Ultraviolet-curable coating compositions

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to ultraviolet-curable coating compositions, coated substrates and methods of preparing coating substrates. Moreover, the present disclosure relates to a method of spot-repairing a coated substrate as well as a spot-repaired coated substrate. In addition, the present disclosure is directed to the use of the ultraviolet coating composition for spot repairing a coated substrate.

Description

[0001] ULTRAVIOLET-CURABLE COATING COMPOSITIONS

[0002] FIELD

[0003]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to ultraviolet-curable coating compositions, coated substrates and methods of preparing coating substrates. Moreover, the present disclosure relates to a method of spot-repairing a coated substrate as well as a spot-repaired coated substrate. In addition, the present disclosure is directed to the use of the ultraviolet coating composition for spot repairing a coated substrate.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005]

[0002] Substrates, such as metal substrates including metal electrical components and batteries, are often protected with a high dielectric strength material to provide insulating properties. For example, components have been coated with dielectric tapes to provide insulating properties. While dielectric tapes can provide insulating properties, they can be difficult to apply uniformly to substrates and it can be difficult to obtain good insulating properties at low coating film thicknesses.

[0006]

[0003] Instead of using dielectric tapes, liquid coatings may be applied to the components to provide insulating properties. However, during coating of the components, in the production line or by handling the components, damages to the coating may occur, which may lead to the loss of insulation properties. Usually, when damages to the coating are visible, the coating is removed completely from the component and the component is newly coated. Repairing of spots on a coated substrate can be difficult, e.g., due to adhesion limitations. The present disclosure looks to address these issues.

[0007] SUMMARY

[0008]

[0004] The present disclosure relates to an ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising: (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (b) 1 .0 to 10.0 wt.-% of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising from one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is different from compounds (a) and (b); and (d) a photo-initiator.

[0009]

[0005] The present disclosure further relates to a coated substrate comprising a coating comprising the residue of said cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0010]

[0006] The present disclosure also relates to a method of preparing a coated substrate comprising curing said ultraviolet-curable coating composition deposited on a surface of the substrate.

[0011]

[0007] Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a method for spot-repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage, the method comprises: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photo-initiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

[0012]

[0008] The present disclosure further relates to a spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by said method for spot-repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage.

[0013]

[0009] In addition, the present disclosure relates to a use of said ultraviolet- curable coating composition for spot repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage.

[0010] The present disclosure relates to a method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a powder coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprises: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photo-initiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tertdecanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation

[0014]

[0011] The present disclosure further relates to a spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by said method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a powder coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage.

[0015]

[0012] In addition, the present disclosure relates to a use of said ultraviolet- curable coating composition for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from a powder coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

[0016]

[0013] The present disclosure relates to a method for spot-repairing a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprises: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photo-initiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tertdecanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (Hi) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation

[0017]

[0014] The present disclosure further relates to a spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by said method for spot-repairing a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage.

[0018]

[0015] In addition, the present disclosure relates to a use of said ultraviolet- curable coating composition for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

[0019] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020]

[0016] For purposes of the following detailed description, it is to be understood that the disclosure may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary.

[0021]

[0017] It should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.

[0022]

[0018] In the present disclosure, the use of the singular includes the plural. Further, in this application, the use of “a” or “an” means “at least one” unless specifically stated otherwise. For example, “a” compound, “a” photo-initiator, and the like refer to one or more of any of these items.

[0023]

[0019] As used herein, the transitional term “comprising” (and other comparable terms, e.g., “containing” and “including”) is “open-ended” and open to the inclusion of unspecified matter. Although described in terms of “comprising”, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” are also within the scope of the disclosure.

[0020] As used herein, the term “including” and like terms means “including but not limited to”. Similarly, as used herein, the terms "on", "applied on / over", "formed on / over", "deposited on / over", "overlay" and "provided on / over" mean formed, overlay, deposited, or provided on but not necessarily in contact with the surface. For example, a coating layer "formed over" a substrate does not preclude the presence of one or more other coating layers of the same or different composition located between the formed coating layer and the substrate.

[0024]

[0021] As used herein, the term molecular weight “Mw” refers to the weight average molecular weight, for example the theoretical value as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography using Waters 2695 separation module with a Waters 410 differential refractometer (Rl detector) and polystyrene standards, tetrahydrofuran (THF) used as the eluent at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1, and two PL Gel Mixed C columns used for separation. As used herein, the terms “polymer” and “polymeric” refer to a molecule comprising chemically bonded repeating or monomeric units and may include oligomers, homopolymers, and copolymers.

[0025]

[0022] It may be desirable in the present disclosure to provide coated components that have good insulation properties, while also having good mechanical properties. Good adhesion of the coating may also be desirable, even after prolonged storage in a wet environment. High chemical resistance may further be desirable, such as when components may be in contact with coolants, antifreeze, glass-cleaners, etc. It may also be desirable to provide a high hardness of the coating composition to resist damage to the coating, such as by scratches, etc., in the production line. High mechanical resistance, such as scratch resistance, may be advantageous to prevent damage to the coating. A dielectric coating applied consistently to a component can provide high requirements of electrical safety.

[0026]

[0023] It may be further desirable to provide a possibility to easily repair such damages to the coating, in particular using the coating composition, and provide insulation properties as for coated components without any damages. It may further be desirable to easily cure such coatings by using, for example, low energy light sources, like for example handheld LED lamps.

[0027]

[0024] The present disclosure relates to an ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising: (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (b) 1 .0 to 10.0 wt.-% of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising from one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is different from compounds (a) and (b); and (d) a photo-initiator.

[0028]

[0025] As used herein, the term “ultraviolet-curable coating composition” refers to a composition that may be cured by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and, in an at least partially cured state, is capable of producing a film, layer, or the like on a portion of a substrate surface. As used herein, the terms “curable”, “cure”, “cured”, or similar terms, as used in connection with the coating compositions described herein, means that at least a portion of the components that form the film-forming binder react with each other and the polymer chains of the polymeric components are joined together by covalent bonds to form a crosslinked coating. Additionally, curing of the coating composition refers to subjecting said composition to curing conditions leading to the reaction of the reactive functional groups of the components of the coating composition and resulting in the crosslinking of the components of the composition and formation of an at least partially cured coating.

[0029]

[0026] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure comprises (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0030]

[0027] The polymeric compound (a) may comprise a polyester (meth)acrylate, a polyether (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0031]

[0028] A non-limiting example of the polymeric compound (a) includes a compound of formula (I):

[0032] [A]nX wherein X comprises a polyester, polyether, polyurethane, (meth)acrylic, epoxy backbone, or a combination thereof and X comprises n free valences; n is an integer of at least 2, such as 2 to 20, or 2 to 10; and [A]ncomprises the structure (I): wherein Ri represents a hydrogen atom or a Ci-Cs hydrocarbon group comprising linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, alkylaryl groups, aryl groups and aralkyls, and which are optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms; F and Rs represent hydrogen; and * represents the point of attachment of the radical of structure (I) to X.

[0033]

[0029] The polymeric compound (a) may comprise a polyester (meth)acrylate, a polyether (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof. Suitable examples of a polyester (meth)acrylate include Miramer PS2180, Miramer PS3010, Miramer PS460, Miramer PS6300, Miramer PS4040, all commercially available from Miwon Specialty Chemical Co (South Korea); Photomer 5429, commercially available from IGM Resins (The Netherlands); CN2608A, CN2302EU, CN704, SARBIO® 7201 , SARBIO® 7202, all commercially available from Arkema (France). Suitable examples of a polyether (meth)acrylate include Miramer M241 , Miramer M245, Miramer M2101 , Miramer M2301 , Miramer 3130, Miramer 3160, all commercially available from Miwon Specialty Chemical Co. (South Korea); Laromer PO33F, commercially available from BASF Corporation (USA). Suitable examples of a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate include Miramer SC9060, Miramer SC9070, Miramer SC9213, Miramer S5242, all commercially available from Miwon Specialty Chemical Co. (South Korea). Suitable examples of a polyurethane (meth)acrylate include Miramer PU370, Miramer PU2900, Miramer PU640, Miramer PU2421 NT, Miramer PU3201 NT, Miramer MU9800NT, all commercially available from Miwon Specialty Chemical Co. (South Korea);

[0034] Laromer® UA 9033, commercially available from BASF Corporation (USA); Photomer 6210, Photomer 6008, Photomer 6019, all commercially available from IGM Resins (The Netherlands); CN1993CG, CN1964, CN1965, CN1993, all commercially available from Arkema (France). Suitable examples of an epoxy (meth)acrylate include Miramer PE210, Miramer PE2120B, Miramer PE250, Miramer SC6300, Miramer PE230, Miramer EA2259, Miramer ME2570, Photocryl E207-25TP, Photocryl E203, all commercially available from Miwon Specialty Chemical Co. (South Korea); and CN104, CN2003EU, commercially available from Arkema (France).

[0035]

[0030] The polymeric compound (a) of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a polyester (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0036]

[0031] The polymeric compound (a) of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a polyester (meth)acrylate.

[0037]

[0032] The polymeric compound (a) of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate.

[0038]

[0033] According to the present disclosure, the polymeric compound (a) may have two to 20 (meth)acrylate moieties, such as two to 10 (meth)acrylate moieties. According to the present disclosure, the polymeric compound (a) may have two (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0039]

[0034] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of at least 15 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as at least 17 wt.-%, or at least 20 wt.-%. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of no more than 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as no more than 70 wt.-%, or no more than 60 wt.-%, or no more than 50 wt.-%. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet- curable coating composition may comprise the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of from 15 to 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 15 to 70 wt.-%, or from 20 to 60 wt.-%, or from 20 to 50 wt.-%.

[0035] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure comprises (b) 1 .0 to 10.0 wt.-% of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate (b) in an amount of from 1 .0 to 5.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 1 .0 to 4.0 wt.-%, from 1 .0 to 3.5 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 3.5 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 3.0 wt.- %. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a mixture of tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate in a combined amount of from 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 1 .0 to 6.5 wt.-%, or from 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.%. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate in an amount of from 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 1 .0 to 6.5 wt.-%, or from 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.%. The ultraviolet- curable coating composition may comprise the propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate in an amount of from 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 1 .0 to 6.5 wt.-%, or from 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.%. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate in an amount of from 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 1 .0 to 6.5 wt.-%, or from 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.%. The ultraviolet- curable coating composition may comprise the acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate in an amount of from 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 1 .0 to 6.5 wt.-%, or from 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.%.

[0040]

[0036] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure comprises (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising from one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is different from compounds (a) and (b).

[0041]

[0037] The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may comprise an alkyl(Ci-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate, a cycloalkyl(C5-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate, an aromatic mono(meth)acrylate, a polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol allyloxy di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,1 ,1 -tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,1 ,1 -tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane tri(meth)acrylate, 1 ,1 ,1 - tris(hydroxymethyl)propane di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,1 ,1 -tris(hydroxymethyl)propane tri(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl terephthalate, divinyl benzene, N,N'- methylenebis((meth)acrylamide), triallylamine, and methylenebis (meth)acrylamide, or a combination thereof. The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may comprise an alkyl mono(meth)acrylate, a cycloalkyl mono(meth)acrylate, an aromatic mono(meth)acrylate, a polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol allyloxy di(meth)acrylate, triallyl trimellitate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl terephthalate, divinyl benzene, triallylamine, or a combination thereof.

[0042]

[0038] The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may comprise an alkyl(Ci-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate, a cycloalkyl(C5-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate, a polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof. The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may comprise a polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate. The polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate may comprise ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, dipropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, 1 ,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, or combinations thereof. The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may comprise ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, dipropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, 1 ,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, or combinations thereof. The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may comprise a cycloalkyl(C5-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate. The cycloalkyl(C5-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate may comprise 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate or combinations thereof.

[0043]

[0039] The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may comprise dipropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof

[0044]

[0040] According to the present disclosure, the (meth)acrylate compound (c) may be liquid at room temperature, such as 20 to 25 °C, in particular 23 °C, and atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). As used herein, the term “liquid” means that the compound can flow at room temperature, such as 20 to 25 °C, in particular 23 °C, and atmospheric pressure (101 .3 kPa).

[0045]

[0041] The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may have a viscosity of at least 1 mPa-s at 23 °C. The (meth)acrylate compound (c) may have a viscosity of no more than 500 mPa-s at 23 °C, such as 200 mPa-s at 23 °C, or 100 mPa-s at 23 °C.

[0046] According to the present disclosure, the (meth)acrylate compound (c) may have a viscosity in a range of 1 to 500 mPa-s at 23 °C, such as 1 to 200 mPa-s at 23 °C, or 1 to 100 mPa-s at 23 °C. The viscosity may be measured according to DIN 53019-1 :2008 with a shear rate of 1000 s-1(e.g., by using a cone-plate geometry (Kinexus series commercially available from NETZSCH-Geratebau GmbH (Germany) or a cylinder geometry (Anton Paar MCR series commercially available from Anton Paar GmbH (Germany)).

[0047]

[0042] According to the present disclosure, the (meth)acrylate compound (c) may have a molecular weight Mw of no more than 500 g / mol, such as no more than 400 g / mol.

[0048]

[0043] According to the present disclosure, the (meth)acrylate compound (c) may have one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, such as one to two (meth)acrylate moieties. According to the present disclosure, the (meth)acrylate compound (c) may have two (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0044] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of at least 15 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as at least 17 wt.-%, or at least 20 wt.-%. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of no more than 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as no more than 70 wt.-%, or no more than 60 wt.-%, or no more than 50 wt.-%. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of from 15 to 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 15 to 70 wt.-%, or from 20 to 60 wt.-%, or from 20 to 50 wt.-%.

[0049]

[0045] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a weight ratio of the polymeric compound (a) to the (meth)acrylate compound (c) of at least 0.5:1 .0, such as 0.6:1 .0, or 0.7:1 .0. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a weight ratio of the polymeric compound (a) to the (meth)acrylate compound (c) of no more than 2.0:1 .0, such as 1 .9:1 .0, or 1 .8:1 .0. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a weight ratio of the polymeric compound (a) to the (meth)acrylate compound (c) of from 0.5:1 .0 to 2.0:1 .0, such as 0.6:1 .0 to 1 .9:1 .0, or from 0.7:1 .0 to 1 .8:1 .0.

[0050]

[0046] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition further comprises at least one photo-initiator (d). As used herein, the term “photo-initiator” refers to a molecule that creates a reactive species, such as a free radical, anion, or cation, when exposed to radiation such as ultraviolet or visible light, in particular ultraviolet light.

[0051]

[0047] Any suitable ultraviolet radiation-activated photo-initiator can be used in the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. The photo-initiator (d) may include a benzophenone, an acetophenone derivative, such as alphahydroxyalkylphenylketone, a benzoin alkyl ether, a benzil ketal, a monoacylphosphine oxide, a bisacylphophine oxide, a mercaptobenzothiazole, a mercaptobenzooxazole, a hexaryl bisimidazole or a combination thereof. The photo-initiator (d) may include benzophenone, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)- phenylphosphineoxide, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1 -phenyl-propan-1 -one, 2-ethylhexyl 2-([1 ,1 '-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)benzoate, 1 -hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1 -[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino propan-1 -one, 2-benzyl-2-N,N- dimethylamino-1 -(4-morpholinophenyl)-1 -butanone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone, bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl-2,4-,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphine oxide, phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, triaryl sulfonium hexafluoro antimonate salts, mixed triaryl sulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts, or combinations thereof.

[0052]

[0048] Suitable examples of photo-initiators include OMNIRAD 601 , OMNIRAD 819, OMNIRAD 1173, OMNIRAD 1174, OMNIRAD 2022, Esacure 1001 M, Esacure KIP 100F, Esacure ONE, Omnipol ASA, all commercially available from IGM Resins (The Netherlands).

[0053]

[0049] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of at least 0.1 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as at least 0.5 wt.-%, or at least 1 .0 wt.-%, or at least 3.0 wt.-%, or at least 3.5 wt.-%. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of no more than 10 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as no more than 9.0 wt.-%, or no more than 8.0 wt.-%, or no more than 7.0 wt.-%. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the photoinitiator (d) in an amount of from 0.1 to 10 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 1 .0 to 9.0 wt.-%, or from 1 .0 to 8.0 wt.-%, or from 3.5 to 7.0 wt.-%.

[0054]

[0050] According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may further comprise (e) a polymeric compound comprising at least three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the polymeric compound (e) is different from compounds (a), (b) and (c) of the ultraviolet-curable composition.

[0055]

[0051] The polymeric compound (e) may comprise a polyester (meth)acrylate, a polyether (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0052] A non-hmitmg example of the polymeric compound (e) includes a compound of formula (I):

[0056] [A]nX wherein X comprises a polyester, polyether, polyurethane, (meth)acrylic, epoxy backbone, or a combination thereof and X comprises n free valences; n is an integer of at least 3, such as 3 to 20, or 3 to 6; and [A]ncomprises the structure (I): wherein Ri represents a hydrogen atom or a CrCs hydrocarbon group comprising linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, alkylaryl groups, aryl groups and aralkyls, and which are optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms; F^ and R3 represent hydrogen; and * represents the point of attachment of the radical of structure (I) to X.

[0057]

[0053] The polymeric compound (e) of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0058]

[0054] The polymeric compound (e) of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a polyurethane (meth)acrylate.

[0059]

[0055] The polymeric compound (e) of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise an epoxy (meth)acrylate.

[0060]

[0056] According to the present disclosure, the polymeric compound (e) may have three to eight (meth)acrylate moieties, such as three to six (meth)acrylate moieties. Suitable examples of the polymeric compound (e) having three to eight (meth)acrylate moieties, such as three to six (meth)acrylate moieties, include Miramer PU320, Miramer PU340, Miramer PU5000, Miramer PU610, Miramer PU 6510, Miramer PU370, Miramer PU3600E, Miramer PU3201 NT, Miramer PLI3701 , Miramer PU 4150NT, Miramer SC6300, Miramer PE310, Miramer HR3200, MiramerSC9070 Miramer PS3010, Miramer PS420, Miramer PS460, Miramer PS6300, Miramer PS4040, Miramer PS610, Miramer PS6180, Miramer PS6300, Miramer M3130, Miramer M3160, Miramer M4004, Miramer M420, Miramer M500, Miramer M600, all commercially available from Miwon Specialty Chemical Co. (South Korea), CN2303EU, SARBIO®7107, SARBIO® 7201 , CN203, CN2295EU, CN2505, CN2560; CN2634, CN2917, CN9196, CN9210, CN9215, CN9276, all commercially available from Arkema (France).

[0061]

[0057] According to the present disclosure, the polymeric compound (e) may have three (meth)acrylate moieties. According to the present disclosure, the polymeric compound (e) may have four (meth)acrylate moieties. According to the present disclosure, the polymeric compound (e) may have six (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0062]

[0058] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of at least 2.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as at least 3.0 wt.-%, or at least 3.5 wt.-%. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of no more than 8.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as no more than 7.5 wt.-%, or no more than 7.0 wt.-%, or no more than 6.5 wt.-%. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet- curable coating composition may comprise the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of from 2.0 to 8.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 2.0 to 7.5 wt.-%, or from 3.0 to 7.0 wt.-%, or from 3.5 to 6.5 wt.-%.

[0063]

[0059] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may further comprise an adhesion promoter. As used herein, the term “adhesion promoter” refers to a substance that promotes adhesion of a coating to a substrate.

[0064]

[0060] Any suitable adhesion promoter can be used. Suitable adhesion promoters include compounds having a group that can participate in the polymerization / curing reaction (e.g., a radical curing reaction) and a group that adheres to metal or another type of substrate that the curable composition can be used to insulate. The group that participates in the curing reaction can be, for instance, vinyl, (meth)acrylate, or thiol. Groups that adhere to metal include hydroxy, acid (e.g., carboxylic, phosphoric or sulphonic acid), phosphates, zirconate, titanate and silane.

[0061] The adhesion promoter may comprise a phosphoric acid (meth)acrylate, a hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, a hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, a glycidyl methacrylate, a 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylic acid phosphate, a vinyl trimethoxysilane, a mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, a mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, an isocyanotoalkyltrialkoxysilane, a methacrylylalkyl trialkoxysilane, an amino alkyltrialkoxysilane, an epoxy alkyltrialkoxy silane or combinations thereof.

[0065]

[0062] The adhesion promoter may comprise a phosphoric acid (meth)acrylate.

[0066]

[0063] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the adhesion promoter in an amount of at least 0.1 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as at least 0.5 wt.-%, or at least 0.7 wt.-%. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the adhesion promoter in an amount of no more than 5.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as no more than 3.0 wt.-%, or no more than 2.0 wt.-%.

[0067] According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the adhesion promoter in an amount of from 0.1 to 5.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 0.5 to 3.0 wt.-%, or from 0.5 to 2.0 wt.-%.

[0068]

[0064] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may further comprise a filler. As used herein, “filler” or “filler material” refer to materials that may be used to fill or extend the composition. Optionally, fillers may impart or modify a property, such as but not limited to color, opacity, thermal conductivity and / or fire retardancy.

[0069] The filler may typically be a dry material. The filler may be in powder or particulate form.

[0070]

[0065] Any suitable fillers may be used including organic or inorganic materials. The fillers may be synthetic materials, natural and / or mined materials, and / or derivatives thereof. The filler may optionally be surface treated or otherwise modified by any machining or chemical process.

[0066] The filler may comprise iron oxide, lead oxide, strontium chromate, carbon black, coal dust, titanium dioxide, talc, magnesium silicate, barium sulfate, silica (SiOs), limestone powder, dolomite, quartz powder, nepheline syenite, or combinations thereof. The filler may comprise talc.

[0071]

[0067] The filler may comprise a thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler (TC / EI filler), a non-thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler (NTC / EI filler), or combinations thereof.

[0072]

[0068] As used herein, the term “thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler” or “TC / EI filler” means a filler that has a thermal conductivity of at least 5 W / m K at 25°C (measured according to ASTM D7984) and a volume resistivity of at least 10 Q m (measured according to ASTM D257, C61 1 , or B193). Suitable nonlimiting examples of TC / EI filler materials include nitrides, metal oxides, metalloid oxides, metal hydroxides, metal silicates, arsenides, carbides, minerals, ceramics, and diamond. For example, the TC / EI filler may comprise boron nitride, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, boron arsenide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, dead burned magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, tin oxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum silicate, boron arsenide, silicon carbide, agate, emery, ceramic microspheres, diamond, or any combination thereof. Suitable examples of TC / EI filler materials include boron nitrides such as CarboTherm™ commercially available from Saint-Gobain (France), CoolFlow® and PolarTherm®, both commercially available from Momentive (USA), and hexagonal boron nitride powder commercially available from Panadyne (USA); aluminum nitride powder commercially available from Micron Metals Inc. (USA), aluminum oxides such as Toyalnite® commercially available from Toyal Europe SA (France); aluminum oxides such as Microgrit commercially available from Micro Abrasives Corp (USA), Nabalox® commercially available from Nabaltec (Germany), Aeroxide® commercially available from Evonik Operations GmbH (Germany), Alodur® from Imerys (France); dead burned magnesium oxides such as MagChem® P98 from Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties (USA); aluminum hydroxide such as APYRAL® and aluminum hydroxide from Sibelco both commercially available from Nabaltec GmbH (Germany); aluminum silicates, which may be surface modified by treating them with silanes, such as amino silanes, epoxy silanes or (meth)acryl silanes, available in the Silatherm® series from Quarzwerke GmbH (Germany); and ceramic microspheres commercially available from Zeeospheres Ceramics (USA) or 3M (USA). Further non-limiting examples of surface modified fillers include surface modified magnesium oxide available as PYROKISUMA 5301 K from Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

[0073]

[0069] As used herein, the term “non-thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler” or “NTC / EI filler” means a compound that has a thermal conductivity of less than 5 W / m K at 25°C (measured according to ASTM D7984) and a volume resistivity of at least 10 Q-m (measured according to ASTM D257, C61 1 , or B193). A suitable NTC / EI filler may include silica (SiOa), wollastonite, calcium carbonate, clay, or any combination thereof.

[0074]

[0070] The silica (SiOa) may comprise a fumed silica which comprises silica that has been treated with a flame to form a three-dimensional structure. The fumed silica may be untreated or surface treated with a siloxane, such as, for example, polydimethylsiloxane. Exemplary non-limiting commercially available fumed silica includes products sold under the trade name AEROSIL®, such as AEROSIL® R 104, AEROSIL® R 106, AEROSIL® R 202, AEROSIL® R 208, AEROSIL® R 972 commercially available from Evonik Operations GmbH (Germany) and products sold under the trade name HDK® such as HDK® H17 and HDK® H18 commercially available from Wacker Chemie AG (Germany).

[0075]

[0071] Wollastonite comprises a calcium inosilicate mineral (CaSiOs) that may contain small amounts of iron, aluminum, magnesium, manganese, titanium and / or potassium. Non-limiting examples of commercially available wollastonite include NYAD 400 available from NYCO Minerals, Inc (USA).

[0076]

[0072] The calcium carbonate (CaCOs) may comprise a precipitated calcium carbonate or a ground calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate may optionally be surface treated, such as with stearic acid. Non-limiting examples of commercially available precipitated calcium carbonate include Ultra-Pflex®, Albafil®, and Albacar HO® all commercially available from Specialty Minerals (USA) and Winnofil® SPT commercially available from Solvay (Belgium). Nonlimiting examples of commercially available ground calcium carbonate include Duramite™ available from Imerys (France) and Marblewhite® available from Specialty Minerals (USA).

[0077]

[0073] Non-limiting examples of suitable clay minerals include a non-ionic platy filler such as talc, pyrophyllite, chlorite, vermiculite, or combinations thereof.

[0078]

[0074] The filler may be spherical, plate-like, or a combination thereof. The filler may be plate-like. For example, the filler may comprise plate-like materials, such as phyllosilicate material comprising sheets of silicates. Non-limiting examples of phyllosilicate fillers includes micas, chlorites, serpentine, talc, and clays such as kaolin clay and smectite clay. The filler may be amorphous.

[0079]

[0075] The filler may have any average particle size from nanoparticles to microns, such as an average particle size of 50 nanometers up to the thickness of the coating layer, such as at least 10 microns, such as 20 microns or more.

[0080]

[0076] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the filler in an amount of at least 2.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as at least 5.0 wt.-%, or at least 10.0 wt.-%. The ultraviolet- curable coating composition of the present disclosure may comprise the filler in an amount of no more than 50 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as no more than 35 wt.-%, or no more than 30 wt.-%, or no more than 25 wt.-%. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the filler in an amount of from 2.0 to 35 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, such as from 5.0 to 30 wt.-%, or from 10.0 to 25 wt.-%. If the filler is a thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise the thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler in an amount of from 20 to 40 wt.-%, or from 25 to 35 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. Herein, the thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler may comprise an aluminosilicate, a surface-modified aluminosilicate, a metal oxide, a surface- modified metal oxide, or a combination thereof. The surface modification may be achieved by treating the aluminum silicates or metal oxide, respectively, with a silane, such as an amino silane, an epoxy silane, or a (meth)acryl silane.

[0081]

[0077] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may further comprise a pigment. As used herein, “pigment” refers to any substance that imparts color and / or other opacity and / or other visual effect to the composition. Examples of suitable pigments include carbazole dioxazine pigments, azo pigments, monoazo pigments, diazo pigments, naphthol AS pigments, salt type (lakes) pigments, benzimidazolone pigments, metal complex pigments, isoindolinone pigments, isoindoline pigments, polycyclic phthalocyanine pigments, quinacridone pigments, perylene pigments, perinone pigments, diketopyrrolo pyrrole pigments, thioindigo pigments, anthraquinone pigments, indanthrone pigments, anthrapyrimidine pigments, flavanthrone pigments, pyranthrone pigments, anthanthrone pigments, dioxazine pigments, triarylcarbonium pigments, quinophthalone pigments, diketo pyrrolo pyrrole red (“DPPBO red”), titanium dioxide, carbon black and mixtures thereof.

[0082]

[0078] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may further comprise a fire- retardant material. As used herein, a “fire-retardant material” refers to a material that slows down or stops the spread of fire or reduces its intensity. Fire-retardant materials may be available as a powder that may be mixed with the composition.

[0083]

[0079] A fire-retardant material can include huntite, hydromagnesite, red phosphorous, a boron compound such as borate, a carbonate compound such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, an organohalogen compound, an organophosphorous compound, carboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, melamine, an organonitrogen compound, ammonium polyphosphate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, or a combination thereof.

[0084]

[0080] Suitable examples of organohalogen compounds include organochlorines such as chlorendic acid derivatives and chlorinated paraffins; organobromines such as decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (a replacement for decaBDE), polymeric brominated compounds such as brominated polystyrenes, brominated carbonate oligomers (BCOs), brominated epoxy oligomers (BEOs), tetrabromophthalic anyhydride, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Other suitable examples include antimony trioxide, antimony pentaoxide, and sodium antimonate.

[0085]

[0081] Suitable examples of organophosphorous compounds include triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BADP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP); phosphonates such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP); and phosphinates such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate. In examples, compounds contain both phosphorus and a halogen. Such compounds include tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (brominated tris) and chlorinated organophosphates such as tris( 1 ,3-dichloro-2- propyl)phosphate (chlorinated tris or TDCPP) and tetrakis(2- chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6).

[0086]

[0082] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may further comprise a rheological additive, a leveling agent, a thickener, an antifoam agent, or a combination thereof. Suitable examples of a rheological additive may include an organic derivative of a bentonite clay, including to is Bentone® SD2 commercially available from Elementis (UK). Non-limiting examples of suitable antifoams include, for example, those based on polysiloxane.

[0087]

[0083] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may further comprise a light stabilizer, including UV absorbers, such as hydroxybenzophenones, benzotriazoles, oxalanilides, and free radical scavengers, such as hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS).

[0088]

[0084] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a corrosion inhibitor. A suitable example of a corrosion inhibitor may comprise a corrosion inhibitor comprising yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, calcium, an azole, or any combination thereof.

[0089]

[0085] According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be substantially free of water, i.e. , the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises less than 2.0 wt.-% of water, based on the total weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be essentially free of water, i.e., the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises less than 1 .0 wt.-% of water, based on the total weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be completely free of water, i.e., the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises 0 wt.-% of water, based on the total weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0090]

[0086] According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be substantially free of an organic solvent, i.e., the ultraviolet- curable coating composition comprises less than 2.0 wt.-% of an organic solvent, based on the total weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be essentially free of an organic solvent, i.e., the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises less than 1 .0 wt.-% of an organic solvent, based on the total weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be completely free of an organic solvent, i.e., the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises 0 wt.-% of an organic solvent, based on the total weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0091]

[0087] According to the present disclosure, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a viscosity of 300 to 650 mPa-s at 23 °C, such as 350 to 600 mPa-s at 23 °C. The viscosity may be measured according to DIN 53019- 1 :2008 with a shear rate of 1000 s-1(e.g., by using a cone-plate geometry (Kinexus series commercially available from NETZSCH-Geratebau GmbH (Germany) or a cylinder geometry (Anton Paar MGR series commercially available from Anton Paar GmbH (Germany)).

[0092]

[0088] The present disclosure is also directed to a coated substrate comprising a coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition as described above.

[0093]

[0089] The substrate coated with the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise any suitable substrate. For example, the substrate may comprise metal or metal alloys that may include tin, steel, cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, steel coated with zinc metal, zinc metal, zinc alloys, electrogalvanized steel, hot-dipped galvanized steel, galvalume, steel plated with zinc alloy such as zinc-aluminum alloy or zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy, stainless steel, zinc-aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy coated steel, zinc-aluminum alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, such as those of the 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, or 7XXX series, clad aluminum alloys, cast aluminum alloys such as of the A356 series, aluminum plated steel, aluminum alloy plated steel, steel coated with a zinc-aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesium alloys such as alloys of the AZ31 B, AZ91 C, AM60B, or EV31 A series, nickel, nickel plating, bronze, tinplate, clad, titanium, titanium alloys, brass, copper, copper alloys, silver, gold, cast or forged metals and alloys, or combinations thereof.

[0094]

[0090] The substrate may be in the form of a metal sheet or coil. The substrate may have a thickness of 150 to 2,000 pm, such as 200 to 1 ,500 pm, or 300 to 1 ,000 pm.

[0095]

[0091] The substrate may comprise part of an electrical energy storage device, such as an electrochemical electrical energy storage device. For example, the electrical energy storage device may comprise a cell, a battery, a battery pack, a secondary battery, a capacitor, and a supercapacitor. For example, the electrical energy storage device may be a lithium-ion battery. The end use of the electrical energy storage device may include batteries for automotive vehicles (including full electric and hybrid vehicles), aerospace vehicles, industrial equipment, tools, stationary storage, or consumer electronics.

[0096]

[0092] The substrate may comprise a battery and / or battery component. The battery component may comprise a battery cell, a battery shell, a battery module, a battery pack, a battery box, a battery cell casing, a pack shell, a battery lid and tray, a thermal management system, an inverter, a battery housing, a module housing, a module racking, a battery side plate, a battery cell enclosure, a cooling module, a cooling tube, a cooling fin, a cooling plate, cold plate assembly, a bus bar, a battery frame, an electrical connection, or any part of a stationary energy storage system. Other energy storage devices may include fuel cells and / or hydrogen tanks.

[0097]

[0093] As used herein, “vehicle” or variations thereof include civilian, commercial, and military aircraft and / or land vehicles such as airplanes, helicopters, cars, motorcycles, and / or trucks.

[0094] As mentioned above, the substrate may be a component of an electrical energy storage device. After the component comprising the coating from the ultraviolet-curable coating composition is formed, the component may be included in an electrical energy storage device by any suitable method known in the art. The component may further comprise at least one edge that is not coated with the dielectric coating. An adhesive may be applied over the uncoated edge to bind the component to a second component of the electrical energy storage device.

[0098]

[0095] The coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a mono-layer coating comprising a single coating layer. The dry film thickness of the mono-layer coating may be at least 5 pm, such as at least 10 pm, or at least 15 pm, or at least 20 pm, or at least 30 pm, or at least 35 pm, or at least 40 pm. The dry film thickness of the mono-layer may be no more than 200 pm, such as no more than 100 pm, or no more than 50 pm. The dry film thickness of the mono-layer may be from 5 to 200 pm, such as from 5 to 100 pm, or from 10 to 100 pm, or from 15 to 100 pm, or from 20 to 100 pm. As used herein, the “dry film thickness” is the thickness of a coating, which is applied to at least a part of a surface of a substrate, measured above the substrate after the coating is cured. The dry film thickness can be determined according to DIN EN ISO 2178:2016.

[0099]

[0096] The coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition may comprise a multi-layer coating stack comprising two or more coating layers. For example, the multi-layer coating stack may comprise a first coating layer comprising a basecoat; a second coating layer comprising a first clearcoat; optionally a third coating layer comprising a second clearcoat; further optionally a fourth coating layer comprising a third clearcoat; and optionally further coating layers. Each of the coating layers may have the same of different components than the other coating layer(s) if at least one coating is applied from the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. Each of the coating layers of the multilayer coating stack may have a dry film thickness of at least at least 5 pm, such as at least 10 pm, or at least 15 pm, or at least 20 pm, or at least 30 pm, or at least 35 pm, or at least 40 pm. Each of the coating layers of the multi-layer coating stack may have a dry film thickness of no more than 200 pm, such as no more than 100 pm, or no more than 50 pm. Each of the coating layers of the multi-layer coating stack may have a dry film thickness of from 5 to 200 pm, such as from 5 to 100 gm, or from 10 to 100 pm, or from 15 to 100 pm, or from 20 to 100 pm.

[0100]

[0097] The substrate may be free of any additional organic coating layers between the surface of the substrate and the coating formed from the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0101]

[0098] The coating formed from the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be a dielectric coating. As used herein, the term “dielectric coating” refers to a film, layer, or the like, derived from a coating composition that provides electrical insulation to an underlying substrate to which it is applied.

[0102]

[0099] The dielectric coating may have a dielectric strength of at least 1 kV at any of the dry film thicknesses described herein as measured by a Sefelec Dielectrimeter RMG12AC-DC and in accordance ASTM D 149-09 Hipot test, such as at least 2 kV, or at least 2.5 kV, or at least 5kV, or at least 7kV, or at least 8kV, or at least 10kV, or at least 12kV. For example, the dielectric coating may have a dielectric strength of at least 1 kV at a dry film thickness of 75 pm or less, as measured by a Sefelec Dielectrimeter RMG12AC-DC and in accordance ASTM D 149-09 Hipot test, such as at least 2 kV, or at least 2.5 kV, or at least 5kV, or at least 7kV, or at least 8kV, or at least 10kV, or at least 12kV.

[0103]

[0100] The coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a dry and / or wet crosshatch adhesion rating of GT 0-1 , when measured according to DIN EN ISO 2409:2020. A crosshatch pattern is scribed through the coating down to the substrate. A strip of 1 -inch (25.4 mm) wide masking tape (such as 3M 250 or equivalent) is applied onto the scribed coating. The tape is pressed down using two passes of a 4.5-pound rubber covered roller. The tape is then removed in one abrupt motion perpendicular to the panel. The adhesion is then rated by a visual examination of the coating at the crosshatch area using the provided rating system. Dry adhesion is tested 24 hours after fully curing the coating composition, such as after curing for 1 to 15 seconds. Wet adhesion is tested on a fully cured coating system after storing the test panel at 40 °C and at 100 % humidity for 10 days (according to condensation water constant atmosphere test DIN EN ISO 6270-2:2018). The coated substrates are removed from the humid environment and stored for 4 hours (regeneration time) at room temperature, i.e. , at a temperature of 23 to 25°C, and at a relative humidity of 50%, and tested after the 4-hours regeneration time. The adhesion of the coating systems is rated as follows: GT 0: The edges of the cuts are completely smooth and none of the lattice squares are detached; GT 1 : Small flakes of the coating are detached at the intersections; less than 5% of the lattice area is affected; GT 2: Small flakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersections of cuts; the area affected is from 5% to 15% of the lattice; GT 3: The coating flaked along the edges and on parts of the squares; the area affected is from 15% to 35% of the lattice; GT4: The coating flaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and squares have detached; the area affected is from 35% to 65% of the lattice; GT 5: Flaking and detachment worse than for Grade GT 4.

[0104]

[0101] The coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have good insulation properties as measured according to ISO 6469-3:2021 , whereby the coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet- curable coating composition may have a current flow of no more than 1 mA, such as no more than 0.5 mA, as measured for 60 sec at a voltage of 3150 ±5 V on an area of 36 mm2. In particular, the coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have good insulation properties as measured according to ISO 6469-3:2021 , whereby the coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a current flow of no more than 0.1 mA as measured for 60 sec at a voltage of 3150 ±5 V on an area of 36 mm2is measured.

[0105]

[0102] The present disclosure is further directed to a method of preparing a coated substrate comprising curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, as described above, deposited on a surface of the substrate.

[0106]

[0103] The substrate may be as described above. The substrate can undergo various treatments prior to application of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. For instance, the substrate can be alkaline cleaned, deoxidized, mechanically cleaned, ultrasonically cleaned, solvent wiped, roughened, plasma pretreated (e.g., cleaned or etched), exposed to chemical vapor deposition, treated with an adhesion promoter, plated, anodized, annealed, cladded, or any combination thereof prior to application of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be deposited such as by dipping the substrate in a cleaner and / or deoxidizer bath prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. The substrate can also be plated prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition. As used herein, “plating” refers to depositing a metal over a surface of the substrate.

[0107]

[0104] The substrate may be pretreated with a pretreatment solution to result in the formation of a pretreatment layer on the substrate. Non-limiting examples of a pretreatment solution include a zinc phosphate pretreatment solution such as, for example, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,793,867 and 5,588,989, a zirconium containing pretreatment solution such as, for example, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,749,368 and 8,673,091 . Other non-limiting examples of a pretreatment solution include those comprising trivalent chromium, hexavalent chromium, lithium salts, permanganate, rare earth metals, such as yttrium, or lanthanides, such as cerium. Another non-limiting example of a suitable surface pretreatment solution is a solgel, such as those comprising alkoxy-silanes, alkoxyzirconates, and / or alkoxy-titanates. Alternatively, the substrate may be a nonpretreated substrate, such as a bare substrate, that is not pretreated by a pretreatment solution. By “bare” is meant a virgin metal substrate that has not been treated with any pretreatment compositions such as conventional phosphating baths, heavy metal rinses, etc.

[0108]

[0105] The substrate may optionally be subjected to other treatments prior to coating. For example, the substrate may be cleaned, cleaned and deoxidized, anodized, acid pickled, plasma treated, laser treated, or ion vapor deposition (IVD) treated. These optional treatments may be used on their own or in combination with a pretreatment solution. The substrate may be coated with a coating, such as a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition.

[0109]

[0106] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be deposited on a surface of the substrate by applying at least one layer of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition to a surface of the substrate. Any suitable method of application may be used, such as, for example, spray coating, roll coating, dip coating, coil coating, inkjet coating, and the like. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition when applied to a substrate may be heated to a temperature ranging from 30 to 80 °C, such as 30 to 60 °C. The coating layer may have any dry film thickness as described above.

[0110]

[0107] The applied coating may be cured by exposure of the coating composition to a source of ultraviolet radiation. Suitable sources of ultraviolet radiation include a mercury lamp, a gallium (Ga) doped mercury lamp, an iron (Fe) doped mercury lamp, an ultraviolet light emitting diode, or combinations thereof.

[0111]

[0108] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be cured at an energy density of from 1 ,000 mJ / cm2to 10,000 mJ / cm2, such as from 1 ,000 mJ / cm2to 8,000 mJ / cm2, 1 ,000 mJ / cm2to 6,000 mJ / cm2, or 2,000 mJ / cm2to 6,000 mJ / cm2. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be cured at an energy density of up to 10,000 mJ / cm2, such as up to 8,000 mJ / cm2, or up to 6,000 mJ / cm2. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be cured at an energy density of at least 1 ,000 mJ / cm2, such as at least 1 ,500 mJ / cm2, or at least 1 ,000 mJ / cm2. Energy density may be determined using a POWER PUCK II Radiometer (commercially available from EFSEN UV & EB TECHNOLOGY (Denmark)) by measuring the UVA band, UVB band and UVC band and summing up the measured UVA, UVB and UVC bands.

[0112]

[0109] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be pre-cured at an energy density of from 20 mJ / cm2to 1 ,000 mJ / cm2, such as from 30 mJ / cm2to

[0113] 800 mJ / cm2, 40 mJ / cm2to 600 mJ / cm2, or 80 mJ / cm2to 200 mJ / cm2. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be pre-cured at an energy density of up to 1 ,000 mJ / cm2, such as up to 800 mJ / cm2, or up to 600 mJ / cm2, or up to 200 mJ / cm2. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be pre-cured at an energy density of at least 20 mJ / cm2, such as at least 30 mJ / cm2, or at least 40 mJ / cm2, or at least 80 mJ / cm2. Energy density may be determined using a POWER PUCK II Radiometer (commercially available from EFSEN UV & EB TECHNOLOGY (Denmark)) by measuring the UVA band, UVB band and UVC band and summing up the measured UVA, UVB and UVC bands. Pre-curing of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition can take place especially when more than one coating layer is applied by depositing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition on a substrate. In case, more than one coating is applied by depositing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition layer, the first deposited ultraviolet-curable coating composition layer may be pre-cured, before another coating is applied by depositing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition layer on the pre-cured coating.

[0114]

[0110] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be cured with ultraviolet (UV) radiation at temperatures from ambient temperature (23 °C to 25 °C) to

[0115] 60 °C. In particular, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be cured with ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ambient temperature (23 °C to 25 °C).

[0116]

[0111] One of more additional coating layers may be applied over or under the coating applied from the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, and the additional coating layer(s) may be the same or different than the ultraviolet- curable coating composition. Accordingly, the coated substrate of the present disclosure may further comprise a second coating layer, third coating layer, fourth coating layer, etc., and the additional coating layers may be the same or different than the coating formed from the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0117]

[0112] The present disclosure further is directed to a method for spot-repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage, the method comprises: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photoinitiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1 ) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (Hi) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation. The paint damage usually concerns a small area, such as an area of less than 1 cm2. As used herein, the terms “paint damage” and “coating damage” are used interchangeably and refer to any defect in a paint or coating on a surface of a substrate, or any surface that has loose, delaminating, flaking, peeling, chipping, chalking, blistering, or paint or coating that is otherwise becoming separated from the substrate, or paint or coating which is abraded by friction or impact, or paint or coating that has pinholes, inclusions of air, inclusions of particles such as dust, etc.. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising compounds (a), (b), (c), and (d) as described above. However, efficient spot-repairing can also be achieved using an ultraviolet-curable coating composition which comprises comprising compounds (a), (c), and (d) as described above, but not necessarily compound (b), as long as the ultraviolet-curable coating composition does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate if it does not comprise any of tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture thereof.

[0118]

[0113] Prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage (i), the paint damage and the area surrounding it may be cleaned. In addition or alternatively, the paint damage and the area surrounding it may be sanded and (re-)cleaned prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage (i).

[0119]

[0114] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be applied by using a paint pen, a pipette, a brush, a syringe, a roller, inkjet printing, air-spraying, airless- spraying, or airmix-spraying. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition when applied to a substrate may be heated to a temperature ranging from 30 to 80 °C, such as 30 to 60 °C.

[0120]

[0115] According to the present disclosure, the polymeric film covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be transmissive for ultraviolet radiation. In particular, the polymeric film may be clear.

[0121]

[0116] The polymeric film may comprise a fluoropolymer, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polybutylene terephthalate, a polyolefin, a polyurethane, a polyacrylate, a polystyrene, a polymethyl(meth)acrylate, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer blend with polycarbonate, an acrylonitrile styrene acrylate copolymer, an acrylonitrile styrene acrylate copolymer blend with polycarbonate, a polycarbonate blend with polybutylene terephthalate, a copolymer thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0122]

[0117] The polymeric film may have a film thickness of 10 pm or more, such as

[0123] 12 pm or more, or 15 pm or more, or 20 pm or more. The polymeric film may have a film thickness of 1 ,500 pm or less, such as 1 ,200 pm or less, or 1 ,000 pm or less, or 800 pm or less, or 500 pm or less, or 200 pm or less. The polymeric film may have a film thickness of from 10 to 1 ,500 pm, such as from 10 to 1 ,000 pm, or from 10 to 200 pm. The film thickness can be determined according to DIN EN ISO 2808:2019 method 6A.

[0124]

[0118] The surface of the polymeric film facing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be smooth. As used herein, the term “smooth” refers to a surface that is uniform, even, and free from roughness, bumps, irregularities, or visible texture. A smooth surface of the polymeric film may provide a smooth surface of the cured coating. The surface of the polymeric film facing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be of structured formation. The structure of the polymeric film may be transformed to the surface of the cured coating.

[0125]

[0119] The method for spot-repairing of the present disclosure may additionally comprise (iv) removing the polymeric film from the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0126]

[0120] The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of at least at least 5 pm, such as at least 10 pm, or at least 15 pm, or at least 20 pm, or at least 30 pm, or at least 35 pm, or at least 40 pm. The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet- curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of no more than

[0127] 250 pm, such as no more than 200 pm, or no more than 100 pm, or no more than 50 pm. The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of from 5 to 250 pm, such as from 5 to 200 pm, or from 5 to 100 pm or from 10 to 100 pm, or from 15 to 100 pm, or from 20 to 100 pm.

[0121] The present disclosure is also directed to a spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by the method for spot-repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage as described above.

[0128]

[0122] In addition, the present disclosure relates to a use of ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure for spot repairing an ultraviolet- cured coated substrate having a paint damage.

[0129]

[0123] The present disclosure further is directed to a method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a powder coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprises: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photo-initiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tertdecanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation. The coating damage usually concerns a small area, such as an area of less than 1 cm2. The ultraviolet- curable coating composition may be the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising compounds (a), (b), (c), and (d) as described above. As described above, efficient spot-repairing can also be achieved using an ultraviolet-curable coating composition which comprises comprising compounds (a), (c), and (d) as described above, but not necessarily compound (b), as long as the ultraviolet- curable coating composition does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate if it does not comprise any of tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture thereof.

[0130]

[0124] As used herein, a "powder coating composition" refers to a coating composition embodied in solid particulate form as opposed to liquid form.

[0131]

[0125] A powder coating composition generally comprises a binder. As used herein, a “binder” refers to a film-forming material that holds coating composition components together in a coating layer upon cure. The binder may comprise one or more film-forming resins that can be used to form the coating layer.

[0132]

[0126] Non-limiting examples of suitable film-forming resins that form at least a portion of the binder of the powder coating composition include (meth)acrylate resins, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyamides, polyethers, polysiloxanes, epoxy resins, vinyl resins, copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. Further, the film-forming resins can have any of a variety of functional groups including, but not limited to, carboxylic acid groups, amine groups, epoxide groups, hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, carbamate groups, amide groups, urea groups, isocyanate groups (including blocked isocyanate groups), ethylenically unsaturated groups, and combinations thereof.

[0133]

[0127] The powder coating compositions typically comprise a crosslinker that may be selected from any of the crosslinkers known in the art to react with the functionality of one or more film-forming resins used in the powder coating composition. As used herein, the term “crosslinker” refers to a molecule comprising two or more functional groups that are reactive with other functional groups and that is capable of linking two or more monomers or polymers through chemical bonds. Alternatively, the film-forming resins that form the binder of the powder coating composition can have functional groups that are reactive with themselves; in this manner, such resins are self-crosslinking. The powder coating compositions may further comprise an electrically insulative filler material.

[0134]

[0128] Suitable examples powder coating compositions are discussed in WO 2021 / 173941 A1.

[0135]

[0129] The powder coating compositions can be applied by any means standard in the art, such as spraying, electrostatic spraying, a fluidized bed process, and the like.

[0130] It is appreciated that powder coating compositions can be cured with multiple types of heat sources such as convection heating and / or infrared radiation. For example, the powder coating composition can be partially cured with convection heating or infrared radiation, and then completely cured with a different heat source chosen from convection heating and infrared radiation.

[0136]

[0131] Prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the coating damage and the area surrounding it may be cleaned. In addition or alternatively, the coating damage and the area surrounding it may be sanded and optionally (re-)cleaned prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure on the coating damage (i).

[0137]

[0132] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be applied by using a paint pen, a pipette, a brush, a syringe, a roller, inkjet printing, air-spraying, airless- spraying, or airmix-spraying. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition when applied to a substrate may be heated to a temperature ranging from 30 to 80 °C, such as 30 to 60 °C.

[0138]

[0133] According to the present disclosure, the polymeric film covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be transmissive for ultraviolet radiation. In particular, the polymeric film may be clear.

[0139]

[0134] The polymeric film may comprise a fluoropolymer, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polybutylene terephthalate, a polyolefin, a polyurethane, a polyacrylate, a polystyrene, a polymethyl(meth)acrylate, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer blend with polycarbonate, an acrylonitrile styrene acrylate copolymer, an acrylonitrile styrene acrylate copolymer blend with polycarbonate, a polycarbonate blend with polybutylene terephthalate, a copolymer thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0140]

[0135] The polymeric film may have a film thickness of 10 pm or more, such as

[0141] 12 pm or more, or 15 pm or more, or 20 pm or more. The polymeric film may have a film thickness of 1 ,500 pm or less, such as 1 ,200 pm or less, or 1 ,000 pm or less, or 800 pm or less, or 500 pm or less, or 200 pm or less. The polymeric film may have a film thickness of from 10 to 1 ,500 pm, such as from 10 to 1 ,000 pm, or from 10 to 200 pm. The film thickness can be determined according to DIN EN ISO 2808:2019 method 6A.

[0136] The surface of the polymeric film facing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be smooth. A smooth surface of the polymeric film may provide a smooth surface of the cured coating. The surface of the polymeric film facing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be of structured formation. The structure of the polymeric film may be transformed to the surface of the cured coating.

[0142]

[0137] The method for spot-repairing of the present disclosure may additionally comprise (iv) removing the polymeric film from the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0143]

[0138] The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of at least at least 5 pm, such as at least 10 pm, or at least 15 pm, or at least 20 pm, or at least 30 pm, or at least 35 pm, or at least 40 pm. The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet- curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of no more than

[0144] 250 pm, such as no more than 200 pm, or no more than 100 pm, or no more than 50 pm. The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of from 5 to 250 pm, such as from 5 to 200 pm, or from 5 to 100 pm or from 10 to 100 pm, or from 15 to 100 pm, or from 20 to 100 pm.

[0145]

[0139] The present disclosure is also directed to a spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by the method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a powder coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage as described above.

[0146]

[0140] In addition, the present disclosure relates to a use of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from a powder coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

[0147]

[0141] The present disclosure further is directed to a method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a electrodepositable coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprising: (i) applying an ultraviolet- curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photo-initiator, wherein the ultraviolet- curable coating composition either (b-1) further comprises tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation. The coating damage usually concerns a small area, such as an area of less than 1 cm2. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising compounds (a), (b), (c), and (d) as described above. As described above, efficient spot-repairing can also be achieved using an ultraviolet-curable coating composition which comprises comprising compounds (a), (c), and (d) as described above, but not necessarily compound (b), as long as the ultraviolet-curable coating composition does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate if it does not comprise any of tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture thereof.

[0148]

[0142] As used herein, an "electrodepositable coating composition" refers to a composition that is capable of being deposited onto an electrically conductive substrate under the influence of an electrical potential applied between two electrodes immersed in the electrodepositable coating composition, where one of the electrodes is the substrate to be coated.

[0149]

[0143] The electrodepositable coating composition may be a cationic electrodepositable coating composition or an anionic electrodepositable coating composition known in the art. Examples of electrodepositable coating compositions are described, e.g., in WO 23183770 A1 , WO 24073305 A1 , etc.

[0150]

[0144] A cationic electrodepositable coating composition may be deposited upon an electrically conductive substrate by placing the composition in contact with an electrically conductive cathode and an electrically conductive anode, with the surface to be coated being the cathode. An anionic electrodepositable coating composition may be deposited upon an electrically conductive substrate by placing the composition in contact with an electrically conductive cathode and an electrically conductive anode, with the surface to be coated being the anode. Following contact with the composition, an adherent film of the coating composition is deposited on the cathode or the anode when a sufficient voltage is impressed between the electrodes. The applied voltage may be varied and can be, for example, as low as one volt to as high as several thousand volts, such as between 50 and 500 volts. The current density may be between 0.5 ampere and 15 amperes per square foot and tends to decrease during electrodeposition, indicating the formation of an insulating film.

[0151]

[0145] Once the cationic or anionic electrodepositable coating composition is electrodeposited over at least a portion of the electroconductive substrate, the coated substrate is heated to a temperature and for a time sufficient to cure the electrodeposited coating on the substrate. The coated substrate may be heated to a temperature ranging 80 °C to 250 °C. The curing time may be dependent upon the curing temperature as well as other variables, for example, the film thickness of the electrodeposited coating, level, and type of catalyst present in the composition and the like. Typically, the curing time can range from 10 min to

[0152] 60 min.

[0153]

[0146] Prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage (i), the coating damage and the area surrounding it may be cleaned. In addition or alternatively, the coating damage and the area surrounding it may be plasma treated prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage (i). In addition or alternatively, the coating damage and the area surrounding it may be sanded and optionally (re-)cleaned prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage (i).

[0154]

[0147] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be applied by using a paint pen, a pipette, a brush, a syringe, a roller, inkjet printing, air-spraying, airless- spraying, or airmix-spraying. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition when applied to a substrate may be heated to a temperature ranging from 30 to 80 °C, such as 30 to 60 °C.

[0148] According to the present disclosure, the polymeric film covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be transmissive for ultraviolet radiation. In particular, the polymeric film may be clear.

[0155]

[0149] The polymeric film may comprise a fluoropolymer, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polybutylene terephthalate, a polyolefin, a polyurethane, a polyacrylate, a polystyrene, a polymethyl(meth)acrylate, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer blend with polycarbonate, an acrylonitrile styrene acrylate copolymer, an acrylonitrile styrene acrylate copolymer blend with polycarbonate, a polycarbonate blend with polybutylene terephthalate, a copolymer thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0156]

[0150] The polymeric film may have a film thickness of 10 pm or more, such as

[0157] 12 pm or more, or 15 pm or more, or 20 pm or more. The polymeric film may have a film thickness of 1 ,500 pm or less, such as 1 ,200 pm or less, or 1 ,000 pm or less, or 800 pm or less, or 500 pm or less, or 200 pm or less. The polymeric film may have a film thickness of from 10 to 1 ,500 pm, such as from 10 to 1 ,000 pm, or from 10 to 200 pm. The film thickness can be determined according to DIN EN ISO 2808:2019 method 6A.

[0158]

[0151] The surface of the polymeric film facing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be smooth. A smooth surface of the polymeric film may provide a smooth surface of the cured coating. The surface of the polymeric film facing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition may be of structured formation. The structure of the polymeric film may be transformed to the surface of the cured coating.

[0159]

[0152] The method for spot-repairing of the present disclosure may additionally comprise (iv) removing the polymeric film from the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0160]

[0153] The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of at least at least 5 pm, such as at least 10 pm, or at least 15 pm, or at least 20 pm, or at least 30 pm, or at least 35 pm, or at least 40 pm. The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet- curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of no more than

[0161] 250 pm, such as no more than 200 pm, or no more than 100 pm, or no more than 50 pm. The coating layer resulting from curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition may have a dry film thickness of from 5 to 250 pm, such as from 5 to 200 pm, or from 5 to 100 pm or from 10 to 100 pm, or from 15 to 100 pm, or from 20 to 100 pm.

[0162]

[0154] The present disclosure is also directed to a spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by the method for spot-repairing a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage as described above.

[0163]

[0155] In addition, the present disclosure relates to a use of ultraviolet-curable coating composition of the present disclosure for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

[0164] ASPECTS

[0165]

[0156] 1 . An ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising: (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (b) 1 .0 to 10.0 wt.-% of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tertdecanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is different from compounds (a) and (b); and (d) a photo-initiator.

[0166]

[0157] 2. An ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising: (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (b) 1 .0 to 5.0 wt.-% of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is different from compounds (a) and (b); and (d) a photo-initiator.

[0158] 3. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 1 or aspect 2, wherein the polymeric compound (a) comprises a polyester (meth)acrylate, a polyether (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0167]

[0159] 4. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the polymeric compound (a) comprises a polyester (meth)acrylate.

[0168]

[0160] 5. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the polymeric compound (a) comprises a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate.

[0169]

[0161] 6. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the polymeric compound (a) has two to 10 (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0170]

[0162] 7. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the polymeric compound (a) has two (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0171]

[0163] 8. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of at least 15 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0172]

[0164] 9. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of at least 20 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0173]

[0165] 10. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of no more than 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0166] 11. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of no more than 70 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0174]

[0167] 12. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of no more than 60 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0175]

[0168] 13. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of no more than 50 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0176]

[0169] 14. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of 15 to 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0177]

[0170] 15. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of 15 to 70 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0178]

[0171] 16. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of 20 to 60 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0179]

[0172] 17. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of 20 to 50 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0180]

[0173] 18. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 4.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0181]

[0174] 19. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 3.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0182]

[0175] 20. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 3.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0183]

[0176] 21 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 3.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0184]

[0177] 22. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises a mixture of tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate and tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate (b) in a combined amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0185]

[0178] 23. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises a mixture of tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate and tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate (b) in a combined amount of 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0186]

[0179] 24. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises a mixture of tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate and tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate (b) in a combined amount of 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0187]

[0180] 25. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises a mixture of tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate and tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate (b) in a combined amount of 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0188]

[0181] 26. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0189]

[0182] 27. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0190]

[0183] 28. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0191]

[0184] 29. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises 3-methyl- 1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0192]

[0185] 30. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0193]

[0186] 31 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0194]

[0187] 32. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0195]

[0188] 33. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0196]

[0189] 34. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0197]

[0190] 35. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0198]

[0191] 36. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0199]

[0192] 37. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0200]

[0193] 38. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0201]

[0194] 39. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0202]

[0195] 40. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0203]

[0196] 41 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate (b) in an amount of 1 .5 to 5.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0197] 42. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) comprises an alkyl(Ci-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate, a cycloalkyl(C5-C2o) mono(meth)acrylate, a polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, or combinations thereof.

[0204]

[0198] 43. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) comprises a polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate.

[0205]

[0199] 44. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) comprises dipropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0206]

[0200] 45. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

[0207]

[0201] 46. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has a viscosity in a range of 1 to 500 mPa-s at 23 °C.

[0208]

[0202] 47. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has a viscosity in a range of 1 to 100 mPa-s at 23 °C.

[0209]

[0203] 48. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has a molecular weight Mw of no more than 500 g / mol.

[0210]

[0204] 49. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has a molecular weight Mw of no more than 400 g / mol.

[0211]

[0205] 50. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has two (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0212]

[0206] 51 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of at least 15 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0213]

[0207] 52. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of at least 20 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0214]

[0208] 53. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of no more than 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0215]

[0209] 54. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of no more than 70 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0216]

[0210] 55. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of no more than 60 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0217]

[0211] 56. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of no more than 50 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0218]

[0212] 57. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of 15 to 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0219]

[0213] 58. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of 15 to 70 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0220]

[0214] 59. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of 20 to 60 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0221]

[0215] 60. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of 20 to 50 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0222]

[0216] 61 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has one to three (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0223]

[0217] 62. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has one to two (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0224]

[0218] 63. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has two (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0225]

[0219] 64. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, having a weight ratio of the polymeric compound (a) to the (meth)acrylate compound (c) of from 0.5:1 .0 to 2.0:1 .0.

[0220] 65. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, having a weight ratio of the polymeric compound (a) to the (meth)acrylate compound (c) of from 0.7:1.0 to 1 .8:1 .0.

[0226]

[0221] 66. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, further comprising (e) a polymeric compound comprising at least three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the polymeric compound (e) is different from compounds (a), (b) and (c) of the ultraviolet-curable composition.

[0227]

[0222] 67. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 67, wherein the polymeric compound (e) comprises a polyester (meth)acrylate, a polyether (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0228]

[0223] 68. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 67, wherein the polymeric compound (e) comprises a polyurethane (meth)acrylate.

[0229]

[0224] 69. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 68, wherein the polymeric compound (e) comprises an epoxy (meth)acrylate.

[0230]

[0225] 70. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 69, wherein the polymeric compound (e) has three to six (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0231]

[0226] 71 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 70, wherein the polymeric compound (e) has three (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0232]

[0227] 72. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 71 , wherein the polymeric compound (e) has four (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0233]

[0228] 73. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 72, wherein the polymeric compound (e) has six (meth)acrylate moieties.

[0234]

[0229] 74. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 73, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of at least 2.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0235]

[0230] 75. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 74, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of at least 3.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0236]

[0231] 76. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 75, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of at least 3.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0237]

[0232] 11. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 76, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of no more than 8.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0238]

[0233] 78. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 77, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of no more than 7.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0239]

[0234] 79. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 78, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of no more than 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0240]

[0235] 80. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 79, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of no more than 6.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0241]

[0236] 81 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 80, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of 2.0 to 8.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0242]

[0237] 82. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 81 , wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of 2.0 to 7.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0243]

[0238] 83. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 82, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of 3.0 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0244]

[0239] 84. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 66 to 83, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of 3.5 to 6.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0245]

[0240] 85. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, further comprising an adhesion promotor.

[0246]

[0241] 86. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 85, wherein the adhesion promotor comprises a phosphoric acid (meth)acrylate, a hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, a hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, a glycidyl methacrylate, a 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylic acid phosphate, a vinyl trimethoxysilane, a mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, a mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, an isocyanotoalkyltrialkoxy-silane, a methacrylylalkyl trialkoxysilane, an amino alkyltrialkoxysilane, an epoxy alkyltrialkoxy silane or combinations thereof.

[0242] 87. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 85 or 86, wherein the adhesion promotor comprises a phosphoric acid (meth)acrylate.

[0247]

[0243] 88. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 85 to 87, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the adhesion promoter in an amount of at least 0.1 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0248]

[0244] 89. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 85 to 88, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the adhesion promoter in an amount of at least 0.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0249]

[0245] 90. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 85 to 89, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the adhesion promoter in an amount of no more than 5.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0250]

[0246] 91 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 85 to 90, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the adhesion promoter in an amount of no more than 2.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0251]

[0247] 92. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 85 to 91 , wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the adhesion promoter in an amount of 0.1 to 5.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0252]

[0248] 93. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 85 to 92, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the adhesion promoter in an amount of 0.5 to 2.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0253]

[0249] 94. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of at least 0.1 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0254]

[0250] 95. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of at least 1 .0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0255]

[0251] 96. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of at least 3.5 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0256]

[0252] 97. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of no more than 10.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0257]

[0253] 98. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of no more than 8.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0258]

[0254] 99. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of no more than 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0255] 100. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of 0.1 to 10.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0259]

[0256] 101 . The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of 1 .0 to 8.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0260]

[0257] 102. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photo-initiator (d) in an amount of 3.5 to 7.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0261]

[0258] 103. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition is substantially free of water.

[0262]

[0259] 104. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition is substantially free of an organic solvent.

[0263]

[0260] 105. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, further comprising a filler.

[0264]

[0261] 106. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the filler in an amount of in an amount of 2.0 to 50 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0265]

[0262] 107. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 105 or 106, wherein the filler comprises iron oxide, lead oxide, strontium chromate, carbon black, coal dust, titanium dioxide, talc, magnesium silicate, barium sulfate, silica (SiC>2), limestone powder, dolomite, quartz powder, nepheline syenite, or combinations thereof.

[0266]

[0263] 108. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 107, wherein the filler comprises talc.

[0267]

[0264] 109. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 108, wherein the filler is plate-like.

[0268]

[0265] 1 10. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 109, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the filler in an amount of at least 2.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0269]

[0266] 1 1 1. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 1 10, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the filler in an amount of at least 10.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0270]

[0267] 1 12. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 1 11 , wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the filler in an amount of no more than 35.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0271]

[0268] 1 13. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 1 12, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the filler in an amount of no more than 25.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0272]

[0269] 1 14. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 1 13, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the filler in an amount of from 2.0 to 35 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0273]

[0270] 1 15. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 104 to 1 14, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the filler in an amount of from 10.0 to 25 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0271] 116. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 105 to 111 , wherein the filler comprises a thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler.

[0274]

[0272] 117. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 116, wherein the thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler comprises an optionally surface-modified aluminosilicate or metal oxide.

[0275]

[0273] 1 18. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 116 or 117, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler in an amount of from 20 to 40 wt.- %, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0276]

[0274] 119. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to aspect 118, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler in an amount of from 25 to 35 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0277]

[0275] 120. A coated substrate comprising a coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding aspects.

[0278]

[0276] 121 . The coated substrate according to aspect 120, wherein the substrate comprises an energy storage device or a battery and / or a battery component.

[0279]

[0277] 122. The coated substrate according to aspect 121 , wherein the battery component comprises an electrode, a battery cell, a battery shell, a battery module, a battery pack, a battery box, a battery cell casing, a pack shell, a battery lid and / or tray, a thermal management system, an inverter, a battery housing, a module housing, a module racking, a battery side plate, a battery cell enclosure, a cooling module, a cooling tube, a cooling fin, a cooling plate, a cold plate assembly, a bus bar, a battery frame, an electrical connection, metal wires, copper or aluminum conductors or cables, or any part of a stationary electrical energy storage system.

[0278] 123. A method of preparing a coated substrate comprising curing the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 119 deposited on a surface of the substrate.

[0280]

[0279] 124. A method for spot-repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage, the method comprising: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photo-initiator, wherein the ultraviolet- curable coating composition either (b-1) further comprises tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

[0281]

[0280] 125. A method for spot-repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage, the method comprising: (i) applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 119 on the paint damage; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

[0282]

[0281] 126. The method according to aspect 124 or 125, further comprising (iv) removing the polymeric film from the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0283]

[0282] 127. The method according to any one of aspects 124 to 127, wherein the polymeric film is transmissive for ultraviolet radiation.

[0284]

[0283] 128. A spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by the method according to any one of aspects 124 to 127.

[0284] 129. Use of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 119 for spot repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage.

[0285]

[0285] 130. A method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a powder coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprising: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photoinitiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1 ) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

[0286]

[0286] 131. A method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a powder coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprising: (i) applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 119 on the coating damage; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet- curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

[0287]

[0287] 132. The method according to aspect 130 or 131 , further comprising sanding and / or cleaning the paint damage prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0288]

[0288] 133. The method according to any one of aspects 130 to 132, further comprising (iv) removing the polymeric film from the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0289] 134. The method according to any one of aspects 130 to 133, wherein the polymeric film is transmissive for ultraviolet radiation.

[0289]

[0290] 135. A spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by the method according to any one of aspects 130 to 134.

[0290]

[0291] 136. Use of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 119 for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from a powder coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

[0291]

[0292] 137. A method for spot-repairing a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprising: (i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photo-initiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tertdecanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

[0292]

[0293] 138. A method for spot-repairing a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprising: (i) applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 119 on the coating damage; (ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and (iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

[0294] 139. The method according to aspect 137 or 138, further comprising sanding and / or cleaning the paint damage prior to applying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0293]

[0295] 140. The method according to any one of aspects 137 to 139, further comprising plasma treating the paint damage prior to applying the ultraviolet- curable coating composition.

[0294]

[0296] 141 . The method according to any one of aspects 137 to 140, further comprising (iv) removing the polymeric film from the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

[0295]

[0297] 142. The method according to any one of aspects 137 to 141 , wherein the polymeric film is transmissive for ultraviolet radiation.

[0296]

[0298] 143. A spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by the method according to any one of aspects 137 to 142.

[0297]

[0299] 144. Use of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of aspects 1 to 119 for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

[0298]

[0300] Illustrating the disclosure are the following examples, which, however, are not to be considered as limiting the disclosure to their details. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages in the following examples, as well as throughout the specification, are by weight.

[0299] EXAMPLES

[0300]

[0301] The ultraviolet-curable coating compositions were prepared by mixing the compounds given in Tables 1 to 4 below.

[0301]

[0302] Table 1

[0302] 1Acrylic acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0303] 1aPolyester acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0304] 1bAcrylated polyester having two acrylate moieties

[0305] 2Tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate3aDipropylene glycol diacrylate3b3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate

[0306] 3cIsobornyl acrylate

[0307] 4Tego® Twin 4000 commercially available from Evonik Operations GmbH (Germany)

[0308] 5aBYK-141 commercially available from BYK-Chemie GmbH (Germany)5bBYK-1788 commercially available from BYK-Chemie GmbH (Germany)

[0309] 6Modified bentonite organoclay

[0310] 7Pyrogenic silica

[0311] 8Hydrated magnesium silicate

[0312] 9Plate-like talc filler10Titanium dioxide; Heliogen® Blue L 6700 F and Sicotan® Yellow, both commercially available from Sun Chemical (USA)

[0313] 11Phosphate methacrylate

[0314] 12Omnirad 2124 and Omnipol BP, both commercially available from IGM resins B.V. (The Netherlands)13aPolyurethane acrylate having six acrylate moieties

[0315] 13bEpoxy acrylate having three acrylate moieties

[0316] 13cPolyester acrylate having three acrylate moieties

[0317]

[0303] Table 2

[0318] 1Acrylic acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0319] 1aPolyester acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0320] 2aDihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate

[0321] 2bMixture of tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate2c3-Methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate

[0322] 3aDipropylene glycol diacrylate

[0323] 4Tego® Twin 4000 commercially available from Evonik Operations GmbH (Germany)

[0324] 5bBYK-1788 commercially available from BYK-Chemie GmbH (Germany)

[0325] 6Modified bentonite organoclay7Pyrogenic silica

[0326] 8Hydrated magnesium silicate

[0327] 9Plate-like talc filler

[0328] 10Titanium dioxide; Heliogen® Blue L 6700 F and Sicotan® Yellow, both commercially available from Sun Chemical (USA)11Phosphate methacrylate

[0329] 12Omnirad 2124 and Omnipol BP, both commercially available from IGM resins B.V. (The Netherlands)

[0330] 130Polyester acrylate having three acrylate moieties

[0304] Table s

[0331] 1Acrylic acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0332] 1aPolyester acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0333] 2dAcrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate2ePropoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate

[0334] 2fMixture of dipropylene glycol diacrylate and 1 ,6-hexanediol diacrylate 7:3 (w:w)

[0335] 3aDipropylene glycol diacrylate4Tego® Twin 4000 commercially available from Evonik Operations GmbH (Germany)

[0336] 5bBYK-1788 commercially available from BYK-Chemie GmbH (Germany)

[0337] 6Modified bentonite organoclay

[0338] 7Pyrogenic silica8Hydrated magnesium silicate

[0339] 9Plate-like talc filler

[0340] 10Titanium dioxide; Heliogen® Blue L 6700 F and Sicotan® Yellow, both commercially available from Sun Chemical (USA)

[0341] 11Phosphate methacrylate12Omnirad 2124 and Omnipol BP, both commercially available from IGM resins B.V. (The

[0342] Netherlands)

[0343] 13cPolyester acrylate having three acrylate moieties

[0344]

[0305] Table 4

[0345] 1Acrylic acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0346] 1aPolyester acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0347] 1cAliphatic urethane acrylate having two acrylate moieties

[0348] 2Tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate

[0349] 3cIsobornyl acrylate

[0350] 3aDipropylene glycol diacrylate

[0351] 3dPropoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate

[0352] 3e1 ,6-Hexanediol diacrylate

[0353] 4Tego® Twin 4000 commercially available from Evonik Operations GmbH (Germany)

[0354] 5aBYK-141 commercially available from BYK-Chemie GmbH (Germany)

[0355] 6Modified bentonite organoclay

[0356] 7Pyrogenic silica

[0357] 8Hydrated magnesium silicate

[0358] 9Plate-like talc filler

[0359] 10Titanium dioxide; Heliogen® Blue L 6700 F and Sicotan® Yellow, both commercially available from Sun Chemical (USA)

[0360] 10aHeliogen® Blue L 6700 F

[0361] 11Phosphate methacrylate

[0362] 12Omnirad 2124 and Omnipol BP, both commercially available from IGM resins B.V. (The Netherlands)14Aluminum silicate, surface modified with methacryl silane

[0363]

[0306] For the preparation of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition, the components (a), component (b), where applicable, and 10% by weight of component (c) were added to a stainless-steel container and stirred. The dispersing additive, antifoam agent, rheology modifier, pigments and fillers are added to the mixture under continuous stirring. The mixture was stirred for 30 min and ground using beads until the mixture had a grinding fineness of less than 25 pm at 50 °C, which was measured with a Hegmann-type grindometer according to DIN 53 203. Subsequently, the rest of the compounds of Table 1 were added to the mixture while stirring. The mixture was sieved using a 50 pm sieve. During the preparation steps, the temperature of the mixture / coating composition did not exceed 50 °C.

[0364]

[0307] The ultraviolet-curable coating composition was then applied to aluminum EN AW 3003 substrates using a spray gun (spray gun HS-25 commercially available from Krautzberger GmbH (Germany)) at 60 °C. The applied coating composition was cured with a gallium doped mercury (Ga lamp) lamp (200 W / cm, 60%) for 1 -2 sec. The coating layer had a dry film thickness of 50 pm.

[0365]

[0308] A second layer was applied by spraying the ultraviolet-curable coating composition using a spray gun (spray gun HS-25 commercially available from Krautzberger GmbH (Germany)) at 60 °C. The applied coating composition was cured using an iron doped mercury lamp (Fe lamp) (200 W / cm, 100 %) for 7-12 sec. The coating layer had a dry film thickness of 50 pm. The cured coating resulted in a total dry film thickness of 100 pm.

[0366]

[0309] Dry and wet crosshatch adhesion testing

[0367]

[0310] The coated substrates were tested for dry and wet crosshatch adhesion according to DIN EN ISO 2409:2020. A crosshatch pattern was scribed through the coating down to the substrate. A strip of 1 -inch (25.4 mm) wide masking tape (such as 3M 250 or equivalent) was applied onto the scribed coating. The tape was pressed down using two passes of a 4.5-pound rubber covered roller. The tape was then removed in one abrupt motion perpendicular to the panel. The adhesion was then rated by a visual examination of the coating at the crosshatch area using the provided rating system.

[0311] Dry adhesion is tested after curing the coating composition and after allowing the cured coating to relax for 24 hours after curing. Wet adhesion is tested after storing the cured test panels at 40 °C and at 100 % humidity for 10 days (condensation water constant atmosphere test DIN EN ISO 6270-2:2018). The coated substrates were removed from the humid environment and stored for 4 hours (regeneration time) at room temperature, i.e., at a temperature of 23 to 25°C, and at relative humidity of 50%. The coated substrates were tested after the 4-hours regeneration time. The adhesion of the coating is rated based on the percentage of the detached coating as follows: GT 0: The edges of the cuts are completely smooth and none of the lattice squares are detached; GT 1 : Small flakes of the coating are detached at the intersections; less than 5% of the lattice area is affected; GT 2: Small flakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersections of cuts; the area affected is from 5% to 15% of the lattice; GT 3: The coating flaked along the edges and on parts of the squares; the area affected is from 15% to 35% of the lattice; GT4: The coating flaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and squares have detached; the area affected is from 35% to 65% of the lattice; GT 5: Flaking and detachment worse than for Grade GT 4.

[0368]

[0312] Dry and wet insulation testing

[0369]

[0313] The coated substrates were tested for dry and wet insulation according to ISO 6469-3:2021 . The insulation of the coated test panels is sufficient if a current flow of no more than 0.1 mA for 60 sec at a voltage of 3150 ±5 V on an area of 36 mm2is measured.

[0370]

[0314] Dry insulation is tested after curing the coating composition and after allowing the cured coating to relax for 24 hours after curing. Wet insulation is tested after storing the cured test panels at 40 °C and at 100 % humidity for 10 days (condensation water constant atmosphere test DIN EN ISO 6270-2:2018). The coated substrates were removed from the humid environment and stored for 4 hours (regeneration time) at room temperature, i.e., at a temperature of 23 to 25°C, and at relative humidity of 50%. The coated substrates were tested after the 4-hours regeneration time.

[0371]

[0315] Microhardness measurement

[0316] The microhardness of the coated substrates was determined according to DIN EN ISO 14577-1 using FISCHERSCOPE® HM100S (commercially available from Helmut Fischer GmbH (Germany).

[0372]

[0317] The coated substrates provide the following features as shown in Tables 5 to 8 below.

[0373]

[0318] Table 5 n.d.: not determined

[0374] Table 6 Table 7

[0375] Table 8

[0376]

[0319] In Tables 5 to 8, it is visible that Ex.-1 to Ex. -4 and Ex.-6 to Ex. -18 provide improved dry and especially wet crosshatch adhesion in comparison with CE-1 ,

[0377] CE-2 and CE-3. The described examples provide high insulation even after wet conditions. Ex. -2 to Ex. -4 showed improved microhardness. A higher microhardness can be advantageous with regard to mechanical stress, such as scratch resistance.

[0320] Spot repairing of the coated substrates

[0378]

[0321] The coating of the coated substrates was damaged by scratching the coating so that the aluminum substrate is visible. The paint damage was repaired by applying the respective coating composition Ex-1 to Ex-3 and CE-1 on the damaged spot by using a brush. The applied coating composition was covered with a UV transparent polymeric film (Melinex® OD commercially available from DuPont Teijin Films SA (Luxembourgh) having a film thickness of 175 pm). The applied coating composition was cured with ultraviolet light for 2 seconds by using the ultraviolet radiation light source LIV-LED (405 nm) commercially available from Efsen Engineering A / S (Denmark). The polymeric film was removed after curing the applied coating composition. The dry film layer thickness at the spot was 180 pm.

[0379]

[0322] The insulation tests were repeated. The spot-repaired coated substrates showed the same dry and wet insulating properties as the not damaged coated substrates.

[0380]

[0323] The dry and wet crosshatch adhesion testing for Ex.-1 to Ex-3 showed similar results as before damaging and spot-repairing the coating, i.e. , dry and wet crosshatch adhesion of GT0-1 . Similar results are to be expected for Ex.-6 to Ex.- 18.

[0381]

[0324] Spot repairing of a substrate coated with a powder coating composition

[0382]

[0325] The powder coating composition Envirocron® PCM90201 (commercially available from PPG Industries, Inc. (USA)) was applied to aluminum EN AW 3003 substrates by electrostatic spraying using a spray gun (spray gun PEM-X1 with control unit EPG SPRINT XE, both commercially available from J. Wagner GmbH (Germany)). The applied coating composition was cured at a temperature of

[0383] 190 °C for 15 min. The coating layer had a dry film thickness of 130-170 pm.

[0384]

[0326] The coating of the coated substrates was damaged by scratching the coating so that the aluminum substrate was visible. The damaged area was sanded with 1200 grit sandpaper and cleaned with isopropanol. The coating damage was repaired by brush applying either the coating composition Ex-3 or Ex-5 on the damaged spot. The applied coating composition was covered with a UV transparent polymeric film (Melinex® OD commercially available from DuPont Teijin Films SA (Luxembourgh) having a film thickness of 175 pm). The applied coating composition was cured with ultraviolet light for 2 seconds by using the ultraviolet radiation light source UV-LED (405 nm) commercially available from Efsen Engineering A / S (Denmark). The polymeric film was removed after curing the applied coating composition. The dry film layer thickness at the spot was 120 pm.

[0327] Dry and wet crosshatch adhesion testing, and dry and wet insulation testing as described above were performed.

[0385]

[0328] Table 9 crosshatch adhesion as well as insulation.

[0386]

[0330] Spot repairing of a substrate coated with an electrodepositable coating composition

[0387]

[0331] The electrodepositable coating composition Powercron® 6200HE (commercially available from PPG Industrial Coatings (USA)) was electrocoated onto steel substrates in a manner well-known in the art. The applied coating composition was cured at a temperature of 180 °C for 20 min. The coating layer had a dry film thickness of 28-35 pm.

[0388]

[0332] The coating of the coated substrates was damaged by scratching the coating so that the steel substrate was visible. The surface comprising the damaged area was cleaned with isopropanol. The coating damage was repaired by brush applying the coating composition Ex-5 on the damaged spot. The applied coating composition was covered with a UV transparent polymeric film (Melinex® OD commercially available from DuPont Teijin Films SA (Luxembourgh) having a film thickness of 175 pm). The applied coating composition was cured with ultraviolet light for 2 seconds by using the ultraviolet radiation light source UV-LED (405 nm) commercially available from Efsen Engineering A / S (Denmark). The polymeric film was removed after curing the applied coating composition. The dry film layer thickness at the spot was 90- 160 pm.

[0333] Dry and wet crosshatch adhesion testing, as well as dry insulation testing as described above were performed.

[0389]

[0334] Table 10

[0390] 335] In Table 10, it is visible that the spot-repaired area provides dry and wet crosshatch adhesion as well as insulation.

Claims

CLAIMS1 . An ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising:(a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties;(b) 1 .0 to 10.0 wt.-% of tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3- methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition;(c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is different from compounds (a) and (b); and(d) a photo-initiator.

2. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric compound (a) comprises a polyester (meth)acrylate, a polyether (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof.

3. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the polymeric compound (a) has two (meth)acrylate moieties.

4. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (a) in an amount of 15 to 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

5. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate (b) in an amount of 1 .0 to 5.0 wt.-% or 1 .0 to 4.0 wt.-%, a mixture of tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate and tris(2- hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate in a combined amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-% or 1 .0to 6.0 wt.-%, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-% or 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-% or 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-% or 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, or the acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate in an amount of 1 .0 to 7.0 wt.-% or 1 .0 to 6.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

6. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) comprises a polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate.

7. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is liquid at room temperature; and / or wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has a molecular weight Mw of no more than 500 g / mol; and / or wherein the (meth)acrylate compound (c) has one to two (meth)acrylate moieties.

8. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the (meth)acrylate compound (c) in an amount of 15 to 80 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition; and / or wherein a weight ratio of the polymeric compound (a) to the (meth)acrylate compound (c) is from 0.5:1 .0 to 2.0:1 .0.

9. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising (e) a polymeric compound comprising at least three (meth)acrylate moieties, wherein the polymeric compound (e) is different from compounds (a), (b) and (c) of the ultraviolet-curable composition.

10. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to claim 9, wherein the polymeric compound (e) comprises a polyester (meth)acrylate, a polyether (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylic (meth)acrylate, a polyurethane (meth)acrylate, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, or a combination thereof; and / orwherein the polymeric compound (e) has three to six (meth)acrylate moieties; and / or wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the polymeric compound (e) in an amount of 2.0 to 8.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.1 1 .The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprises the photoinitiator (d) in an amount of 0.1 to 10.0 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

12. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a filler in an amount of 2.0 to 50 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

13. The ultraviolet-curable coating composition to claim 12, wherein the filler comprises a thermally conductive, electrically insulative filler comprising an optionally surface-modified aluminosilicate or metal oxide in an amount of 20 to 40 wt.-% or 25 to 35 wt.-%, wherein the weight percentage is based on the total solids weight of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition.

14. A coated substrate comprising a coating comprising the residue of the cured ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any of the preceding claims.

15. The coated substrate according to claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises an energy storage device, or a battery and / or a battery component.

16. A method of preparing a coated substrate comprising curing the ultraviolet- curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13 deposited on a surface of the substrate.

17. A method for spot-repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage, the method comprising:(i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the paint damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photoinitiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1 ) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate;(ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and(iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

18. A method for spot-repairing a coating formed from a powder coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprising:(i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photoinitiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1 ) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate;(ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and(iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

19. A method for spot-repairing a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition on a substrate having a coating damage, the method comprising:(i) applying an ultraviolet-curable coating composition on the coating damage, the ultraviolet-curable coating composition comprising (a) a polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; (c) a (meth)acrylate compound comprising one to three (meth)acrylate moieties, different from the polymeric compound comprising at least two (meth)acrylate moieties; and (d) a photoinitiator, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition either (b-1 ) further comprises tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate diacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanurate triacrylate, 3-methyl-1 ,5-pentanediol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, an acrylate-functional reaction product of acrylic acid with glycidyl tert-decanoate, or a mixture of two or more of these, or (b-2) does not comprise dipropylene glycol diacrylate;(ii) covering the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition with a polymeric film; and(iii) curing the applied ultraviolet-curable coating composition using ultraviolet radiation.

20. The method of any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the ultraviolet-curable coating composition is the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13.21 .A spot-repaired coated substrate obtained by the method according to any one of claims 17 to 20.

22. Use of ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13 for spot repairing an ultraviolet-cured coated substrate having a paint damage.

23. Use of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13 for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from a powder coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

24. Use of the ultraviolet-curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13 for spot repairing a substrate coated with a coating formed from an electrodepositable coating composition, wherein the coating has a coating damage.

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