Data collection in wireless communication networks

Abstract

A method for a UE in a wireless communication system and related aspects are disclosed. The method comprises receiving, from a network node, a configuration for data collection and reporting, wherein the configuration comprises a time window. The method further comprises collecting, while the UE is operating in a first power mode, a dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window. The method further comprises entering a second power mode after the time window has ended, where a power consumption of the UE is higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode, and transmitting, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

Description

[0001] P111420W001

[0002] 1

[0003] Title

[0004] DATA COLLECTION IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

[0005] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0006] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of wireless communication networks. In particular, the present disclosure relates to methods performable by a User Equipment (UE) for collecting data in accordance with a configuration received from the network.

[0007] BACKGROUND

[0008] Wireless communication networks have undergone significant advancements in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for faster data transmission, lower latency, and enhanced connectivity. Standards such as those developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including LTE, LTE- Advanced, and 5G, have played a critical role in shaping modern wireless communication systems. These standards facilitate the efficient deployment of networks capable of supporting diverse applications, ranging from voice and video communication to loT (Internet of Things) devices and industrial automation.

[0009] A key aspect of wireless communication networks is the efficient management and utilization of network resources to provide reliable service to a large number of users. This requires robust mechanisms for data collection, including the acquisition of network performance metrics, user equipment (UE) behavior, and environmental parameters. The information indicative of the collected data serves as a foundation for network optimization, resource allocation, and troubleshooting.

[0010] Data collection in wireless networks often involves multiple components, such as base stations (e.g., eNodeBs in LTE or gNodeBs in 5G), user equipment, and centralized network management systems. These components work together to gather information about signal quality, traffic patterns, interference, and other factors that influence network performance. Moreover, emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (Al) and machine learning (ML) increasingly rely on such data to enhance decision-making processes within the network.

[0011] Introduced in 3GPP Release 10 and further specified in the logged measurements concept within NR Rel- 16, described in TS37.320, Minimization of Drive Test (MDT) is a mechanism that allows network operators to leverage user devices within the network to collect mobile network data. This approach significantly reduces reliance on traditional drive tests, which are costly, time-consuming, and provide only a limited perspective of the network, as they are confined to areas accessible by vehicles. Instead, P111420W001

[0012] 2

[0013] MDT utilizes user equipment (UE) to gather field data, including radio measurements and location information. Applicable to 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, MDT enables operators to use affordable mobile devices for network measurement, reducing operational complexity, improving network quality and performance, and lowering maintenance expenses.

[0014] There is however always a need for new and innovative techniques for data collection and management within wireless communication networks, enabling improved network performance and user experience.

[0015] SUMMARY

[0016] It is therefore an object of the technology disclosed herein to provide a method for a UE in a wireless communication network, a computer program, a computer-readable storage medium, and a UE, which seek to mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate one or more of the deficiencies in the art and disadvantages singly or in any combination.

[0017] This object is achieved by means of a method for a UE in a wireless communication network, a computer program, a computer-readable storage medium, and a UE, which seek to mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate one or more of the deficiencies in the art and disadvantages singly or in any combination.

[0018] As aspect of the technology disclosed herein comprises a method for a UE in a wireless communication system. The method comprises receiving, from a network node, a configuration for data collection and reporting, wherein the configuration comprises a time window. The method further comprises collecting, while the UE is operating in a first power mode, a dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window. The method further comprises entering a second power mode after the time window has ended, where a power consumption of the UE is higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode, and transmitting, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

[0019] According to another aspect of the technology disclosed herein, there is provided a computer program, comprising instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein. With this aspect of the disclosed technology, similar advantages and preferred features are present as in the other aspects.

[0020] According to another aspect of the technology disclosed herein, there is provided a (non-transitory) computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of a processing device, the one or more programs comprising instructions for P111420W001

[0021] 3 performing the method according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein. With this aspect of the disclosed technology, similar advantages and preferred features are present as in the other aspects.

[0022] The term "non-transitory," as used herein, is intended to describe a computer-readable storage medium (or "memory") excluding propagating electromagnetic signals, but are not intended to otherwise limit the type of physical computer-readable storage device that is encompassed by the phrase computer- readable medium or memory. For instance, the terms "non-transitory computer readable medium" or "tangible memory" are intended to encompass types of storage devices that do not necessarily store information permanently, including for example, random access memory (RAM). Program instructions and data stored on a tangible computer-accessible storage medium in non-transitory form may further be transmitted by transmission media or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, which may be conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and / or a wireless link. Thus, the term "non-transitory", as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).

[0023] Further, in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a UE comprising processing circuitry and a memory. The processing circuitry is configured to receive, from a network node, a configuration for data collection and reporting, wherein the configuration comprises a time window. The processing circuitry is further configured to collect, while the UE is operating in a first power mode, a dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, and enter a second power mode after the time window has ended. A power consumption of the UE is higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode. The processing circuitry is further configured to transmit, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

[0024] The disclosed aspects and embodiments may be suitably combined with each other in any manner apparent to anyone of ordinary skill in the art, such that one or more features or embodiments disclosed in relation to one aspect may also be considered to be disclosed in relation to another aspect or embodiment of another aspect.

[0025] Further embodiments of the disclosure are defined in the dependent claims. It should be emphasized that the term "comprises / comprising" when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, or components. It does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. P111420W001

[0026] 4

[0027] An advantage of some embodiments is that the impact of continuous data collection operations on the UEs energy consumption may be reduced.

[0028] An advantage of some embodiments is that the battery life of a UE that is used for continuous data collection operations may be extended.

[0029] An advantage of some embodiments is that the scalability of envisioned solutions for data collection in wireless communication networks for network optimization and / or machine learning purposes may be improved.

[0030] These and other features and advantages of the disclosed technology will in the following be further clarified with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

[0031] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of the example embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the example embodiments.

[0033] Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a UE and a network node in a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments.

[0034] Fig. 2 is a schematic flowchart representation of a method for a UE in a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments.

[0035] Fig. 3 is a schematic sequence / handshake diagram illustrating a method in accordance with some embodiments.

[0036] Fig. 4 is a schematic sequence / handshake diagram illustrating a method in accordance with some embodiments.

[0037] Fig. 5 is a schematic sequence / handshake diagram illustrating a method in accordance with some embodiments.

[0038] Fig. 6 is a schematic block diagram representation of a UE in accordance with some embodiments.

[0039] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] The present disclosure is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which certain aspects of the present disclosure are shown. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many P111420W001

[0041] 5 different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments and aspects set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description.

[0042] It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described herein and illustrated in the drawings; rather, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the appended claims

[0043] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspect of the present disclosure only, and is not necessarily intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terminology "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" should in the present context be read as A and / or B, where A and B can be any arbitrary items or elements in a set.

[0044] For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the steps, services and functions explained herein may be implemented using individual hardware circuitry, using software functioning in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor or general-purpose computer, using one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and / or using one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs). It will also be appreciated that when the present disclosure is described in terms of a method, it may also be embodied in one or more processors and one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the one or more memories store one or more programs that perform the steps, services and functions disclosed herein when executed by the one or more processors.

[0045] Overview

[0046] As mentioned, a UE may be configured by the network or an application layer, i.e., an over-the-top (OTT) entity, to collect data for later use by the network, operator, chipset vendor, UE vendor, or similar. Such data collection initiated by the network exists in 3GPP specifications within the concept of minimization of drive tests (MDT). This data collection as part of MDT is specified by 3GPP in the logged measurements concept within NR Rel-16, described in TS37.320 with the corresponding Radio Resource Control (RRC) specification protocol signaling specified in 38.331. Other variants of UE based data collection functionalities may be added into future versions of mobile communication standards, e.g. in upcoming protocol variants for 3GPP 5G or 6G systems or in IEEE based protocols such as upcoming protocol variants for 802.11 based systems. P111420W001

[0047] 6

[0048] For data collection, the UE may be configured with signal occasions to monitor, sample, and / or process. In 3GPP TS 38.331, the UE can be configured to perform logged measurements for several scenarios, including both so-called immediate MDT procedure as well as logged MDT procedure. Moreover, it is envisioned that similar data collection processes may be applied in a wireless communication system for gathering data to be used for training machine learning models that can be used to predict network behavior.

[0049] However, regardless of whether other operations, like data transmission or other event-based measurements, are pending, it is likely that a UE configured for data collection (e.g. for MDT purposes or for the purposes of gathering training data for machine learning models) needs to wake up its receiver at time occasions, e.g., during occasions corresponding to the periodicity as requested by the network in the periodical logged data measurement configuration. Some measurement occasions may coincide in time with ordinary idle mode channel measurements, which may be performed each DRX cycle, while others may not. Performing these repeated additional data collection-related steps with a legacy UE transceiver consumes considerable additional energy, both due to transceiver operation during the actual signal occasions but even more significantly due to the energy the transceiver will spend to transition itself from a deeper sleep state to a more active state (i.e., the wake-up transition energy cost) at each such occasion.

[0050] To this end, the present inventors propose a solution where a UE implements a low-power receiver ("LR") mode that is capable of collecting and storing data over a data collection time window in accordance with a configuration received from the network. During this time, the main receiver ("MR") mode / functionality may be set in deep sleep. Moreover, when the data collection is completed or when the time window for data collection has ended, the UE may be configured to wake up the MR mode / functionality and transfer the data to a network node. Alternatively, when the data collection is completed or when the time window for data collection has ended, the UE, while in the LR mode, may buffer the collected data and transmit the data to the network node, in the MR mode, when the UE is in connected mode. The two different modes, the low-power receiver mode and main receiver mode are also herein referred to as "first power mode" and "second power mode", respectively, and they differ in that a power consumption of the UE is higher in the MR mode than in the LR mode.

[0051] Thereby, the impact of continuous data collection operations on the UEs energy consumption may be reduced, and the overall battery life of the UE may be extended. Consequently, this may improve the scalability of envisioned solutions for data collection in wireless communication networks for network optimization and / or machine learning purposes. P111420W001

[0052] 7

[0053] Definitions

[0054] The non-limiting terms a user equipment (UE) or wireless device (WD) or are used interchangeably herein. The UE herein can be any type of wireless device capable of communicating with a network node or another UE over radio signals. The UE may be a user device. It should however be noted that the term user equipment (UE) does not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). The UE may be any UE identified by the 3GPP or a terminal identified by IEEE, including an NB-loT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.

[0055] The term "network node" used herein can be any kind of network node comprised in a radio network which may further comprise any of base station (BS), radio base station, base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC), radio network controller (RNC), g Node B (gNB), evolved Node B (eNB or eNodeB), Node B, multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as MSR BS, multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE), integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, relay node, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, donor node controlling relay, radio access point (AP), transmission points, transmission nodes, Remote Radio Unit (RRU) Remote Radio Head (RRH), a core network node (e.g., mobile management entity (MME), self-organizing network (SON) node, a coordinating node, positioning node, MDT node, etc.), an external node (e.g., 3rd party node, a node external to the current network), nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS), a spectrum access system (SAS) node, an element management system (EMS), IEEE access point, etc. The network node may also comprise test equipment. The term "radio node" used herein may be used to also denote UE or a network node. Moreover, a network node may also be in the form of a sub-entity of a BTS, such as e.g. a Centralized Unit (CU) or a Distributed Unit (DU).

[0056] Note that although terminology from one particular wireless technology, such as, for example, 3GPP 5thgeneration mobile communication technologies (5G), may be used in this disclosure, this should not be seen as limiting the scope of the disclosure to only the aforementioned system. Other wireless technologies, including without limitation 3GPP 4thgeneration mobile communication technologies (4G), 3GPP 6thgeneration mobile communication technologies (6G), or any future wireless system may also benefit from exploiting the techniques disclosed herein. Furthermore, it should be noted that the description herein focuses on a 3GPP cellular communications system and, as such, 3GPP terminology P111420W001

[0057] 8 or terminology similar to 3GPP terminology is oftentimes used. However, the concepts disclosed herein are not limited to a 3GPP system. Furthermore, although the term "cell" is used herein, it should be understood that (particularly with respect to 5G NR) beams may be used instead of cells and, as such, concepts described herein apply equally to both cells and beams.

[0058] The term "power consumption" refers to the amount of electrical power consumed by the UE in general, and to the amount of electrical power consumed by the modem of a User Equipment (UE) during its operation in particular. For the purposes of this disclosure, power consumption may be characterized in the context of the modem of a UE operating in one of two receiver modes: low-power receiver ("LR") mode (also referred to as "first power mode") and main receiver ("MR") mode (also referred to as "second power mode"). The LR mode may be understood as a receiver mode of the modem in which power-saving techniques are employed to minimize energy usage, such as through reduced receiver sensitivity, decreased clock frequencies, partial activation of receiver circuitry, or other energy-efficient configurations. In this mode, the modem prioritizes conserving battery life over maximizing performance. The MR mode may be understood as a receiver mode of the modem in which the receiver operates at or near its full performance capacity. This mode typically involves higher receiver sensitivity, increased clock frequencies, full activation of receiver circuitry, and other settings optimized for performance. As a result, the power consumption of the modem in this mode is greater compared to the low power receiver power mode. The low power receiver mode may for example be implemented as the low-power radio or wake-up radio used for low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) monitoring as specified in 3GPP for New Radio (NR) monitoring (or a more advanced version thereof). It may be "more advanced" in that it may be capable of collection l / Q samples as well as detecting and measuring conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in NR and coming generations, like synchronization signal burst (SSB) or channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). I / Q samples refer to the representation of a complex signal in terms of its In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) component.

[0059] The modem (may also be referred to as "modem subsystem") of the UE may be understood as the portion of the UE responsible for receiving, processing, and decoding wireless signals. In more detail, the modem may be understood as one or more components of a UE performing RF transmissions and receptions as well as lower layer (e.g., below Internet Protocol, IP) protocol processing according to e.g., a 3GPP specification set.

[0060] The power consumption of a UE may accordingly refer to a rate at which the UE or a modem thereof draws electrical energy from the UE's power source, and may for example be expressed in watts (W) or milliwatts (mW). The power consumption in reference to the two power modes may be an average power consumption over a time period, a cumulative power consumption over a time period, or an P111420W001

[0061] 9 instantaneous power consumption. The time period for deriving the average or cumulative power consumption may be any suitable time period such as 5 seconds, 10 seconds or 20 seconds. The term "instantaneous" in reference to the instantaneous power consumption denotes measurement or consideration of power consumption at a specific point in time, as opposed to average or cumulative power usage over a time period. When comparing LR mode and MR mode, the power consumption of the UE, and of its modem in particular, in MR mode is greater than that in LR mode, for example due to the increased activation of hardware components and associated processing activities required for enhanced receiver performance. In some examples when using the MR mode the power consumption is at least 5 or 10 times larger than the LR mode power consumption, wherein the modem is configured to perform the same signal monitoring operation in the two modes.

[0062] As used herein, relational terms, such as "first" and "second," "top" and "bottom," and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element without necessarily requiring or implying any physical or logical relationship or order between such entities or elements. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting the concepts described herein. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes" and / or "including" when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof

[0063] In embodiments described herein, the joining term, "in communication with" and the like, may be used to indicate electrical or data communication, which may be accomplished by physical contact, induction, electromagnetic radiation, radio signaling, infrared signaling or optical signaling, for example. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that multiple components may interoperate, and modifications and variations are capable of achieving electrical and data communication. In some embodiments described herein, the terms "coupled," "connected," and the like, may be used herein to indicate a connection, although not necessarily directly, and may include wired and / or wireless connections.

[0064] Example embodiments

[0065] Fig. 1 shows an example of a communication system 100 in accordance with some embodiments. In the example, the communication system 100 includes a telecommunication network 102 that includes an access network 104, such as a radio access network (RAN), and a core network 106, which includes one or more core network nodes 108. The access network 104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 110a and 110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network P111420W001

[0066] 10 nodes 110), or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network 102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 102, including one or more network nodes 110 and / or core network nodes 108.

[0067] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU), an open distributed unit (O-DU), an open central unit (O-CU), including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU- UP), a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp), or any combination thereof (the adjective "open" designating support of an ORAN specification). The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an Al, Fl, Wl, El, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes 110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE), such as by connecting UEs 112a, 112b, 112c, and 112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 112) to the core network 106 over one or more wireless connections.

[0068] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system. P111420W001

[0069] 11

[0070] The UEs 112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 102.

[0071] In the depicted example, the core network 106 connects the network nodes 110 to one or more host computing systems, such as host 116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 108. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), Network Exposure Function (NEF), and / or a User Plane Function (UPF).

[0072] The host 116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 104 and / or the telecommunication network 102. The host 116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.

[0073] As a whole, the communication system 100 of Fig. 1 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G), wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi), and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax). P111420W001

[0074] 12

[0075] In some examples, the telecommunication network 102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 102. For example, the telecommunications network 102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive loT services to yet further UEs.

[0076] In some examples, the UEs 112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single- or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of WiFi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC), such as E- UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio - Dual Connectivity (EN-DC).

[0077] In the example, a hub 114 communicates with the access network 104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 112c and / or 112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 110b). In some examples, the hub 114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 114. As another example, the hub 114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR device, display, loudspeaker, or other media delivery device, the hub 114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy loT devices.

[0078] The hub 114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 110b. The hub 114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 114 and UEs (e.g., UE 112c and / or 112d), and between the hub 114 and the core network 106. In other examples, the hub 114 is connected to the core network 106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired P111420W001

[0079] 13 connection. Moreover, the hub 114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 110 while still connected via the hub 114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 114 may be a dedicated hub - that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 110b. In other embodiments, the hub 114 may be a non-dedicated hub - that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 110b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.

[0080] Fig. 2 is a schematic flowchart representation of a method S100 for a UE (such as UE 112 in Fig. 1) in a wireless communication system (such as the communication system 100 in Fig. 1), in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, the method S100 may be a method S100 for collecting data using a UE in a wireless communication system. The method S100 is preferably a computer-implemented method S100, performed by processing circuitry of the UE. The processing circuitry may for example comprise one or more processors and one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the one or more memories store one or more programs that perform the steps, services and functions of the method S100 disclosed herein when executed by the one or more processors. In the following, reference may also be made to the sequence / handshake diagrams depicted in Figs. 3-5.

[0081] As mentioned, the terms LR mode ("first power mode") and MR mode ("second power mode) may be understood as general radio power modes, where the MR mode represents a main receiver power mode and the LR mode represents a low receiver power mode. The UE described herein assumed to be capable of running its radio receiver(s) in these two distinguishable modes, the LR and MR modes. The two modes differ in that the power consumption of the LR mode is (significantly) lower than that of the MR mode, for example by a factor 5 or a factor 10.

[0082] Accordingly, some embodiments describe a data collection method S100 performable by a UE where a continuous or long-term data collection task is performed by a LR of the UE, not requiring any MR activity by the UE for collecting the data. Moreover, the LR may be implemented in the UE for other purposes, e.g. as a wake-up radio (WUR) for low-power wake up signal (LP-WUS) monitoring as e.g. described in 3GPP TR 38.869. The MR may therefore only be involved at the end of the collection window or after the end of the collection window, e.g. to perform one or more control signaling procedures, such as for example a random access procedure or a handover procedure, or to perform the upload of the collected data to a central location. Moreover, the LR and the MR may be provided by separate hardware components (i.e., separate radio receivers) or as two different modes of the same hardware component (i.e., same radio receiver). P111420W001

[0083] 14

[0084] The method S100 comprises receiving S101, from a network node, a configuration for data collection and reporting, where the configuration comprises at least a time window. The time window may be a defined time period specifying a duration of time for the UE to perform data collection. The received S101 configuration may be understood as a set of configured rules or instructions that specify a framework for the UE for collecting data and reporting the outcome.

[0085] In more detail, the information provided in the received S101 configuration may be configured by the network, and may be based on or associated with a standardized framework, such as the MDT framework as specified in 3GPP TS 38.331. Thus, when based on the MDT framework, the received S101 configuration may be provided by the information element "LoggedMeasurementConfiguration", which includes the configuration element "VarLogMeasConfig".

[0086] In some embodiments, the received S101 configuration may include AI / ML model training, validation, monitoring, or other functionality. Moreover, the received S101 configuration may not be part of a standardized functionality but is a proprietary data collection functionality e.g., for similar proprietary AI / ML purposes, and provided by an OTT entity, e.g. a chipset or UE vendor.

[0087] In some embodiments, the received S101 configuration comprises a component indicating the signal(s) and / or metric(s) to be measured. For example, the signals or metrics may include one or more of the following non-exhaustive list of examples: a Low Power Synchronization Signal (LP-SS), an SSB signal, a Beam Management Channel State Information Reference Signal (BM CSI-RS), a Link Adaptation Channel State Information Reference Signal (LA CSI-RS), a Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), or a Positioning Reference Signal (PRS). The received S101 configuration may comprise instructions for the UE to estimate signal quality values for one or more cells or one or more beams, like Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Layer 1 RSRP (Ll-RSRP), Signal-to-lnterference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), Doppler frequency shift, or other characteristics like timing advance, the number of visible cells, etc. The received S101 configuration may comprise instructions for the UE to collect related system configuration info encountered during the collection, e.g. cell or beam configurations, gNB or UE antenna port configurations, etc.

[0088] As mentioned, the received S101 configuration comprises information indicative of a time window for collecting data. The time window may be understood as a component indicating measurement time information for the data collection. The received S101 configuration may further comprise or otherwise indicate data collection sampling intervals. The collection window may include a start time, a start condition, a duration, a total number of samples, or a number of measurement occasions. A collection P111420W001

[0089] 15 rate may for example be one sample every 20 ms, every 50 ms, every 100 ms, or every 200 ms, and so forth.

[0090] Further, the method S100 comprises collecting S103, while the UE is operating in a first power mode, a dataset in accordance with the received S101 configuration during the time window. In other words, the UE performs S103 data collection according to the received S101 configuration. In more detail, the UE may use the LR mode for signal sampling / reception and for any additional processing, such as, RSRP estimation, SINR estimation, or similar. The method S100 may further comprise storing, while the UE is operating in the LR mode, the collected S103 data may be stored in a buffer memory of the UE during the time window.

[0091] The method S100 further comprises, entering S104 a second power mode after the time window has ended. In the second power mode, a power consumption of the UE is higher than in the first power mode. In particular, the power consumption of the UE may be at least 5 times, or even at least 10 times, higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode. Further, the method S100 comprises transmitting S107, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, information indicative of the collected S103 dataset to the network node. The "information indicative of the collected dataset" may for example be a flag indicating to the network that the dataset has been collected S103, a derivate of the collected S103 dataset, a subset of the collected S103 dataset, or the collected S103 dataset.

[0092] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the MR mode is active, and the method S100 comprises transmitting S107 the information indicative of the collected dataset. The information indicative of the collected dataset may be transmitted to an entity or location as indicated by the received S101 configuration. The transmission S107 may include initiating a separate connection to the network for the purposes of the upload, or it may be performed during a next connection made by the UE for regular data transfer. The transmission S107 may be used via a RAN / Uu protocol (e.g. MDT) or via an OTT connection. Moreover, the method S100 may further comprise transmitting a message in association with information indicative of the collected dataset, where the message indicates that the data is collected by a LR.

[0093] As will be elaborated upon in the following, the collection S103 and / or transmission S107 may be conditional. For example, based on whether the data is representative of a scenario fulfilling a network- configured condition, for example if it is fulfilling a measurement criterion or a reporting criterion for MDT measurements reporting. Whether the data fulfills a criterion may be determined by the LR before or after data collection, whereupon, in the latter case, the MR is woken up for data transfer only if the condition is fulfilled. However, the MR may alternatively be used to determine whether the condition is fulfilled, before or after data collection by the LR. P111420W001

[0094] 16

[0095] Moreover, in some embodiments, the received S101 configuration comprises one or more first conditions. A "first condition" may be understood as a measurement condition, instructing the UE with for example signal or channel conditions that are to trigger the data collection. The one or more measurement conditions ("first conditions") may accordingly indicate that only data that corresponds to such scenarios should be collected by the UE. In more detail, the one or more first conditions may comprise one or more of a channel condition, a propagation channel condition, a beam configuration condition, a cell deployment pattern condition, a gNB configuration condition, a UE location condition, or a UE configuration condition.

[0096] The method S100 may accordingly comprise, monitoring S102a, before the time window and while the UE is operating in the first power mode, received data or signals. Then, in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored S102a data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions, the method S100 may comprise collecting S103, while the UE is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window. In other words, the method S100 may comprise evaluating S301, while the UE is operating in the first power mode, whether the one or more first conditions is / are satisfied (e.g., if a certain beam configuration or cell configuration is encountered), and if so, the method S100 may continue to execute the data collection S103, the switching S104 to the MR mode, and the transmission S107 of information indicative of the collected dataset as described above.

[0097] However, the evaluation S301 may also be performed in the MR mode. Thus, in some embodiments, the method S100 comprises monitoring S102b, before the time window and while the UE is operating in the second power mode, received data or signals. Then, in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions, the method S100 may comprise collecting S103, while the UE is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window. In other words, the method S100 may comprise evaluating S301, while the UE is operating in the first power mode, whether the one or more first conditions is / are satisfied (e.g., if a certain beam configuration or cell configuration is encountered), and if so, the method S100 may continue to execute the data collection S103, the switching S104 to the MR mode, and the transmission S107 of information indicative of the collected dataset as described above. Naturally, the method S100 may comprise entering the first power mode before the data collection S103.

[0098] The monitoring S102a in the LR mode and the monitoring S102b in the MR mode may be invoked in dependence on the one or more first conditions (i.e., the data metric or channel metric to be satisfied). In other words, the monitoring S102a in the LR mode may be applied if the required processing is within the LR processing capability, otherwise the monitoring S102b in the MR mode may be applied. P111420W001

[0099] 17

[0100] Furthermore, the received S101 configuration may comprise or otherwise indicate reporting information for the UE. Accordingly, the received S101 configuration may comprise information indicative of a procedure to report the collected data, e.g. via a radio interface or via OTT signaling, to a NW or vendor location. Moreover, the reporting information may for example indicate that the data reporting is to take place immediately at the end of the collection time window, or the next time the UE connects to the NW for regular data transmission, etc.

[0101] Moreover, the received S101 configuration may comprise information indicative of one or more reporting conditions for the UE (may be referred to as "second conditions" herein). For example, the collected data may be "interesting" for the data receiving entity only if it reflects a specific scenario, e.g. a certain propagation channel condition, beam configuration, cell deployment pattern, etc. The one or more reporting conditions may accordingly indicate that only data that corresponds to such scenarios should be reported. In more detail, the one or more reporting conditions may be that a channel quality is above / below a threshold, that a beam configuration includes more than a set number of beams, that a Doppler frequency shift is above a threshold, or that a certain condition has been fulfilled such as initiation of measurements after one or more beam failures, connection attempt failures etc.

[0102] Thus, in some embodiments, the received S101 configuration comprises one or more second conditions, and wherein the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions. The one or more second conditions comprises one or more of a channel condition, a propagation channel condition, a beam configuration condition, a cell deployment pattern condition, a gNB configuration condition, a UE location condition, or a UE configuration condition.

[0103] Accordingly, the method S100 may further comprise, checking or evaluating S302, after the time window has ended and while the UE is operating in the first power mode, whether the collected dataset fulfils the one or more second conditions. Further, in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions, the method S100 may further comprise entering S104 the second power mode, and transmitting S107, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of collected dataset to the network node. Accordingly, the LR mode may be used to check or evaluate S302 the collected S103 dataset. Moreover, in some embodiments, the checking or evaluating S302 is performed while the data is being collected S302, and the method S100 comprises only storing or buffering the data that fulfils the one or more second conditions. Meaning that collected data S302 that does not fulfil the one or more second conditions are not persistently stored but discarded. P111420W001

[0104] 18

[0105] However, in some embodiments, the collected S103 dataset may be checked or evaluated S303 against the one or more second conditions using the MR mode. For example, if the required processing for performing this check or evaluation S303 requires more advanced capabilities not available for the LR. Accordingly, the method S100 may comprise checking or evaluating S303, after the UE has entered S104 the second power mode, whether the collected dataset fulfils the second condition. Then, in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the second condition, transmitting S107, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative collected dataset to the network node.

[0106] The checking or evaluation S302, S303 may be based on post-processing of the collected data, which may include estimating signal quality values (like RSRP, SINR) or channel characteristics (like Doppler frequency shift, delay spread, Line of Sight, LOS).

[0107] Moreover, in some embodiments, in response to the collected S103 dataset not fulfilling the one or more second conditions, the method S100 may comprise discarding the collected S103 data. In other words, if the evaluation S302, S303 result is unfavorable, the data is not reported S107, and the buffer may be emptied.

[0108] Further, in some embodiments, the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected S103 dataset is performed according to a Radio Access Network (RAN) protocol or a Uu-interface protocol. Moreover, the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected S103 dataset may be performed according to an MDT mechanism or an ML data collection mechanism. However, the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected S103 dataset may be performed according to a non-3GPP protocol, such as an OTT protocol.

[0109] In some embodiments, the collection S103 of the dataset, the entry S104 to the second power mode, and the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the received S101 configuration indicating a periodicity of collected data samples below a first threshold. Similarly, in some embodiments, the collection S103 of the dataset, the entry S104 to the second power mode, and the transmission S105 of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the time window being above a second threshold. Also, in some embodiments, the collection S103 of the dataset, the entry S104 to the second power mode, and the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the received S101 configuration indicating that collection occasions for collecting S103 the dataset are offset by more than a threshold from Paging Occasions (PO) time locations. In other words, the data collection approach using the LR mode may be invoked only if the expected energy savings exceeds some value as compared to performing the data collection using the MR mode. P111420W001

[0110] 19

[0111] For example, if the received S101 configuration indicates a periodicity of the to-be collected data samples is below a first threshold, that in turn may serve as an indication that it is a high-rate data collection operation, and that performing the data collection using the LR mode may amount to substantial energy savings for the UE. The periodicity of collected data samples being below a threshold may for example be indicated by a collection rate for collecting the data exceeding some threshold (e.g., in the form of a paging monitoring rate for the UE). Similarly, if the time window for data collection is too short, it may not amount to any relevant energy savings to perform the data collection in the LR mode.

[0112] Moreover, in some embodiments, the collection S103 of the dataset, the entry S104 to the second power mode, and the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the received configuration indicating a required quality of collected data samples below a third threshold. In other words, the LR is used for data reception and processing only if a required fidelity level for the collected data is below a threshold, where the threshold corresponds to the fidelity level achievable by the LR receiver. The fidelity may refer to receiver sensitivity or linearity, data resolution (e.g. sample bit width), and so forth. A related condition may be formulated in terms of the received signal quality, e.g. the LR is used if the link SINR exceeds a threshold. Similarly, a threshold may be set regarding the required processing, where the threshold corresponds to the processing capability of the LR.

[0113] Further, the collection S103 of the data set may be performed while the UE is in a first Radio Resource Control, RRC, state and the entry S104 to the second power mode may be performed while the UE is in the first RRC state. Accordingly, the switching from the first power mode (LR mode) to the second power mode (MR mode) do not necessarily imply that a switch to a different RRC state is performed, and that the power modes referred to herein are not to be construed as different RRC states.

[0114] However, if the first RRC state is not an RRC connected state, the method S100 may comprise switching or transitioning S105 to the RRC connected state prior to the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected dataset.

[0115] In more detail, the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected dataset may comprise, in response to the RRC state of the UE not being RRC connected state, entering S105, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, RRC connected state and transmitting S107 the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node. Alternatively, the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected dataset may comprise, in response to the RRC state of the UE not being RRC connected state, waiting, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, for a P111420W001

[0116] 20 next RRC connected state and transmitting S107 the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node after the UE has entered the next RRC connected state.

[0117] Moreover, the transmission S107 of the information indicative of the collected dataset may comprise, in response to the RRC state of the UE being RRC connected state, transmitting S106, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, a Scheduling Request (SR) and then transmitting S107, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node. Accordingly, the method S100 may comprise transmitting S106 a Scheduling Request (SR) to the network node, prior to transmitting S107 the information indicative of the collected dataset, while the UE is operating in the second power mode. In some embodiments, the UE may be requested by the network to transmit the information indicative of the collected dataset. In other words, the method S100 may comprise receiving a request from the network node to transmit the information indicative of the collected dataset.

[0118] As mentioned in the foregoing, the herein disclosed method S100 may be employed in an MDT framework. In other words, the method S100 may be performed by a UE supporting MDT functionality. In an illustrative example, the UE may be configured to log SS-RSRP per cell (collect dataset) and report it to the network (transmit information). Moreover, the UE may be configured to perform the logging when the signaled beam configuration in the cell matches a beam configuration provided in the logging configuration (the received configuration).

[0119] In more detail, the UE may use the LR mode to check whether the eventLl condition is fulfilled (monitoring S102a), based on filtered LI SSB RSRP measurements over a period of 100 ms. If the condition is fulfilled, the UE collects the SS-RSRP per cell data over the configured time window. It then wakes up the MR mode, connects to the NW and reports the logged data to the network node. If the condition is not fulfilled, the UE waits a predetermined duration, e.g. 10 seconds, and returns to check the condition again.

[0120] Alternatively, the UE may collect the SS-RSRP per cell data over the configured time window, using the LR mode. It then, still in the LR mode, checks whether the eventLl condition is fulfilled, based on one or more segments of the collected data, applying LI filtering. If the condition is fulfilled, the UE wakes up the MR mode, connects to the network node and reports the logged data to the network node. If the condition is not fulfilled, the does not wake the MR to connect and report the data but remains in LR operation and continues data collection and buffering, immediately of after a predetermined duration, e.g. 10 seconds. P111420W001

[0121] 21

[0122] As also mentioned in the foregoing, the herein disclosed method S100 may be employed to support AI / ML data collection functionality. In other words, at least a portion of the collected S103 dataset may form a ground truth dataset for subsequent training, testing, or verification of a machine-learning algorithm. Accordingly, once the network receives the collected S103 dataset, it may store S401 the dataset and train S402 a machine learning algorithm using the collected S103 dataset as part of a training dataset.

[0123] In an illustrative example, the UE may be is configured to log SS-RSRP per SSB index of a serving cell and report it to the network. Moreover, the UE may be configured to perform the logging when an eventLl condition is fulfilled (triggered). This example configuration may for example be used for training data collection for ML model training for beam management reporting reduction.

[0124] In another illustrative example, the UE may use the MR mode to check whether the beam configuration condition in the serving cell is fulfilled, based on acquiring SIB1 or other SIB contents. If the condition is fulfilled, the UE switches to LR mode and collects the SS-RSRP per cell data over the configured measurement window / duration. It then wakes up the MR mode, connects to the network node and reports the logged data to the network node. If the condition is not fulfilled, the UE deactivates the MR mode. It returns to check the condition again with the MR once the UE has reselected to another cell, or a predetermined time has passed, e.g. 30 minutes.

[0125] Accordingly, to support network-side model training, UE-side model training, UE-side model performance monitoring, or network-side model performance monitoring, the network may need to collect measurement results from one or more UEs. In the scenario where the UE is to perform data collection to support UE-side training, the data to be collected may be indicated by the network even if the training is performed on the UE side. For example, the signal to be received and measured on may be synchronization signal burst (SSB), low power synchronization signal (LP-SS), a Beam Management channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a link adaptation CSI-RS, tracking reference signal (TRS), positioning reference signal (PRS), interference measurements, etc. and the UE may be instructed to estimate signal quality values for one or more cells or one or more beams, like RSRP, Ll-RSRP, SINR, Doppler frequency shift, etc. or other characteristics like timing advance, the number of visible cells, etc. The sampled and processed data may typically be stored in a memory (buffer) in the UE for later reporting to the network, e.g. when the UE later enters a connected state.

[0126] However, to ensure model generalization for the ML models over many possible transmission scenarios, a training data set for Al PHY model training should preferably include data from all conceivable such scenarios. However, guaranteed sampling of all scenarios is difficult and uncertainties or problems with P111420W001

[0127] 22 data-based models occur primarily in less common scenarios where initial training data has been insufficient. Therefore, the UE may additionally be configured with conditions for data collection and reporting, for example the one or more first conditions and the one or more second conditions mentioned in the foregoing. For example, the data may meet a given, network-specified event, which triggers the UE to initiate the data collection if it reflects a less common scenario, e.g. a certain propagation channel condition, beam configuration, cell deployment pattern, etc. The UE may then be configured to report only data corresponding to such scenarios. As mentioned, such reporting criteria may be transmitted to the UE as part of the configuration for data collection and reporting.

[0128] It should be noted that while the embodiments of the method S100 have generally been described in reference to radio network interfaces, these embodiments are analogously applicable for data collection that is configured by and uploaded to an OTT entity (e.g., an operator, UE vendor, chipset vendor, or the like).

[0129] Furthermore, in accordance with some aspects, there is provided an alternative approach to using the LR mode for collecting the data as indicated in the received S101 configuration. In more detail, the LR mode is used to "scout" or "monitor" for data collection trigger events and then to activate the MR mode to perform the data collection when such a trigger event is detected. Same as before, such a solution may provide an advantage of reducing the power consumption of the UE when used for data collection purposes.

[0130] Thus, in some aspects, there is provided a method for a UE in a wireless communication system. The method may comprise receiving, from a network node, a configuration for data collection and reporting. The configuration may comprise a first collection condition (e.g., the "measurement condition" mentioned in the foregoing) and a time window. The method may further comprise monitoring, while the UE is operating in a first power mode (e.g., "LR mode" mentioned in the foregoing), received data or signals during a first portion of the time window. Then, in response to a data metric or a channel metric of the monitored data or signals, during the first portion of the time window, fulfilling the first collection condition, the method may further comprise entering a second power mode (e.g., "MR mode" mentioned in the foregoing. As before, the power consumption of the UE is higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode. Further, the method may comprise collecting, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, data during a second portion of the time period, and transmitting, after the time period has ended while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the collected data to the network node. The second portion may be subsequent to the first portion and wherein a time period between the first portion and the second portion is below a proximity threshold. P111420W001

[0131] 23

[0132] Accordingly, in this aspect, the LR continuously monitors data transmissions or related measurement metrics according to the received data collection configuration, including the collection trigger events / conditions. The LR is assumed to be capable of detecting the trigger event, but due to the low- energy design it may have performance limitations compared to the measurement requirements. The limitations may be specific to individual UE implementations but may relate to worse noise figure, sensitivity, linearity, etc.) Therefore, upon detecting a triggering condition, the UE wakes up the MR to start collecting the data according to the received configuration. This aspect therefore addresses the scenario where continuous LR-based monitoring requires significantly less power than operation with MR, but the quality or quantity of the information received by the LR may not be sufficient to meet the data collection requirements, so the MR is engaged once a relevant occasion for data collection is found, e.g. satisfying a configured link condition. The wake-up of the MR is conditional, based on whether the data comes from a scenario fulfilling the collection condition event, initiating the logged measurements session. When the collection window is finished, or enough data has been collected for uploading, the MR transfers the data when the UE is in connected mode.

[0133] As readily understood by the skilled reader, analogous features are applicable for this aspect where the LR mode is used to "scout" or "monitor" for data collection trigger events and then to activate the MR mode to perform the data collection when such a trigger event is detected, as discussed in reference to the method S100 above. For example, the first collection condition may comprise one of a channel condition, a propagation channel condition, a beam configuration condition, a cell deployment pattern condition, a gNB configuration condition, or a UE configuration condition. Similarly, the transmission of the information indicative of the collected data may be performed according to an MDT mechanism or an ML data collection mechanism.

[0134] Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.

[0135] Fig. 6 shows a UE 112 in accordance with some embodiments. The UE 112 presents additional details of some embodiments of the UE 112A-D of Figure 6. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage / playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), an Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) device, wireless customer-premise P111420W001

[0136] 24 equipment (CPE), vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a narrow band internet of things (NB-loT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. The UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for side link communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), vehicle- to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to-everything (V2X).

[0137] The UE 112 includes processing circuitry 202 that is operatively coupled via a bus 204 to an input / output interface 206, a power source 208, a memory 210, a communication interface 212, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Fig. 6. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc. The processing circuitry 202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 210. The processing circuitry 202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs).

[0138] In the example, the input / output interface 206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 112. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device. P111420W001

[0139] 25

[0140] In some embodiments, the power source 208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source 208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 208 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 112 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 208. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 112 to which power is supplied.

[0141] The memory 210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 210 includes one or more application programs 214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 216. The memory 210 may store, for use by the UE 112, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[0142] The memory 210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUlCC), integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as 'SIM card.' The memory 210 may allow the UE 112 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.

[0143] The processing circuitry 202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 212. The communication interface 212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 222. The communication interface 212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as P111420W001

[0144] 26 by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network). Each transceiver may include a transmitter 218 and / or a receiver 220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth). Moreover, the transmitter 218 and receiver 220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.

[0145] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP), synchronous optical networking (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and so forth.

[0146] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (loT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an loT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal- or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an loT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the loT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE 112 shown in Fig. 6.

[0147] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry 202 executing instructions stored in memory 210, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In P111420W001

[0148] 27 alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 202 without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry 202 can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry 202 alone or to other components of the UE 112, but are enjoyed by the UE as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.

[0149] Accordingly, the UE 112 comprises processing circuitry 202 and memory 210 comprising instructions which, when executed on the processing circuitry 202, causes the processing circuitry 202 to carry out the method according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0150] In more detail, the processing circuitry 202 is configured to receive, from a network node, a configuration for data collection and reporting. Moreover, the configuration comprises at least a time window. Further, the processing circuitry 202 is configured to collect, while the UE 112 is operating in a first power mode, a dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, and to enter a second power mode after the time window has ended. Here, a power consumption of the UE is higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode. Moreover, the processing circuitry 202 is configured to transmit, while the UE 112 is operating in the second power mode, information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

[0151] As before, the power consumption of the UE may be at least 5 times higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode. In particular, the power consumption of the UE may be at least 10 times higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode.

[0152] Accordingly, some embodiments herein propose a UE having an l / Q. sample-capable low-power receiver (LR) mode in the UE, originally designed for LP-WUS detection, which is used to collect and store data over a data collection time window according to a received data collection configuration, e.g. MDT. During this time, the MR mode / functionality remains in deep sleep. When the time window for collection is finished, or enough data has been collected for uploading, the LR may wake up the MR that transfers the data, or the LR may buffer the collected data and ask MR to transfer the data when the UE is in connected mode.

[0153] As mentioned, the collection and / or transfer may be conditional. Thus, in some embodiments, the configuration comprises one or more first conditions and the processing circuitry 202 is further configured to monitor, before the time window and while the UE 112 is operating in the first power mode, received data or signals. Further, in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored P111420W001

[0154] 28 data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions, the processing circuitry 202 may be configured to collect, while the UE 112 is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, and enter the second power mode after the time window has ended. Further, the processing circuitry 202 may be configured to transmit, while the UE 112 is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

[0155] Moreover, in some embodiments, wherein the processing circuitry 202 may be configured to monitor, before the time window and while the UE 112 is operating in the second power mode, received data or signals. Further, in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions, the processing circuitry 202 may be configured to collect, while the UE is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, and enter the second power mode after the time window has ended. Further, the processing circuitry 202 may be configured to transmit, while the UE 112 is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

[0156] In the above examples, the check for fulfillment of a measurement criterion is performed before the data collection. However, the UE may alternatively, or additionally, be configured to perform an analogous check on the data once it has been collected. Thus, in some embodiments, the configuration comprises one or more second conditions, and the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the collected dataset fulfilling a one or more second conditions. This check, after the dataset has been collected, may be performed by the LR or by the MR depending on specific implementations.

[0157] As used throughout the present disclosure, the term "if" or should be construed as "when" or "upon" or "in response to" or "in an instance of" or "in case of".

[0158] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and / or is implied from the context in which it is used.

[0159] Reference has been made herein to various embodiments. However, a person skilled in the art would recognize numerous variations to the described embodiments that would still fall within the scope of the claims. In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed exemplary aspects of the disclosure. However, many variations and modifications can be made to these aspects without substantially departing from the principles of the present disclosure. Thus, the disclosure should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and not as being limited to the particular aspects P111420W001

[0160] 29 discussed above. Accordingly, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

[0161] For example, the method embodiments described herein discloses example methods through steps being performed in a certain order. However, it is recognized that these sequences of events may take place in another order without departing from the scope of the claims. Furthermore, some method steps may be performed in parallel even though they have been described as being performed in sequence. Thus, the steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and / or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. In the same manner, it should be noted that in the description of embodiments, the partition of functional blocks into particular units is by no means intended as limiting. Contrarily, these partitions are merely examples. Functional blocks described herein as one unit may be split into two or more units. Furthermore, functional blocks described herein as being implemented as two or more units may be merged into fewer (e.g. a single) unit. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever suitable. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa.

Claims

P111420W00130CLAIMS1. A method (S100) for a User Equipment, UE, in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving (S101), from a network node, a configuration for data collection and reporting, wherein the configuration comprises a time window; collecting (S103), while the UE is operating in a first power mode, a dataset in accordance with the received (S101) configuration during the time window; entering (S104) a second power mode after the time window has ended, wherein a power consumption of the UE is higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode; and transmitting (S107), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, information indicative of the collected (S103) dataset to the network node.

2. The method (S100) according to claim 1, wherein the power consumption of the UE is at least 5 times higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode.

3. The method (S100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the collection (S103) of the dataset is performed while the UE is in a first Radio Resource Control, RRC, state and the entry (S104) to the second power mode is performed while the UE is in the first RRC state.

4. The method (S100) according to claim 3, further comprising: in response to the first RRC state not being RRC connected state, switching (S105) to RRC connected state prior to the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset.

5. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the configuration comprises one or more first conditions, the method (S100) further comprising: monitoring (S102a), before the time window and while the UE is operating in the first power mode, received data or signals; in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions: collecting (S103), while the UE is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, entering (S104) the second power mode after the time window has ended, and transmitting (S107), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.P111420W001316. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the configuration comprises one or more first conditions, the method further comprising: monitoring (S102b), before the time window and while the UE is operating in the second power mode, received data or signals; in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions: collecting (S103), while the UE is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, entering (S104) the second power mode after the time window has ended, and transmitting (S107), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

7. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 5-6, wherein the one or more first conditions comprise one or more of a channel condition, a propagation channel condition, a beam configuration condition, a cell deployment pattern condition, a gNB configuration condition, or a UE configuration condition.

8. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the configuration comprises one or more second conditions, and wherein the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions.

9. The method (S100) according to claim 8, further comprising: checking (S302), after the time window has ended and while the UE is operating in the first power mode, whether the collected (S103) dataset fulfils the one or more second conditions; in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions: entering (S104) the second power mode, and transmitting (S107), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of collected dataset to the network node.

10. The method (S100) according to claim 8, further comprising: checking (S303), after the UE has entered the second power mode, whether the collected dataset fulfils the one or more second conditions;P111420W00132 in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions: transmitting (S107), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative collected dataset to the network node.

11. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 8-10, wherein the one or more second conditions comprise one or more of a channel condition, a propagation channel condition, a beam configuration condition, a cell deployment pattern condition, a gNB configuration condition, or a UE configuration condition.

12. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to a Radio Access Network, RAN, protocol or a Uu-interface protocol.

13. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to a Minimization of Drive Tests, MDT, mechanism or a Machine Learning, ML, data collection mechanism.

14. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to a non-3GPP protocol.

15. The method (S100) according to claim 14, wherein the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to an Over-The-Top, OTT, protocol.

16. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein the collection (S103) of the dataset, the entry (S104) to the second power mode, and the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the received (S101) configuration indicating a periodicity of collected data samples below a first threshold.

17. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-16, wherein the collection (S103) of the dataset, the entry (S104) to the second power mode, and the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the time window being above a second threshold.P111420W0013318. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-17, wherein the collection (S103) of the dataset, the entry (S104) to the second power mode, and the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the received (S101) configuration indicating a required quality of collected data samples below a third threshold.

19. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-18, wherein the transmission (S107) of the information indicative of the collected dataset comprises one of: in response to the RRC state of the UE not being RRC connected state: entering (S105), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, RRC connected state and transmitting (S107) the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node; or waiting, while the UE is operating in the second power mode, for a next RRC connected state and transmitting (S107) the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node; in response to the RRC state of the UE being RRC connected state: transmitting (S106), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, a SchedulingRequest, SR, and transmitting (S107), while the UE is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

20. The method (S100) according to any one of claims 1-19, wherein at least a portion of the collected dataset forms a ground truth dataset for subsequent training of a machine-learning algorithm.

21. A computer program, comprising instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method (100) according to any one of the claims 1 to 20.

22. A User Equipment, UE, (112) comprising processing circuitry (202) and a memory (210), the processing circuitry (202) being configured to: receive, from a network node (110), a configuration for data collection and reporting, wherein the configuration comprises a time window; collect, while the UE (112) is operating in a first power mode, a dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window;P111420W00134 enter a second power mode after the time window has ended, wherein a power consumption of the UE (112) is higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode; transmit, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node (110).

23. The UE (112) according to claim 22, wherein the power consumption of the UE (112) is at least 5 times higher in the second power mode than in the first power mode.

24. The UE (112) according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the collection of the dataset is performed while the UE is in a first Radio Resource Control, RRC, state and the entry to the second power mode is performed while the UE is in the first RRC state.

25. The UE (112) according to claim 24, wherein the processing circuitry (202) is configured to: in response to the first RRC state not being RRC connected state, switch to RRC connected state prior to the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset.

26. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-25, wherein the configuration comprises one or more first conditions and wherein the processing circuitry (202) is further configured to: monitor, before the time window and while the UE (112) is operating in the first power mode, received data or signals; in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions: collect, while the UE (112) is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, enter the second power mode after the time window has ended, and transmit, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

27. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-25, wherein the configuration comprises one or more first conditions and wherein the processing circuitry (202) is further configured to:P111420W00135 monitor, before the time window and while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, received data or signals; in response to a data metric or channel metric of the monitored data or signals fulfilling the one or more first conditions: collect, while the UE (112) is operating in the first power mode, the dataset in accordance with the received configuration during the time window, enter the second power mode after the time window has ended, and transmit, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

28. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 26-27, wherein the one or more second conditions comprises one or more of a channel condition, a propagation channel condition, a beam configuration condition, a cell deployment pattern condition, a gNB configuration condition, or a UE configuration condition.

29. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-25, wherein the configuration comprises one or more second conditions, and wherein the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions.

30. The UE (112) according to claim 29, wherein the processing circuitry (202) is configured to: check, after the time window has ended and while the UE (112) is operating in the first power mode, whether the collected dataset fulfils the one or more second conditions; in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions: enter the second power mode, and transmit, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

31. The UE (112) according to claim 29, wherein the processing circuitry (202) is configured to: check, after the UE (112) has entered the second power mode, whether the collected dataset fulfils the one or more second conditions; in response to the collected dataset fulfilling the one or more second conditions:P111420W00136 transmit, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node.

32. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 29-31, wherein the one or more second conditions comprises one or more of a channel condition, a propagation channel condition, a beam configuration condition, a cell deployment pattern condition, a gNB configuration condition, or a UE configuration condition.

33. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-32, wherein the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to a Radio Access Network, RAN, protocol or a Uu-interface protocol.

34. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-33, wherein the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to a Minimization of Drive Tests, MDT, mechanism or a Machine Learning, ML, data collection mechanism.

35. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-32, wherein the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to a non-3GPP protocol.

36. The UE (112) according to claim 35, wherein the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed according to an Over-The-Top, OTT, protocol.

37. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-36, herein the collection of the dataset, the entry to the second power mode, and the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the received configuration indicating a periodicity of collected data samples below a first threshold.

38. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-37, wherein the collection of the dataset, the entry to the second power mode, and the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the time window being above a second threshold.

39. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-38, wherein the collection of the dataset, the entry to the second power mode, and the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset is performed in response to the received configuration indicating a required quality of collected data samples below a third threshold.P111420W0013740. The UE (112) according to any one of claims 22-39, wherein the transmission of the information indicative of the collected dataset comprises one of: in response to the RRC state of the UE (112) not being RRC connected state: enter, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, RRC connected state and transmit the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node; or wait, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, for a next RRC connected state and transmit the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node (110); in response to the RRC state of the UE (112) being RRC connected state: transmit, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, a Scheduling Request, SR, and transmit, while the UE (112) is operating in the second power mode, the information indicative of the collected dataset to the network node (110).

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