Granular organic fertiliser

Abstract

Disclosed is an organic fertiliser granule. The granule may comprise organic matter, and a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the organic fertiliser granule. The granule may have a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm and a moisture content of up to 15%.

Description

[0001] Organic Fertiliser

[0002] Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to organic fertilizer, and more particularly to a system for and method of producing organic fertilizer granules from organic sources such as urban and / or agricultural waste.

[0004] Background

[0005] Urban waste management presents a challenge globally, with cities generating substantial amounts of waste annually. Traditional methods of disposal, such as landfilling and incineration, have serious environmental impacts. A more sustainable and resource-efficient approach involves viewing this waste as a potential input for use in agriculture. Converting urban waste into a useful product provides a sustainable method of waste management while yielding a product that enhances soil health, promotes water retention, and contributes to carbon sequestration.

[0006] Existing solutions for processing urban waste often face limitations in terms of chemical effectiveness and mechanical compatibility with agricultural equipment. The need fora product that is both chemically effective and mechanically robust remains unaddressed. Numerous trials and tests have been conducted to develop formulations, custom dies for pellet mills, and various additives to enhance the final product's durability. However, achieving a consistent supply of nutrient-rich, mechanically durable granules that can be deployed through standard agricultural equipment continues to be a challenge.

[0007] Summary

[0008] In an embodiment, an organic fertiliser granule may be provided. The organic fertiliser granule may comprise organic matter and a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the organic fertiliser granule. The binding agent includes a crystallized nutrient-rich salt. The granule may have a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm, a moisture content of up to 15%.

[0009] In an embodiment, an organic fertiliser granule may be provided. The organic fertiliser granule may comprise organic matter and a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the organic fertiliser granule, wherein the granule may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 5:1 to 40:1 , a moisture content of up to 15%. In an embodiment, an organic fertiliser granule may be provided. The organic fertiliser granule may comprise organic matter and a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the organic fertiliser granule, wherein the granule may have a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm and a moisture content of up to 15%.

[0010] This organic fertiliser granule may provide an effective means of delivering nutrients to plants while maintaining structural integrity during storage, transport, and application. The specific size range may allow for compatibility with standard agricultural equipment, particularly air seeders, while the controlled moisture content and density, with related hardness, may ensure the granules remain intact until soil application.

[0011] The organic fertiliser granule may have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3, such as 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3. This density range may optimize the balance between granule durability and its ability to break down in soil, ensuring efficient nutrient release while minimizing dust formation during handling and application.

[0012] The organic fertiliser granule may further comprise one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and / or sulfur. Incorporating these essential plant nutrients directly into the granule may enhance its fertilizing capabilities, providing a more complete nutritional profile for plant growth and development.

[0013] In an embodiment, an organic fertiliser granule may be provided. The organic fertiliser granule may comprise organic matter, one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and / or sulfur, and a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the organic fertiliser granule, wherein the granule may have a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm and a moisture content of up to 15%.

[0014] This formulation may combine the benefits of organic matter with specific nutrient supplementation, allowing for customized fertilizer blends tailored to particular crop or soil requirements. The organic fertiliser granule may have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3, such as 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3.

[0015] The organic fertiliser granule may have an available phosphorous content ranging from 8,000ppm to 30,000ppm, such as ~11 ,500ppm. The organic fertiliser granule may have an available potassium content ranging from 25,000ppm to 60,000ppm, such as ~29,000ppm.. The organic fertiliser granule may have an available sulfur content ranging from 8,000ppm to 30,000ppm, such as ~20,000ppm. The organic fertiliser granule may include a binding agent that comprises a glue-like binder. The glue-like binder may comprise polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The binding agent may comprise crystallized nutrient-rich salts. The crystallized nutrient-rich salts may include di-potassium phosphate (DKP) and / or ammonium sulfate.

[0016] The organic matter may comprise food organics and garden organics (FOGO) waste. The organic fertiliser granule may further comprise a coating on the granule. The coating may comprise polyvinyl alcohol and / or lignin sulfonate. The organic fertiliser granule may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 5:1 to 40:1 such as 5:1 to 20:1. The organic fertiliser granule may further comprise at least one trace element selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum. The organic fertiliser granule may have a pH ranging from 7.0 to 9.0, such as 8.8, when dissolved at a 1 :5 ratio in water.

[0017] The organic fertiliser granule may have a calcium concentration ranging from 2wt% to 5wt%. The organic fertiliser granule may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.2wt% to 0.6wt%. The organic fertiliser granule may have a sodium concentration ranging from 0.1 wt% to 0.5wt%. The organic fertiliser granule may comprise 30wt%-45wt% of total organic matter and a total organic carbon content ranging from 15wt% to 40wt%. The organic fertiliser granule may have a humic acid content ranging from 3% to 30%. The organic fertiliser granule may have a moisture content of up to 10%.

[0018] In an embodiment, a method of producing an organic fertiliser granule may be provided. The method may comprise providing organic matter, adding a binding agent to the organic matter to form a pre-granule mixture, processing the pre-granule mixture to form granules having a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm, drying the granules to reduce a moisture content of the granules to be at most 15%, and wherein the granules may have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3.

[0019] This method may provide a systematic approach to producing organic fertiliser granules with controlled size, moisture content, and density, ensuring consistency in the final product.

[0020] The density of the granules may range from 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3. The method may further comprise adding one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur to the mixture. In an embodiment, a method of producing an organic fertiliser granule may be provided. The method may comprise providing organic matter, adding one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur to the organic matter, adding a binding agent to the organic matter and nutrients to form a pre-granule mixture, processing the pre-granule mixture to form granules having a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm, and drying the granules to reduce a moisture content of the granules to be at most 15%.

[0021] This method may allow for the production of nutrient-enriched organic fertiliser granules with controlled size and moisture content, combining the benefits of organic matter and specific nutrient supplementation.

[0022] The granules may have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3, such as 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3. The binding agent may comprise a glue-like binder. The glue-like binder may comprise polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The binding agent may comprise a solution of nutrient-rich salts that is crystallised during processing the mixture to form the granules and / or during drying the granule to form a crystallized nutrient-rich salt. The solution of nutrient-rich salts may include a solution of di-potassium phosphate and / or ammonium sulfate and the crystallized nutrientrich salt may include di-potassium phosphate (DKP) and / or ammonium sulfate. The dipotassium phosphate may be formed by adding phosphoric acid and caustic potash to the organic matter. The formation of di-potassium phosphate may generate heat that is used to heat the pre-granule mixture to activate binding of the organic matter. The pre-granule mixture may be heated to a temperature ranging from about 60°C to 95°C, such as 70°C to 90°C.

[0023] The step of processing the pre-granule mixture to form granules may include passing the pregranule mixture through a die to form pellets. The method may further comprise polishing the pellets to form generally spherical-shaped granules. The method may further comprise applying a coating to the granules. The coating may comprise polyvinyl alcohol and / or lignin sulfonate.

[0024] The method may further comprise adding at least one trace element selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum to the mixture. The organic matter may comprise food organics and garden organics (FOGO) waste. The pregranule mixture may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 5:1 to 40:1 , such as 5:1 to 20:1 . The granules may be dried to have a moisture content of at most 10%.

[0025] In an embodiment, a system for producing an organic fertiliser granule may be provided. The system may comprise a mixer configured to receive and mix organic matter and a binding agent to form a pre-granule mixture, a granulator configured to process the pre-granule mixture to form granules having a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm, and a dryer configured to receive and dry the granules to reduce a moisture content of the granules to be at most 15%.

[0026] The system may further comprise a nutrient addition unit configured to add one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur to the pre-granule mixture. The mixer may be configured to add a glue-like binder as the binding agent. The glue-like binder may comprise polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mixer may be configured to add a solution of nutrient-rich salts that is capable of crystallising during granulation and / or drying to form a nutrient-rich salt that acts as the binding agent. The granulator may include a die configured to form pellets from the pre-granule mixture. The system may further comprise a polisher configured to polish the pellets to form generally spherical-shaped granules.

[0027] The system may further comprise a coating applicator configured to apply a coating solution to the granules that dries to form a coating on the granule. The coating applicator may be associated with the polisher such that the coating solution is applied to the generally sphericalshaped granules. The system may further comprise a trace element addition unit configured to add at least one trace element selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum to the pre-granule mixture.

[0028] Brief Description of the Drawings

[0029] Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying non-limiting drawings, in which:

[0030] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a granulation system for producing organic fertilizer granules.

[0031] Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a polishing system for processing pellets in the granulation system of Figure 1.

[0032] Figure 3 depicts an embodiment of a dryer system for drying polished pellets from the polishing system of Figure 2.

[0033] Figure 4 shows a table illustrating the composition of the granules.

[0034] Detailed Description

[0035] The present disclosure relates to a system and process for producing organic fertilizer granules from organic matter, such as compost derived from urban waste streams. The system includes several components that work in sequence to process the organic matter into nutrient-rich, mechanically durable granules suitable for use in agricultural equipment. The main components of the system include a conditioner for mixing the organic matter with various binding agents and nutrients, a granulator for processing the conditioned mixture into pellets, a polisher for rounding off the pellets into granules, and a dryer for reducing the moisture content of the granules. The system is designed to produce granules with specific physical and chemical properties, including a size range suitable for application through standard agricultural equipment, a density sufficient to withstand the rigors of transportation and application, and a nutrient content that enhances soil health and promotes plant growth. An increased density is generally correlated with an increase in hardness. Accordingly, density is used as an approximate measure for hardness.

[0036] Referring to Figure 1 , the granulation system 10 is designed to process organic input 12 into organic fertilizer granules. The organic input 12 is first introduced into a conditioner 14. The conditioner 14 is configured to mix the organic input 12 with various binding agents and nutrients to form a pre-granule mixture. This step ensures that the organic matter is adequately prepared for the subsequent granulation process. The conditioner 14 may also include mechanisms for adjusting the moisture content and adding specific additives to enhance the properties of the final granules.

[0037] As used herein, the term "organic waste" may refer to biodegradable waste materials derived from living organisms or their byproducts. Organic waste may include compost derived from urban waste such as food organics and garden organics (FOGO), kitchen scraps, yard trimmings, and other municipal organic waste streams. Organic waste may also encompass agricultural waste including animal manures, crop residues, sugar cane trash, rice hulls, wheat straw, corn stalks, and other agricultural biomass materials, and compost formed therefrom. The term may further include forestry waste, wood chips, sawdust, and other organic materials. A combination of urban waste and agricultural waste.

[0038] The conditioned mixture is then transferred from the conditioner 14 to a granulator in the form of an extruder 16. The extruder 16 is configured to process the conditioned mixture into pellets. The extruder 16 includes a hopper (not shown) that feeds the conditioned mixture into a barrel where it is subjected to pressure and shear forces by rotating screws. The screws convey the mixture through the barrel, where it is heated and compressed. At the end of the barrel, the mixture is forced through a die to form the granules. The extruder 16 may also include a cutter that slices the extruded mixture into uniform pellet lengths as it exits the die. After extrusion, the pellets are conveyed to a polishing system 18. The polishing system 18 is configured to round off the pellets to form generally spherical granules. The polishing system 18 may also include mechanisms for adding coatings to the granules to enhance their durability and field performance.

[0039] As used herein, the term "conveyor" may refer generally to any means of moving material within the system 10. This may include, but is not limited to, belt conveyors, screw conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, or any other suitable mechanism for transporting materials between components of the system. The term "conveyor" is not limited to a specific type of conveyor system and may encompass various methods of material transfer within the granulation process.

[0040] The polished granules are then conveyed to a dryer 20. The dryer 20 is configured to reduce the moisture content of the granules to ensure they are sufficiently dry for further processing.

[0041] The dried granules are then passed through a screener 22. The screener 22 is configured to sort the granules based on size, ensuring that only those within the specified size range (2 mm to 10 mm) proceed to the next stage. This step ensures uniformity in the final product, which may help to assist with compatibility with agricultural equipment such as air seeders.

[0042] The final product, the granule 24, is a nutrient- rich, mechanically durable organic fertilizer granule. The granule 24 is designed to be compatible with standard agricultural equipment, ensuring efficient application and distribution in the field. The granule 24 may also include additional coatings to enhance the granule's durability and field performance. The granule 24 includes organic matter and a binder, and has a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm and a moisture content of up to 15%. The granule 24 may have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3and / or includes one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and / or sulfur.

[0043] The different components of the granulation system 10 will now be described, starting with the organic input 12.

[0044] The organic input 12 serves as the primary source of organic matter for the production of the organic fertilizer granules. Depending on the form of the organic input 12, it may undergo screening and grinding process to ensure that a particle size of the organic input 12 is within predefine parameters for subsequent processing steps in the granulation system 10. The particle size is generally reduced to less than 5 mm to facilitate uniform mixing and binding during the conditioning phase in the conditioner 14. The compost may undergo a first stage composting process before being used as the organic input 12 in the granulation system 10. Alternatively, other sources of organic matter, such as pig manure and straw that hasn’t been composted, may be used. These alternative sources may need to be mixed and ground to the correct particle size for processing in the granulation system 10.

[0045] The moisture content of the organic input 12 can affect downstream processes. Accordingly, a moisture content of the organic input 12 may be adjusted depending on the initial properties of the organic input 12. In an embodiment, a moisture content of the organic input 12 ranges from about 10% to about 30%. In an embodiment, a moisture content of the organic input 12 is <30%. In an embodiment, a moisture content of the organic input 12 ranges from about 15% to about 25%. In an embodiment, a moisture content of the organic input 12 is about 20%. The moisture content of the organic input 12 can be adjusted by leaving the compost in an open area to decrease its moisture content. If the moisture content of the organic input 12 is too high, it may be necessary to increase the heat during the conditioning phase to reduce the moisture content. For example, the organic input 12 may be passed through a heating system to reduce its moisture content.

[0046] The organic input 12 is characterized by its nutrient content, which includes elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. These nutrients are present in both total and available forms, making them readily accessible for plant uptake. The organic input 12 may also contain trace elements like copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum, which are necessary for plant growth and soil health. The source of the organic input 12 typically determines its nutrient and elemental composition.

[0047] The carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from 5:1 to 40:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from 5:1 to 35:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from

[0048] 5: 1 to 30: 1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from

[0049] 5:1 to 25:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from

[0050] 5:1 to 20:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from

[0051] 8:1 to 40:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from

[0052] 10:1 to 40:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from 12:1 to 40:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value ranging from 15:1 to 40:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at least 5:1 . The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at least 8:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at least 10:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at least 12:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at least 15:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at most 40:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at most 35:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at most 30: 1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at most 25:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the organic input 12 may have a value of at most 20:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio can help to balance nutrient availability and microbial activity in the soil.

[0053] A total organic matter content of the organic input 12 may range from 30% to 45%, with a total organic carbon content ranging from 15% to 40%. A pH of the organic input 12, when dissolved at a 1 :5 ratio in water, may range from 7.0 to 9.0. This pH range help assist with ensuring compatibility with various soil types. The organic input 12 may have humic acid. The humic acid may range from about 3% to 30%. Humic acid can help to enhances the ability for the organic input 12 to improve soil structure and water retention. These properties collectively contribute to the effectiveness of the organic input 12 as an organic source for producing nutrient-rich, mechanically durable fertilizer granules.

[0054] Different sources of organic matter can be utilized. For example, a dry compost could be blended with a moist compost to adjust a moisture level of the blend, or similarly adjustment of different sources of organic material to have nutrient and carbon levels within a predefined range. If two or more sources of organic matter are blended, the system 10 can include a mixer to blend or mix the different sources of organic matter together (not shown). It may also be necessary to blend different sources of organic input 12, such as different sources of compost, depending on the availability of these inputs.

[0055] The conditioner 14 will now be described in more detail. The conditioner 14 is configured to receive the organic input 12 and prepare it for the subsequent granulation process in the extruder 16. The conditioner 14 may include a mixing mechanism that blends the organic input 12 with various binding agents and nutrients to form a pre-granule mixture. The mixing mechanism may apply shear forces to the organic input 12, helping to break down the organic matter and ensure a uniform mixture.

[0056] As used herein, the term "pre-granule mixture" refers to a mixture of organic matter and binder in the conditioner 14 and can include material up to immediately before the extruder 16. The pre-granule mixture may have a varying composition and consistency depending on the amount of conditioning it has been subject to. This mixture may undergo changes in its physical and chemical properties as it progresses through the conditioning process, potentially incorporating additional components such as nutrients or other additives at various stages before reaching the extruder 16.

[0057] In some embodiments, the binding agent added to the conditioner 14 comprises a glue-like binder. The glue-like binder may be added as a liquid to assist with blending and mixing with the organic input 12. In some cases, the glue-like binder comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The PVA binder helps to bind the organic matter, forming a cohesive pre-granule mixture that can be processed into granules in the extruder 16. The binder may be added to the conditioner 14 such that a resulting concentration of binder in the pre-granule mixture is up to 10wt.%.

[0058] In addition to or in place of the glue-like binder, the conditioner 14 may also add a solution of nutrient-rich salts to the organic input 12. The nutrient-rich salts may be added in a solution form that is capable of crystallizing during the subsequent granulation and drying processes. The crystallized nutrient-rich salts act as a binding agent, helping to bind the organic matter and form the granules. In some cases, the nutrient-rich salts include di-potassium phosphate (DKP) and / or ammonium sulfate. A concentration of the nutrient-rich salts solution may have a concentration at or approaching a saturation point. Such concentration may help to minimise the amount of water or moisture added to the pre-granule mixture.

[0059] DKP may be added directly to the conditioner 14. However, in an embodiment, DKP may be formed in the conditioner 14. For example, phosphoric acid and caustic potash may be added to the organic matter in the conditioner 14. Alternatively, ammonium sulfate may be formed by adding sulfuric acid to the organic matter and passing ammonia through the conditioner 14. The formation of DKP and ammonium sulfate is an exothermic reaction that generates heat. This heat can be used to heat the pre-granule mixture, which can assist with conditioning of the pre-granule mixture and to also help reduce the heating energy inputs. The heat generated by the formation of DKP can also assist in reducing the moisture content of the pre-granule mixture. In some embodiments, the pre-granule mixture is heated to a temperature ranging from about 60°C to 95°C, such as 70°C to 90°C.

[0060] Nutrients may also be added to pre-granule mixture in the conditioner 14. The nutrients may be selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur. The specific concentrations of nutrients added to the conditioner 14 can be adjusted depending on the chemical and nutrient composition of the organic input 12 and the desired nutrient content of the resulting fertilizer granules. In addition to nutrients, trace elements may be added to the pre-granule mixture in the conditioner 14. The trace elements may include at least one trace element selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum. The addition of trace elements can enhance the nutrient profile of the resulting fertilizer granules, providing additional benefits for soil health and plant growth.

[0061] Adjusting the composition of the pre-granule mixture in the conditioner 14 may help to produce organic fertilizer granules (e.g. granule 24) with specific physical and chemical properties, tailored to the needs of different agricultural applications.

[0062] The extruder 16 will now be described in more detail. Referring to Figure 1 , the extruder 16 is configured to process the pre-granule mixture from the conditioner 14 into pellets.

[0063] The extruder 16 may include a hopper (not shown) that feeds the pre-granule mixture into a barrel where it is subjected to pressure and shear forces by rotating screws. Alternatively, the conditioner 14 may replace the need for a hopper, barrel and rotating screws. At the extruder 16 is provided with a die through which the pre-granule mixture is passed through to form the granules. The extruder 16 may also include a cutter that slices the extruded material into uniform pellet lengths as it exits the die.

[0064] As used herein, the term "extruder" may refer to a device that passes a material through a die to form an extrudate material. The extruder 16 may be embodied in various forms, including but not limited to screw extruders, piston extruders, or ram extruders. In some aspects, the extruder 16 may include components such as a barrel, one or more screws, a die, and a cutting mechanism. The extruder 16 may be used to process materials under pressure, heat, or a combination thereof to produce a shaped product.

[0065] In an embodiment, the extruder 16 is a ring die pellet mill. In some embodiments, the die has a short path length. For example, the die may have a compression value ranging from 5:1 to 3:1. The die may have a hole diameter ranging from 2 mm to 8 mm. The die may have a hole diameter ranging from 3 mm to 5mm. The ring die pellet mill may be operated at a slower speed compared to traditional dies. This can result in pellets with improved mechanical durability and size uniformity. For example, the ring die pellet mill may be operated at a speed of 45 meters / min to 120 meters / min.

[0066] The moisture content of the pre-granule mixture can affect the extrusion process. The moisture content of the pre-granule mixture may be adjusted in the conditioner 14 to ensure extrusion conditions fall within preset operation targets. In some embodiments, the moisture content of the pre-granule mixture is less than 25% when it is fed into the extruder 16. This moisture content allows for efficient extrusion and formation of pellets with the desired properties. In an embodiment, a moisture content of the pre-granule mixture is at least 20%. A moisture content below 20% may prevent the pre-granule mixture from being extruded into pellets. In an embodiment, a moisture content of the pre-granule mixture is at most 30%. A moisture content above 30% may prevent the pre-granule mixture from forming into pellets during the extrusion process. In an embodiment, a moisture content of the pre-granule mixture ranges from about 20% to about 30%.

[0067] The pellets formed by the extruder 16 may be elongate in shape. In some embodiments, the elongate pellets may have a length ranging from about 5 mm to about 30 mm, such as 10 mm to 20 mm. The diameter of the elongate pellets may range from about 2 mm to about 10 mm, such as 3 mm to 8 mm. The aspect ratio of the elongate pellets, defined as the ratio of length to diameter, may range from about 1.5:1 to about 5:1 , such as 2:1 to 4:1.

[0068] The dimensions of the elongate pellets may be influenced by various factors, including the die configuration, cutting mechanism settings, and the properties of the pre-granule mixture. In some cases, the length of the elongate pellets may be adjusted by modifying the speed of the cutting mechanism relative to the extrusion rate.

[0069] The polishing system 18 will now be described with reference to Figure 2. The polishing system 18 is configured to process the elongate pellets formed by the extruder 16 into generally spherical-shaped granules. The polishing system 18 includes an input chute 30 that receives the elongate pellets from the extruder 16. The input chute 30 is connected to a first distributor 32a and a second distributor 32b, which direct the elongate pellets into a first polishing subsystem 33a and a second polishing subsystem 33b, respectively.

[0070] Each polishing subsystem includes a plurality of polishing stations. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the first polishing subsystem 33a includes a first polishing station 34a1 , a second polishing station 34b1 , and a third polishing station 34c1. Similarly, the second polishing subsystem 33b includes a first polishing station 34a2, a second polishing station 34b2, and a third polishing station 34c2. Each polishing station may include a disc pellet polisher that is configured to round off the elongate pellets into generally spherical-shaped granules.

[0071] The flow of pellets through the polishing subsystems is controlled by a series of transfer gates and exit gates. In the first polishing subsystem 33a, a first transfer gate 36a1 is positioned between the first polishing station 34a1 and the second polishing station 34b1 , and a second transfer gate 36b1 is positioned between the second polishing station 34b1 and the third polishing station 34c1. Similarly, in the second polishing subsystem 33b, a first transfer gate 36a2 is positioned between the first polishing station 34a2 and the second polishing station 34b2, and a second transfer gate 36b2 is positioned between the second polishing station 34b2 and the third polishing station 34c2.

[0072] Each polishing station is also equipped with an exit gate and an exit chute. In the first polishing subsystem 33a, these include a first exit gate 38a1 and a first exit chute 40a1 associated with the first polishing station 34a1 , a second exit gate 38b1 and a second exit chute 40b1 associated with the second polishing station 34b1 , and a third exit gate 38c1 and a third exit chute 40c1 associated with the third polishing station 34c1 . The second polishing subsystem 33b has corresponding components: a first exit gate 38a2 and a first exit chute 40a2 associated with the first polishing station 34a2, a second exit gate 38b2 and a second exit chute 40b2 associated with the second polishing station 34b2, and a third exit gate 38c2 and a third exit chute 40c2 associated with the third polishing station 34c2.

[0073] The polishing system 18 may include a control system (not shown) configured to control the operation of the transfer gates 36 and exit gates 38, thereby regulating the flow of pellets through the polishing subsystems 33a or 33b. The control system may include a processor, memory, and input / output interfaces to communicate with various components of the polishing system 18.

[0074] In an embodiment, the control system may receive input from sensors positioned throughout the polishing system 18. These sensors may monitor various parameters such as pellet size, shape, moisture content, or residence time within each polishing station. Based on the sensor data, the control system may adjust the operation of the transfer gates and exit gates to optimize the polishing process.

[0075] For example, if sensors detect that pellets exiting a particular polishing station have not achieved the desired spherical shape, the control system may adjust the transfer gates to increase the residence time of pellets in that station. Conversely, if pellets are achieving the desired shape more quickly than anticipated, the control system may adjust the gates to reduce residence time and increase throughput.

[0076] The exit chutes from both subsystems feed into a conveyor 42, which transports the processed pellets to a dryer 20 for further processing. The polishing system 18 also includes a liquid dispensing system 44 with nozzles 46 associated with the polishing stations 34. These nozzles can spray liquid onto the pellets during the polishing process, for example to apply a coating to the pellets during polishing that dries to form a surface coating.

[0077] As used herein, the term "conveyor" may refer generally to any means of moving material within the system 10. The term "conveyor" is not limited to a specific type of conveyor system and may encompass various methods of material transfer within the granulation process. Accordingly, the term "conveyor" may include, gravity-fed chutes or passages, belt conveyors, screw conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, or any other suitable mechanism for transporting materials between components of the system.

[0078] The polishing system 18 includes a liquid dispensing system 44 with an associated nozzle 46. The liquid dispensing system 44 is configured to apply a coating solution to the pellets during the polishing process. The coating solution contains a coating agent that, upon drying, forms a coating on the pellets. In some embodiments, the coating agent comprises polyvinyl alcohol and / or lignin sulfonate. The coating solution is sprayed onto the pellets by passing the coating solution through the nozzle 46. The thickness of the coating can be controlled by adjusting the dosing of the coating solution. In some embodiments, the coating solution is applied to each polishing station to incrementally increase the thickness of the coating.

[0079] The liquid dispensing system 44 may be designed to accommodate various coating solutions with different viscosities and chemical compositions. In some cases, the system may include multiple reservoirs to store different coating solutions, allowing for the application of multi-layer coatings or the selection of different coating agents based on specific product requirements.

[0080] The nozzle 46 may be adjustable to control the spray pattern and droplet size of the coating solution. This adjustability can help optimize the coating coverage and uniformity on the pellets. In some embodiments, the nozzle 46 may be equipped with an anti-clogging mechanism to ensure consistent spray performance over extended periods of operation.

[0081] The coating process may be synchronized with the rotation speed of the polishing stations to ensure even coverage of the pellets. In some cases, the liquid dispensing system 44 may be programmed to apply the coating solution intermittently or continuously, depending on the desired coating thickness and the residence time of the pellets in each polishing station.

[0082] The coating solution may include additives to enhance various properties of the final granule 24. In some embodiments, the coating solution may incorporate a dust suppressor to reduce airborne particulates during handling and application of the granules. The coating solution may also include biologies, such as beneficial microorganisms or enzymes, which may contribute to soil health and plant growth upon application of the granules. In some cases, the coating solution may contain Li2SO4, which may serve multiple purposes including acting as a nutrient source or influencing the physical properties of the coating. The specific composition of the coating solution may be adjusted based on the desired characteristics of the final granule 24 and its intended application.

[0083] The drying of the coating may be facilitated by the movement of the pellets through the polishing stations and the airflow within the system. In some embodiments, additional drying mechanisms, such as heated air streams or infrared heaters, may be incorporated into the polishing system 18 to accelerate the drying process and ensure the coating is fully set before the granules exit the system.

[0084] The control system of the polishing system 18 may monitor and adjust the coating process in real-time. Sensors may be used to measure parameters such as pellet surface temperature, coating thickness, and moisture content. Based on this data, the control system may automatically adjust the coating solution flow rate, nozzle 46 settings, or polishing station speeds to maintain consistent coating quality. The control system may also control the transfer gates 36 and exit gates 38 as a way to control a residence time of the pellets in the polishing stations 34 to control the coating process.

[0085] In some embodiments, the coating process may be designed to allow for the application of multiple coating layers. This multi-layer approach can provide additional functionality to the granules, such as combining a moisture-resistant outer layer with a nutrient-rich inner layer. The liquid dispensing system 44 may be configured to apply these different layers sequentially as the pellets progress through the polishing stations. The coating may also serve to modify the surface characteristics of the granules, potentially altering properties such as dust generation, abrasion resistance, and water solubility.

[0086] Following the polishing system 18, the polished pellets are processed in the dryer 20.

[0087] Referring to Figure 3, the dryer 20 is in the form of dryer system 21 that is configured to reduce the moisture content of the polished pellets, i.e. granules, formed in the polishing system 18. The dryer system 21 includes a hopper 48, a heating chamber 50, and a cooling chamber 52. The polished granules are transferred from the polishing system 18, typically via conveyor 42, to the hopper 48 where the granules are stored until ready for drying. The granules in the hopper 48 are then transferred to the heating chamber 50 where the granules are dried to reduce their moisture content below a threshold value to form a dried pellet. The dried pellets absorb the heat within the heating chamber 50 such that the dried pellets are hot. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the dried pellets are cooled in the cooling chamber 52. However, the cooling chamber 52 is not always required. In an embodiment, the heating chamber 50 may be a fluidized bed dryer.

[0088] In some embodiments, the heating chamber 50 and cooling chamber 52 may be separate chambers, each designed to perform its specific function. The heating chamber 50 may be equipped with heating elements or hot air circulation systems to facilitate the drying process, while the cooling chamber 52 may incorporate cooling mechanisms such as cool air circulation or refrigeration units to bring the temperature of the dried pellets down. Alternatively, the cooling chamber 52 may be fitted with fans that blow ambient air into the cooling chamber 52.

[0089] Alternatively, the heating chamber 50 and cooling chamber 52 may be different zones within the same chamber. In this configuration, the chamber may be divided into distinct heating and cooling zones, with a gradual transition between them. This approach may allow for a more compact design and potentially more efficient heat transfer between the zones. The heating zone may occupy one end of the chamber, with temperature gradually decreasing towards the cooling zone at the opposite end. This gradient may be achieved through strategic placement of heating and cooling elements, as well as controlled air circulation within the chamber.

[0090] In some cases, the single chamber design with distinct zones may incorporate movable barriers or adjustable airflow systems, allowing for flexibility in the size and conditions of the heating and cooling zones. This adaptability may enable the system to accommodate different types of granules or varying production rates by adjusting the relative sizes of the heating and cooling zones as needed.

[0091] A counter-current airflow 54 between the cooling chamber 52 and the heating chamber 50 helps to recycle waste heat back into the heating chamber 50 to reduce an energy requirement of the heating chamber 50. The counter-current airflow 54 may be generated by a fan or blower (not shown) that circulates air between the heating chamber 50 and the cooling chamber 52. This counter-current airflow 54 can enhance the efficiency of the drying process by reusing the heat energy that would otherwise be lost.

[0092] In some embodiments, the dryer system 21 may include a conveyor, such as a screw or bucket conveyor, to move the polished granules into the hopper 48. The hopper 48 discharge under gravity, allowing the granules to naturally flow into the heating chamber 50 for drying. The heating chamber 50 may include heating elements, such as electric heaters or gas burners, to generate the heat required for drying the granules. The temperature within the heating chamber 50 may be controlled to promote beneficial drying conditions.

[0093] After drying, the moisture content of the granules is typically less than 15%, such as about 12- 15%. In an embodiment, the moisture content of the dried granules may be up to 10%. In an embodiment, the moisture content of the dried granules may be up to 9%. In an embodiment, the moisture content of the dried granules may be up to 8%. In an embodiment, the moisture content of the dried granules may be up to 7%. In an embodiment, the moisture content of the dried granules may be up to 6%. In an embodiment, the moisture content of the dried granules may be up to 5%. In an embodiment, the moisture content of the dried granules may range from 5% to 10%. Generally, granules with the lowest moisture content possible tend to provide more optimal granule characteristics, such as density, but this decreased moisture content should be balanced with the energy required for drying. The cooled granules are then ready for further processing, such as screening to sort the granules by size. In an embodiment, the cooled granules are stored before screening.

[0094] Referring back to Figure 1 , the screener 22 is configured to sort the dried granules by size. The screener 22 may include several different mesh screens to sort the granules based on an upper size limit and a lower size limit. In some embodiments, the upper size limit may be around 8-12 mm, such as 10 mm. The lower size limit may be about 2-5 mm, such as 3 mm. Granules with a size of 3-10 mm can be applied to landscapes using an air seeder.

[0095] In some embodiments, the granules may have a maximum diameter of up to 10 mm. The granules may have a minimum diameter of at least 2 mm. In some cases, the granules may range in size from 2 mm to 10 mm in diameter. The upper size limit of the granules may be about 10 mm, while the lower size limit may be about 2 mm. In an embodiment, the granules may have a diameter between 3 mm and 10 mm.

[0096] In some embodiments, the granules may have a maximum diameter of up to 10 mm, 9 mm, 8 mm, or 7 mm. The granules may have a minimum diameter of at least 2 mm, 3 mm, or 4 mm. In some cases, the granules may range in size from 2 mm to 10 mm in diameter, 3 mm to 9 mm in diameter, or 4 mm to 8 mm in diameter. The upper size limit of the granules may be about 10 mm, 9 mm, or 8 mm, while the lower size limit may be about 2 mm, 3 mm, or 4 mm. In an embodiment, the granules may have a diameter between 3 mm and 10 mm, 3 mm and 9 mm, or 4 mm and 8 mm. The size distribution of the granules may be tailored to specific applications or equipment requirements. For instance, granules with a diameter range of 2 mm to 7 mm may be suitable for certain types of spreaders, while granules with a diameter range of 3 mm to 9 mm may be optimal for other application methods. In some embodiments, the granules may have a narrow size distribution, such as 4 mm to 7 mm, to ensure uniformity in application rates and nutrient distribution.

[0097] The screener 22 may include a series of screens with different mesh sizes arranged in a sequential order from larger to smaller. The granules are passed through the screens, with granules larger than the mesh size of a particular screen being retained while smaller granules pass through. This process is repeated for each screen until all granules have been sorted into their respective size ranges.

[0098] The screener 22 may also include a fines return line 26. Granules that are smaller than the lower size limit, referred to as fines, are collected and returned to the organic input 12 or back into the conditioner 14 for reprocessing. This recycling of fines helps to minimize waste and improve the overall efficiency of the granulation process.

[0099] In some embodiments, the screener 22 may be equipped with a control system (not shown) that automates the screening process. The control system may include sensors that monitor the size distribution of the granules and adjust the operation of the screener 22 accordingly. This automated control can help to maintain consistent granule size distribution and optimize the performance of the screener 22.

[0100] Referring to the organic fertiliser granule 24, the granule 24 is a nutrient-rich, mechanically durable organic fertiliser granule. The granule 24 is designed to be compatible with standard agricultural equipment, ensuring efficient application and distribution in the field. The granule 24 includes organic matter and a binder, and has a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm and a moisture content of up to 15%. The granule 24 may have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3and / or includes one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and / or sulfur.

[0101] The organic matter in the granule 24 may be derived from various sources. In some embodiments, the organic matter comprises compost derived from urban waste streams, such as food organics and garden organics (FOGO). The compost may undergo a first stage composting process before being used as the organic input 12 in the granulation system 10. Alternatively, other sources of organic matter, such as pig manure and straw that hasn’t been composted, may be used.

[0102] The granule 24 may include a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the granule 24. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises a glue-like binder. The glue-like binder may be added as a liquid to assist with blending and mixing with the organic matter. In some cases, the glue-like binder comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The PVA binder helps to bind the organic matter, forming a cohesive granule that can be processed into granules in the extruder 16.

[0103] The binding agent may include a crystallized nutrient-rich salt. The nutrient-rich salt may be added in a solution form that is capable of crystallizing during the subsequent granulation and drying processes. The crystallized nutrient-rich salt may act as a binding agent, helping to bind the organic matter and form the granules. The crystallized nutrient-rich salt may be used in addition to or in place of the glue-like binder. In some cases, the nutrient-rich salt include dipotassium phosphate (DKP) and / or ammonium sulfate. A concentration of the solution that provides the nutrient-rich salt to the conditioner 14 may be at or close to a saturation point of the nutrient-rich salt solution. A concentrated solution of nutrient-rich salt may help to decrease the amount of liquid that needs to be added to the conditioner 14. The crystallized nutrientrich salt may be used in place of the glue-like binder. Without being bound by theory, it is thought that the heat generated from the in situ formation of DKP in the conditioner 14 by mixing phosphoric acid and caustic potash helps to activate components in the organic matter to bind together, for example by crosslinking, meaning the organic matter itself at least to some degree can act as a binder.

[0104] The granule 24 may also include one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur. The specific concentrations of nutrients in the granule 24 can be adjusted depending on the chemical and nutrient composition of the organic input 12 and the desired nutrient content of the resulting fertilizer granules.

[0105] The granule 24 may also include one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur. The specific concentrations of nutrients in the granule 24 can be adjusted depending on the chemical and nutrient composition of the organic input 12 and the desired nutrient content of the resulting fertilizer granules.

[0106] The nitrogen content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the granule 24, which corresponds to approximately 10,000 ppm to 150,000 ppm. The nitrogen content may have a value ranging from 1.5% to 12% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value ranging from 2% to 10% by weight of the granule

[0107] 24. The nitrogen content may have a value ranging from 2.5% to 8% by weight of the granule

[0108] 24. The nitrogen content may have a value ranging from 3% to 8% by weight of the granule

[0109] 24. The nitrogen content may have a value ranging from 3.5% to 7% by weight of the granule

[0110] 24. The nitrogen content may have a value ranging from 4% to 6% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at least 1% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at least 1 .5% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at least 2% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at least 2.5% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at least 3% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at least 3.5% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at least 4% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at most 15% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at most 12% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at most 10% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at most 8% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at most 7% by weight of the granule 24. The nitrogen content may have a value of at most 6% by weight of the granule 24. In some cases, the nitrogen content may have a value of about 5% by weight of the granule 24, equivalent to approximately 50,000 ppm.

[0111] The phosphorus content of the granule 24, typically expressed as P2O5, may range from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of the granule 24, corresponding to approximately 5,000 ppm to 200,000 ppm. The phosphorus content may have a value ranging from 0.75% to 18% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value ranging from 1% to 15% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value ranging from 1 .5% to 12% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value ranging from 2% to 10% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value ranging from 3% to 8% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value ranging from 4% to 7% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at least 0.5% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at least 0.75% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at least 1 % by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at least 1.5% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at least 2% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at least 3% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at least 4% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at most 20% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at most 18% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at most 15% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at most 12% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at most 10% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at most 8% by weight of the granule 24. The phosphorus content may have a value of at most 7% by weight of the granule 24. In some embodiments, the phosphorus content may be between 1 % and 15% (10,000 ppm to 150,000 ppm), or between 2% and 10% by weight (20,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm). A preferred phosphorus content may be about 5% by weight of the granule 24 in some cases, equivalent to approximately 50,000 ppm.

[0112] The potassium content of the granule 24, typically expressed as K2O, may range from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of the granule 24, which corresponds to approximately 5,000 ppm to 200,000 ppm. The potassium content may have a value ranging from 0.75% to 18% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value ranging from 1% to

[0113] 15% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value ranging from 1.5% to 12% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value ranging from

[0114] 2% to 10% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value ranging from 3% to 8% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value ranging from 4% to 7% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at least 0.5% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at least

[0115] 0.75% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at least 1 % by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at least 1.5% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at least 2% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at least 3% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at least 4% by weight of the granule

[0116] 24. The potassium content may have a value of at most 20% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at most 18% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at most 15% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at most 12% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at most 10% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at most 8% by weight of the granule 24. The potassium content may have a value of at most 7% by weight of the granule 24. For instance, the potassium content may be between 1% and 15% (10,000 ppm to 150,000 ppm), or between 2% and 10% by weight (20,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm). In some embodiments, a preferred potassium content may be about 6% by weight of the granule 24, equivalent to approximately 60,000 ppm. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may range from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the granule 24, corresponding to approximately 1 ,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may range from about 0.5% to about 8% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may range from about 1 % to about 5% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may range from about 1.5% to about 4% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may range from about 2% to about 3% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 0.1% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 0.5% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 1 % by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 1.5% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 2% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 10% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 8% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 5% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 4% by weight of the granule 24. The sulfur content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 3% by weight of the granule 24. In some cases, the sulfur content may be between 0.5% and 8% (5,000 ppm to 80,000 ppm), or between 1% and 5% by weight (10,000 ppm to 50,000 ppm). A preferred sulfur content may be about 2% by weight of the granule 24 in some embodiments, equivalent to approximately 20,000 ppm.

[0117] In some aspects, the nutrient content of the granule 24 may be expressed in terms of total nutrient content or available nutrient content. The available nutrient content may represent the portion of nutrients that are readily accessible for plant uptake and may be lower than the total nutrient content. The ratio of available to total nutrient content may vary depending on the specific nutrient and the properties of the granule 24.

[0118] The nutrient content of the granule 24 may be tailored to specific crop requirements or soil conditions. For example, a granule 24 formulated for phosphorus-deficient soils may have a higher phosphorus content, while a granule 24 designed for nitrogen-hungry crops may have a higher nitrogen content. In some embodiments, the granule 24 may have a balanced nutrient profile, with approximately equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

[0119] The nutrient ratios in the granule 24 may also be adjusted to create specialized fertilizer blends. For instance, a granule 24 with a nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium (N:P:K) ratio of 5:5:5 may be suitable for general purpose applications, while a ratio of 10:5:5 may be more appropriate for leafy green vegetables that require higher nitrogen levels.

[0120] In addition to the primary nutrients, the granule 24 may also contain secondary nutrients and micronutrients in varying concentrations to further enhance its fertilizing properties. These may include elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and boron, among others. The concentrations of these secondary nutrients and micronutrients may vary depending on the specific formulation and intended use of the granule 24. These concentration ranges may be adjusted based on specific crop needs, soil conditions, and regional agricultural practices. The inclusion of these secondary nutrients and micronutrients in the granule 24 may help to provide a more comprehensive nutrient profile, potentially addressing a wider range of plant nutritional requirements.

[0121] In some embodiments, the granule 24 may contain various concentrations of secondary nutrients and micronutrients. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration ranging from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration ranging from 0.75% to 4.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration ranging from 1 % to 4% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration ranging from 1.5% to 3.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration ranging from 2% to 3% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration of at least 0.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration of at least 0.75% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration of at least 1% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration of at least 1 .5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration of at least 2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration up to 5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration up to 4.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration up to 4% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration up to 3.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a calcium concentration up to 3% by weight of the granule 24.

[0122] The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount ranging from 5,000 ppm to 50,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount ranging from 7,500 ppm to 45,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount ranging from 10,000 ppm to 40,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount ranging from 15,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount ranging from 20,000 ppm to 30,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at least 5,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at least 7,500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at least 10,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at least 15,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at least 20,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at most 50,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at most 45,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at most 40,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at most 35,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain calcium in an amount of at most 30,000 ppm.

[0123] The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from about 0.1 % to 2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.15% to 1.8% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.2% to 1.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.25% to 1.2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.3% to 1.0% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.2% to 0.8% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.2% to 0.6% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.4% to 0.8% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration of at least 0.1% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration of at least 0.15% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration of at least 0.2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration of at least 0.25% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration of at least 0.3% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration of at least 0.4% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration of at least 0.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration up to 2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration up to 1 .8% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration up to 1 .5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration up to 1 .2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration up to 1 .0% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration up to 0.8% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a magnesium concentration up to 0.6% by weight of the granule 24.

[0124] The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount ranging from 1 ,000 ppm to 20,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount ranging from 1 ,500 ppm to 18,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount ranging from 2,000 ppm to 15,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount ranging from 2,500 ppm to 12,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount ranging from 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount ranging from 2,000 ppm to 8,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount ranging from 2,000 ppm to 6,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at least 1 ,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at least 1 ,500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at least 2,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at least 2,500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at least 3,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at least 4,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at least 5,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at most 20,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at most 18,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at most 15,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at most 12,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at most 10,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at most 8,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain magnesium in an amount of at most 6,000 ppm.

[0125] The granule 24 may have an iron concentration ranging from about 0.01% to 0.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration ranging from about 0.02% to 0.4% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration ranging from about 0.03% to 0.3% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration ranging from about 0.05% to 0.25% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration ranging from about 0.08% to 0.2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration ranging from about 0.1 % to 0.15% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration of at least 0.01 % by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration of at least 0.02% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration of at least 0.03% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration of at least 0.05% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration of at least 0.08% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration of at least 0.1 % by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration up to 0.5% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration up to 0.4% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration up to 0.3% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration up to 0.25% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration up to 0.2% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have an iron concentration up to 0.15% by weight of the granule 24.

[0126] The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount ranging from 100 ppm to 5,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount ranging from 200 ppm to 4,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount ranging from 300 ppm to 3,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount ranging from 500 ppm to 2,500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount ranging from 800 ppm to 2,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount ranging from 1 ,000 ppm to 1 ,500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at least 100 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at least 200 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at least 300 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at least 500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at least 800 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at least 1 ,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at most 5,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at most 4,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at most 3,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at most 2,500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at most 2,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain iron in an amount of at most 1 ,500 ppm.

[0127] The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration ranging from about 0.005% to 0.1% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration ranging from about 0.008% to 0.08% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration ranging from about 0.01% to 0.06% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration ranging from about 0.015% to 0.05% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration ranging from about 0.02% to 0.04% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration of at least 0.005% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration of at least 0.008% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration of at least 0.01% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration of at least 0.015% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration of at least 0.02% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration up to 0.1 % by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration up to 0.08% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration up to 0.06% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration up to 0.05% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a manganese concentration up to 0.04% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount ranging from 50 ppm to 1,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount ranging from 80 ppm to 800 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount ranging from 100 ppm to 600 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount ranging from 150 ppm to 500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount ranging from 200 ppm to 400 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at least 50 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at least 80 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at least 100 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at least 150 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at least 200 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at most 1 ,000 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at most 800 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at most 600 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at most 500 ppm. The granule 24 may contain manganese in an amount of at most 400 ppm.

[0128] The granule 24 may have a boron concentration ranging from about 0.0005% to 0.02% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration ranging from about 0.0008% to 0.015% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration ranging from about 0.001% to 0.018% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration ranging from about 0.0006% to 0.012% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration ranging from about 0.002% to 0.016% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration of at least 0.0005% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration of at least 0.0008% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration of at least 0.001% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration of at least 0.002% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration of at least 0.003% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration up to 0.02% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration up to 0.018% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration up to 0.015% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration up to 0.012% by weight of the granule 24. The granule 24 may have a boron concentration up to 0.01 % by weight of the granule 24.

[0129] The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount ranging from 5 ppm to 200 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount ranging from 8 ppm to 150 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount ranging from 10 ppm to 180 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount ranging from 15 ppm to 160 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at least 5 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at least 10 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at least 15 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at least 20 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at most 200 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at most 180 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at most 160 ppm. The granule 24 may contain boron in an amount of at most 150 ppm.

[0130] The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration ranging from 0.1 wt% to 0.5wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration ranging from 0.15wt% to 0.45wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration ranging from 0.2wt% to 0.4wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration ranging from 0.25wt% to 0.35wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at least 0.1 wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at least 0.15wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at least 0.2wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at least 0.25wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at most 0.5wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at most 0.45wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at most 0.4wt%. The granule 24 may have a sodium concentration of at most 0.35wt%.

[0131] The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content ranging from 8,000ppm to 30,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content ranging from 10,000ppm to 28,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content ranging from 12,000ppm to 25,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content ranging from 15,000ppm to 25,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content ranging from 18,000ppm to 22,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at least 8,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at least 10.OOOppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at least 12,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at least 15,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at least 18,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at most 30,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at most 28,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at most 25,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of at most 22,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available sulphur content of about 20,000ppm.

[0132] The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content ranging from 8,000ppm to 30,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content ranging from 10,000ppm to 25,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content ranging from 12,000ppm to 20,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content ranging from 8,000ppm to 15,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content ranging from 15,000ppm to 30,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content ranging from 9,000ppm to 18,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at least 8,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at least 10,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at least 11 ,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at least 12,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at least 15,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at most 30,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at most 25,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at most 20,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at most 18,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at most 16,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at most 14,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of at most 12,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available phosphorous content of about 11 ,500ppm.

[0133] The granule 24 may have an available potassium content ranging from 25,000ppm to 60,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content ranging from 30,000ppm to 55,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content ranging from 35,000ppm to 50,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content ranging from 40,000ppm to 45,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content ranging from 27,000ppm to 32,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content ranging from 28,000ppm to 31 ,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at least 25,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at least 30,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at least 35,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at least 40,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at most 60,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at most 55,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at most 50,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of at most 45,000ppm. The granule 24 may have an available potassium content of about 29,000ppm.

[0134] These concentration ranges may be adjusted based on specific crop needs, soil conditions, and regional agricultural practices. The inclusion of these secondary nutrients and micronutrients in the granule 24 may help to provide a more comprehensive nutrient profile, potentially addressing a wider range of plant nutritional requirements.

[0135] These concentration ranges may be adjusted based on specific crop needs, soil conditions, and regional agricultural practices. The inclusion of these secondary nutrients and micronutrients in the granule 24 may help to provide a more comprehensive nutrient profile, potentially addressing a wider range of plant nutritional requirements.

[0136] The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio ranging from 5:1 to 40:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio ranging from 5:1 to 35:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio ranging from 5:1 to 30:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio ranging from 5:1 to 25:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 5:1 to 20:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 8:1 to 40:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 10:1 to 40:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 12:1 to 40:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 15:1 to 40:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at least 5:1 . The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at least 8:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at least 10:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at least 12:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at least 15:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at most 40:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at most 35:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at most 30:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at most 25:1. The granule 24 may have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of at most 20:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio can help to balance nutrient availability and microbial activity in the soil.

[0137] A total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 15% to 40%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 15% to 35%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 15% to 30%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 15% to 25%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 18% to 38%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 20% to 35%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 22% to 32%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 25% to 30%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 15%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 18%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 20%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 22%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 25%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 40%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 38%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 35%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 32%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 30%. The total organic carbon content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 25%. A total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 30% to 45%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 32% to 43%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 35% to 42%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 38% to 40%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 30%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 32%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 35%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 38%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 45%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 43%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 42%. The total organic matter content of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 40%.

[0138] A pH of the granule 24, when dissolved at a 1 :5 ratio in water, may have a value ranging from 7.0 to 9.0. As used herein, the term "pH" when referencing a pH of the granule 24 refers to a pH of a solution formed by dissolving the granule in water at a 1 :5 ratio, meaning one part granule to five parts water by weight or volume. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 7.2 to 8.8. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 7.5 to 8.5. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 8.0 to 9.0. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value ranging from 8.5 to 9.0. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 7.0. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 7.2. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 7.5. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 8.0. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at least 8.5. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 9.0. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 8.8. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of at most 8.5. The pH of the granule 24 may have a value of about 8.8. This pH range may help to assist with ensuring compatibility with various soil types. The humic acid may range from about 3% to 30%. The humic acid may range from about 3% to 25%. The humic acid may range from about 3% to 20%. The humic acid may range from about 5% to 30%. The humic acid may range from about 5% to 20%. The humic acid may range from about 10% to 30%. The humic acid may range from about 10% to 20%. Humic acid can help to enhances the ability for the granule 24 to improve soil structure and water retention. These properties collectively contribute to the effectiveness of the granule 24 as an organic source for producing nutrient-rich, mechanically durable fertilizer granules.

[0139] The granule 24 may include humic acid. The humic acid content in the granule 24 may range from about 3% to 30%. The humic acid content in the granule 24 may vary depending on the organic matter source, processing conditions, and desired end-product characteristics. In some embodiments, the humic acid content in the granule 24 may range from about 3% to 30% by weight of the granule 24. This range may be further subdivided into three categories: low humic acid content (3% to 10%), medium humic acid content (10% to 20%), and high humic acid content (20% to 30%).

[0140] The selection of granules with different humic acid concentrations may be tailored to specific agricultural applications and soil conditions. Granules with lower humic acid content may be suitable for soils that already have a high organic matter content. Medium humic acid content granules may be appropriate for a wide range of soil types and general agricultural applications. In cases where significant soil improvement is desired, such as in depleted or poor-quality soils, granules with higher humic acid content may be utilized. The specific choice of humic acid concentration may depend on factors such as existing soil composition, crop requirements, and desired soil enhancement outcomes.

[0141] The actual humic acid content may vary depending on the organic matter source, processing conditions, and desired end-product characteristics. These variations in humic acid content allow for the production of granules tailored to different soil types and agricultural applications.

[0142] In an embodiment, the granule 24 has a pH of about 8.8, a density of about 38kg / m3-42kg / m3, 35wt.%-45wt.% organic matter, 25wt.%-25wt.% organic carbon, 10wt.%-20wt.% humic acid, 10,000ppm-12,500ppm available phosphorous, and 25,000ppm-35,000ppm available potassium. In an embodiment, the granule 24 has a pH of about 8.8, a density of about 39.9kg / m3, 41.5wt.% organic matter, 20.7wt.% organic carbon, 14.5wt.% humic acid, ~11 ,300ppm available phosphorous, and ~29,000ppm available potassium. In the claims that follow and in the preceding description, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the disclosure.

[0143] It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country.

[0144] Modifications and variations as would be apparent to a skilled addressee are deemed to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0145] Examples

[0146] The following non-limiting example illustrates various embodiments of the organic fertilizer granules and methods for their production.

[0147] Method for Producing Organic Fertilizer Granules

[0148] The process begins with organic input preparation, where composted food organics and garden organics (FOGO) waste with a moisture content of 20% is sourced and screened to ensure a particle size of less than 5 mm. For mixing and conditioning, 1000 kg of the prepared FOGO compost is combined with an appropriate amount of binder in the conditioner. The binder can include a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder solution (10% w / w) in a conditioner. A concentration of the binder in the pre-granule mixture may be up to 10%. The binder can include a di-potassium phosphate (DKP) solution. The DKP can be formed by adding phosphoric acid and caustic potash in the conditioner to form DKP in situ. A nutrient solution and / or trace element solution can be added to the conditioner to adjust a nutrient and / or trace element concentration of the mixture in the conditioner. The components are mixed thoroughly in the conditioner until a uniform mixture is obtained. This mixture is referred to as a pregranule mixture. A temperature of the pre-granule mixture is raised to about 70°C to 90°C in the conditioner.

[0149] The pre-granule mixture is then fed into a ring die pellet mill fitted with a die plate having 5 mm diameter holes. The extruder is operated at 100 rpm to form elongated pellets, which are then cut into approximately 15 mm lengths. These pellets are transferred to a series of disc pellet polishers where they are polished to form spherical granules. During polishing, a surface coating solution can be sprayed onto the pellets to provide a surface coating. Surface coating is not always required.

[0150] The pellets are then dried following polishing where the pellets are heated in a countercurrent flow until a moisture content <15% is reached. The heated pellets are then cooled. Finally, in a screening stage, the cooled granules are passed through a series of screens to separate them into size fractions. Granules between 3 mm and 8 mm in diameter are collected for the final product, while undersized particles (< 3 mm) are returned to the conditioning stage for reprocessing.

[0151] The composition of the granules is outlined in Figure 4.

Claims

Claims1. An organic fertiliser granule, comprising: organic matter; a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the organic fertiliser granule; wherein the granule has a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm and a moisture content of up to 15%.

2. The organic fertiliser granule of claim 1, wherein the granule has a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3, such as from 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3.

3. The organic fertiliser granule of claim 1 or 2, further comprising one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and / or sulfur.

4. An organic fertiliser granule, comprising: organic matter; one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and / or sulfur; and a binding agent that binds the organic matter to form the organic fertiliser granule; wherein the granule has a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm and a moisture content of up to 15%.

5. The organic fertiliser granule of claim 4, having a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3, such as 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3.

6. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 3 to 5, having an available phosphorous content ranging from 8,000ppm to 30,000ppm, such as ~11,500ppm.

7. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 3 to 6, having an available potassium content ranging from 25,000ppm to 60,000ppm, such as ~29,000ppm.

8. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 3 to 7, having an available sulfur content ranging from 8,000ppm to 30,000ppm, such as ~20,000ppm.

9. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the binding agent comprises a glue-like binder.

10. The organic fertiliser granule of claim 9, wherein the glue-like binder comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

11. The organic fertiliser granule of claims 1 to 10, wherein the binding agent comprises crystallized nutrient-rich salts.

12. The organic fertiliser granule of claim 11, wherein the crystallized nutrient-rich salts includes di-potassium phosphate (DKP) and / or ammonium sulfate.

13. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the organic matter comprises food organics and garden organics (FOGO) waste.

14. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising a coating on the granule.

15. The organic fertiliser granule of claim 14, wherein the coating comprises polyvinyl alcohol and / or lignin sulfonate.

16. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 15, having a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 5:1 to 40:1 such as 5:1 to 20:1.

17. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising at least one trace element selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum.

18. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 17, having a pH ranging from 7.0 to 9.0, such as 8.8, when dissolved at a 1 :5 ratio in water.

19. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 18, having a calcium concentration ranging from 2wt% to 5wt%.

20. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 19, having a magnesium concentration ranging from 0.2wt% to 0.6wt%.

21. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 20, having a sodium concentration ranging from 0.1 wt% to 0.5wt%.

22. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 21 , comprising 30wt%-45wt% of total organic matter and a total organic carbon content ranging from 15wt% to 40wt%.

23. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 22, having a humic acid content ranging from 3% to 30%.

24. The organic fertiliser granule of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the moisture content is up to 10%.

25. A method of producing an organic fertiliser granule, comprising: providing organic matter; adding a binding agent to the organic matter to form a pre-granule mixture; processing the pre-granule mixture to form granules having a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm; and drying the granules to reduce a moisture content of the granules to be at most 15%.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the granules have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3to 60 kg / m3, such as 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3.

27. The method of claim 25 or 26, further comprising adding one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur to the mixture.

28. A method of producing an organic fertiliser granule, comprising: providing organic matter; adding one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur to the organic matter; adding a binding agent to the organic matter and nutrients to form a pregranule mixture; and processing the pre-granule mixture to form granules having a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm; anddrying the granules to reduce a moisture content of the granules to be at most15%.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the granules have a density ranging from 10 kg / m3 to 60 kg / m3, such as 35 kg / m3to 45 kg / m3.

30. The method of any one of claims 25 to 29, wherein the binding agent comprises a glue-like binder.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the glue-like binder comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

32. The method of any one of claims 25 to 31 , wherein the binding agent comprises a solution of nutrient-rich salts that is crystallised during processing the mixture to form the granules and / or during drying the granule to form a crystallized nutrient-rich salt.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the solution of nutrient-rich salts includes a solution of di-potassium phosphate and / or ammonium sulfate and the crystallized nutrient-rich salt includes di-potassium phosphate (DKP) and / or ammonium sulfate.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the di-potassium phosphate is formed by adding phosphoric acid and caustic potash to the organic matter.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the formation of di-potassium phosphate generates heat that is used to heat the pre-granule mixture to activate binding of the organic matter.

36. The method of any one of claims 25 to 35, wherein the pre-granule mixture is heated to a temperature ranging from about 60°C to 95°C, such as 70°C to 90°C.

37. The method of any one of claims 25 to 36, wherein the step of processing the pregranule mixture to form granules includes passing the pre-granule mixture through a die to form pellets.

38. The method of claim 37, further comprising polishing the pellets to form generally spherical-shaped granules.

39. The method of any one of claims 25 to 38, further comprising applying a coating to the granules.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the coating comprises polyvinyl alcohol and / or lignin sulfonate.

41. The method of any one of claims 25 to 40, further comprising adding at least one trace element selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum to the mixture.

42. The method of any one of claims 25 to 41 , wherein the organic matter comprises food organics and garden organics (FOGO) waste.

43. The method of any one of claims 25 to 42, wherein the pre-granule mixture has a carbon to nitrogen ratio ranging from 5:1 to 40:1, such as 5:1 to 20:1.

44. The method of any one of claims 25 to 43, wherein the granules are dried to have a moisture content of at most 10%.

45. A system for producing an organic fertiliser granule, comprising: a mixer configured to receive and mix organic matter and a binding agent to form a pre-granule mixture; a granulator configured to process the pre-granule mixture to form granules having a size ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm; and a dryer configured to receive and dry the granules to reduce a moisture content of the granules to be at most 15%.

46. The system of claim 45, further comprising a nutrient addition unit configured to add one or more nutrients selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and / or sulfur to the pre-granule mixture.

47. The system of any one of claims 45 to 46, wherein the mixer is configured to add a glue-like binder as the binding agent.

48. The system of claim 47, wherein the glue-like binder comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

49. The system of any one of claims 45 to 48, wherein the mixer is configured to add a solution of nutrient-rich salts that is capable of crystallising during granulation and / or drying to form a nutrient-rich salt that acts as the binding agent.

50. The system of any one of claims 45 to 49, wherein the granulator includes a die configured to form pellets from the pre-granule mixture.

51. The system of claim 50, further comprising a polisher configured to polish the pellets to form generally spherical-shaped granules.

52. The system of any one of claims 45 to 51, further comprising a coating applicator configured to apply a coating solution to the granules that dries to form a coating on the granule.

53. The system of claim 52, wherein the coating applicator is associated with the polisher such that the coating solution is applied to the generally spherical-shaped granules.

54. The system of any one of claims 45 to 53, further comprising a trace element addition unit configured to add at least one trace element selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, boron, and molybdenum to the pre-granule mixture.

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