Message protocols for aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communications
A2X communications using ad-hoc networks with beacon messages and security certificates address the need for aerial UE connectivity and safety, enabling DAA and collision avoidance without terrestrial infrastructure.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-05
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-11
Smart Images

Figure CN2024137023_11062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MESSAGE PROTOCOLS FOR AIRCRAFT-TO-EVERYTHING (A2X) COMMUNICATIONSFIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to wireless communications. For example, aspects of the present disclosure are related to message protocols for aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communications.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0003] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communications (mMTC) , and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) . Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Aspects of wireless communication may comprise direct communication between devices, such as in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , and / or device-to-device (D2D) communication. There exists a need for further improvements in V2X, V2V, and / or D2D technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.
[0005] Disclosed are systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer-readable media for wireless communications. For example, the systems and techniques described herein can be used for wireless communications associated with connected aircrafts and / or aerial vehicles using an ad-hoc network (e.g., A2X) . According to at least one illustrative example, a method of wireless communications by an aerial user equipment (UE) is provided. The method includes: determining information indicative of at least one of a location of the aerial UE, a heading of the aerial UE, or a speed of the aerial UE; broadcasting, using a PC5 interface of the aerial UE, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the aerial UE, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the aerial UE and one or more additional aerial UEs; and receiving, using the PC5 interface of the aerial UE, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more additional aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.
[0006] In another illustrative example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: determine information indicative of at least one of a location of the apparatus, a heading of the apparatus, or a speed of the apparatus; broadcast, using a PC5 interface of the apparatus, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the apparatus, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the apparatus and one or more aerial user equipments (UEs) ; and receive, using the PC5 interface of the apparatus, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.
[0007] In another illustrative example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to: determine information indicative of at least one of a location of the apparatus, a heading of the apparatus, or a speed of the apparatus; broadcast, using a PC5 interface of the apparatus, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the apparatus, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the apparatus and one or more aerial user equipments (UEs) ; and receive, using the PC5 interface of the apparatus, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.
[0008] In another illustrative example, an apparatus is provided for wireless communication. The apparatus includes: means for determining information indicative of at least one of a location of the aerial UE, a heading of the aerial UE, or a speed of the aerial UE; means for broadcasting, using a PC5 interface of the aerial UE, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the aerial UE, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the aerial UE and one or more additional aerial UEs; and means for receiving, using the PC5 interface of the aerial UE, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more additional aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.
[0009] Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user device, user equipment, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification.
[0010] Some aspects include a device having a processor configured to perform one or more operations of any of the methods summarized above. Further aspects include processing devices for use in a device configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations of any of the methods summarized above. Further aspects include a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium having stored thereon processor-executable instructions configured to cause a processor of a device to perform operations of any of the methods summarized above. Further aspects include a device having means for performing functions of any of the methods summarized above.
[0011] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The foregoing, together with other features and aspects, will become more apparent upon referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.
[0012] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof. So that the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0014] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communications system, in accordance with some examples;
[0015] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a disaggregated base station architecture, in accordance with some examples;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system of an aerial user equipment (UE) , in accordance with some examples;
[0017] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of aerial UEs communicating over direct communication interfaces (e.g., a cellular-based PC5 sidelink interface) , in accordance with some examples;
[0018] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example system stack of an aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communication system, in accordance with some examples;
[0019] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) packing associated with a network layer of an A2X communication system, in accordance with some examples;
[0020] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of certificate-based authorization by a certificate authority (CA) for one or more aerial UEs configured to transmit and / or receive A2X messages, in accordance with some examples;
[0021] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a process for wireless communications, in accordance with some examples; and
[0022] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system for implementing certain aspects described herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] Certain aspects and examples of this disclosure are provided below. Some of these aspects and examples may be applied independently and some of them may be applied in combination as would be apparent to those of skill in the art. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of aspects of the application. However, it will be apparent that various aspects and examples may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive.
[0024] The ensuing description provides example aspects only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary aspects will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an exemplary aspect. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the application as set forth in the appended claims. The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.
[0025] Wireless communications systems are deployed to provide various telecommunication services, including telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, among others. Wireless communications systems have developed through various generations. A fifth generation (5G) mobile standard calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard (also referred to as “New Radio” or “NR” ) , according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users.
[0026] A sidelink may refer to any communication link between client devices (e.g., UEs, STAs, etc. ) . For example, a sidelink may support device-to-device (D2D) communications, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and / or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, message relaying, discovery signaling, beacon signaling, or any combination of these or other signals transmitted over-the-air from one UE to one or more other UEs. In some examples, sidelink communications may be transmitted using a licensed frequency spectrum or an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz or 6 GHz) . As used herein, the term sidelink may refer to 3GPP sidelink (e.g., using a PC5 sidelink interface) , Wi-Fi direct communications (e.g., according to a Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) protocol) , or using any other direct device-to-device communication protocol.
[0027] In some examples, a communication system can be deployed to provide wireless communications associated with aircrafts and / or other aerial user equipment (aerial UEs) . For example, air-to-ground (ATG) communications systems can be deployed to provide various telecommunication services associated with aircrafts and / or other aerial UEs. Aerial UEs can include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and / or unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) . An aerial UE can also be referred to as a “connected aircraft, ” a “connected aerial vehicle, ” an “airborne device, ” an “aerial device, ” etc., among various others. As used herein, an aircraft can include any apparatus or device that is configured to or able to fly through the air, such as an airplane (e.g., commercial airplanes, private airplanes, turboprop aircrafts, piston aircrafts, jets, military aircrafts, etc. ) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone, a helicopter, an airship (e.g., a blimp or other airship) , a glider, or other apparatus or device that is configured to or able to fly. ATG communications systems can be implemented to interface with terrestrial wireless communications systems by positioning terrestrial antennas (e.g., at a base station) in a manner that can communicate with aerial UE antennas while the aerial UE is in flight. In some cases, ATG communications can be used to provide in-flight communication services for airborne devices. In addition, ATG communications can be used to provide aerial UE operations communications (e.g., aerial UE maintenance, flight planning, weather, etc. ) and / or air traffic control information, etc.
[0028] In some cases, cellular networks may be used to provide coverage to aerial UEs for various services. For example, cellular networks can provide coverage to aerial UEs for control and non-payload communication (CNPC) communications. CNPC communications can include command and control information, telemetry information, etc. In some examples, cellular networks can provide coverage to aerial UEs for PC5-based services. PC5-based services can be associated with device-to-device communications (e.g., sidelink communications) . In some cases, PC5-based services can include broadcast remote ID and / or detect and avoid (DAA) using PC5 sidelink. Cellular networks can be used to provide PC5-based services in mobile network operator (MNO) -managed spectrum and / or in non-MNO-managed spectrum.
[0029] Aerial UE policy configuration can be performed based at least in part on aviation regulations in various countries or regions where aerial UEs operate. For example, aerial UEs may be required to utilize connectivity services and / or flight services in different ways based on the geographical location where the aerial UE is operating. In some cases, aviation regulations may require aerial UEs to broadcast detect and avoid (DAA) messages with a greater transmit power and / or a shorter interval when operating over urban areas, crowded airspace, at low altitudes, etc. In some cases, aerial UEs may be required to avoid certain geographical locations or regions for a temporary amount of time (e.g., due to airspace closures over sporting or stadium events, etc. ) . There is a need for systems and techniques that can be used to provide connected aircraft communications and / or messaging between aerial UEs, without the need for terrestrial or ground infrastructure (e.g., as may be associated with ATG communication systems) . There is a further need for systems and techniques that can be used to provide connected aircraft communications (e.g., also referred to herein as aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communications) for implementing one or more detect and avoid (DAA) techniques, among various other aerial safety techniques.
[0030] Systems, apparatuses, processes (also referred to as methods) , and computer-readable media (collectively referred to as “systems and techniques” ) are described herein that can be used to provide aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communications between one or more aerial UEs of an ad-hoc network of aerial UEs. For example, the ad-hoc network of aerial UEs can be implemented as a non-centralized communication network between PC5 interfaces of respective aerial UEs. In some examples, a network layer of the ad-hoc network can implement an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) configured as a connectionless, non-Internet Protocol (IP) protocol. In an application layer of the ad-hoc network (e.g., A2X network) , each aerial UE of the one or more aerial UEs can periodically broadcast a beacon message indicative of kinematics information of the aerial UE. For example, the kinematics information of a respective aerial UE can include location information of the respective aerial UE (e.g., a longitude and latitude of the respective aerial UE) , altitude information of the respective aerial UE, speed information of the respective aerial UE, heading information of the respective aerial UE, etc. In some cases, the beacon message broadcast by an aerial UE can be an A2X message, and may be transmitted using the ad-hoc network. The beacon message can be broadcast by the aerial UE to nearby aerial UEs associated with and / or included in the ad-hoc A2X network. In some cases, the beacon message can be an Aerial Safety Message (ASM) . For example, the beacon message can be an ASM message configured for detect and avoid (DAA) processing and / or collision avoidance by the aerial UEs included in the ad-hoc A2X network of aerial UEs.
[0031] In some cases, a respective aerial UE can determine information indicative of at least one of the location, heading, speed, altitude, etc., of the respective aerial UE at the current time. The respective aerial UE can broadcast a beacon message indicative of the information and a corresponding randomized layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID) randomly selected for the respective aerial UE based on the respective aerial UE selecting an L2 ID value from a configured address pool comprising a plurality of different L2 ID values. In some examples, the respective aerial UE can broadcast the beacon message using a PC5 interface of the respective aerial UE. In some examples, the beacon message broadcast can be received by one or more nearby aerial UEs included in the ad-hoc A2X network, and can be used for DAA processing and / or collision avoidance between the respective aerial UE and the one or more nearby aerial UEs receiving the beacon message broadcast from the respective aerial UE. In some cases, the ad-hoc A2X network can include one or more security services and / or a security layer. For example, the ad-hoc A2X network can implement a certificate authority configured to issue IEEE 1609.2 security certificates to the respective aerial UEs included within the ad-hoc A2X network. The security certificate issued to a respective aerial UE can be used to sign the ASM beacon messages broadcast by the respective aerial UE, for example using a private key corresponding to the issued security certificate. The signed ASM beacon message can be broadcast using a PC5 interface of the respective aerial UE, and can include the security certificate issued for the respective aerial UE, the ASM beacon message payload, and a signature portion generated using the private key of the security certificate. Recipient aerial UEs receiving the signed ASM beacon message can authenticate or verify the message based on using a public key of the security certificate to verify the signature portion included in the signed ASM beacon message received from the respective aerial UE.
[0032] Various aspects of the present disclosure will be described with respect to the figures.
[0033] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “network entity” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT) , unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, and / or tracking device, etc. ) , a network-connected wearable (e.g., smartwatch, smart-glasses, wearable ring, and / or an extended reality (XR) device such as a virtual reality (VR) headset, an augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or a mixed reality (MR) headset) , vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc. ) , and / or Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN) . As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT, ” a “client device, ” a “wireless device, ” a “subscriber device, ” a “subscriber terminal, ” a “subscriber station, ” a “user terminal” or “UT, ” a “mobile device, ” a “mobile terminal, ” a “mobile station, ” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11 communication standards, etc. ) and so on.
[0034] In some cases, a network entity can be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station or server architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station or server architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC. In some cases, a network entity can include a server device, such as a Multi-access Edge Compute (MEC) device. A base station or server (e.g., with an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or disaggregated base station architecture) may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs, connected units, and / or other devices depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP) , a network node, a NodeB (NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNB) , a next generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB) , etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc. ) . A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, or a forward traffic channel, etc. ) . The term traffic channel (TCH) , as used herein, can refer to either an uplink, reverse or downlink, and / or a forward traffic channel.
[0035] The term “network entity” or “base station” (e.g., with an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or disaggregated base station architecture) may refer to a single physical TRP or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “network entity” or “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “network entity” or “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (anetwork of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (aremote base station connected to a serving base station) . Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals (or simply “reference signals” ) the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.
[0036] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a network entity or base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs) , but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs) .
[0037] In some examples, a connected unit may be a device that can transmit and receive messages over a communications link or interface (e.g., a cellular-based sidelink or PC5 interface, an 802.11 or WiFiTM based Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) interface, and / or other interface (s) , etc. ) to and from one or more UEs, other connected units, and / or base stations. An example of messages that can be transmitted and received by a connected unit includes aircraft-to-everything (A2X) messages, which are further described below.
[0038] A radio frequency signal or “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.
[0039] According to various aspects, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless communications system 100. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) can include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. In some aspects, the base stations 102 may also be referred to as “network entities” or “network nodes. ” One or more of the base stations 102 can be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the base stations 102 can be implemented in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC. The base stations 102 can include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations) . In an aspect, the macro cell base station may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a long term evolution (LTE) network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.
[0040] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC) ) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170) . In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC or 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired and / or wireless.
[0041] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like) , and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI) , a virtual cell identifier (VCI) , a cell global identifier (CGI) ) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC) , narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector) , insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.
[0042] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region) , some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) .
[0043] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink) .
[0044] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 Gigahertz (GHz) ) . When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 can include devices (e.g., UEs, etc. ) that communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc. utilizing the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum can range from 3.1 to 10.5 GHz.
[0045] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE and / or 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA) , or MulteFire.
[0046] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. The mmW base station 180 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station architecture (e.g., including one or more of a CU, a DU, a RU, a Near-RT RIC, or a Non-RT RIC) . Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW and / or near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over an mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.
[0047] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally) . With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device (s) . To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array” ) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while canceling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.
[0048] Transmit beams may be quasi-collocated, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically collocated. In NR, there are four types of quasi-collocation (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.
[0049] In receiving beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of other beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength, (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , etc. ) of the RF signals received from that direction.
[0050] Receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a transmit beam for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a receive beam for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS) , tracking reference signals (TRS) , phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , cell-specific reference signals (CRS) , channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) , primary synchronization signals (PSS) , secondary synchronization signals (SSS) , synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , etc. ) from a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) . The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., uplink positioning reference signals (UL-PRS) , sounding reference signal (SRS) , demodulation reference signals (DMRS) , PTRS, etc. ) to that network node or entity (e.g., a base station) based on the parameters of the receive beam.
[0051] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.
[0052] In 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless network nodes or entities (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UEs 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges, FR1 (from 450 to 6000 Megahertz (MHz) ) , FR2 (from 24250 to 52600 MHz) , FR3 (above 52600 MHz) , and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2) . In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell, ” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells. ” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case) . A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency and / or component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell, ” “serving cell, ” “component carrier, ” “carrier frequency, ” and the like can be used interchangeably.
[0053] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell” ) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ( “SCells” ) . In carrier aggregation, the base stations 102 and / or the UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100 MHz) bandwidth per carrier up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction. The component carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other on the frequency spectrum. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink) . The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (e.g., 40 MHz) , compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.
[0054] In order to operate on multiple carrier frequencies, a base station 102 and / or a UE 104 is equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, a UE 104 may have two receivers, “Receiver 1” and “Receiver 2, ” where “Receiver 1” is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band (e.g., carrier frequency) ‘X’ or band ‘Y, ’ and “Receiver 2” is a one-band receiver tunable to band ‘Z’ only. In this example, if the UE 104 is being served in band ‘X, ’ band ‘X’ would be referred to as the PCell or the active carrier frequency, and “Receiver 1” would need to tune from band ‘X’ to band ‘Y’ (an SCell) in order to measure band ‘Y’ (and vice versa) . In contrast, whether the UE 104 is being served in band ‘X’ or band ‘Y, ’ because of the separate “Receiver 2, ” the UE 104 can measure band ‘Z’ without interrupting the service on band ‘X’ or band ‘Y. ’
[0055] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over an mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.
[0056] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks” ) . In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity) . In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D) , Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi-D) , and so on.
[0057] As described above, wireless communications systems support communication among multiple UEs. In various examples, wireless communications systems may be configured to support device-to-device (D2D) communication and / or aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communication. A2X communications may be performed using any radio access technology, such as LTE, 5G, WLAN, or other communication protocol. In some examples, UEs may transmit and receive A2X messages to and from other aerial UEs, and / or other non-aerial UEs (e.g., terrestrial UEs, vehicle UEs, etc. ) , connected units, and / or other devices over a direct communications link or interface (e.g., a PC5 or sidelink interface, an 802.11p DSRC interface, and / or other communications interface) and / or via a network. The communications may be performed using resources assigned by the network (e.g., an eNB, gNB, base station, and / or other network device) , resources pre-configured for A2X use, and / or using resources determined by the UEs.
[0058] A2X communications may include communications between aerial UEs, aircrafts, aerial or airborne vehicles, connected aircrafts, etc., (e.g., aircraft-to-aircraft (A2A) , communications between aerial UEs and infrastructure (e.g., aircraft-to-infrastructure (A2I) ) , communications between aerial UEs and pedestrians (e.g., aircraft-to-pedestrian (A2P) ) , and / or communications between aerial UEs and network servers (aircraft-to-network (A2N) ) . In some examples of A2X communications, data packets may be sent directly (e.g., using a PC5 interface, using an 802.11 DSRC interface, etc. ) between aerial UEs without going through the network, eNB, or gNB. A2X-enabled aircraft, for instance, may use a short-range direct-communication mode that provides 360° non line-of-sight (NLOS) awareness, complementing onboard line-of-sight (LOS) sensors, such as cameras, radio detection and ranging (RADAR) , Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) , among other sensors. In some examples, the combination of wireless technology and onboard sensors enables A2X vehicles to observe and / or anticipate potential hazards, obstacles, collision risks, flight path planning issues, etc. A2X aircraft may also understand alerts or notifications from other A2X-enabled aircrafts (e.g., based on A2X and / or A2A communications, etc. ) , from infrastructure systems (e.g., based on A2I communications) , and / or from user devices (e.g., based on A2P communications) .
[0059] In some examples, sidelink communications may be performed according to 3GPP communication protocols sidelink (e.g., using a PC5 sidelink interface according to LTE, 5G, etc. ) , Wi-Fi direct communication protocols (e.g., DSRC protocol) , or using any other device-to-device communication protocol. In some examples, sidelink communication may be performed using one or more Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands. For instance, sidelink communications may be performed in bands corresponding to the U-NII-4 band (5.850 –5.925 GHz) , the U-NII-5 band (5.925 –6.425 GHz) , the U-NII-6 band (6.425 –6.525 GHz) , the U-NII-7 band (6.525 –6.875 GHz) , the U-NII-8 band (6.875 –7.125 GHz) , or any other frequency band that may be suitable for performing sidelink communications.
[0060] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a disaggregated base station architecture, which may be employed by an A2X communications system and / or an A2X-capable communications system, etc., in accordance with some examples. Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, AP, a transmit receive point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0061] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, e.g., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0062] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0063] As previously mentioned, FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 211 that can communicate directly with a core network 223 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 223 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 227 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 217 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 207, or both) . A CU 211 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 231 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 231 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 241 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 241 may communicate with respective UEs 221 via one or more RF access links. In some implementations, the UE 221 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 241.
[0064] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 211, the DUs 231, the RUs 241, as well as the Near-RT RICs 227, the Non-RT RICs 217 and the SMO Framework 207, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0065] In some aspects, the CU 211 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 211. The CU 211 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 211 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 211 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 231, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0066] The DU 231 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 241. In some aspects, the DU 231 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 231 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 231, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 211.
[0067] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 241. In some deployments, an RU 241, controlled by a DU 231, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 241 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 221. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 241 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 231. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 231 and the CU 211 to be implemented in a server-based (e.g., cloud-based) RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0068] The SMO Framework 207 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 207 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 207 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 291) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 211, DUs 231, RUs 241 and Near-RT RICs 227. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 207 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 213, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 207 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 241 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 207 also may include a Non-RT RIC 217 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 207.
[0069] The Non-RT RIC 217 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 227. The Non-RT RIC 217 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 227. The Near-RT RIC 227 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 211, one or more DUs 231, or both, as well as an O-eNB 213, with the Near-RT RIC 227.
[0070] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 227, the Non-RT RIC 217 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 227 and may be received at the SMO Framework 207 or the Non-RT RIC 217 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 217 or the Near-RT RIC 227 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 217 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 207 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0071] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 350 of an aerial UE (e.g., connected aircraft, etc. ) 304. In some cases, the aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3 may be the same as or similar to one or more of the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, 404-3, etc., of FIG. 4.
[0072] The aerial UE 304 is an example of a UE that can communicate with a network (e.g., an eNB, a gNB, a positioning beacon, a location measurement unit, and / or other network entity) over one or more interfaces for wireless communications. The aerial UE 304 is also an example of a UE that can communicate with other aerial UEs using A2X communications over a PC5 interface (e.g., or other device to device direct interface, such as a DSRC interface, etc. ) . As shown, the aircraft computing system 350 can include at least a power management system 351, a control system 352, a detect and avoid (DAA) system 354, an intelligent transport system (ITS) 355, one or more sensor systems 356, and a communications system 358. In some cases, the aircraft computing system 350 can include or can be implemented using any type of processing device or system, such as one or more central processing units (CPUs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application processors (APs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , vision processing units (VPUs) , Neural Network Signal Processors (NSPs) , microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing device or system.
[0073] The control system 352 can be configured to control one or more operations of the aerial UE 304, the power management system 351, the computing system 350, the DAA system 354, the ITS 355, and / or one or more other systems of the aerial UE 304 (e.g., a flight planning system, an obstacle detection and / or collision avoidance system, a safety system other than the ITS 355, a cabin system, and / or other system (s) , etc. ) . In some examples, the control system 352 can include one or more electronic control units (ECUs) . An ECU can control one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in an aerial UE (e.g., a drone, UAV, UAS, etc. ) . Examples of specific ECUs that can be included as part of the control system 352 include a flight control module (FCM) , a propulsion control module (PCM) , a gimbal control module, a navigation and positioning control module, a payload control module, etc., among various others. In some cases, the control system 352 can receive sensor signals from the one or more sensor systems 356 and can communicate with other systems of the aircraft computing system 350 to operate the aerial UE 304.
[0074] The aircraft computing system 350 also includes a power management system 351. In some implementations, the power management system 351 can include a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) , a standby battery, and / or other components. In some cases, other systems of the aircraft computing system 350 can include one or more PMICs, batteries, and / or other components. The power management system 351 can perform power management functions for the aerial UE 304, such as managing a power supply for the computing system 350 and / or other components of the aerial UE 304 (e.g., including a propulsion or lift system of the aerial UE 304, the sensor system (s) 356 of the aerial UE 304, etc. ) . For example, the power management system 351 can provide a stable power supply in view of power fluctuations, such as based on a startup current of the propulsion system, temperature or weather-based power fluctuations and / or battery supply fluctuations, etc. In another example, the power management system 351 can perform thermal monitoring operations, such as by checking ambient and / or transistor junction temperatures. In another example, the power management system 351 can perform certain functions based on detecting a certain temperature level, such as causing a cooling system to cool certain components of the aircraft computing system 350 (e.g., the control system 352, such as one or more ECUs) , shutting down certain functionalities of the aircraft computing system 350, among other functions.
[0075] The aircraft computing system 350 can further include a communications system 358. The communications system 358 can include both software and hardware components for transmitting signals to and receiving signals from a network (e.g., a gNB or other network entity) and / or from other UEs (e.g., to another aircraft or aerial UE over a PC5 interface, WiFi interface (e.g., DSRC) , BluetoothTM interface, and / or other wireless and / or wired interface) . For example, the communications system 358 can be configured to transmit and receive information wirelessly over any suitable wireless network (e.g., a 3G network, 3G network, 5G network, WiFi network, BluetoothTM network, and / or other network) . The communications system 358 may include various components or devices used to perform the wireless communication functionalities, including an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) subscriber identity module (referred to as a SIM or SIM card) 360, a user SIM 362, and a modem 364. While the aircraft computing system 350 is shown as having two SIMs and one modem, the aircraft computing system 350 can have any number of SIMs (e.g., zero SIMs, one SIM or more than two SIMs) and any number of modems (e.g., one modem, two modems, or more than two modems) in some implementations.
[0076] The user SIM 362 can be used by the communications system 358 for performing wireless network access functions in order to support a user data connection (e.g., for conducting phone calls, messaging, Infotainment related services, among others) . In some cases, a user device of a user can connect with the aircraft computing system 350 over an interface (e.g., over PC5, BluetoothTM, WiFiTM (e.g., DSRC) , a universal serial bus (USB) port, and / or other wireless or wired interface) . Once connected, the user device can transfer wireless network access functionality from the user device to communications system 358 of the aerial UE 304, in which case the user device can cease performance of the wireless network access functionality (e.g., during the period in which the communications system 358 is performing the wireless access functionality) . The communications system 358 can begin interacting with a base station to perform one or more wireless communication operations, such as facilitating a phone call, transmitting and / or receiving data (e.g., messaging, video, audio, etc. ) , among other operations. In such cases, other components of the aircraft computing system 350 can be used to output data received by the communications system 358. For example, the aircraft computing system 350 can display video received by the communications system 358 on one or more displays and / or can output audio received by the communications system 358 using one or more speakers.
[0077] A modem is a device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission, and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The modem 364 (and / or one or more other modems of the communications system 358) can be used for communication of data for the OEM SIM 360 and / or the user SIM 362. In some examples, the modem 364 can include a 3G (or LTE) modem and another modem (not shown) of the communications system 358 can include a 5G (or NR) modem. In some examples, the communications system 358 can include one or more BluetoothTM modems (e.g., for BluetoothTM Low Energy (BLE) or other type of Bluetooth communications) , one or more WiFiTM modems (e.g., for DSRC communications and / or other WiFi communications) , wideband modems (e.g., an ultra-wideband (UWB) modem) , any combination thereof, and / or other types of modems.
[0078] In some cases, the modem 364 (and / or one or more other modems of the communications system 358) can be used for performing A2X communications (e.g., with other aerial UEs for A2X communications, with other devices for A2X communications comprising A2D communications, with infrastructure systems for A2X communications comprising A2I communications, etc. ) . In some examples, the communications system 358 can include an A2X modem used for performing A2X communications (e.g., sidelink communications over a PC5 interface) , in which case the A2X modem can be separate from one or more modems used for wireless network access functions (e.g., for network communications over a network / Uu interface and / or sidelink communications other than A2X communications) .
[0079] In some examples, the communications system 358 can be or can include a telematics control unit (TCU) . In some implementations, the TCU can include a network access device (NAD) (also referred to in some cases as a network control unit or NCU) . The NAD can include the modem 364, any other modem not shown in FIG. 3, the OEM SIM 360, the user SIM 362, and / or other components used for wireless communications. In some examples, the communications system 358 can include a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) . In some cases, the GNSS can be part of the one or more sensor systems 356, as described below. The GNSS can provide the ability for the aircraft computing system 350 to perform one or more location services, navigation services, and / or other services that can utilize GNSS functionality.
[0080] In some cases, the communications system 358 can further include one or more wireless interfaces (e.g., including one or more transceivers and one or more baseband processors for each wireless interface) for transmitting and receiving wireless communications, one or more wired interfaces (e.g., a serial interface such as a universal serial bus (USB) input, and / or other wired interface) for performing communications over one or more hardwired connections, and / or other components that can allow the aerial UE 304 to communicate with a network and / or other UEs.
[0081] The aircraft computing system 350 further includes one or more sensor systems 356 (e.g., a first sensor system through an Nth sensor system, where N is a value equal to or greater than 0) . When including multiple sensor systems, the sensor system (s) 356 can include different types of sensor systems that can be arranged on or in different parts of the aerial UE 304. The sensor system (s) 356 can include one or more camera sensor systems, LIDAR sensor systems, radio detection and ranging (RADAR) sensor systems, Electromagnetic Detection and Ranging (EmDAR) sensor systems, Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) sensor systems, Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) sensor systems, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver systems (e.g., one or more Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver systems) , accelerometers, gyroscopes, inertial measurement units (IMUs) , infrared sensor systems, laser rangefinder systems, ultrasonic sensor systems, infrasonic sensor systems, microphones, any combination thereof, and / or other sensor systems. It should be understood that any number of sensors or sensor systems can be included as part of the computing system 350 of the aerial UE 304.
[0082] While the aircraft computing system 350 is shown to include certain components and / or systems, one of ordinary skill will appreciate that the aircraft computing system 350 can include more or fewer components than those shown in FIG. 3. For example, the aircraft computing system 350 can also include one or more input devices and one or more output devices (not shown) . In some implementations, the aircraft computing system 350 can also include (e.g., as part of or separate from the control system 352, the DAA system 354, the communications system 358, and / or the sensor system (s) 356) at least one processor and at least one memory having computer-executable instructions that are executed by the at least one processor. The at least one processor is in communication with and / or electrically connected to (referred to as being “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled” ) the at least one memory. The at least one processor can include, for example, one or more microcontrollers, one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more application processors (e.g., for running or executing one or more software applications) , and / or other processors. The at least one memory can include, for example, read-only memory (ROM) , random access memory (RAM) (e.g., static RAM (SRAM) ) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory, one or more buffers, one or more databases, and / or other memory. The computer-executable instructions stored in or on the at least memory can be executed to perform one or more of the functions or operations described herein.
[0083] The aircraft computing system 350 can also include a detect and avoid (DAA) system 354. For example, the DAA system 354 can be used to implement one or more DAA algorithms that can be used to detect potential obstacles, hazards, and / or conflicting aerial traffic in the nearby or surrounding environment of the aerial UE 304. In some examples, the DAA system 354 can perform the detection based at least in part on using one or more sensor inputs obtained from the sensor system (s) 356 of the aerial UE 304. In some examples, the DAA system 354 can detect the potential obstacles, hazards, and / or conflicting aerial traffic, and may implement one or more maneuvers or updates to a path planning system to avoid collisions with the detected obstacles. In some aspects, the DAA system 354 can use the sensor system (s) 356 to perform obstacle detection, and may subsequently perform tracking and / or identification of detected obstacles over time. For example, the DAA system 354 can be configured to track the position, speed, altitude, and / or trajectory of detected objects. In some cases, detected objects may be static or stationary (e.g., buildings, cellular towers, radio towers, bridges, power lines, etc. ) . In some examples, detected objects may be mobile (e.g., other drones, UAVs, aerial UEs, airplanes, birds, etc. ) . In some cases, the DAA system 354 can use a combination of the detection and tracking information to make a collision avoidance decision. For example, one or more DAA algorithms implemented by the DAA system 354 can determine whether a detected and / or tracked object is on a collision course with the aerial UE 304 (and / or is on a projected course that comes within a configured threshold distance from the aerial UE 304, etc. ) . The DAA system 354 can automatically determine and, in at least some case, implement an avoidance strategy that adjusts the path or course of the aerial UE 304. In some cases, the DAA system 354 can communicate with a flight planning module of the aerial UE 304 (e.g., where the flight planning module may be included within and / or implemented by the control system 352, etc. ) to update a path or route of the aerial UE 304 dynamically and in real-time to avoid detected or tracked obstacles.
[0084] In some examples, the aircraft computing system 350 can include the intelligent transport system (ITS) 355. In some examples, the ITS 355 can be used for implementing A2X communications. For example, an ITS stack of the ITS 355 can generate A2X messages based on information from an application layer of the ITS. In some cases, the application layer can determine whether certain conditions have been met for generating messages for use by the ITS 355 and / or for generating messages that are to be sent to other aerial UEs 304 for A2X communications, etc. In some cases, the communications system 358 and / or the ITS 355 can obtain aircraft kinematics information (e.g., from other components of the aerial UE 304 via one or more corresponding buses) . In some examples, the communications system 358 can obtain the aircraft kinematics information via one or more corresponding buses implemented by the aerial UE 304, and can send the aircraft kinematics information to a PHY / MAC layer of the ITS 355. The ITS 355 can provide the aircraft kinematics information to the ITS stack of the ITS 355. The aircraft kinematics information can include aircraft related information, such as a heading of the aerial UE 304, a speed of the aerial UE 304, acceleration or deceleration information of the aerial UE 304, path planning information of the aerial UE 304, obstacle detection and / or collision avoidance information of the aerial UE 304, altitude or height information of the aerial UE 304, etc., among other information. The aircraft kinematics information can be continuously or periodically (e.g., every 1 millisecond (ms) , every 10 ms, or the like) provided to the ITS 355.
[0085] A security layer of the ITS 355 can be used to securely sign messages from the ITS stack that are sent to and verified by other aerial UEs configured for A2X communications, such as other aerial UEs, connected aircraft, and / or A2X-capable devices, etc. The security layer can also verify messages received from such other UEs. In some implementations, the signing and verification processes can be based on a security context of the aerial UE 304. In some examples, the security context may include one or more encryption-decryption algorithms, a public and / or private key used to generate a signature using an encryption-decryption algorithm, and / or other information. For example, each ITS message generated by the ITS 355 can be signed by the security layer of the ITS 355. The signature can be derived using a public key and an encryption-decryption algorithm. An aerial UE or other A2X-capable wireless device receiving a signed message can verify the signature to make sure the message is from an authorized aerial UE. In some examples, the one or more encryption-decryption algorithms can include one or more symmetric encryption algorithms (e.g., advanced encryption standard (AES) , data encryption standard (DES) , and / or other symmetric encryption algorithm) , one or more asymmetric encryption algorithms using public and private keys (e.g., Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and / or other asymmetric encryption algorithm) , and / or other encryption-decryption algorithm.
[0086] In some examples, the ITS 355 can determine certain operations (e.g., A2X-based operations) to perform based on messages received from other UEs. The operations can include safety-related and / or other operations, such as operations for air traffic management, traffic deconfliction, traffic or access prioritization, access control and / or restriction, zone-based policy adjustment or configuration, etc. In some cases, A2X messaging information can be used by multiple aerial UEs to implement respective DAA operations. For example, two aerial UEs on a direct collision course with one another can use A2X messages to each make a respective DAA detection and corresponding collision avoidance decision to update their respective flight paths away from the collision course (and, in some cases, away from the updated flight path of the other aerial UE after its own collision avoidance maneuver is performed) . For example, the first aerial UE may deviate to the left while the second aerial UE deviates to the right. In another example, the first aerial UE may deviate upwards while the second aerial UE deviates downwards, etc.
[0087] In one illustrative example, a message can be received by the communications system 358 from another aerial UE 304 (e.g., over a PC5 interface, a DSRC interface, or other device to device direct interface) indicating that position, trajectory, and / or other aircraft kinematics information of the other aerial UE. In response to receiving the message, the ITS stack can generate a message or instruction and can send the message or instruction to the control system 352 and / or the DAA system 354, which can cause the control system 352 and / or DAA system 354 to automatically perform collision avoidance based on one or more DAA algorithms.
[0088] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of multiple aerial UEs (e.g., a first aerial UE 404-1, a second aerial UE 404-2, a third aerial UE 404-3, etc. ) configured to communicate using aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communications. For example, the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 can perform A2X communications using a respective non-centralized communication interface of each aerial UE (e.g., a respective PC5 interface of each aerial UE) to form an ad-hoc wireless network for the A2X communications. In some aspects, one or more of the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, and / or 404-3 may be the same as or similar to one another. One or more of the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, and / or 404-3 may be the same as the aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3, and / or may implement the aircraft computing system 350 of FIG. 3, etc.
[0089] For example, the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 can form an ad-hoc network where wireless signals may be transmitted directly between aerial UEs and / or may be transmitted directly between the aerial UEs and other wireless devices, using sidelink communications (e.g., such as cellular-based and / or LTE-based PC5, etc. ) . As noted above, the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 can use respective non-centralized communication interfaces (e.g., PC5 interfaces) to perform the direct communications with one another to form an ad-hoc network for the exchange of A2X messages. In one illustrative example, the sidelink PC5 interfaces of the respective aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 can be used to transmit detect and avoid (DAA) beacons and / or DAA deconfliction messages that are indicative of kinematics information of the respective aerial UE (e.g., position, heading, velocity, altitude, etc. ) . In some examples, the sidelink PC5 interfaces of each aerial UE 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 and / or the ad-hoc A2X wireless communication network can be used for broadcast remote ID (BRID) messages from one or more (or all) of the respective aerial UEs within or participating in the ad-hoc A2X network (e.g., the first aerial UE 404-1, the second aerial UE 404-2, the third aerial UE 404-3, etc. ) .
[0090] In some aspects, the systems and techniques described herein can be used to implement DAA broadcast messages by a plurality of aerial UEs (e.g., aircraft, UAVs, drones, etc. ) , where each respective aerial UE of the plurality of aerial UEs is configured to transmit and receive A2X messages using a PC5-based end-to-end communication system (e.g., a PC5-based end-to-end communication system based on the example A2X communication system stack 500 of FIG. 5, described below) . In one illustrative example, the ad-hoc network of the A2X communication system can be used for the transmission and / or reception of DAA broadcast messages or beacons by one or more aerial UEs independent of a cellular network coverage or availability. For example, the one or more aerial UEs can utilize a sidelink or PC5 interface for the direct transmission and / or reception of the A2X messages and / or DAA beacons between each transmitting aerial UE and each respective one of one or more receiving aerial UEs.
[0091] While FIG. 4 illustrates a particular number of aerial UEs (e.g., three aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, and 404-3) communicating with each other over respective PC5 links, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For instance, tens or hundreds or thousands of such aerial UEs may communicate with one another via respective PC5 links associated with an ad-hoc, non-centralized A2X communication network. At various points in time, each such aerial UE 404-1, 404-2, 404-3, etc., may transmit various types of information, messages, broadcasts, beacons, etc., to other nearby aerial UEs.
[0092] In some aspects, each aerial UE associated with the A2x communication system (e.g., the A2X ad-hoc network) can generate and utilize a respective randomized layer 2 (L2) ID. For example, the randomized L2 IDs can be used to identify the respective aerial UEs of the plurality of aerial UEs within the A2X communication network in the absence of the overall or centralized control associated with cellular or other network types, etc. In some cases, each aerial UE can randomly generate an L2 ID to be used in the various A2X messages or communications that are transmitted by the aerial UE. In some cases, two or more aerial UEs may generate and attempt to use the same randomized L2 ID, and one or more (or each) of the aerial UEs with the conflicting or duplicated L2 ID value can be configured to automatically regenerate another random value for the L2 ID until the conflict or collision between duplicated L2 ID values no longer exists. In some examples, the probability of conflicting or duplicated random L2 ID values can be relatively low, based on the space or range of possible L2 ID values being significantly greater than the maximum number of aerial UEs that may be within range of one another. For example, the duplication (or re-use) of randomized L2 ID values can be undesirable for aerial UEs that are within range of one another (e.g., such that other nearby aerial UEs receive A2X messages from the multiple aerial UEs using the same L2 ID, and are unable to differentiate the multiple aerial UEs and their respective messages) . However, aerial UEs that are not within communication range of one another, and do not have any common receiving aerial UE neighbors, can re-use or duplicate L2 ID values without creating challenges of differentiation between the respective aerial UEs having the same L2 ID. For example, when two aerial UEs utilize the same random L2 ID value, but do not share any common receiving aerial UE neighbors (e.g., no nearby aerial UEs that receive A2X messages transmitted by each aerial UE of the pair with the same L2 ID value) , the receiving aerial UEs are aware of only a single aerial UE associated with the L2 ID value.
[0093] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example system stack 500 of an aircraft-to-everything (A2X) communication system, in accordance with some examples. In some aspects, the A2X system stack 500 can include one or more lower layers 501 (e.g., also referred to herein as a lower layer portion 501 and / or a lower layer 501) , and one or more higher layers 503 (e.g., also referred to herein as a higher layer portion 503 and / or a higher layer 503) .
[0094] In one illustrative example, the lower layer portion 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can be implemented based on the 3GPP-based PC5 protocol. For example, in some aspects, the lower layer portion 501 can utilize LTE-based PC5 protocol, represented in the A2X system stack 500 as the LTE-based PC5 protocol 540, which can be configured to provide sidelink communications utilizing LTE or LTE-based wireless signals transmitted between respective PC5 interfaces of each aerial UE. In some aspects, the lower layer portion 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can utilize the 3GPP Release 14 and / or Release 15 LTE-based PC5 protocol, including the physical resource pool design, resource allocation and scheduling, and / or congestion control.
[0095] In some aspects, the lower layer portion 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can also be referred to as an LTE-A2X access layer, and can include a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer 520, a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer 510, a media access control (MAC) layer 508, and a Physical (PHY) layer 506.
[0096] The upper layer portion 503 of the A2X system stack 500 can include a transport / network layer 550, which can be used to implement a connectionless, non-IP protocol referred herein as Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) , which may correspond to or be based upon a lightweight version of UDP. The upper layer portion 503 can further include a messages / facilities layer 560, which can be utilized with the application layer 570 for the exchange of Aerial Safety Messages (ASMs) between the various aerial UEs participating in or otherwise associated with the A2X communication network utilizing the A2X system stack 500, etc. In the application layer 570 (e.g., which can correspond to and / or include safety application and non-safety applications) , the longitude, latitude, altitude, speed, heading, etc., dynamics or kinematics information of a respective aerial UE can be packed together to form (e.g., generate) the ASM for the respective aerial UE. The ASM for the respective aerial UE can be based on the dynamics or kinematics information of the respective aerial UE, passed from the application layer 570 to the message / facilities layer 560, which packs the information into the ASM. The ASM can be passed from the message / facilities layer 560 to the transport / network layer 550, which can operate with the lower layer portion 501 of the A2X system stack 500 to provide the PC5-based transmission of the ASM from the respective aerial UE to one or more nearby aerial UEs. The randomized L2 ID of the respective aerial UE can be associated with lower-layer or lower-level L2 functionalities of the A2X system stack 500.
[0097] In some aspects, the upper layer portion 503 of the A2X system stack 500 can include a security services layer 580, which may be implemented as IEEE / ETSI security services. In some cases, IEEE 1609.2 security certificates can be used for authorization purposes between the aerial UEs and / or for the ASMs transmitted between the aerial UEs on the A2X network. In some cases, the security services layer 580 can correspond to the certificate authority (CA) 750 of FIG. 7, which can be configured to issue the respective aerial UEs 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 with the respective security certificates 755-1, 755-2, 755-3. In some aspects, the security certificates 755-1, 755-2, 755-3 can be issued by the CA 750 of FIG. 7 and / or security services layer 580 of FIG. 5 according to the IEEE 1609.2 security certificates implementation. In some cases, the aerial UEs 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 of FIG. 7 can be the same as or similar to the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 of FIG. 4 and / or the aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3, etc.
[0098] In the application layer 570, each aerial UE (e.g., aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3; 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 of FIG. 4; 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 of FIG. 7; etc. ) can be configured to broadcast its own respective beacon message (e.g., the ASM message) periodically, where the respective beacon (e.g., ASM) message for each aerial UE is indicative of the current or most recent longitude, latitude, altitude, speed, heading, etc., information for the aerial UE. Each aerial UE can receive the beacon (e.g., ASM) messages broadcast by any or all surrounding (e.g., nearby, within communication range of the PC5 sidelink, etc. ) aerial Ues. Aerial UEs can be configured to extract the respective dynamics or kinematics information of nearby aerial UEs from the respective beacons (e.g., ASM messages) received from each nearby aerial UE, and provide the extracted longitude, latitude, altitude, speed, heading, etc.., information for each nearby aerial UE to its own internal DAA algorithm (s) (e.g., corresponding to the DAA system 354 of the aircraft computing system 350 implemented by the aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3, etc. ) to perform DAA and / or collision avoidance according to the beacon / ASM information of the surrounding (e.g., neighboring) aerial UEs communicating via the A2X system stack 500.
[0099] As noted above, the lower layer portion 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can also be referred to as an access layer and / or an LTE-A2X access layer, and may include the PDCP layer 520, the RLC layer 510, the MAC layer 508, and the PHY layer 506. In some cases, the lower layer portion 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can be configured as an access layer that is implemented based on reuse of the resource selection and congestion control algorithms defined in the 3GPP R14 and R15 LTE-based PC5 protocol. For example, the lower layer (e.g., access layer) 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can implement access layer autonomous resource selection for the aerial UEs to each select and / or utilize different time-frequency resources. For example, multiple aerial UEs cannot use the same time-frequency resource (s) without collision of their respective A2X messages and / or ASM beacon broadcasts, and the access layer 501 can implement autonomous resource selection to prevent such collisions.
[0100] In some cases, an aerial UE can be configured with and / or can determine a target latency requirement for its ASM messages or other A2X transmissions. The target latency requirement can be a time value (e.g., length or duration of time) that represents a latency threshold for the aerial UE. To perform access layer autonomous resource selection, the aerial UE can be configured to listen and monitor (e.g., determine) resource usage information for the set of time-frequency resources allocated or available for A2X, over a previous time period with a length equal to the target latency requirement of the aerial UE. For example, an aerial UE with a target latency requirement of 20ms can perform autonomous resource selection based on monitoring the resource usage of the time-frequency resource grid over a 20ms window. The resource usage information determined based on the aerial UE monitoring for the 20ms window given by its latency requirement can subsequently be used by the aerial UE to predict channel conditions (e.g., resource usage) for the next time window having the same length (e.g., 20ms, based on the target latency requirement of the aerial UE) .
[0101] In some cases, the aerial UE can determine the received energy within each resource block (RB) during the monitoring window with a length equal to the target latency. The aerial UE can perform the autonomous resource selection based on selecting one or more RBs having the lowest relative energy during the monitoring window of target latency length. For example, the aerial UE can perform the autonomous resource selection based on selecting the lowest 20%relative energy RBs from the previous monitoring window (e.g., where the lowest 20%relative energy RBs correspond to the RBs having a received energy during the previous monitoring window that is within the lowest 20%of all RBs monitored during the previous monitoring window) . Within the 20%lowest relative energy RBs, the aerial UE can perform the autonomous resource selection based on selecting one of the lowest relative energy resources within one or more of the 20%lowest relative energy RBs (e.g., each RB includes one or more energy resources, and the aerial UE can perform the autonomous resource selection by selecting lowest relative energy resources from the plurality of energy resources included in the 20%lowest relative energy RBs) .
[0102] In some examples, the autonomous resource selection performed by an aerial UE can be randomized. For example, the aerial UE may randomly select one RB from the set of RBs comprising the lowest 20%relative energy RBs. In some cases, the aerial UE may randomly select one of the lowest (or relatively lower) energy resources within the randomly selected RB from the set of 20%lowest relative energy RBs. In some examples, the aerial UE can randomly select a resource out of the set of resources comprising the lowest 20%relative energy resources within a particular RB of the 20%lowest relative energy RBs. In some examples, the autonomous resource selection can use the same threshold value for the energy-based RB selection (e.g., lowest 20%relative energy RBs) and for the energy-based resource selection (e.g., lowest 20%energy resources within a particular / selected RB) . In some examples, the autonomous resource selection can use different threshold values for the energy-based RB selection and the energy-0based resource selection within an RB. For example, the autonomous resource selection can use a higher threshold value (e.g., 20%) for the energy-based RB selection, and a lower threshold value (e.g., 10%) for the energy-based resource selection within a particular RB. In another example, the autonomous resource selection can use a lower threshold value (e.g., 20%) for the energy-based RB selection, and a higher threshold value (e.g., 30%) for the energy-based resource selection within a particular RB.
[0103] In some aspects, the access layer 501 autonomous resource selection can be implemented based on semi-persistent selection (SPS) (e.g., semi-persistent based on aerial UEs predicting channel conditions or resource usage for one or more later time windows, after monitoring resource usage for the initial monitoring window of length equal to the target latency for the aerial UE) . In some cases, the aerial UE may be configured to update its autonomous resource selection based on one or more conditions being met, based on one or more comparisons against configured threshold, based on one or more timers expiring, etc.
[0104] In some examples, the access layer 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can implement access layer congestion control to control the number of transmissions in one second. For example, the access layer 501 can implement access layer congestion control based on a ProSe Per-Packet Priority (PPPP) value of each A2X message or packet, and further based on a current congestion status of the channel. In some aspects, the PPPP value of an A2X message (e.g., ASM, beacon broadcast, etc. ) can be determined by the application layer 570 of the A2X system stack 500. The PPPP can be a parameter having a value between 1 and 8, with lower values indicative of a higher priority (e.g., PPPP = 1 represents a highest priority, and PPPP = 8 represents a lowest priority, etc. ) . In some aspects, the access layer 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can implement access layer congestion control to control the number of transmissions in one second, according to the example access layer congestion control shown below in Table 1: Table 1. Example access layer congestion control for the number of transmissions in one second, based on ProSe Per-Packet Priority (PPPP) and current congestion status of the channel (e.g., the measured Channel Busy Ratio (CBR) ) . Values within cells represent the number of transmissions permitted in one second according to the access layer congestion control.
[0105] The example access layer congestion control of Table 1 can be implemented to control the number of transmissions permitted in one second, according to the PPPP value and the current congestion status of the channel. Lower PPPP values represent higher priority. For example, PPPP1-PPPP2 corresponds to the highest priority transmissions with a PPPP value between 1 and 2. PPPP3-PPPP5 corresponds to medium or intermediate priority transmissions with a PPPP value between 3 and 5. PPPP6-PPPP8 corresponds to lowest priority transmissions with a PPPP value between 6 and 8.
[0106] In addition to the PPPP-based priority, the access layer congestion control can be further based on the current (e.g., measured) congestion status of the channel. For example, channel congestion can correspond to a measured channel busy ratio (CBR) value between 0 and 1. A higher value of the CBR measurement corresponds to higher load, and a lower value of the CBR measurement corresponds to a lower load. For example, the highest load condition (e.g., highest current congestion status) of the channel is represented in the row with a CBR measurement between 0.8 and 1.0. In this highest load condition, the access layer congestion control of Table 1 permits up to 100 transmissions per second with a PPPP value of 1 or 2, up to 20 transmissions per second with a PPPP value of 20, and up to 10 transmissions per second with a PPPP value of 10. For lower current congestion status of the channel, a greater number of transmissions per second may be permitted for some (or all) of the different PPPP values and transmission priorities. For low current congestion status of the channel, (e.g., CBR measured between 0 and 0.3) , all priority levels and PPPP value transmissions may be transmitted without limitation, according to the access layer congestion control example of Table 1.
[0107] In some examples, the MAC layer 508 of the access layer 501 of the A2X system stack 500 can also be referred to as Layer 2 (L2) . In some aspects, each aerial UE can be configured to generate its randomized L2 ID (e.g., as noted above) as a randomized MAC ID. For example, each aerial UE can generate its L2 ID randomly from the address pool [0x010001, 0xFFFFFE] . As noted above, collision or duplication between two or more UEs with the same randomly selected L2 ID may be a relatively low probability event, as the address pool [0x010001, 0xFFFFFE] includes over 15.7 million different addresses.
[0108] In some cases, the randomized L2 ID for each aerial UE can be used as the source MAC address within the MAC layer 508 of the access layer 501 of the A2X system stack 500. In some examples, based on the ASM messages from each aerial UE being broadcast transmissions, the destination MAC address field is not needed (e.g., a broadcast message is transmitted to any or all aerial UEs or other A2x-capable devices within range to receive the broadcast, without using the destination MAC address field to identify the intended recipients of the broadcast transmission) . In one illustrative example, the destination MAC address field is not a target aerial UE address, and can be replaced with (e.g., used to indicate) an application ID (AID) value indicative of the source application type. For example, the destination MAC address field of an ASM broadcast by an aerial UE can indicate an AID corresponding to an application type of the aerial UE that broadcasts the ASM. For example, AID 0x000000 can be mapped to (e.g., can identify or indicate, etc. ) a goods delivery application, AID 0x000001 can be mapped to (e.g., can identify or indicate, etc. ) a surveillance application, etc. In some aspects, the mapping between different AID values and different aerial UE or UAV application types can be pre-determined, and may be configured according to an A2X communications and / or other wireless communications standard for the aerial UEs, etc. Table 2, below, is an example of the Source, Destination pair of the Layer2 ID associated with an aerial UE and / or ASM broadcast transmission by the aerial UE. Table 2. Example L2 ID Source, Destination pair for an aerial UE. The Source of the L2 ID may be randomly selected by the aerial UE from the address pool [0x010001, 0xFFFFFE] . The Destination of the L2 ID may be a value mapped to an AID corresponding to an application type of the aerial UE, or may be a default value such as 0xFFFFFF when no AID mapping is available or used.
[0109] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) packing 600 associated with a network layer of an A2X communication system, in accordance with some examples. For example, the ASMP packing 600 can be associated with the ASMP protocol used by the transport / network layer 550 of the upper layer portion 503 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5. As noted above, the ASMP used by the network layer 550 of the A2X system stack 500 can be a connectionless, non-IP protocol, which may be used to more efficiently carry the lightweight broadcast data of the ASM corresponding to the longitude, latitude, altitude, speed, heading, etc., dynamics or kinematics information of a source aerial UE.
[0110] In some examples, the ASMP packing configuration 600 includes a data portion 642 corresponding to a message layer 640. In some aspects, the message layer 640 can correspond to the application layer 570 of FIG. 5 and / or the message / facilities layer 560 of FIG. 5.
[0111] In some examples, the ASMP packing configuration 600 includes an ASMP header 632 corresponding to the ASMP layer 630. In some aspects, the ASMP layer 630 can correspond to the transport / network layer 550 of FIG. 5. In one illustrative example, the ASMP header 632 can be implemented according to Table 3, below, where the ASMP header 632 includes a first set of bits (e.g., 3 bits) indicative of an ASMP version, a second set of bits (e.g., 1 bit) indicative of an ASMP Extension Indicator, a third set of bits (e.g., 4 bits) configured as Reserved bits, a fourth set of bits (e.g., variable length) configured as Extension bits, a fifth set of bits (e.g., variable length) indicative of an AID, and a sixth set of bits (e.g., 2 octets) indicative of a Length value. Table 3. Example ASMP header.
[0112] In some examples, the ASMP packing configuration 600 includes an adaptation layer header 632 corresponding to an adaptation layer 620. In one illustrative example, the adaptation layer header 622 can be used to indicate a protocol type value. For example, the adaptation layer header 622 can be indicative of a protocol type value according to the example of Table 4, below. In some aspects, the adaptation layer header 622 can use a first value (e.g., 4) to indicate a Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) Short Message Protocol (DSMP) protocol type, and a second value (e.g., 5) to indicate the ASMP protocol type. Table 4. Example protocol type values in the adaptation layer header.
[0113] In some examples, the ASMP packing configuration 600 includes an access layer header 612 corresponding to an access layer 610. In some cases, the access layer 610 can correspond to the lower layer portion (e.g., access layer) 501 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5. In some cases, the access layer header 612 can be a PDCP header, which may correspond to the PDCP layer 520 of the lower layer portion (e.g., access layer) 501 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5.
[0114] In some examples, the message layer 560 of FIG. 5 and / or the message layer 640 of FIG. 6 can be configured to generate the Aerial Safety Message (ASM) corresponding to dynamics or kinematics information of a respective aerial UE associated with the ASM (e.g., the aerial UE that generates and broadcasts the ASM) . In some aspects, the ASM message can be generated as the data 642 of the message layer 640 of FIG. 6 and / or the message layer 560 of FIG. 5.
[0115] In some aspects, each aerial UE can be configured to generate and broadcast its respective ASM information at a periodicity of 10 Hz. For example, the aerial UE can determine its updated (e.g., current) dynamics or kinematics information and generate and broadcast a corresponding ASM message 10 times per second. In some examples, the 10 Hz periodicity of an aerial UE ASM broadcast can be a maximum associated with no congestion control and / or relatively low congestion control by the access layer (e.g., access layer 501 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5, etc. ) . For example, higher congestion or various congestion controls implemented by the access layer 501 can correspond to periodicity less than 10 Hz for the broadcast of the ASM by a particular aerial UE, etc.
[0116] Nearby aerial UEs can receive the ASMs broadcast from all surrounding aerial UEs that are within transmit / receive range. For example, an aerial UE can receive the broadcast ASM messages from all nearby aerial UEs that are within a threshold range for the ASM message to reach the aerial UE with signal strength above a threshold (e.g., RSSI, etc. ) , etc. Based on the broadcast ASM messages received from nearby aerial UEs, a receiver aerial UE can run internal DAA algorithms (e.g., using the DAA system 354 of FIG. 3, etc. ) according to the information of all surrounding aerial UEs that are broadcasting ASMs received by the aerial UE. DAA algorithm implementations can correspond to collision avoidance, path planning, etc., and can vary with the stack implemented for a particular aerial UE, etc.
[0117] In one illustrative example, the ASM message broadcast by an aerial UE can correspond to the example ASM message format below:
[0118] In some aspects, the “id OCTET STRING (SIZE (8) ) ” of the example ASM message format can be the same as the randomized (e.g., randomly generated) L2 ID randomly selected by the aerial UE from the address pool [0x010001, 0xFFFFFE] , as noted above.
[0119] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of certificate-based authorization 700 by a certificate authority (CA) for one or more aerial UEs (e.g., a first aerial UE 704-1, a second aerial UE 704-2, a third aerial UE 704-3, etc. ) configured to transmit and / or receive A2X messages, in accordance with some examples. In some aspects, the aerial UEs 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 of FIG. 7 can be the same as or similar to the aerial UEs 404-1, 404-2, 404-3 of FIG. 4 and / or the aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3, etc.
[0120] In some examples, the certificate-based authorization 700 can be implemented by a certificate authority (CA) 750. In some aspects, the CA 750 can be included within and / or implemented by the security services layer 580 included in the upper layer portion 503 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5. For example, the CA 750 can be associated with one or more IEEE / ETSI security services implementations. In some cases, IEEE 1609.2 security certificates can be used for authorization purposes between the aerial UEs 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 and / or for the ASMs transmitted between the aerial UEs 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 on the A2X network. In one illustrative example, the CA 750 can be configured to issue the aerial UEs 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 with the respective security certificates 755-1, 755-2, 755-3. In some aspects, the security certificates 755-1, 755-2, 755-3 can be issued by the CA 750 of FIG. 7 and / or security services layer 580 of FIG. 5 according to the IEEE 1609.2 security certificates implementation.
[0121] For example, each aerial UE (e.g., 704-1, 704-2, 704-3, etc. ) can apply for one or multiple certificates (e.g., IEEE 1609.2 security certificates) from the CA 750 for authorization purposes. The security certificate 755-1 can be issued by the CA 750 responsive to a request from the first aerial UE 704-1. The security certificate 755-2 can be issued by the CA 750 responsive to a request from the second aerial UE 704-2. The security certificates 755-3 can be issued by the CA 750 responsive to a request from the third aerial UE 704-3, etc. Each security certificate from the CA 750 and issued to an aerial UE (e.g., 704-1, 704-2, 704-3, etc. ) can follow or implement the IEEE 1609.2 format and may be issued by an authorized CA (e.g., the CA 750, etc. ) . For example, the security certificates 755-1, 755-2, 755-3 can each be a security certificate that follows the IEEE 1609.2 format and that is issued by the authrozied CA 750.
[0122] For securing and / or authentication of ASM broadcast transmission from an aerial, the aerial UE can use one of its certificates issued by the authorized CA 750 to sign the ASM messages, and may subsequently send the signed ASM message (s) by broadcast. In some aspects, the security certificates 755-1, 755-2, 755-3 can be used by the aerial UEs 704-1, 704-2, 704-3 (respectively) to sign ASM messages using the private key corresponding to the security certificate 755-1, 755-2, 755-3.
[0123] Recipient aerial UEs (e.g., aerial UE 704-1, 704-2, 704-3, etc. ) that receive a signed ASM broadcast message from a nearby aerial UE can perform verification of the signature within the received ASM broadcast message. For example, a recipient aerial UE can verify or authenticate a signed ASM broadcast message received from a nearby aerial UE, based on using the public key of the corresponding security certificate issued for the nearby aerial UE to authenticate the private key-based signature included within the received signed ASM broadcast message.
[0124] In some aspects, a signed ASM broadcast message can include a first portion corresponding to the security certificate issued by the CA 750 for the sender aerial UE, a second portion corresponding to the ASM broadcast message data, and a third portion corresponding to the signature generated by the sender aerial UE using the private key of the security certificate issued by the CA 750 to the sender aerial UE. For example, a signed ASM broadcast message from the first aerial UE 704-1 can include a first portion comprising the certificate 755-1, a second portion comprising the ASM data for the first aerial UE 704-1, and a third portion comprising a signature generated by the first aerial UE 704-1 using a private key corresponding to the security certificate 755-1. A signed ASM broadcast message from the second aerial UE 704-2 can include a first portion comprising the certificate 755-2, a second portion comprising the ASM data for the second aerial UE 704-2, and a third portion comprising a signature generated by the second aerial UE 704-2 using a private key corresponding to the security certificate 755-2. A signed ASM broadcast message from the third aerial UE 704-3 can include a first portion comprising the certificate 755-3, a second portion comprising the ASM data for the third aerial UE 704-3, and a third portion comprising a signature generated by the third aerial UE 704-3 using a private key corresponding to the security certificate 755-3.
[0125] In some examples, the systems and techniques can implement A2X communications (e.g., including ASM broadcast messages, etc. ) using a configured frequency spectrum. For example, the A2X communications may be implemented with full or partial spectrum co-existence between A2X and LTE-V2X. In some cases, the A2X communications may be implemented without spectrum co-existence between A2X and LTE-V2X. In one illustrative example, dedicated spectrum may be allocated for A2X DAA usage. In examples where dedicated frequency spectrum allocations are provided and reserved for A2X DAA usage, co-existence does not need to be implemented.
[0126] In another illustrative example, A2X DAA may share frequency spectrum (e.g., allocated, unallocated, or various combinations thereof) with LTE-V2X, and may implement one or more co-existence techniques. For example, in some aspects, the shared frequency spectrum allocation between A2X and LTE-V2X may be divided into a separate first resource pool for LTE-V2X and a second resource pool for A2X. Each application (e.g., LTE-V2X or A2X) can use a separate resource pool within the shared spectrum allocation, corresponding to different RBs for the LTE-V2X pool and the A2X pool (e.g., an RB is used for LTE-V2X or A2X, but not both) . Within the shared spectrum allocation, LTE-V2X and A2X applications can run within their respective resource pool assignments without interaction or interference between resource pools. In some examples, the capacity of each resource pool (e.g., , LTE-V2X resource pool and / or A2X resource pool) can be configured based on relative priorities, demands, needs, etc., of the two application types, as the separate resource pool assignments within a shared spectrum allocation may be implemented as a hard limit of each application.
[0127] In another illustrative example, A2X DAA and LTE-V2X can utilize a shared spectrum allocation and corresponding shared resource pool, without separation or sub-division into individual or respective resource pools. For example, A2X DAA and LTE-V2X applications may both use the same resources and / or RBs within the shared spectrum allocation, with only one of the two using a given resource or RB at a particular time. In some aspects, A2X DAA and LTE-V2X can use the same, shared resource pool but with different message IDs (e.g., AID) for each message. For example, the AID field in the ASMP header 632 of FIG. 6 (e.g., the AID field in the example ASMP header of Table 3) can be used to indicate an AID corresponding to an LTE-V2X application or an AID corresponding to an A2X DAA application, etc. On the receiver side, a corresponding LTE-V2X receiver application and / or a corresponding A2X DAA receiver application can filter out received messages to obtain only the received messages of interest based on the AID of each received message. For example, an LTE-V2X receiver application can filter based on the AID to receive only LTE-V2X messages with a corresponding LTE-V2X AID value. An A2X DAA receiver application can perform filtering based on the AID to receive only A2X DAA messages with a corresponding A2X AID value (e.g., which is different from the LTE-V2X AID value (s) ) . Based on sharing resources within the frequency spectrum allocation and corresponding resource pool (e.g., sharing between LTE-V2x and A2X DAA) , congestion control and resource selection algorithms from the access layer of LTE-V2X and the access layer of A2X DAA can be implemented to consider the congestion and resource usage of both the LTE-V2X applications and the A2X DAA applications combined.
[0128] FIG. 8 is a flowchart diagram illustrating an example of a process 800 for performing wireless communications. In some examples, the process 800 can correspond to wireless communications comprising A2X messages, including an aerial short message (ASM) transmitted and / or received by one or more aerial UEs and / or non-aerial UEs. In some examples, the process 800 can be performed by an aerial UE, connected aircraft, and / or other UEs. In some cases, the process 800 can be performed by an aerial UE such as the aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3, 404-1, 404-2, and / or 404-3 of FIG. 4, 704-1, 704-2, and / or 704-3 of FIG. 7, etc. In some examples, the process 800 can be performed by a computing device or apparatus or a component or system (e.g., one or more chipsets, one or more processors such as one or more CPUs, DSPs, NPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gates or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, etc., any combination thereof, and / or other component or system) of the computing device or apparatus. The operations of the process 800 may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., processor 910 of FIG. 9 or other processor (s) ) .
[0129] At block 802, the apparatus (or component thereof) can determine information indicative of at least one of a location of the apparatus, a heading of the apparatus, or a speed of the apparatus. For example, the apparatus can be an aerial user equipment (UE) . In some cases, the apparatus can be an aerial UE the same as or similar to one or more of the aerial UE 304 of FIG. 3, 404-1, 404-2, and / or 404-3 of FIG. 4, 704-1, 704-2, and / or 704-3 of FIG. 7, etc. In some cases, the location of the apparatus comprises a longitude of the apparatus (e.g., a longitude of the aerial UE) and a latitude of the apparatus (e.g., a latitude of the aerial UE) .
[0130] At block 804, the apparatus (or component thereof) can broadcast, using a PC5 interface of the apparatus, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the apparatus, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the apparatus and one or more aerial user equipments (UEs) .
[0131] For example, the ID value corresponding to the apparatus can include a randomized layer 2 (L2) ID randomly selected by the apparatus from a configured address pool comprising a plurality of L2 IDs. In some cases, the randomized L2 ID is an L2 Source ID. The ID value corresponding to the apparatus can further include an L2 Destination ID indicative of an application ID (AID) mapped to an aerial UE application type associated with the apparatus.
[0132] In some cases, the beacon message is indicative of the location of the apparatus, the heading of the apparatus, the speed of the apparatus, and an altitude of the apparatus. In some examples, the ad-hoc network includes a respective PC5 sidelink between the apparatus and each respective aerial UE of the one or more aerial UEs. In some cases, the ad-hoc network comprises an aircraft-to-everything (A2X) network associated with a plurality of aerial UEs, the plurality of aerial UEs including the apparatus and the one or more aerial UEs.
[0133] In some examples, a lower layer of the ad-hoc network corresponds to a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) PC5-based protocol. For example, the lower layer of the ad-hoc network can be the same as or similar to the lower layer portion 501 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5. In some cases, the LTE PC5-based protocol can correspond to the LTE-based PC5 protocol 540 of FIG. 5. In some examples, a network layer of the ad-hoc network implements a connectionless, non-Internet Protocol (IP) protocol. For example, the network layer can be the same as or similar to the transport / network layer 550 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5.
[0134] In some cases, the network layer of the ad-hoc network implements an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) . In some examples, the beacon message comprises an Aerial Safety Message (ASM) associated with the apparatus. For example, the beacon message can be an ASM associated with one or more of the message / facilities layer 560 and / or the application layer 570 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5.
[0135] In some examples, to broadcast the beacon message, the apparatus is configured to determine ProSe Per-Packet Priority (PPPP) information indicative of a priority of the beacon message. The apparatus can determine channel congestion information associated with a channel of the ad-hoc network, and can broadcast the beacon message according to an access layer congestion control configuration based on the PPPP information and the channel congestion information. In some cases, the PPPP information is associated with an application layer of the ad-hoc network, such as the application layer 570 of the A2X system stack 500 of FIG. 5. In some examples, the channel congestion information comprises a Channel Busy Ratio (CBR) measurement value determined by the apparatus for the channel of the ad-hoc network.
[0136] In some cases, the apparatus is configured to broadcast an updated beacon message indicative of a current location, a current heading, and a current speed of the apparatus according to a configured first periodicity value. For example, the first periodicity value can be a maximum periodicity value corresponding to at least one of a highest priority PPPP information or a lowest congestion channel congestion information. In some examples, the first periodicity value can be 10 Hertz. In some examples, the apparatus is configured to broadcast the updated beacon message according to a configured second periodicity value less than the configured first periodicity value in response to a congestion control configuration associated with an access layer of the ad-hoc network.
[0137] In some cases, to broadcast the beacon message, the apparatus is configured to generate broadcast information including an access layer header, an adaptation layer header, an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) header, and the beacon message. For example, the access layer header can be the same as or similar to the access layer header 612 of FIG. 6. The adaptation layer header can be the same as or similar to the adaptation layer header 622 of FIG. 6. In some cases, the ASMP header can be the same as or similar to the ASMP header 632 of FIG. 6. The apparatus (e.g., aerial UE) can broadcast the broadcast information to the one or more aerial UEs using a respective one or more PC5 sidelinks associated with the apparatus and the ad-hoc network.
[0138] At block 806, the apparatus (or component thereof) can receive, using the PC5 interface of the apparatus, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.
[0139] In some cases, the apparatus (e.g., aerial UE) can be configured to determine respective kinematics information for the one or more aerial UEs based on the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts. The apparatus (e.g., aerial UE) can process the respective kinematics information for the one or more aerial UEs using a detect and avoid (DAA) system of the apparatus. For example, the DAA system can be the same as or similar to the DAA system 354 of FIG. 3, etc. In some cases, to receive the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, the apparatus is configured to receive the additional beacon message broadcast from a respective aerial UE of the one or more aerial UEs using a respective PC5 sidelink between the apparatus and the respective aerial UE.
[0140] In some examples, the processes described herein (e.g., process 800 and / or any other process described herein) may be performed by a computing device, apparatus, or system. In one example, the process 800 can be performed by a computing device or system having the computing device architecture 900 of FIG. 9. The computing device, apparatus, or system can include any suitable device, such as a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone) , a desktop computing device, a tablet computing device, a wearable device (e.g., a VR headset, an AR headset, AR glasses, a network-connected watch or smartwatch, or other wearable device) , a server computer, an autonomous vehicle or computing device of an autonomous vehicle, a robotic device, a laptop computer, a smart television, a camera, and / or any other computing device with the resource capabilities to perform the processes described herein, including the process 1100 and / or any other process described herein. In some cases, the computing device or apparatus may include various components, such as one or more input devices, one or more output devices, one or more processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more microcomputers, one or more cameras, one or more sensors, and / or other component (s) that are configured to carry out the steps of processes described herein. In some examples, the computing device may include a display, a network interface configured to communicate and / or receive the data, any combination thereof, and / or other component (s) . The network interface may be configured to communicate and / or receive Internet Protocol (IP) based data or other type of data.
[0141] The components of the computing device can be implemented in circuitry. For example, the components can include and / or can be implemented using electronic circuits or other electronic hardware, which can include one or more programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, graphics processing units (GPUs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , central processing units (CPUs) , and / or other suitable electronic circuits) , and / or can include and / or be implemented using computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform the various operations described herein.
[0142] The process 1100 is illustrated as a logical flow diagram, the operation of which represents a sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, computer instructions, or a combination thereof. In the context of computer instructions, the operations represent computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like that perform particular functions or implement particular data types. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described operations can be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the processes.
[0143] Additionally, the process 1100 and / or any other process described herein may be performed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and may be implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs, or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware, or combinations thereof. As noted above, the code may be stored on a computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, for example, in the form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. The computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium may be non-transitory.
[0144] FIG. 9 illustrates an example computing device architecture 900 of an example computing device which can implement the various techniques described herein. In some examples, the computing device can include a mobile device, a wearable device, an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device) , a personal computer, a laptop computer, a video server, a vehicle (or computing device of a vehicle) , or other device. For example, the computing device architecture 900 can implement the aircraft computing system 350 of FIG. 3 and / or various components thereof, etc. The components of computing device architecture 900 are shown in electrical communication with each other using connection 905, such as a bus. The example computing device architecture 900 includes a processing unit (CPU or processor) 910 and computing device connection 905 that couples various computing device components including computing device memory 915, such as read only memory (ROM) 920 and random-access memory (RAM) 925, to processor 910.
[0145] Computing device architecture 900 can include a cache of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of processor 910. Computing device architecture 900 can copy data from memory 915 and / or the storage device 930 to cache 912 for quick access by processor 910. In this way, the cache can provide a performance boost that avoids processor 910 delays while waiting for data. These and other engines can control or be configured to control processor 910 to perform various actions. Other computing device memory 915 may be available for use as well. Memory 915 can include multiple different types of memory with different performance characteristics. Processor 910 can include any general-purpose processor and a hardware or software service, such as service 1 932, service 2 934, and service 3 936 stored in storage device 930, configured to control processor 910 as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the processor design. Processor 910 may be a self-contained system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.
[0146] To enable user interaction with the computing device architecture 900, input device 945 can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. Output device 935 can also be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to those of skill in the art, such as a display, projector, television, speaker device, etc. In some examples, multimodal computing devices can enable a user to provide multiple types of input to communicate with computing device architecture 900. Communication interface 940 can generally govern and manage the user input and computing device output. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.
[0147] Storage device 930 is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAMs) 925, read only memory (ROM) 920, and hybrids thereof. Storage device 930 can include services 932, 934, 936 for controlling processor 910. Other hardware or software modules or engines are contemplated. Storage device 930 can be connected to the computing device connection 905. In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as processor 910, connection 905, output device 935, and so forth, to carry out the function.
[0148] Aspects of the present disclosure are applicable to any suitable electronic device (such as security systems, smartphones, tablets, laptop computers, vehicles, drones, or other devices) including or coupled to one or more active depth sensing systems. While described below with respect to a device having or coupled to one light projector, aspects of the present disclosure are applicable to devices having any number of light projectors and are therefore not limited to specific devices.
[0149] The term “device” is not limited to one or a specific number of physical objects (such as one smartphone, one controller, one processing system and so on) . As used herein, a device may be any electronic device with one or more parts that may implement at least some portions of this disclosure. While the below description and examples use the term “device” to describe various aspects of this disclosure, the term “device” is not limited to a specific configuration, type, or number of objects. Additionally, the term “system” is not limited to multiple components or specific aspects or examples. For example, a system may be implemented on one or more printed circuit boards or other substrates and may have movable or static components. While the below description and examples use the term “system” to describe various aspects of this disclosure, the term “system” is not limited to a specific configuration, type, or number of objects.
[0150] Specific details are provided in the description above to provide a thorough understanding of the aspects and examples provided herein. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that aspects and examples may be practiced without these specific details. For clarity of explanation, in some examples the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks including functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software. Additional components may be used other than those shown in the figures and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the aspects and examples in unnecessary detail. In other examples, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the aspects and examples.
[0151] Individual aspects and examples may be described above as a process or method which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination can correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.
[0152] Processes and methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer-readable media. Such instructions can include, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code, etc.
[0153] The term “computer-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction (s) and / or data. A computer-readable medium may include a non-transitory medium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrier waves and / or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium may include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as flash memory, memory or memory devices, magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD) , any suitable combination thereof, among others. A computer-readable medium may have stored thereon code and / or machine-executable instructions that may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, an engine, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and / or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, or the like.
[0154] In some aspects and examples, the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit stream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.
[0155] Devices implementing processes and methods according to these disclosures can include hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and can take any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks (e.g., a computer-program product) may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor (s) may perform the necessary tasks. Typical examples of form factors include laptops, smart phones, mobile phones, tablet devices or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example.
[0156] The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functions described in the disclosure.
[0157] In the foregoing description, aspects of the application are described with reference to specific aspects and examples thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, while illustrative aspects and examples of the application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the inventive concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art. Various features and aspects of the above-described application may be used individually or jointly. Further, aspects and examples can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purposes of illustration, methods were described in a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternate aspects and examples, the methods may be performed in a different order than that described.
[0158] One of ordinary skill will appreciate that the less than ( “<” ) and greater than ( “>” ) symbols or terminology used herein can be replaced with less than or equal to ( “≤” ) and greater than or equal to ( “≥” ) symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this description.
[0159] Where components are described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.
[0160] The phrase “coupled to” refers to any component that is physically connected to another component either directly or indirectly, and / or any component that is in communication with another component (e.g., connected to the other component over a wired or wireless connection, and / or other suitable communication interface) either directly or indirectly.
[0161] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, engines, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects and examples disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or combinations thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, engines, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.
[0162] The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices such as general purposes computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including application in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, performs one or more of the methods described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium may comprise memory or data storage media, such as random-access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.
[0163] The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , general purpose microprocessors, an application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs) , or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Such a processor may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term “processor, ” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure, any combination of the foregoing structure, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein.
[0164] Claim language or other language reciting “at least one of” a set and / or “one or more” of a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfy the claim. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language reciting “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, A and B and C, or any duplicate information or data (e.g., A and A, B and B, C and C, A and A and B, and so on) , or any other ordering, duplication, or combination of A, B, and C. The language “at least one of” a set and / or “one or more” of a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” may mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B. The phrases “at least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably herein.
[0165] Claim language or other language reciting “at least one processor configured to, ” “at least one processor being configured to, ” “one or more processors configured to, ” “one or more processors being configured to, ” or the like indicates that one processor or multiple processors (in any combination) can perform the associated operation (s) . For example, claim language reciting “at least one processor configured to: X, Y, and Z” means a single processor can be used to perform operations X, Y, and Z; or that multiple processors are each tasked with a certain subset of operations X, Y, and Z such that together the multiple processors perform X, Y, and Z; or that a group of multiple processors work together to perform operations X, Y, and Z. In another example, claim language reciting “at least one processor configured to: X, Y, and Z” can mean that any single processor may only perform at least a subset of operations X, Y, and Z.
[0166] Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions.
[0167] Where reference is made to an entity (e.g., any entity or device described herein) performing functions or being configured to perform functions (e.g., steps of a method) , the entity may be configured to cause one or more elements (individually or collectively) to perform the functions. The one or more components of the entity may include at least one memory, at least one processor, at least one communication interface, another component configured to perform one or more (or all) of the functions, and / or any combination thereof. Where reference to the entity performing functions, the entity may be configured to cause one component to perform all functions, or to cause more than one component to collectively perform the functions. When the entity is configured to cause more than one component to collectively perform the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those components (e.g., different functions may be performed by different components) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one component (e.g., different components may perform different sub-functions of a function) .
[0168] Illustrative aspects of the disclosure include:
[0169] Aspect 1. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising: at least one memory comprising instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to: determine information indicative of at least one of a location of the apparatus, a heading of the apparatus, or a speed of the apparatus; broadcast, using a PC5 interface of the apparatus, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the apparatus, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the apparatus and one or more aerial user equipments (UEs) ; and receive, using the PC5 interface of the apparatus, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.
[0170] Aspect 2. The apparatus of Aspect 1, wherein the instructions further cause the apparatus to: determine respective kinematics information for the one or more aerial UEs based on the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts; and process the respective kinematics information for the one or more aerial UEs using a detect and avoid (DAA) system of the apparatus.
[0171] Aspect 3. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 2, wherein the beacon message is indicative of the location of the apparatus, the heading of the apparatus, the speed of the apparatus, and an altitude of the apparatus.
[0172] Aspect 4. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the location of the apparatus comprises a longitude of the apparatus and a latitude of the apparatus.
[0173] Aspect 5. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein, to receive the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, the apparatus is configured to: receive the additional beacon message broadcast from a respective aerial UE of the one or more aerial UEs using a respective PC5 sidelink between the apparatus and the respective aerial UE.
[0174] Aspect 6. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the ad-hoc network includes a respective PC5 sidelink between the apparatus and each respective aerial UE of the one or more aerial UEs.
[0175] Aspect 7. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the apparatus is an aerial user equipment (UE) .
[0176] Aspect 8. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the ad-hoc network comprises an aircraft-to-everything (A2X) network associated with a plurality of aerial UEs, the plurality of aerial UEs including the apparatus and the one or more aerial UEs.
[0177] Aspect 9. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein a lower layer of the ad-hoc network corresponds to a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) PC5-based protocol, and wherein a network layer of the ad-hoc network implements a connectionless, non-Internet Protocol (IP) protocol.
[0178] Aspect 10. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein a network layer of the ad-hoc network implements an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) .
[0179] Aspect 11. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein the beacon message comprises an Aerial Safety Message (ASM) associated with the apparatus.
[0180] Aspect 12. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 11, wherein, to broadcast the beacon message, the apparatus is configured to: determine ProSe Per-Packet Priority (PPPP) information indicative of a priority of the beacon message; determine channel congestion information associated with a channel of the ad-hoc network; and broadcast the beacon message according to an access layer congestion control configuration based on the PPPP information and the channel congestion information.
[0181] Aspect 13. The apparatus of Aspect 12, wherein the PPPP information is associated with an application layer of the ad-hoc network, and wherein the channel congestion information comprises a Channel Busy Ratio (CBR) measurement value determined by the apparatus for the channel of the ad-hoc network.
[0182] Aspect 14. The apparatus of any of Aspects 12 to 13, wherein the apparatus is configured to broadcast an updated beacon message indicative of a current location, a current heading, and a current speed of the apparatus according to a configured first periodicity value.
[0183] Aspect 15. The apparatus of Aspect 14, wherein the first periodicity value is a maximum periodicity value corresponding to at least one of a highest priority PPPP information or a lowest congestion channel congestion information.
[0184] Aspect 16. The apparatus of any of Aspects 14 to 15, wherein the apparatus is configured to broadcast the updated beacon message according to a configured second periodicity value less than the configured first periodicity value in response to a congestion control configuration associated with an access layer of the ad-hoc network.
[0185] Aspect 17. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 16, wherein the ID value corresponding to the apparatus includes a randomized layer 2 (L2) ID randomly selected by the apparatus from a configured address pool comprising a plurality of L2 IDs.
[0186] Aspect 18. The apparatus of Aspect 17, wherein the randomized L2 ID is an L2 Source ID, and wherein the ID value corresponding to the apparatus further includes an L2 Destination ID indicative of an application ID (AID) mapped to an aerial UE application type associated with the apparatus.
[0187] Aspect 19. The apparatus of any of Aspects 1 to 18, wherein, to broadcast the beacon message, the apparatus is configured to: generate broadcast information including an access layer header, an adaptation layer header, an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) header, and the beacon message; and broadcast the broadcast information to the one or more aerial UEs using a respective one or more PC5 sidelinks associated with the apparatus and the ad-hoc network.
[0188] Aspect 20. A method for wireless communications by an aerial user equipment (UE) , the method comprising: determining information indicative of at least one of a location of the aerial UE, a heading of the aerial UE, or a speed of the aerial UE; broadcasting, using a PC5 interface of the aerial UE, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the aerial UE, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the aerial UE and one or more additional aerial UEs; and receiving, using the PC5 interface of the aerial UE, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more additional aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.
[0189] Aspect 21. The method of Aspect 20, further comprising: determining respective kinematics information for the one or more additional aerial UEs based on the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts; and processing the respective kinematics information for the one or more additional aerial UEs using a detect and avoid (DAA) system of the aerial UE.
[0190] Aspect 22. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 21, wherein the beacon message is indicative of the location of the aerial UE, the heading of the aerial UE, the speed of the aerial UE, and an altitude of the aerial UE.
[0191] Aspect 23. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 22, wherein the location of the aerial UE comprises a longitude of the aerial UE and a latitude of the aerial UE.
[0192] Aspect 24. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 23, wherein receiving the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more additional aerial UEs comprises: receiving the additional beacon message broadcast from a respective additional aerial UE of the one or more additional aerial UEs using a respective PC5 sidelink between the aerial UE and the respective additional aerial UE.
[0193] Aspect 25. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 24, wherein the ad-hoc network includes a respective PC5 sidelink between the aerial UE and each respective additional aerial UE of the one or more additional aerial UEs.
[0194] Aspect 26. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 25, wherein the ad-hoc network comprises an aircraft-to-everything (A2X) network associated with a plurality of aerial UEs, the plurality of aerial UEs including the aerial UE and the one or more additional aerial UEs.
[0195] Aspect 27. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 26, wherein a lower layer of the ad-hoc network corresponds to a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) PC5-based protocol, and wherein a network layer of the ad-hoc network implements a connectionless, non-Internet Protocol (IP) protocol.
[0196] Aspect 28. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 27, wherein a network layer of the ad-hoc network implements an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) .
[0197] Aspect 29. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 28, wherein the beacon message comprises an Aerial Safety Message (ASM) associated with the aerial UE.
[0198] Aspect 30. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 29, wherein broadcasting the beacon message includes: determining ProSe Per-Packet Priority (PPPP) information indicative of a priority of the beacon message; determining channel congestion information associated with a channel of the ad-hoc network; and broadcasting the beacon message according to an access layer congestion control configuration based on the PPPP information and the channel congestion information.
[0199] Aspect 31. The method of Aspect 30, wherein the PPPP information is associated with an application layer of the ad-hoc network, and wherein the channel congestion information comprises a Channel Busy Ratio (CBR) measurement value determined by the aerial UE for the channel of the ad-hoc network.
[0200] Aspect 32. The method of any of Aspects 30 to 31, further comprising broadcasting an updated beacon message indicative of a current location, a current heading, and a current speed of the aerial UE according to a configured first periodicity value.
[0201] Aspect 33. The method of Aspect 32, wherein the first periodicity value is a maximum periodicity value corresponding to at least one of a highest priority PPPP information or a lowest congestion channel congestion information.
[0202] Aspect 34. The method of any of Aspects 32 to 33, further comprising broadcasting the updated beacon message according to a configured second periodicity value less than the configured first periodicity value in response to a congestion control configuration associated with an access layer of the ad-hoc network.
[0203] Aspect 35. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 34, wherein the ID value corresponding to the aerial UE includes a randomized layer 2 (L2) ID randomly selected by the aerial UE from a configured address pool comprising a plurality of L2 IDs.
[0204] Aspect 36. The method of Aspect 35, wherein the randomized L2 ID is an L2 Source ID, and wherein the ID value corresponding to the aerial UE further includes an L2 Destination ID indicative of an application ID (AID) mapped to an aerial UE application type associated with the aerial UE.
[0205] Aspect 37. The method of any of Aspects 20 to 36, wherein broadcasting the beacon message includes: generating broadcast information including an access layer header, an adaptation layer header, an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) header, and the beacon message; and broadcasting the broadcast information to the one or more additional aerial UEs using a respective one or more PC5 sidelinks associated with the aerial UE and the ad-hoc network.
[0206] Aspect 38. A method for wireless communications, comprising performing operations according to any of Aspects 1 to 19.
[0207] Aspect 39. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations according to any of Aspects 1 to 19.
[0208] Aspect 40. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations according to any of Aspects 20 to 37.
[0209] Aspect 41. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising one or more means for performing operations according to any of Aspects 1 to 19.
[0210] Aspect 42. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising one or more means for performing operations according to any of Aspects 20 to 37.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:at least one memory comprising instructions; andat least one processor configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:determine information indicative of at least one of a location of the apparatus, a heading of the apparatus, or a speed of the apparatus;broadcast, using a PC5 interface of the apparatus, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the apparatus, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the apparatus and one or more aerial user equipments (UEs) ; andreceive, using the PC5 interface of the apparatus, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the apparatus to:determine respective kinematics information for the one or more aerial UEs based on the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts; andprocess the respective kinematics information for the one or more aerial UEs using a detect and avoid (DAA) system of the apparatus.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beacon message is indicative of the location of the apparatus, the heading of the apparatus, the speed of the apparatus, and an altitude of the apparatus.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the location of the apparatus comprises a longitude of the apparatus and a latitude of the apparatus.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, to receive the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more aerial UEs, the apparatus is configured to:receive the additional beacon message broadcast from a respective aerial UE of the one or more aerial UEs using a respective PC5 sidelink between the apparatus and the respective aerial UE.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ad-hoc network includes a respective PC5 sidelink between the apparatus and each respective aerial UE of the one or more aerial UEs.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is an aerial user equipment (UE) .8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ad-hoc network comprises an aircraft-to-everything (A2X) network associated with a plurality of aerial UEs, the plurality of aerial UEs including the apparatus and the one or more aerial UEs.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a lower layer of the ad-hoc network corresponds to a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) PC5-based protocol, and wherein a network layer of the ad-hoc network implements a connectionless, non-Internet Protocol (IP) protocol.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a network layer of the ad-hoc network implements an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) .11.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beacon message comprises an Aerial Safety Message (ASM) associated with the apparatus.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, to broadcast the beacon message, the apparatus is configured to:determine ProSe Per-Packet Priority (PPPP) information indicative of a priority of the beacon message;determine channel congestion information associated with a channel of the ad-hoc network; andbroadcast the beacon message according to an access layer congestion control configuration based on the PPPP information and the channel congestion information.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the PPPP information is associated with an application layer of the ad-hoc network, and wherein the channel congestion information comprises a Channel Busy Ratio (CBR) measurement value determined by the apparatus for the channel of the ad-hoc network.14.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the apparatus is configured to broadcast an updated beacon message indicative of a current location, a current heading, and a current speed of the apparatus according to a configured first periodicity value.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first periodicity value is a maximum periodicity value corresponding to at least one of a highest priority PPPP information or a lowest congestion channel congestion information.16.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the apparatus is configured to broadcast the updated beacon message according to a configured second periodicity value less than the configured first periodicity value in response to a congestion control configuration associated with an access layer of the ad-hoc network.17.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ID value corresponding to the apparatus includes a randomized layer 2 (L2) ID randomly selected by the apparatus from a configured address pool comprising a plurality of L2 IDs.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the randomized L2 ID is an L2 Source ID, and wherein the ID value corresponding to the apparatus further includes an L2 Destination ID indicative of an application ID (AID) mapped to an aerial UE application type associated with the apparatus.19.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, to broadcast the beacon message, the apparatus is configured to:generate broadcast information including an access layer header, an adaptation layer header, an Aerial Short Message Protocol (ASMP) header, and the beacon message; andbroadcast the broadcast information to the one or more aerial UEs using a respective one or more PC5 sidelinks associated with the apparatus and the ad-hoc network.20.A method for wireless communications by an aerial user equipment (UE) , the method comprising:determining information indicative of at least one of a location of the aerial UE, a heading of the aerial UE, or a speed of the aerial UE;broadcasting, using a PC5 interface of the aerial UE, a beacon message indicative of the information and an identifier (ID) value corresponding to the aerial UE, wherein the beacon message is broadcast using an ad-hoc network between the aerial UE and one or more additional aerial UEs; andreceiving, using the PC5 interface of the aerial UE, one or more additional beacon message broadcasts from the one or more additional aerial UEs, wherein the one or more additional beacon message broadcasts are received using the ad-hoc network.