Electrolyte additive, electrolyte, and battery
The combination of a silyl fluorophosphate and isocyanate compound in the electrolyte additive forms a stable interface film, addressing lithium-ion battery instability under high-voltage and high-temperature conditions by enhancing cycle stability and storage performance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- GUANGZHOU TINCI MATERIALS TECH
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-04
AI Technical Summary
Lithium-ion batteries face instability and reduced cycle stability and safety under high-voltage and high-temperature conditions due to interfacial side reactions between the electrolyte and electrode materials, leading to increased internal resistance and corrosion.
An electrolyte additive comprising a silyl fluorophosphate compound and an isocyanate compound forms a stable interface film on the electrode surface, providing high stability, smoothness, uniform thickness, flexibility, and corrosion resistance, thereby enhancing battery performance.
The synergistic effect of the additives improves cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance by reducing interfacial impedance and gas generation, while maintaining high ionic conductivity and flexibility.
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Figure CN2025136475_04062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ELECTROLYTE ADDITIVE, ELECTROLYTE, AND BATTERYPRIORITY INFORMATION
[0001] This application claims priority and benefits of Chinese Patent Application No. 202411741777.3, filed with China National Intellectual Property Administration on November 29, 2024, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of material preparation, and particularly, to an electrolyte additive, an electrolyte, and a battery.BACKGROUND
[0003] With the development of energy storage technologies, secondary batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, have become dominant power supplies for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large-scale energy storage systems, due to their high energy density, long cycle life and environmental friendliness. However, it is still a technical challenge that the lithium-ion batteries are stable in terms of their performance under high-voltage and high-temperature conditions. An electrolyte of the battery tends to undergo a side reaction with an electrode material, leading to interfacial instability, increasing internal resistance of the battery, and reducing cycle stability and safety of the battery.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure aims to solve one of the technical problems in the related art at least to some extent. To this end, the present disclosure provides an electrolyte additive, an electrolyte, and a battery. The electrolyte additive can form an interface film on a surface of an electrode plate, which exhibits high stability, smoothness and flatness, uniform thickness, good flexibility, high conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Thus, the battery has excellent cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance under a high-voltage condition.
[0005] A first aspect of the present disclosure provides an electrolyte additive. The electrolyte additive includes a first additive and a second additive. The first additive includes a compound represented by Formula I: Formula I, where R1, R2 and R3 each independently iincludes any one of H, F, C1 to C4 alkyl, C1 to C4 fluoroalkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 fluoroalkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C5 to C7 cycloalkane, R4-substituted phenyl, and R5-substituted phenmethyl; and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from any one of H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C1 to C4 fluoroalkyl, C2 to C4 fluoroalkenyl, and C2 to C4 fluoroalkynyl. The second additive includes an isocyanate compound.
[0006] The electrolyte additive of the present disclosure has excellent film-forming properties. The interface film formed on the surface of the electrode plate by the electrolyte additive exhibits high stability, smoothness and flatness, uniform thickness, good flexibility, high conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Thus, the battery has the excellent cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance under the high-voltage condition.
[0007] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first additive includes at least one of Formula 1-1 to Formula 1-22:
[0008] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the isocyanate compound includes at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate, or 4, 4’-diisocyanate dicyclohexylmethane.
[0009] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a mass ratio of the first additive to the second additive is (0.06 to 50) : 1.
[0010] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides an electrolyte. The electrolyte includes the electrolyte additive according to the first aspect.
[0011] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, an amount of the first additive accounts for 0.05%to 5%of a total mass of the electrolyte.
[0012] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, an amount of the second additive accounts for 0.03%to 1%of a total mass of the electrolyte.
[0013] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the electrolyte further includes a lithium salt, and an amount of the lithium salt accounts for 8%to 20%of a total mass of the electrolyte.
[0014] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lithium salt includes at least one of LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiSO3CF3, LiBF4, LiB (C2O4) 2, LiBF2C2O4, LiN (SO2F) 2, LiN (SO2CF3) 2, LiPO2F2, LiPF2 (C2O4) 2, or LiPF4C2O4.
[0015] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the electrolyte further includes a non-aqueous organic solvent, and an amount of the non-aqueous organic solvent accounts for 70%to 92%of a total mass of the electrolyte.
[0016] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the non-aqueous organic solvent includes at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, sulfolane, fluoroethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, propyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, 2, 2-difluoroethyl acetate, or methyl- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate.
[0017] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a battery. The battery includes the electrolyte additive according to the first aspect or the electrolyte according to the second aspect.
[0018] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the battery further includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator. The positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector. The positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material includes at least one of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiMnO2, Li2MnO4, LiFePO4, LiNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2, Li1+aMn1-xMxO2, LiCo1-xMxO2, LiFe1-xMxPO4, Li2Mn1-xO4, NamAO2, a polyanionic compound, or a Prussian blue analogue, where: M includes at least one of Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cr, Mg, Zr, Mo, V, Ti, B, or F; A includes at least one of Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, V, Zr, Ce, Cr, or Cu; and 0≤a<0.2, 0≤x<1, 0≤y<1, 0≤z<1, and 0<m≤1.
[0019] Additional aspects and advantages of the embodiments of the present disclosure will be provided at least in part in the following description, or will become apparent in part from the following description, or can be learned from the practice of the embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0020] Embodiments of technical solutions of the present disclosure will be described in detail below. The following embodiments are merely intended to clearly describe the technical solutions of the present disclosure, and therefore they are merely examples, rather than limiting the protection scope of the present disclosure.
[0021] Reference herein to “embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in conjunction with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. The phrase “embodiment” throughout the specification neither necessarily refers to the same embodiment, nor is a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Those skilled in the art understand, both explicitly and implicitly, that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.
[0022] The “ranges” disclosed in the present disclosure are defined in the form of lower and upper limits. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower and upper limits defining the boundaries of the specific range. The ranges defined in such a manner may be inclusive, and may be arbitrarily combined, i.e., any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to define a range. For example, if the ranges of 60 to 120 and 80 to 110 are specified for a particular parameter, it should be understood that the ranges of 60 to 110 and 80 to 120 can also be expected. Additionally, if the minimum range values 1 and 2 and the maximum range values 3, 4, and 5 are specified, the following ranges can all be expected: 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, and 2 to 5. In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the numerical range “ato b” denotes an abbreviated representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where both a and b are real numbers, and the range defined in such a manner may include the end values a and b. For example, the numerical range “0 to 5” means that all real numbers between “0 to 5” have been listed herein, and “0 to 5” is just an abbreviated representation of combinations of these numerical values. In addition, when a parameter is expressed as an integer of ≥2, it is equivalent to disclose that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.
[0023] All technical features and optional technical features of the present disclosure can be combined with one another to form a new technical solution, unless otherwise stated.
[0024] All technical features and optional technical features of the present disclosure can be combined with one another to form a new technical solution, unless otherwise stated.
[0025] Unless otherwise stated, all the steps of the present disclosure can be performed sequentially or randomly, and preferably, the steps of the present disclosure are performed sequentially. For example, the method including steps (a) and (b) indicates that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or the method may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, reference to “the method may further include step (c) ” indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, e.g., the method may include steps (a) , (b) and (c) , or steps (a) , (c) and (b) , or steps (c) , (a) and (b) , etc.
[0026] A first aspect of the present disclosure provides an electrolyte additive. The electrolyte additive includes a first additive and a second additive. The first additive includes a compound represented by Formula I: Formula I, where R1, R2 and R3 each independently iincludes any one of H, F, C1 to C4 alkyl, C1 to C4 fluoroalkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 fluoroalkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C5 to C7 cycloalkane, R4-substituted phenyl, and R5-substituted phenmethyl; and R4 and R5 are each independently selected from any one of H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C1 to C4 fluoroalkyl, C2 to C4 fluoroalkenyl, and C2 to C4 fluoroalkynyl. The second additive includes an isocyanate compound.
[0027] The electrolyte additive of the present disclosure has excellent film-forming properties. An interface film formed on a surface of an electrode plate by the electrolyte additive exhibits high stability, smoothness and flatness, uniform thickness, good flexibility, high conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Thus, the battery can have excellent cycle stability and high-temperature storage performance under a high-voltage condition.
[0028] A principle by which the present disclosure can achieve the above beneficial effects are described in detail below.
[0029] A silyl fluorophosphate compound (the first additive) in the electrolyte additive of the present disclosure can form stable Cathode Electrolyte Interphase (CEI) film and Anode Electrolyte Interphase film, i.e., SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) film, on surfaces of a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate, which effectively prevents interfacial side reactions between an electrode material and the electrolyte and exhibits strong corrosion resistance. Therefore, the electrode material and the electrolyte can be protected. At the same time, the films favorably optimize ion transport, reduce iinterfacial impedance, and improve electrical conductivity. As a result, the cycle stability and the high-temperature performance of the battery can be significantly improved. In addition, organic groups in the silyl fluorophosphate compound provide excellent flexibility. Thus, the interfacial film can adapt to deformation of the electrode material upon volume expansion and contraction of the battery during charging and discharging, thereby reducing crack generation and maintaining film integrity.
[0030] However, the silyl fluorophosphate compound still faces certain llimitations. The silyl fluorophosphate compound is extremely sensitive to water and may undergo hydrolysis even under the conventional storage condition. In the presence of water, the silyl fluorophosphate compound is hydrolyzed to generate difluorophosphoric acid and silanol substances. Difluorophosphoric acid is a major cause of abnormal acidity in the electrolyte, while the silanol structure tends to dimerize to form a disiloxane compound, which exerts a certain negative impact on the interfacial impedance. A lithium salt LiPF6 in the electrolyte can decompose into phosphorus pentafluoride, which undergoes the following reaction: PF5 +H2O → POF3 + HF. The HF in the electrolyte may further react with silyl fluorophosphate to generate fluorosilane gas, resulting in severe gas generation and sudden capacity drop of the battery after a period of storage or cycling.
[0031] Therefore, the second additive, i.e., the isocyanate compound, is introduced. The isocyanate compound can react with water to maintain an extremely low level of water in the electrolyte, thereby fundamentally eliminating a possibility of the hydrolysis of the silyl fluorophosphate compound. The isocyanate functional group is an electron donor that can attract the phosphorus pentafluoride to form a complex, thereby stabilizing and deactivating the phosphorus pentafluoride and reducing generation of HF. In this way, the generation of the fluorosilane gas during the storage or cycling of the silyl fluorophosphate compound can be effectively reduced. N atoms of isocyanate can form strong polar bonds with transition metals, thereby stabilizing transition metals on a surface of a positive electrode material and significantly reducing dissolution of transition metal ions during cycling.
[0032] However, the isocyanate compound itself may undergoes reductive polymerization to form an amide compound, which reduces an ion transport rate while improving stability and flexibility of the SEI film. The first additive has a relatively high reactivity and can be reduced prior to an isocyanate additive, forming SEI film components such as lithium fluoride, lithium phosphate, and LixPOyFz, which can improve ion transport. Thus, a negative impact of excessive impedance caused by the isocyanate additive can be mitigated. Through the synergistic effects of the first additive and the isocyanate compound, the interfacial film can achieve both high ionic conductivity and excellent flexibility, leading to a further improvement in battery performance.
[0033] In summary, the silyl fluorophosphate compound and the isocyanate compound function synergistically to jointly promote the formation of a uniform and stable interfacial film while maintaining relatively low interfacial impedance. As a result, the battery has excellent cycle stability and storage performance under the high-voltage and high-temperature condition.
[0034] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first additive includes at least one of Formula 1-1 to Formula 1-22:
[0035] CAS Registry Number of Formula 1-1 to Formula 1-17 are respectively: 1-1: 2708941-25-5; 1-2: 4419-25-9; 1-3: 13683-39-1; 1-4: 4414-27-1; 1-5: 4414-26-0; 1-6: 4480-02-8; 1-7: 2577172-95-1; 1-8: 13683-40-4; 1-9: 2577172-93 -9; 1-10: 2708941-27-7; 1-11: 2287283-36-5; 1-12: 6231-57-8; 1-13: 1386-54-9; 1-14: 2708941-26-6; 1-15: 6231-58-9; 1-16: 6231-59-0; 1-17: 2577172-94-0.
[0036] The compounds of Formula 1-18 to Formula 1-22 can be prepared based on synthesis schemes with reference to a preparation method of Example 14 in Chinese Patent Application CN114728992A, in which chlorodimethylphenylsilane is replaced with the following raw material: raw material of is trivinylchlorosilane (CAS No.: 1871-21-2) ; raw material of is dimethylbutynylchlorosilane (CAS No.: 2069196-19-4) ; raw material of is dimethyl (trifluoropropylene) chlorosilane (CAS No.: 89705-02-2) ; raw material of is tris (pentafluoroethyl) chlorosilane (CAS No.: 1620665-21-5) ; raw material of is dimethyl (p-methylbenzyl) chlorosilane (CAS No.: 1833-28-9) .
[0037] The above first additive has excellent film-forming properties and can form an interfacial film with good stability, corrosion resistance and flexibility on the surface of the electrode plate, thereby protecting the electrode material and the electrolyte. At the same time, the interfacial film has high ion transport rate, relatively low interfacial impedance, and relatively high electrical conductivity, which can thus well mitigate an increased impedance problem caused by the isocyanate compound. Consequently, the stability of the battery under the high-temperature and high-voltage condition can be further improved.
[0038] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the isocyanate compound includes at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate, or 4, 4’-diisocyanate dicyclohexylmethane. The above isocyanate compounds can further alleviate excessive acidity and severe gas generation of the battery caused by the silyl fluorophosphate compound under the high-voltage and high-temperature condition. Consequently, the stability of the battery under the high-temperature and high-voltage condition can be further improved.
[0039] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a mass ratio of the first additive to the second additive is (0.06 to 50) : 1. For example, the mass ratio of the first additive to the second additive may be 0.06: 1, 0.1: 1, 0.5: 1, 1: 1, 1.5: 1, 2: 1, 2.5: 1, 3: 1, 3.5: 1, 4: 1, 4.5: 1, 5: 1, 20: 1, or 50: 1. With the first additive and the second additive meeting the above condition, the interfacial film with good stability, corrosion resistance, and flexibility, and high ionic conductivity can be formed on the surface of the electrode plate. At the same time, the interfacial film has relatively high ion transmission rate, relatively low interfacial impedance, and relatively high conductivity. In addition, the excessive acidity and the severe gas generation of the battery caused by the silyl fluorophosphate compound under the high-voltage and high-temperature condition can be further alleviated. Consequently, the stability of the battery under the high-temperature and high-voltage condition can be further improved.
[0040] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides an electrolyte. The electrolyte includes the electrolyte additive according to the first aspect. Therefore, the electrolyte has all the features and advantages of the aforementioned electrolyte additive, and details thereof are not repeated herein. Overall, at least the interface film formed on the surface of the electrode plate exhibits the strong stability, smoothness and flatness, uniform thickness, good flexibility, high conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Thus, the battery can have the excellent cycle stability and the high-temperature storage performance under the high-voltage condition.
[0041] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an amount of the first additive accounts for 0.05%to 5%of a total mass of the electrolyte. For example, it may be 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, or 5.0%. When the amount of the first additive meets the above condition, the first additive can have excellent film-forming properties and can thus form the interfacial film with the good stability, corrosion resistance and flexibility on the surface of the electrode plate, thereby protecting the electrode material and the electrolyte. At the same time, the interfacial film has relatively high ion transport rate, relatively low interfacial impedance, and relatively high electrical conductivity, which can thus better counteract the negative impact of the isocyanate compound. Consequently, the stability of the battery under the high-temperature and high-voltage condition can be further improved.
[0042] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an amount of the second additive accounts for 0.03%to 1%of a total mass of the electrolyte. For example, it may be 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0%. When the amount of the added second additive meets the above condition, the excessive acidity and the severe gas generation of the battery caused by the silyl fluorophosphate compound under the high-voltage and high-temperature condition can be further alleviated. Consequently, the stability of the battery under the high-temperature and high-voltage condition can be further improved.
[0043] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolyte further includes a lithium salt. An amount of the lithium salt accounts for 8%to 20%of a total mass of the electrolyte. For example, it may be 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, or 20%. Therefore, with the lithium salt meeting the above condition, ions in the electrolyte migrate efficiently and are stably transported. Thus, charge and discharge efficiency and power density of the battery are improved. In addition, chemical stability of the electrolyte is favorably maintained, reducing side reactions during high-voltage charging, such as decomposition of the electrolyte and the gas generation. In this way, a cycle life of the battery is favorably extended, and its safety is enhanced.
[0044] As an example, the lithium salt includes at least one of LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiSO3CF3, LiBF4, LiB (C2O4) 2, LiBF2C2O4, LiN (SO2F) 2, LiN (SO2CF3) 2, LiPO2F2, LiPF2 (C2O4) 2, or LiPF4C2O4.
[0045] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrolyte further includes a non-aqueous organic solvent. An amount of the non-aqueous organic solvent accounts for 70%to 92%of a total mass of the electrolyte. For example, it may be 70%, 72%, 75%, 78%, 80%, 82%, 85%, 87%, 90%, or 92%. When the non-aqueous organic solvent meets the above condition, the ions can efficiently migrate and can be evenly distributed in the electrolyte. Therefore, the charge and discharge efficiency and the cycle stability of the battery can be improved. In addition, the stable SEI film can be favorably formed, thereby reducing the decomposition of the electrolyte and dissolution of the transition metals. In this way, the service life of the battery can be extended. At the same time, thermal stability and the safety of the battery can be optimized, thereby reducing a risk of the side reactions and overheating under the high-temperature condition. As a result, the battery can maintain the excellent performance under various operating conditions.
[0046] Aa an example, the non-aqueous organic solvent includes at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, sulfolane, fluoroethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, propyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, 2, 2-difluoroethyl acetate, or methyl- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate.
[0047] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a battery. The battery includes the electrolyte additive according to the first aspect or the electrolyte according to the second aspect. Therefore, the battery has all the features and advantages of the aforementioned electrolyte, which are not described in detail herein. Overall, the battery at least has advantages of low internal resistance, suppressed tendency to gas generation, the excellent cycle stability and the high-temperature storage performance under the high-voltage condition.
[0048] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the battery further includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator. During the charging and discharging of the battery, active ions are intercalated and deintercalated back and forth between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate. The electrolyte functions for ion conduction between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate. The separator is disposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, primarily preventing a short circuit between a positive electrode and a negative electrode while enabling the ions to pass through.
[0049] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector. The positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material includes at least one of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiMnO2, Li2MnO4, LiFePO4, LiNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2, Li1+aMn1-xMxO2, LiCo1-xMxO2, LiFe1-xMxPO4, Li2Mn1-xO4, NamAO2, a polyanionic compound, or a Prussian blue analogue, where: M includes at least one of Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cr, Mg, Zr, Mo, V, Ti, B, or F; A includes at least one of Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, V, Zr, Ce, Cr, or Cu; and 0≤a<0.2, 0≤x<1, 0≤y<1, 0≤z<1, and 0<m≤1.
[0050] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the positive electrode current collector may include a metallic foil or a composite positive electrode current collector. For example, the metallic foil may be an aluminum foil. The composite positive electrode current collector may include a polymer substrate layer and a metallic layer formed on at least one surface of the polymer substrate layer. For example, the composite positive electrode current collector may be formed by depositing a metallic material (such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, and nickel alloy) on the polymer substrate layer (such as substrates of polypropylene (PP) , polyethylene terephthalate (PET) , and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) ) .
[0051] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the positive electrode active material layer may optionally further include a conductive agent. As an example, the conductive agent may include at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or carbon nanofibers.
[0052] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the positive electrode active material layer may optionally further include a binder. As an example, the binder may include at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) , polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) , vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene terpolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, or a fluorinated acrylate resin.
[0053] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the positive electrode plate may be prepared by the following method. The above components for preparing the positive electrode plate, for example, the positive active material, the conductive agent, and the binder, are dispersed in a solvent (e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone) to form a positive electrode slurry; and the positive electrode slurry is coated onto the positive electrode current collector, followed by processes such as drying and cold calendaring, and the positive electrode plate can thus be obtained.
[0054] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode active material layer. The negative electrode active material layer includes a binder.
[0055] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the binder may be include at least one of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) , polyacrylic acid (PAA) , polyacrylate sodium (PAAS) , polyacrylamide (PAM) , polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) , sodium alginate (SA) , polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) , or carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) .
[0056] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the negative electrode active material may be a negative electrode active material known for batteries in the art. As an example, the negative electrode active material may include at least one of soft carbon, hard carbon, a silicon-based material, or a tin-based material. The soft carbon may include graphite. The silicon-based material may include at least one of elemental silicon, a silicon-oxygen compound, a silicon-carbon compound, a silicon-nitrogen compound, or a silicon alloy. The tin-based material may include at least one of elemental tin, a tin-oxygen compound, or a tin alloy
[0057] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the negative electrode active material layer may optionally further include a conductive agent. The conductive agent may include at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or carbon nanofibers.
[0058] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the negative electrode active material layer may optionally further include additional additives, such as a thickener (e.g., sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) ) .
[0059] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer is disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
[0060] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the negative electrode current collector may be a metallic foil or a composite current collector. For example, an aluminum or copper foil may be used as the metallic foil. The composite current collector may include a polymer substrate layer and a metallic layer formed on at least one surface of the polymer substrate layer. The composite current collector may be formed by depositing a metallic material (such as aluminum, copper, copper alloys, nickel, and nickel alloys) on a polymer substrate (such as substrates of polypropylene (PP) , polyethylene terephthalate (PET) , and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) ) .
[0061] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the negative electrode plate may be prepared by the following method. The above components for preparing the negative electrode plate, for example, the negative electrode active material, the conductive agent, the binder, and any other components, are dispersed in a solvent (e.g., deionized water) to form a negative electrode slurry; and the negative electrode slurry is coated onto the negative electrode current collector, followed by processes such as drying and cold calendaring, and the negative electrode plate can thus be obtained.
[0062] The present disclosure has no particular limitation on the type of the separator, and any known separator with a porous structure, which exhibits good chemical stability and mechanical stability, can be selected.
[0063] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the material of the separator may include one or more of polyolefin, aromatic polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, or polyethersulfone. Further, the separator may include one or two of polyethylene and polypropylene. In addition, the separator can be obtained by sequentially stacking a plurality of layers of materials. For example, the separator may include a polypropylene layer, a polyethylene layer, and a polypropylene layer that are stacked sequentially.
[0064] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the separator may have a thickness ranging from 9 μm to12 μm, for example, 9 μm, 10 μm, 11 μm, and 12 μm.
[0065] The solutions of the present disclosure are described below with reference to embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following embodiments are only used to illustrate the present disclosure and should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. When the specific technology or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, the technology or conditions described in the literature in the art or a product manual will prevail. Reagents and instruments used without specifying the manufacturer are all conventional and commercially available products.
[0066] Example 1
[0067] 1. Preparation of Electrolyte: The electrolyte of this example was formulated with the following components by mass fraction: 12.5%LiPF6, 1.0%Compound of Formula 1, 0.3%hexamethylene diisocyanate, and a non-aqueous organic solvent (ethylene carbonate (EC) : ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) : diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a mass ratio of 3: 5: 2) supplemented to 100%.
[0068] 2. Preparation of Positive Electrode: Positive electrode material LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM523) , conductive agent SuperP (conductive carbon black) , conductive agent carbon nanotube (CNT) , and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were fully mixed in a mass ratio of 96.3: 2: 0.5: 1.2, and stirred under a vacuum condition until the mixture had uniform fluidity. The slurry was then uniformly coated onto both sides of an aluminum foil, followed by drying at 85℃, cold calendaring, edge trimming, sheet cutting, slitting, and drying under a vacuum condition at 85℃ for 12 hours. After welding tabs, the positive electrode plate having an areal density of 33 mg / cm2 was prepared.
[0069] 3. Preparation of Negative Electrode: Graphite negative electrode material, conductive agent Super P (conductive carbon black) , thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) , and binder styrene-butadiene rubber emulsion (SBR) were fully mixed in a mass ratio of 96: 1.5: 1.5: 2 to form a uniform slurry. The slurry was coated onto both sides of a copper foil, followed by drying at 85℃, cold calendaring, edge trimming, sheet cutting, slitting, and drying under a vacuum condition at 85℃ for 12 hours. After welding tabs, the negative electrode plate having an areal density of 19.3 mg / cm2 was obtained.
[0070] 4. Separator: A porous polyethylene polymer film having a thickness of 9 μm was used as a substrate, and an adhesive coating of 2 μm was applied on both sides of the substrate.
[0071] 5. Preparation of Lithium-ion Battery:
[0072] The above positive electrode plate, separator, and negative electrode plate were sequentially stacked and then wound into a bare cell with a theoretical capacity of 1, 600 mAh. The bare cell was placed in an outer package aluminum foil and baked under a vacuum condition at 75℃ for 10 hours, and the above electrolyte was then injected. After performing the processes such as sealing under a vacuum condition, standing, formation, aging, and capacity grading, the lithium-ion battery was prepared.
[0073] The preparation methods of Examples 1 to 42 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9 were similar as that of Example 1, with differences detailed in Table 2.
[0074] Test Example
[0075] The lithium-ion batteries prepared in Examples 1 to 42 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9 were respectively tested for impedance, cycling performance, and high-temperature and low-temperature performance. A test method for NCM523 batteries was as follows. A test method for lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) batteries differed from that of the NCM523 batteries in a charge cut-off voltage of 4.48 V and a discharge cut-off voltage of 3.0 V. A test method for lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries differed from that of the NCM523 batteries in the charge cut-off voltage of 3.65 V and the discharge cut-off voltage of 2.0 V. The test results were shown in Table 2.
[0076] Cycle test at room temperature of 25℃: At 25℃, the batteries were charged to 4.4 V at a constant current of 1.0 C, and charged to a cut-off current of 0.05 C at a constant voltage of 4.4 V. Then, the batteries were discharged to 2.75 V at a constant current of 1.0 C. The charge and discharge process repeated for 1,000 cycles. The discharge capacities of the 1,000-th cycle and the 1-st cycle were recorded, and the capacity retention rate was calculated by dividing the discharge capacity of the 1,000-th cycle by the discharge capacity of the 1-st cycle.
[0077] Cycle test at high temperature of 45℃: At 45℃, the batteries were charged to 4.4 V at a constant current of 1.0 C, and charged to a cut-off current of 0.05 C at a constant voltage of 4.4 V. Then, the batteries were discharged to 2.75 V at a constant current of 1.0 C. The charge and discharge process repeated for 800 cycles. The discharge capacities of the 800-th cycle and the 1-st cycle were recorded, and the capacity retention rate was calculated by dividing the discharge capacity of the 800-th cycle by the discharge capacity of the 1-st cycle.
[0078] Storage test at high temperature of 60℃ for 30 days: At 25℃, the batteries were charged to 4.4 V at a constant current of 1.0 C, and charged to a cutoff current of 0.05 C at a constant voltage of 4.4 V. Then, the batteries were discharged to 2.75 V at a constant current of 1.0 C. The discharge capacity was recorded as C1. At 25℃, the batteries were charged to 4.4 V at a constant current of 1.0 C, and charged to a cutoff current of 0.05 C at a constant voltage of 4.4 V. Then, the batteries were transferred to an environment at 60℃ for storage for 30 days. Then, the batteries were discharged to 2.75 V at a constant current of 1.0 C. The discharge capacity was recorded as C2. The capacity retention rate after the 30-day storage at 60℃=C2 / C1*100%.
[0079] Initial Direct Current Internal Resistance (DCIR) Test: The lithium-ion batteries were charged to 4.4 V at a constant current of 1.0 C at 25℃, and charged to a cutoff current of 0.05 C at a constant voltage of 4.4 V. Then, the batteries were discharged at a constant current of 1.0 C for 30 minutes. After being left to stand for 1 hour, the batteries were discharge at a constant current of 2.0 C for 10 seconds. The DCIR impedance value of the batteries at 50%State of Charge (SOC) was calculated.
[0080] The results were shown in Table 1.
[0081] [Table 1]
[0082] It can be seen that the overall performance of the lithium-ion batteries prepared in Examples 1 to 42 was superior over that of the lithium-ion batteries prepared in Comparative Examples 1 to 5. In the present disclosure, the first additive and the second additive are used in combination by adding them to the lithium-ion battery, and thus room-temperature cycle and high-temperature cycle stability and storage performance of the batteries can be significantly improved. Furthermore, the initial DCR value can be effectively reduced.
[0083] Comparative Examples 1, 3, 6, and 8 indicate that, without adding isocyanate compound, the silyl fluorophosphate compound tended to cause abnormal acidity changes in the electrolyte, leading to an uneven thickness of the formed interfacial film, easy generation of abnormal gas. As a result, both cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance of the battery under the high-voltage and room-temperature condition as well as the high-voltage and high-temperature condition were poor. In Examples 1, 39, and 40, by adding isocyanate compound, the excessive acidity and the severe battery gas generation that were caused by the silyl fluorophosphate compound under the high-voltage and high-temperature condition can be effectively inhibited. Thus, the cycle performance and the high-temperature storage performance of the battery under the high-voltage and normal-temperature condition as well as the high-voltage and high-temperature condition can be improved.
[0084] Comparative Examples 2, 4, 7, and 9 indicate that, without adding silyl fluorophosphate compound, the isocyanate compound reduced the lithium-ion transport rate, resulting in a higher impedance and a shorter cycle life of the battery. In Examples 1, 39 and 40, by adding silyl fluorophosphate compound, lithium-ion transmission was effectively enhanced to counteract a negative effect of the isocyanate compound, which can be manifested as improved cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance of the battery under the high-temperature and high-voltage condition.
[0085] Comparative Example 5 indicates that, although the addition of tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphine can slightly improve the cycle and storage performance of the battery, the improvement magnitude was far less than that of Compound of Formula I. Furthermore, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphine failed to reduce the initial impedance value of the battery.
[0086] Examples 2, 32, and 33 indicate that, when the content of the first additive was relatively low, the improvement effect of the first additive was very limited. In contrast, when the content of the first additive was relatively high, an excessively thick SEI film was formed, failing to reduce DCR and improve the cycle performance.
[0087] Examples 2, 34, and 35 indicate that, when the content of the second additive was relatively low, the second additive was ineffective in water scavenging and acidity suppressing, resulting in insignificant improvement of performances. In contrast, when the content of the second additive was relatively high, the impedance was rapidly increased, and thus lithium-ion transport efficiency was reduced, resulting in a significant increase in the impedance.
[0088] Examples 26 to 38 indicate that, when the mass ratio of the first additive to the second additive was relatively low, and the silyl fluorophosphate additive was ineffective in counteracting the negative impacts of the isocyanate additive, resulting in relatively great impedance and poor cycle life. In contrast, when the mass ratio of the first additive to the second additive was relatively high, the isocyanate additive was ineffective in eliminating a hydrolysis-induced gas generation problem caused by the silyl fluorophosphate additive, resulting in an unsatisfactory cycle life.
[0089] Although embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the above embodiments cannot be construed to limiting the present disclosure, and changes, modifications, alternatives, and alterations can be made in the embodiments without departing from scope of the present disclosure.
Claims
1.An electrolyte additive, comprising a first additive and a second additive,wherein the first additive comprises a compound represented by Formula I:Formula I, where:R1, R2 and R3 each independently comprises any one of H, F, C1 to C4 alkyl, C1 to C4 fluoroalkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 fluoroalkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C5 to C7 cycloalkane, R4-substituted phenyl, and R5-substituted phenmethyl; andR4 and R5 are each independently selected from any one of H, C1 to C4 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C1 to C4 fluoroalkyl, C2 to C4 fluoroalkenyl, and C2 to C4 fluoroalkynyl, andwherein the second additive comprises an isocyanate compound.2.The electrolyte additive according to claim 1, wherein the first additive comprises at least one of Formula 1-1 to Formula 1-22:(Formula 1-1) , (Formula 1-2) , (Formula 1-3) , (Formula 1-4) , (Formula 1-5) , (Formula 1-6) , (Formula 1-7) , (Formula 1-8) , (Formula 1-9) , (Formula 1-10) , (Formula 1-11) , (Formula 1-12) , (Formula 1-13) , (Formula 1-14) , (Formula 1-15) , (Formula 1-16) , (Formula 1-17) , (Formula 1-18) , (Formula 1-19) , (Formula 1-20) , (Formula 1-21) , or (Formula 1-22) .3.The electrolyte additive according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the isocyanate compound comprises at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate, or 4,4’ -diisocyanate dicyclohexylmethane.4.The electrolyte additive according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a mass ratio of the first additive to the second additive is (0.06 to 50) : 1.5.An electrolyte, comprising the electrolyte additive according to any one of claims 1 to 4.6.The electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein an amount of the first additive accounts for 0.05%to 5%of a total mass of the electrolyte.7.The electrolyte according to claims 5 to 6, wherein an amount of the second additive accounts for 0.03%to 1%of a total mass of the electrolyte.8.The electrolyte according to claims 5 to 7, further comprising a lithium salt, wherein an amount of the lithium salt accounts for 8%to 20%of a total mass of the electrolyte.9.The electrolyte according to claim 8, wherein the lithium salt comprises at least one of LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiSO3CF3, LiBF4, LiB (C2O4) 2, LiBF2C2O4, LiN (SO2F) 2, LiN (SO2CF3) 2, LiPO2F2, LiPF2 (C2O4) 2, or LiPF4C2O4.10.The electrolyte according to claim 5, further comprising a non-aqueous organic solvent, wherein an amount of the non-aqueous organic solvent accounts for 70%to 92%of a total mass of the electrolyte.11.The electrolyte according to claim 10, wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent comprises at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, sulfolane, fluoroethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, propyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, 2, 2-difluoroethyl acetate, or methyl- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate.12.A battery, comprising:the electrolyte additive according to any one of claims 1 to 4; orthe electrolyte according to any one of claims 5 to 11.13.The battery according to claim 12, further comprising:a positive electrode plate comprising a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector;a negative electrode plate; anda separator,wherein the positive electrode active material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, wherein the positive electrode active material comprises at least one of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiMnO2, Li2MnO4, LiFePO4, LiNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2, Li1+aMn1-xMxO2, LiCo1-xMxO2, LiFe1-xMxPO4, Li2Mn1-xO4, NamAO2, a polyanionic compound, or a Prussian blue analogue, where:M comprises at least one of Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cr, Mg, Zr, Mo, V, Ti, B, or F;A comprises at least one of Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, V, Zr, Ce, Cr, or Cu; and0≤a<0.2, 0≤x<1, 0≤y<1, 0≤z<1, and 0<m≤1.