antibody and can be used for subsequent BsAb construction.
[0282] Further, following the protocol of Example 18, the anti-CD20×CD3 bispecific antibodies were tested for their ability to induce TDCC and the cytokine release by PBMCs. The results were shown in FIGs. 28-35, indicating that fusing the anti-CD3 VHH to the N-terminal of Rituximab HC resulted in potent TDCC against target cells, which was comparable to the benchmark antibodies at high concentrations. However, the cytokine releases by PBMCs as induced by the BsAbs of present application were all lower than that of the benchmark antibodies.Example 20. Production and characterization of anti-TAA×CD3 VHH BsAbs based on AHF43673
[0283] More bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) in various formats, as specified in Table 19, were constructed using i) AHF43673, and ii) a binding moiety against a tumor associated antigen (TAA) . The sequences of Rituximab and AHP44411-Fc were the same with those used in Example 16, but a different linker (SEQ ID NO: 83) was used. The scFv format of Rituximab, the anti-HSA VHH, the heavy chain constant region with hole mutation (CH-hole) , the Fc region with knob mutation (CH-Fc-knob) , the heavy chain constant region with knob mutation, the Fc region with hole mutation, the CH1-Fc-linker-Fc fragment (CH1-Fc-HLE) , Rituximab-light chain variable region-CHI fragment, the Rituximab heavy chain variable region-light chain constant region-Fc hole fragment, Fc-linker-Fc fragment (Fc-HLE) and a Fc region without knob or hole mutation used in the BsAb construction contained the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 and 72, respectively.
[0284] The amino acid sequences of the chains contained in the BsAbs were set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 91-131. Table 19. BsAb formats
[0285] The DNA sequences encoding the BsAbs were cloned into pcDNA3.4 expression vectors, and transfected into ExpiCHO-S cells. The recombinantly expressed BsAbs were purified from cell culture supernatants and further characterized.
[0286] The purity and the yield of the BsAbs were summarized in Table 20. Table 20. Purity and yield of bispecific antibodies
[0287] These bispecific antibodies were tested for their ability to induce T cell activation in the presence of TAA-expressing cells.
[0288] Briefly, the BsAbs were serially diluted in RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium (RPMI 1640 Medium (Gibco, C22400500BT) supplemented with 10%FBS (Bettergrow, BF1001-500) ) , 6-fold dilution starting at 5 nM, or 6-fold dilution starting at 300 nM. Then, 20 μl of such diluted BsAbs were added to 2×104 target cells, i.e., CD20+ Jeko-1 cells (ATCC CRL-3006) , or Mouse 3T3 GPRC5D+ (N_MP1) cells, in 40 μl RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium, on 96-well assay plates, and incubated at RT for 30 min. The plates were added with 2×104 GS-J2C cells (as the effector cells) in 40 μl RPMI 1640 Complete Culture Medium, and incubated at 37℃ for about 6 hours. The plates were then added with 50 μl Bio-Lite luciferase detection reagent (Vazyme) , and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes.
[0289] The luminescence signals were read in a Microplate Reader (Microplate Reader, BMG, PHERAstar FSX) , and these signals were plotted against the BsAb concentration by Prism to determine the EC50 values.
[0290] As shown in FIGs. 36-41, the BsAbs induced varying degrees of T cell activation, suggesting the feasibility of modulating the potency of these BsAbs through adjusting the valency, affinity and geometry of both the CD3 and TAA binding arms, which may offer substantial flexibility for an optimized balance of potency &toxicity based on therapeutic needs.Example 21. Pharmacokinetics (PK) study of sdAb-Fc molecules in mice
[0291] In vivo PK study of the sdAb-Fc molecules of the present application was performed in female C57BL / 6 mice (6–8 weeks, Jiangsu GemPharmatech Co., Ltd) . These animals were housed under a 12: 12 h light-dark cycle with food and water provided ad libitum. On day 0, the mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, 6 animals per group, and injected intravenously with AS39678-VHH13 (10.0 mg / kg) , AS39678-Variant 5 (10.0 mg / kg) , AS39678-Variant 9 (10.0 mg / kg) , AS39678-Variant 11 (10.0 mg / kg) and Envafolimab (in house prepared with a human Fc fragment) (10.0 mg / kg) , respectively. Serum samples were collected at 0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 192 h, 240 h, 336 h, 504 h, 672 h, 840 h and 912 h (N=3) post antibody injection.
[0292] The sdAb-Fc concentrations in the serum samples were measured by capture ELISA. Briefly, monoclonal anti-Human IgG Fc mAb (Sigma-Aldrich, I6260, dilute 1: 5000) was coated on a 96-well microplate. The serum samples were diluted, added to the plate, and incubated with MRD = 100. The plate was then added and incubated with MonoRabTM Rabbit Anti-Camelid VHH Cocktail [HRP] (GenScript, A02016, dilute 1: 20000) , added and incubated with TMB, and added with HCl as the stopping solution. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm, and the antibody concentration in the serum samples was determined using a standard curve of the test article diluted in mouse serum. The half-lives of the serum sdAb-Fc molecules were calculated by Phoenix WinNonlin with NCA (Non-compartmental analysis) .
[0293] The results were summarized in Table 21. The concentration-time curve was shown in FIG. 42.
[0294] It can be seen the half-lives of the four sdAb-Fc molecules were around 166-334 hours, and not significantly different from that of the Envafolimab-Fc molecule, indicating good in vivo stability. Table 21. Pharmacokinetic analysis Example 22. Pharmacokinetics (PK) study of bispecific antibodies in mice
[0295] In vivo PK study of the bispecific antibodies was done in Female C57BL / 6 mice (6–8 weeks, Jiangsu GemPharmatech Co., Ltd) . The animals were housed under a 12: 12 h light-dark cycle with food and water provided ad libitum. On day 0, the mice were randomly divided into 8 groups, 6 mice per group, and injected intravenously with Envafolimab-Fc (4.52 mg / kg) , Rituximab (LALA) (8.32 mg / kg) , AS39678-Variant 9-His (0.86 mg / kg) , AS39678-Variant 9-Fc (LALA) (4.51 mg / kg) , BsAb#Rituximab-V9HC (10.00 mg / kg) , BsAb#Rituximab-V9HN (10.00 mg / kg) , BsAb#Rituximab-V9LC (10.02 mg / kg) and Envafolimab-FLAG3-His6 (1.02 mg / kg) , respectively. Serum samples were collected at 0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 192 h, 240 h, 336 h, 504 h, 672 h and 840 h (N=3) post antibody injection.
[0296] The BsAb concentrations in the serum samples were measured by capture ELISA, following the protocol in Example 21. For Envafolimab-Fc (LALA) , Human PD-L1 / B7-H1 Protein, His Tag (ACRO, PD1-H5229, 1.0 μg / mL) was used as the capture protein and Mouse Anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody [HRP] (GenScript, A01854, dilute 1: 20000) was used as the detection antibody. For Rituximab (LALA) , Human CD20 Full Length Protein (ACRO, CDP-H52P6, 1 μg / mL) was used as the capture protein and Mouse Anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody [HRP] (GenScript, A01854, dilute 1: 20000) was used as the detection antibody. For Variant 9-without FC, THETM His Tag Antibody, mAb, Mouse (GenScript, A00186, 1μg / mL) was used as the capture antibody and Anti-Camelid VHH mAb [HRP] (GenScript, A02016, dilute 1: 20000] was used as the detection antibody. For AS39678-Variant 9-Fc (LALA) , Human CD3 epsilon &CD3 delta Heterodimer Protein, His Tag&Tag Free (ACRO, CDD-H52W1, 1μg / mL) was used as the capture protein and Mouse Anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody [HRP] (GenScript, A01854, dilute 1: 20000) was used as the detection antibody. For BsAb#Rituximab-V9HC, BsAb#Rituximab-V9HN and BsAb#Rituximab-V9LC, Human CD20 Full Length Protein (ACRO, CDP-H52P6, 1 μg / mL) was used as the capture protein and HRP-Human CD3 epsilon&CD3 delta Heterodimer Protein, His Tag&Tag Free (ACRO, CDD-HR2W3, 0.1 μg / mL) was used as the detection protein. For Envafolimab-FLAG3-His6 analysis, Human PD-L1 / B7-H1 Protein, His Tag (ACRO, PD1-H5229, 1μg / mL) was used as the capture protein and MonoRabTM DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody [HRP] , mAb, Rabbit (GenScript, A01869, dilute 1: 20000) was used as the detection antibody.
[0297] The results were summarized in Table 22. The concentration-time curve was shown in FIG. 43.
[0298] The results showed that the half-lives of the three anti-CD20 / CD3 bispecific antibodies of the present application were around 190~292 hours, comparable to CD20 mAb or other Fc tagged VHH. This is a typical PK profile as an Fc tagged Ab, indicating good in vivo stability Table 22. Pharmacokinetic analysis Example 23. In vivo efficacy of bispecific antibodies
[0299] Female C-NKG mice (6-8 weeks, Cyagen Biosciences Inc) were housed under a 12: 12 h light-dark cycle with food and water provided ad libitum. Each mouse was inoculated with 5 × 106 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) via tail vein injection on Day -16. A total of 5 × 106 Jeko-1 tumor cells were mixed with Matrigel at 1: 1 volume ratio, and implanted subcutaneously into the mice on Day -14. On Day 0, the average tumor volume in mice reached about 125 mm3. The mice with successful hCD45+ cell reconstruction were randomly divided into 5 groups, injected intravenously with normal saline, BsAb#Trastuzumab-V9LC (0.60 mg / kg) , BsAb#Rituximab-V9HC (0.60 mg / kg) , BsAb#Rituximab-V9HN (0.60 mg / kg) and BsAb#Rituximab-V9LC (0.60 mg / kg) , respectively, on Day 0, 4, 7, 11, 14 and 18, and euthanized on Day 19.
[0300] The tumor size was measured with calipers twice a week, and the tumor volume was calculated using the formula (Length × Width2) / 2. The mouse body weight was also measured twice a week.
[0301] The tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated for different treatment groups based on tumor volume data on Day 18, and summarized in Table 23.
[0302] Tumor growth curves of different treatment groups were shown in FIG. 44.
[0303] Significant tumor inhibition was observed in mice treated with BsAb#Rituximab-V9HN (0.60 mg / kg) and BsAb#Rituximab-V9LC (0.60 mg / kg) , as compared to the control vehicle group (One-way ANOVA LSD (L) test, BsAb#Rituximab-V9HN, ***P<0.001, BsAb#Rituximab-V9LC, *P<0.05) . Table 23. Tumor growth inhibition Example 24. In vivo efficacy of bispecific antibodies
[0304] Female C-NKG mice (6-8 weeks) , obtained from Cyagen Biosciences Inc, were housed under a 12: 12 h light-dark cycle with food and water provided ad libitum. Each mouse was inoculated with 5 × 106 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a volume of 200 μL via tail vein injection on Day -16. A total of 5 × 106 Jeko-1 tumor cells mixed with Matrigel at 1: 1 volume ratio were implanted subcutaneously into the mice on Day -14. On Day 0, the average tumor volume in the mice reached about 140 mm3. The mice with successful hCD45+ cells reconstruction were randomly divided into 6 groups, and injected intravenously with normal saline, AHF43673 hIgG1 Fc (LALA) (SEQ ID NO: 72) (0.27 mg / kg) , RTX*F43673-F28 (0.6 mg / kg) , RTX*F43673-F29 (0.6 mg / kg) , RTX*F43673-F30 (0.6 mg / kg) and RTX*F43673-F32 (0.6 mg / kg) , respectively, on Days 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14. The tumor size was measured with calipers twice a week, and the tumor volume was calculated using the formula (Length × Width2) / 2. The mouse body weight was also measured twice a week.
[0305] The tumor growth inhibition was calculated for different treatment groups i based on the tumor volume at Day 14. The results were summarized in Table 24.
[0306] The tumor growth curve of different treatment groups were summarized in FIG. 45.
[0307] Significant tumor inhibition was observed in mice treated with RTX*F43673-F28 (0.6 mg / kg) , RTX*F43673-F29 (0.6 mg / kg) , RTX*F43673-F30 (0.6 mg / kg) and RTX*F43673-F32 (0.6 mg / kg) , as compared to the vehicle control group (One-way ANOVA LSD (L) test, RTX*F43673-F28, ****P<0.0001, RTX*F43673-F29, ****P<0.0001, RTX*F43673-F30, **P<0.01, RTX*F43673-F32 ****P<0.0001) . Table 24. Tumor growth inhibition
[0308] The sequences used in the present application are set forth below. The CDRs were defined according to Kabat numbering system with 5 additional amino acids on extended CDR1. ***
[0309] Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the above paragraphs is not to be limited to particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
Claims
1.A monoclonal single domain antibody, capable of binding CD3, comprising a CDR1, a CDR2 and a CDR3,wherein the CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence GX1PYX2RNCMG (SEQ ID NO: 75) , wherein X1 is Y, T or S, and wherein X2 is E when X1 is Y; X2 is S, E or Q when X1 is T; X2 is E or Q when X1 is S,wherein the CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence ALGTLSGNTYYVX3SVX4G (SEQ ID NO: 76) , wherein X3 is D or M; X4 is W or K, andwherein the CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence WX5FPRGSCGDFNRAAFGY (SEQ ID NO: 77) , wherein X5 is S or A.2.The single domain antibody of claim 1, comprising:i) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;ii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;iii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;iv) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;v) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;vi) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;vii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62;viii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;ix) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;x) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;xi) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63;xii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62;xiii) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62;xiv) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62;xv) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; orxvi) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62.3.The single domain antibody of claim 2, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 22, 26, 27, 28 or 29.4.A molecule, capable of binding CD3, comprising the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3.5.The molecule of claim 4, further comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region fused to the single domain antibody.6.The molecule of claim 5, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region is with weak or no binding affinity to the Fc receptors (e.g., FcγR) and / or the complement system protein (s) .7.A bi-specific or multi-specific molecule, comprising:i) an antigen binding domain against CD3, which comprises the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, or the molecule of any one of claims 4 to 6, andii) an antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen, wherein the disease associated antigen is a tumor associated antigen, an infectious disease associated antigen, or an inflammatory disease associated antigen,wherein the antigen binding domain against CD3 is linked to the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen.8.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of claim 7, wherein the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen is an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind the disease associated antigen and comprises a heavy chain constant region with weak or no binding affinity to the Fc receptors and / or the complement system protein (s) .9.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of claim 8, wherein the antigen binding domain against CD3 is linked to N-or C-terminus of a heavy chain, linked to N-or C-terminus of a light chain, linked to N-or C-terminus of a single chain fragment variable (scFv) , or inserted into a heavy chain or a light chain of the antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind the disease associated antigen.10.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of claim 9, wherein the disease associated antigen is a tumor associated antigen.11.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of claim 10, wherein the disease associated antigen is CD20, HER2, or GPRC5D.12.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of claim 11, wherein,i) the antigen binding domain against CD3 is linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of a heavy chain or a light chain, linked to N-or C-terminus of a single chain fragment variable (scFv) , or inserted into a heavy chain or a light chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind CD20,ii) the antigen binding domain against CD3 is linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of a heavy chain or a light chain, linked to N-or C-terminus of a single chain fragment variable (scFv) , or inserted into a heavy chain or a light chain of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to bind HER2, oriii) the antigen binding domain against CD3 is linked to C-terminus or N-terminus of the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof that is able to specifically bind GPRC5D.13.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of claim 12, comprisingi) a first polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4,a second polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region,a third polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4, anda fourth polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-CD20 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region,wherein the anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region in the first polypeptide chain and the anti-CD20 light chain variable region in the second polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against CD20, the anti-CD20 heavy chain variable region in the third polypeptide chain and the anti-CD20 light chain variable region in the fourth polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against CD20, wherein the heavy chain constant region in the first polypeptide and the heavy chain constant region in the third polypeptide are associated together;ii) a first polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4,a second polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region,a third polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4, anda fourth polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-HER2 light chain variable region, and a light chain constant region,wherein the anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region in the first polypeptide chain and the anti-HER2 light chain variable region in the second polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against HER2, the anti-HER2 heavy chain variable region in the third polypeptide chain and the anti-HER2 light chain variable region in the fourth polypeptide chain associate to form the antigen binding domain against HER2, wherein the heavy chain constant region in the first polypeptide and the heavy chain constant region in the third polypeptide are associated together; oriii) a first polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4, anda second polypeptide chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an anti-GPRC5D variable region, a heavy chain constant region, a linker, and the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4,wherein the anti-GPRC5D variable region in the first peptide chain is the antigen binding domain against GPRC5D, the anti-GPRC5D variable region in the second peptide chain is the antigen binding domain against GPRC5D,wherein the heavy chain constant region in the first polypeptide and the heavy chain constant region in the second polypeptide are associated together.14.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of claim 7, wherein the antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen is a T cell receptor (TCR) or a subunit thereof capable of binding to a disease associated antigen presented as an MHC-peptide complex.15.An immunoconjugate comprising i) the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, the molecule of any one of claims 4 to 6, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of any one of claims 7 to 14, conjugated to ii) a therapeutic agent.16.A nucleic acid molecule encoding the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, the molecule of any one of claims 4 to 6, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of any one of claims 7 to 14.17.An expression vector, comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 16 and a regulatory element.18.A host cell, comprising the expression vector of claim 17, or comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 16 integrated into its genome.19.A viral vector composition, comprising a viral vector nucleic acid encoding a viral envelope that includes a CD3 targeting domain, wherein the CD3 targeting domain is the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, the molecule of any one of claims 4 to 6, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of any one of claims 7 to 14.20.The viral vector composition of claim 19, wherein the viral vector is a lentiviral vector.21.An antibody conjugated nanoparticle, comprising the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, the molecule of any one of claims 4 to 6, or the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of any one of claims 7 to 14 conjugated to the nanoparticle.22.A composition comprising the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, the molecule of any one of claims 4 to 6, the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of any one of claims 7 to 14, the immunoconjugate of claim 15, the nucleic acid molecule of claim 16, the expression vector of claim 17, the host cell of claim 18, the viral vector particle of claim 19 or 20, or the antibody conjugated nanoparticle of claim 21.23.The bi-specific or multi-specific molecule of any one of claims 7 to 14 for use in treating a disease associated with the disease associated antigen.24.Use of the single domain antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, or the molecule of any one of claims 4 to 6 in preparation of a bi-specific or multi-specific molecule, wherein the bi-specific or multi-specific molecule further comprises an antigen binding domain against a disease associated antigen, linked to the single domain antibody or the molecule.25.Use of the viral vector particle of claim 19 or 20 or the antibody conjugated nanoparticle of claim 21 in delivering a therapeutic gene of interest to a CD3+ cell.