Device and method for sensing node calibration
By employing reference signal sets with a common spatial filter for timing and frequency calibration, the synchronization issues between radio nodes are addressed, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of environment sensing in RANs.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-02
AI Technical Summary
The lack of clock synchronization between radio nodes in user equipment (UE) and base stations in radio access networks (RAN) leads to timing and frequency offsets, causing biases in range and Doppler shift estimations, which adversely impact the accuracy and reliability of environment sensing.
A mechanism for timing and frequency calibration using reference signal sets received or transmitted with a common spatial filter within a configured period, allowing for the estimation and compensation of timing and frequency offsets to correct range and Doppler measurement biases.
This approach enhances the accuracy of sensing by removing biases caused by synchronization errors, resulting in unbiased subsequent sensing results and improved measurement precision.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024141513_02072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR SENSING NODE CALIBRATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of wireless technology. For instance, the disclosure relates to sensing nodes and method for sensing node calibration.BACKGROUND
[0002] Radio access networks (RAN) are deployed for communication purposes, enabling the transmission of information between nodes via radio signals. As these radio signals propagate through the environment, interacting with various objects and surfaces, they may also be utilized to extract information about the environment. This capability has paved the way for the evolution of next-generation RANs, where radio nodes are envisioned as multifunctional devices capable of both communication and sensing.
[0003] In an integrated sensing and communication system, radio nodes, such as base stations, user devices (or user equipment, UE) , and any other entities capable of transmitting and / or receiving radio signals, play a pivotal role. These radio nodes can leverage their sensing capabilities to extract detailed environmental information, opening new opportunities for applications beyond traditional communication systems.SUMMARY
[0004] Environment sensing can be realized using different sensing configurations within a RAN. For instance, monostatic sensing involves a co-located transmitter and receiver, while bistatic sensing deploys the transmitter and receiver on separate nodes. Among these configurations, UE-assisted bistatic sensing introduces significant advantages by leveraging the mobility of UEs. A moving UE can function as a dynamic sensing node, enabling the creation of large synthetic antenna apertures that enhance sensing resolution. Furthermore, activating a UE as a sensing node allows coverage of occluded areas that may not be accessible from the perspective of a base station, thereby extending the network's sensing capabilities.
[0005] One critical challenge to employ user devices as sensing nodes is synchronization. Each user device operates using its own local oscillator and hardware, which means the clocks at the RAN nodes and the UEs are not locked. This lack of clock synchronization introduces time-varying carrier frequency offsets and sampling clock offsets. Such asynchronization between sensing nodes can result in timing and frequency offsets, ultimately causing biases in range and Doppler shift estimations, which can adversely impact the accuracy and reliability of the sensing process.
[0006] In a communication-oriented RAN, synchronization is primarily implemented at the receiver side to align symbol timing, mitigate inter-carrier and inter-symbol interference, and eliminate unwanted phase variations caused by frequency offsets.
[0007] In radar systems designed for remote sensing, persistent scatterers-dominated by strong, consistent reflecting objects-provide radar responses that remain constant over time. These coherent scatterers, or coherent pixels when reflected on a radar image, are used to align multiple radar images, enabling finer sensing resolutions. This approach facilitates the monitoring of micro-displacements, such as subtle changes in the Earth's surface over time.
[0008] In communication systems, synchronization does not require differentiation between the effects of frequency offset and Doppler shift, nor between timing offset and tap delay. Instead, these effects are often combined into a single effective channel which is estimated and used for equalization to demodulate data symbols.
[0009] In contrast, environment sensing aims to extract information about the surroundings based on measurements obtained at sensing nodes. For this purpose, it is critical to separate time and frequency offsets from tap delay and Doppler shift on each individual path in order to infer the distance and the dynamic pattern of the corresponding scatterer. This unfortunately is not supported by the state-of-the-art design.
[0010] This invention provides a mechanism for timing and frequency calibration when using radio nodes in a mobile radio network as sensing devices. The goal is to remove the ranging bias caused by a timing offset and Doppler shift bias by a frequency offset.
[0011] These and other objectives are achieved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Further implementation forms are apparent from the dependent claims, the description, and the drawings.
[0012] A first aspect of the present disclosure provides a sensing receiver configured to receive one or more reference signal sets for sensing calibration. Each reference signal set comprises at least two reference signals. The at least two reference signals are received using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.
[0013] By receiving reference signals using the common spatial filter and within the configured period of time, it can eliminate variations in delay and / or Doppler shift caused by environmental dynamics. This allows for estimating delay and Doppler shift caused by synchronization errors, which is important for accurate sensing.
[0014] The configured period of time may corresponds to the channel coherence time. Optionally, the at least two reference signals are received at distinct time instances. The distinct time instances may be subsequent.
[0015] In the present disclosure, the spatial filter may be referred to as a configuration applied during the reception or transmission of signals to focus or direct all reference signals within a set toward a specific spatial region or angle. For the sensing receiver, the spatial filter can be configured to control the directionality of signal reception, allowing the sensing receiver to target specific areas. The common spatial filter can ensure that at least two reference signals interact with a same desired region, or with one or more environment objects in the same region.
[0016] Notably, the sensing calibration (or sensing node calibration) refers to a procedure to correct range and / or Doppler measurement bias. This may be realized by estimating the timing and / or frequency offset based on the at least two reference signals in one set. The range and / or Doppler measurement bias can be cancelled or compensated based on the timing and / or frequency offset estimation.
[0017] Optionally, when two or more reference signal sets are received, different spatial filters can be applied to different reference signal sets, creating spatial diversity.
[0018] In an implementation form of the first aspect, for performing the sensing calibration, the sensing receiver is configured to compensate a time and / or frequency error based on the one or more reference signal sets.
[0019] The time error, such as synchronization drift or timing offsets between sensing nodes, causes a bias in delay measurements. The frequency error, such as local oscillator frequency offsets, causes deviations in Doppler shift measurement.
[0020] Calibration removes timing and frequency errors that degrade measurement accuracy. This leads to unbiased subsequent sensing results.
[0021] In a further implementation form of the first aspect, the sensing receiver is configured to provide the time and / or frequency error to a network device.
[0022] Additionally or alternatively, the sensing receiver may be configured to provide the time and / or frequency error to the sensing transmitter or a network entity for extracting information based on the delay and / or Doppler shift measurements.
[0023] In a further implementation form of the first aspect, for performing the sensing calibration, the sensing receiver is configured to: receive assistance information (referred to as RX assistance information) ; estimate a set of path parameters based on the one or more reference signal sets and the assistance information; and compensate the time and / or frequency error based on the set of path parameters.
[0024] The RX assistance information may be received from the network side, such as a sensing controller.
[0025] The estimated path parameters may be parameters derived from channel impulse response of the received one or more reference signal sets, such as path delay, power, phase and Doppler shift.
[0026] In a further implementation form of the first aspect, the assistance information comprises at least one of: a time window; an expected path parameter; a channel parameter uncertainty; a received path power threshold; and a path quality indicator.
[0027] Optionally, the time window specifies a time interval during which the sensing receiver measures reference signals. It ensures that measurements are taken within a consistent and coherent channel state.
[0028] Optionally, the expected path parameter may indicate an expected characteristic of the channel impulse response paths, such as an anticipated delay value, Doppler shift, or amplitude range. These may indicate the sensing receiver to focus on relevant paths.
[0029] Optionally, the channel parameter uncertainty may indicate a range or tolerance associated with expected path parameters, caused by the dynamics in the channel environment (e.g., due to mobility or interference) .
[0030] Optionally, the received path power threshold may indicate a minimum power level for received signal paths to be considered valid for calibration. This allows the sensing receiver to select a dominant path and ignore the noise or weak reflections.
[0031] Optionally, the path quality indicator may comprise a metric, such as amplitude dispersion, phase stability, or Doppler variance, that indicates the reliability and suitability of a path for calibration purposes.
[0032] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a sensing transmitter configured to transmit one or more reference signal sets. Each reference signal set comprises at least two reference signals. The at least two reference signals are transmitted using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.
[0033] The transmitted one or more reference signal sets are for sensing calibration (of a corresponding sensing receiver) . In particular, each reference signal set is used to estimate a time and / or frequency error due to miss synchronization between a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver. The configured period of time may corresponds to the channel coherence time.
[0034] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the sensing transmitter is configured to transmit the at least two reference signals at distinct time instances.
[0035] In a further implementation form of the second aspect, the sensing transmitter is configured to transmit the at least two reference signals at subsequent time instances.
[0036] Reference signals within the set may be transmitted at distinct but subsequent time instances to ensure the transmissions are within channel coherence time, so that the measurements based on these reference signals not impacted by the dynamics of the wireless environment.
[0037] In a further implementation form of the second aspect, the sensing transmitter is configured to transmit a plurality of reference signal sets. Each reference signal set being associated with a distinct spatial filter. This allows environment objects in different regions to be illuminated, resulting in different paths that can be used for time and frequency error calibration.
[0038] In a further implementation form of the second aspect, the spatial filter is associated with a reference object.
[0039] Optionally, before transmitting the one or more reference signal sets, the sensing transmitter may be configured to obtain assistance information (referred to as TX assistance information) from the network side (e.g., a sensing controller) . The TX assistance information may comprise location information of a number of references objects. Based on this information, the sensing transmitter can transmit a reference signal set with a respective spatial filtering directing to a specific reference object.
[0040] In a further implementation form of the second aspect, the sensing transmitter is a communication device for a radio access network, and the one or more reference signal sets are configured based on one of the following: a set of parameters of existing reference signals for the radio access network; an association of a plurality of existing reference signals for the radio access network.
[0041] The sensing transmitter of the second aspect may share the same or corresponding features and technical effects of the sensing receiver of the first aspect.
[0042] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a system for sensing, the system comprising a sensing receiver according to the first aspect, and a sensing transmitter according to the second aspect.
[0043] A fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method applied to a sensing receiver. The method comprises receiving one or more reference signal sets for sensing calibration. Each reference signal set comprises at least two reference signals. The at least two reference signals are received using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.
[0044] In an implementation form of the fourth aspect, for performing the sensing calibration, the method comprises compensating a time and / or frequency error based on the one or more reference signal sets.
[0045] In a further implementation form of the fourth aspect, the method comprises providing a time and / or frequency error to a network device.
[0046] In a further implementation form of the fourth aspect, for performing the sensing calibration, the method comprises: receiving assistance information (referred to as RX assistance information) ; estimating a set of path parameters based on the one or more reference signal sets and the assistance information; and compensating the time and / or frequency error based on the set of path parameters.
[0047] In a further implementation form of the fourth aspect, the assistance information comprises at least one of: a time window; an expected path parameter; a channel parameter uncertainty; a received path power threshold; and a path quality indicator.
[0048] A fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method applied to a sensing transmitter. The method comprising transmitting one or more reference signal sets. Each reference signal set comprises at least two reference signals. The at least two reference signals are transmitted using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.
[0049] In an implementation form of the fifth aspect, the at least two reference signals are transmitted at distinct time instances.
[0050] In a further implementation form of the fifth aspect, the at least two reference signals are transmitted at subsequent time instances.
[0051] In a further implementation form of the fifth aspect, a plurality of reference signal sets are transmitted. Each reference signal set is associated with a distinct spatial filter.
[0052] In a further implementation form of the fifth aspect, the spatial filter is associated with a reference object.
[0053] In a further implementation form of the fifth aspect, the sensing transmitter is a communication device for a radio access network. The one or more reference signal sets are configured based on one of the following: a set of parameters of existing reference signals for the radio access network; an association of a plurality of existing reference signals for the radio access network.
[0054] A sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the fourth / fifth aspect or any implementation form thereof.
[0055] A seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a computer-readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the fourth / fifth aspect or any implementation form thereof.
[0056] An eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a chipset comprising instructions which, when executed by the chipset, cause the chipset to carry out the method according to the fourth / fifth aspect or any implementation form thereof.
[0057] It has to be noted that all entities, devices, elements, units, and means described in the present disclosure could be implemented in software or hardware elements or any kind of combination thereof. All steps which are performed by the various entities described in the present application as well as the functionalities described to be performed by the various entities are intended to mean that the respective entity is adapted to or configured to perform the respective steps and functionalities. Even if, in the following description, a specific functionality or step to be performed by external entities is not reflected in the description of a specific detailed element of that entity, which performs that specific step or functionality, it should be clear for a skilled person that these methods and functionalities can be implemented in respective software or hardware elements, or any kind of combination thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0058] The above-described aspects and implementation forms will be explained in the following description in relation to the enclosed drawings, in which
[0059] FIG. 1 shows an example of reference signal set transmission;
[0060] FIG. 2 shows a signaling diagram of sensing node calibration;
[0061] FIG. 3 shows an example of channel impulse responses between two sensing nodes;
[0062] FIG. 4 shows an example of channel impulse responses between two sensing nodes using diverse spatial filters;
[0063] FIG. 5 shows an example of reference path selection based on assistance information;
[0064] FIG. 6 shows application scenarios of the present disclosure; and
[0065] FIG. 7 shows an example of multi-UE sensing calibration in the downlink.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0066] In FIGs. 1-7 below, corresponding elements may share the same features and function likewise.
[0067] FIG. 1 shows an example of reference signal set transmission. FIG. 2 shows a signaling diagram of sensing node calibration based on the reference signal set transmission shown in FIG. 1.
[0068] For the purpose of sensing nodes calibration, a sensing transmitter (TX) 21 is configured to transmit one or more reference signal sets to a sensing receiver (RX) 22. Each reference signal set 10 comprises at least two reference signals 11, 12 transmitted using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time. Optionally, the at least two reference signals 11, 12 are wideband signals. Optionally, the at least two reference signals 11, 12 are transmitted at distinct time instances. The distinct time instances may be subsequent time instances. Accordingly, the sensing receiver 22 is configured to receive the one or more reference signal sets, and perform sensing calibration based on the received one or more reference signal sets. In one option, the sensing receiver 22 may be configured to report the estimated timing and / or frequency offset or corresponding delay and / or Doppler migrations to another node for sensing measurement calibration. In another option, the sensing receiver 22 may be configured to obtain delay and / or Doppler measurements with the delay and / or Doppler bias compensated or cancelled.
[0069] When a plurality of reference signal sets are transmitted by the sensing transmitter 21, each reference signal set is transmitted with a distinct spatial filter. A spatial filter may be associated with a reference object. The reference object may be a static scatterer whose location is known.
[0070] Typically, no channel variation is induced by environmental objects from the one transmission instance to the other within the configured period of time of one reference signal set. For example, the distinct time instances may refer to M≥2 subsequent symbols within a channel coherence time interval in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system.
[0071] For a potential implementation based on a radio access network (e.g., a 5th generation new radio network and 6G network) , the one or more reference signal sets may be configured based on one of the following: a set of parameters of existing reference signals for the radio access network; an association (or bundling) of a plurality of existing reference signals for the radio access network.
[0072] Alternatively, a new type of reference signal for sensing node calibration may be introduced in the radio access network.
[0073] As an example, channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) may be employed for sensing calibration. CSI-RS is a reference signal that is used for channel sounding in the downlink of a mobile radio network (e.g., 5G New Radio network) . UE uses these reference signals to measure the quality of the downlink channel so that correct modulation, code rate, beam forming can be applied. CSI-RS can be also configured for time / frequency tracking and mobility measurements.
[0074] The reference signal set for sensing node calibration requires two wideband reference signals in at least two transmission instances using the same spatial filter. This may be realized using CSI-RI by: a) specifying a new CSI-RS pattern occupying at least two symbols within a slot. Multiple antenna ports are supported in order to enable consistent TX spatial filtering within a slot. The new CSI-RS occupies relatively large frequency band to achieve good estimation performance of delay migration. b) bundling of multiple existing CSI-RS patterns. For instance, a set of CSI-RSs may be configured to occupy at least two symbols within a slot. The same spatial filter should be configured for the CSI-RSs within this set.
[0075] Correspondingly, the UE, as a sensing receiver, is configured to receive the reference signal set for calibration using the same RX antenna, or RX spatial filter within a time slot. The UE obtains delay and Doppler migration estimation based on the received reference signals.
[0076] As a further example, Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) may be employed for sensing calibration. In a 5G NR network, a TRP associated with a base station may be configured to transmit PRS. This is triggered by location service for which the position of a UE is to be determined. The PRSs are used to obtain positioning measurements such as time of arrival, angle information. The PRSs are mapped to time frequency resources in downlink PRS resource. Each PRS resource may occupy multiple symbols in a slot. Each PRS resource is associated with one spatial filter. Multiple PRS resources may be configured to form a PRS resource set in order to enable repetition pattern of multiple PRS resources over multiple time slots.
[0077] Provided with an appropriate configuration, the PRS may be used for sensing calibration. For location service, the PRS configuration is provided by the location server 5G core network, while for sensing service, this may be provided by another network entity implementing the functionality of a sensing server.
[0078] Correspondingly, based on the received one or more PRS sets, the UE obtains estimation of delay and Doppler migration at each measurement instance. Alternatively, the UE may estimate the timing and frequency offsets that cause the delay and Doppler estimation and compensate them accordingly. Based on these estimations, bias-free delay and Doppler measurements can be obtained.
[0079] Optionally, before the one or more reference signal sets are transmitted, the sensing transmitter 21 and the sensing receiver 22 may be configured to obtain assistance information, respectively. The TX assistance information obtained by the sensing transmitter 21 may comprise location information of one or more references objects. Based on this information, the sensing transmitter 21 may transmit a reference signal set with a spatial filtering directing to a specific reference object. Compared to the channel impulse response (CIR) obtained based on random environmental objects, the prior knowledge of the reference objects offer stability of the dominant paths in the CIR, leading to improved performance of delay and Doppler migration estimation based on these paths. The RX assistance information obtained by the sensing receiver 22 are used to facilitate identification of dominant channel taps. The RX assistance information may comprise one or more of: a time window, an expected path parameter, a channel parameter uncertainty, a received path power threshold, and a path quality indicator.
[0080] FIG. 3 shows an example of channel impulse responses between two sensing nodes, which illustrates a basic model for sensing node calibration of this disclosure. Consider a channel impulse response at a time instant t between a sensing transmitter (TX) and a sensing receiver (RX) which comprises of superimposed delay taps originated from multiple environment objects as illustrated in FIG. 3. Each path l is characterized by an amplitude Al (t) , a path delay τl (t) and a Doppler shift fD, l (t) . The timing and frequency offsets cause the so-called delay and Doppler migration, leading to the channel impulse responses denoted as h (t, τ) below:
[0081] Each path l carries information of an environment object with a ranging information represented by the path delay τl (t) and a velocity information by Doppler shift fD, l (t) . The delay migration τo (t) and the Doppler migration fo (t) thus leads to sensing bias in range and Doppler estimations. By using the one or more reference signal sets of the present disclosure, τo (t) and fo (t) may be compensated.
[0082] FIG. 4 shows an example of channel impulse responses between two sensing nodes using diverse spatial filters.
[0083] Based on the example in FIG. 3, the sensing transmitter (TX) in this example may be configured to transmit D reference signal sets, each set with a different spatial filter b. D is a positive integer. Given the same spatial filter applied to the at least two reference signals in one reference signal set, the same environmental objects may be illuminated as shown in FIG. 4, resulting in the same propagation delays for the L paths. With a different spatial filtering applied to a further reference signal set, reflections from different sets of environment objects may be captured, leading to different channel impulse response observations. This provides spatial diversity and potentially improves system robustness.
[0084] The reference signals within each set may occupy a relatively large bandwidth in frequency, giving a fine resolution for delay estimation. Blocks (aunit of time-frequency resource, e.g., a resource block used in radio access networks) for carrying the at least two reference signals within one set may form a specific pattern allowing for frequency division multiplexing, such as a stagger pattern, a chessboard pattern, or the like.
[0085] As for the sensing receiver (RX) side, prior to providing any sensing measurement, the RX may be configured to carry out calibration procedure to remove the delay and Doppler migration caused by the timing and frequency offsets, as mentioned in FIG. 3. The RX is therefore configured to receive the D reference signal sets. For each reference signal set, the same RX spatial filter should be used to obtain channel estimation on the M time instances. Delay and Doppler migration may be estimated based on the D reference signal blocks and further removed from the delay and Doppler shift measurements obtained at the RX. In the following, an example of delay migration estimation based on D reference signal sets is given.
[0086] The RX estimates a channel impulse response hn, m for each reference signal m within a reference signal set at n-th discrete time instance. Given the tap l in CIR in an OFDM system:
[0087] The delay migration identical for all l paths caused by the timing offset at the OFDM symbol m is denoted as: τo, m=∈ [m (N+NCP) +NCP] Ts. [3]
[0088] In the equations, ∈ denotes the timing offset normalized to the sampling interval Ts, N denotes the number of subcarriers in an OFDM system, NCP denotes the length of the cyclic prefix. Since the propagation delays brought by the environment objects may be slowly time-varying within a reference signal set, the number of paths L (m) as well as their path gain al, tap delay τl and Doppler shift fD, l do not vary over m, fo, m represents a carrier frequency offset, δ (n-τl-τo, m) represents a delayed impulse function, and δ () is a Dirac delta function. The same annotations are applied to all equations in the present disclosure.
[0089] As an example, the delay migration may be estimated by observed CIR at OFDM symbol m and m+p in the reference signal set d:
[0090] which is equivalent to searching for an estimation of the delay migration that maximize the cross-correlation of the two CIR envelopes.
[0091] The RX obtains estimation of delay migration for D reference signal blocks, the overall estimation of the timing offset ε can be obtained by majority voting or linear regression based on the d=1, …, D reference signal blocks.
[0092] FIG. 5 shows an example of reference path selection based on assistance information. In general, the goal of the sensing receiver is to identify dominant channel taps resulting from a number of static or slow-moving reference objects (or scatterers) , and obtain delay and Doppler migration estimation based on these taps. Therefore, the sensing receiver may be provided with RX assistance information, facilitating identification of the dominant channel taps. The RX assistance information is based on the prior knowledge of the reference paths that are preferred to be used for delay and Doppler migration estimation. The reference paths may be created using an ideal reference object with known location, resulting in a stable tap with significant power and expected range of delay. Alternatively, other a-priori localized environment objects may also be considered for producing more reliable paths for sensing nodes calibration. The RX assistance information may comprise: expected range of path delays, e.g. delay window start and length, mean delays and variances; and thresholds enabling path selection, e.g. Reference Signal Receive Path Power (RSRPP) > Threshold.
[0093] Any other suitable information may also be comprised in the RX assistance information.
[0094] In the following, an example of Doppler migration cancellation based on a reference path is given.
[0095] Given a static reference path ls with the corresponding tap in the CIR is represented by
[0096] Since the phase of the static reference path contains only the frequency offset causing a Doppler migration, it can be used to cancel the Doppler migration from any other taps in the CIR:
[0097] Based on the received reference signal blocks as well as the assistance information, the sensing receiver may provide bias-free delay / range and Doppler shift measurements which are crucial for sensing information extraction.
[0098] FIG. 6 shows application scenarios of the present disclosure. Various implementations of bistatic sensing in a mobile radio network are shown in FIG. 6, showcasing various configurations where two radio nodes are selected to perform sensing tasks, as described in the following.
[0099] a) Downlink Bistatic Sensing
[0100] In this configuration, a Transmit Receive Point (TRP) of a base station (BS) acts as the sensing TX, and a user device (UE) functions as the sensing RX. The TRP transmits reference signals to illuminate the environment, and the UE receives and processes these signals to perform bistatic sensing. This downlink configuration is suitable for scenarios where the TRP provides strong transmission capabilities and the UE is positioned to collect and analyze reflected signals.
[0101] b) Uplink Bistatic Sensing
[0102] In the uplink scenario, the UE acts as the sensing TX, while the TRP serves as the sensing RX. The UE transmits reference signals, and the TRP, with its advanced antenna array, receives these signals and measures their reflections from the environment. The TRP’s ability to obtain high-quality Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements enhances the accuracy of uplink bistatic sensing.
[0103] c) Sidelink Bistatic Sensing
[0104] In this configuration, a user device serves as the sensing TX, while another user device operates as the sensing RX. This sidelink configuration allows direct communication and sensing between UEs, enabling flexible deployment in scenarios where BS involvement may be limited or unnecessary, such as in vehicle-to-vehicle communication.
[0105] d) Cross-Link Bistatic Sensing
[0106] In the cross-link configuration, one TRP functions as the sensing TX, and another TRP operates as the sensing RX. This setup enables TRPs to collaboratively perform bistatic sensing, leveraging their extensive coverage areas and advanced signal processing capabilities. The cross-link configuration is ideal for network deployments requiring coordinated sensing over large or complex environments.
[0107] FIG. 7 shows an example of multi-UE sensing calibration in the downlink, where a deployment environment is depicted in the upper part of FIG. 7 and a corresponding signaling diagram is depicted in the lower part of FIG. 7.
[0108] In a sensing scenario, multiple UEs may be selected to provide range and Doppler measurement based on the sensing signal transmitted in the downlink. Typically, the selected UEs are stationary with their location information acquired by the network. When the multiple UEs are selected to perform bistatic sensing with a certain TRP associated with a base station, the TRP may be configure to broadcast or multicast the reference signal blocks for calibration of the multiple selected UE. The UEs are triggered to receive the reference signal blocks and perform sensing calibration by estimation timing and / or frequency offsets based on the observed delay and Doppler migrations. In addition, each UE may be provided with calibration assistance information, facilitating identification of dominant reference paths from its own perspective. Thus, timing and / frequency offsets may be calculated by each UE so that bias-free sensing measurements can be further obtained.
[0109] The devices (e.g., the sensing transmitter, and sensing receiver) in the present disclosure may comprise processing circuitry configured to perform, conduct or initiate the various operations of the devices described herein, respectively. The processing circuitry may comprise hardware and software. The hardware may comprise analog circuitry or digital circuitry, or both analog and digital circuitry. The digital circuitry may comprise components such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field-programmable arrays (FPGAs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , or multi-purpose processors. Optionally, the processing circuitry comprises one or more processors and a non-transitory memory connected to the one or more processors. The non-transitory memory may carry executable program code which, when executed by the one or more processors, causes the respective device to perform, conduct or initiate the operations or methods described herein, respectively.
[0110] The present disclosure has been described in conjunction with various aspects as examples as well as implementations. However, other variations can be understood and effected by those persons skilled in the art and practicing the claimed subject matter, from the studies of the drawings, this disclosure and the independent claims. In the claims as well as in the description the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single element or another unit may fulfill the functions of several entities or items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in the mutual different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used in an advantageous implementation.
Claims
1.A sensing receiver (22) configured to receive one or more reference signal sets for sensing calibration, wherein each reference signal set (10) comprises at least two reference signals (11, 12) , wherein the at least two reference signals (11, 12) are received using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.2.The sensing receiver (22) according to claim 1, wherein for performing the sensing calibration, the sensing receiver (22) is configured to compensate a time and / or frequency error based on the one or more reference signal sets.3.The sensing receiver (22) according to claim 2, further configured to provide the time and / or frequency error to a network device.4.The sensing receiver (22) according to claim 2 or 3, wherein for performing the sensing calibration, the sensing receiver (22) is configured to:receive assistance information;estimate a set of path parameters based on the one or more reference signal sets and the assistance information; andcompensate the time and / or frequency error based on the set of path parameters.5.The sensing receiver (22) according to claim 4, wherein the assistance information comprises at least one of:a time window;an expected path parameter;a channel parameter uncertainty;a received path power threshold; anda path quality indicator.6.A sensing transmitter (21) configured to transmit one or more reference signal sets, wherein each reference signal set (10) comprises at least two reference signals (11, 12) , wherein the at least two reference signals (11, 12) are transmitted using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.7.The sensing transmitter (21) according to claim 6, wherein the sensing transmitter (21) is configured to transmit the at least two reference signals (11, 12) at distinct time instances.8.The sensing transmitter (21) according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the sensing transmitter (21) is configured to transmit the at least two reference signals (11, 12) at subsequent time instances.9.The sensing transmitter (21) according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the sensing transmitter (21) is configured to transmit a plurality of reference signal sets, each reference signal set being associated with a distinct spatial filter.10.The sensing transmitter (21) according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the spatial filter is associated with a reference object.11.The sensing transmitter (21) according to any one of claims 6 to 10, wherein the sensing transmitter (21) is a communication device for a radio access network, and the one or more reference signal sets are configured based on one of the following:a set of parameters of existing reference signals for the radio access network;an association of a plurality of existing reference signals for the radio access network.12.A system for sensing, the system comprising a sensing receiver (22) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, and a sensing transmitter (21) according to any one of claims 6 to 11.13.A method applied to a sensing receiver (22) , the method comprising:receiving one or more reference signal sets for sensing calibration, wherein each reference signal set (10) comprises at least two reference signals (11, 12) , wherein the at least two reference signals (11, 12) are received using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.14.A method applied to a sensing transmitter (21) , the method comprising:transmitting one or more reference signal sets, wherein each reference signal set (10) comprises at least two reference signals (11, 12) , wherein the at least two reference signals (11, 12) are transmitted using a common spatial filter within a configured period of time.15.A computer program product comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method according to claim 13 or 14.