Copolymer, preparation method thereof, coating composition, article comprising the same and method of using the same
A copolymer with siloxy-functionalized and hydrophilic monomers addresses fogging and whitening issues in transparent substrates by providing enhanced whitening resistance, especially in humid conditions.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- MOMENTIVE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-09
AI Technical Summary
Transparent plastic substrates used in visors and helmets suffer from fogging and whitening issues due to condensation, particularly under high humidity conditions, limiting the effectiveness of existing anti-fog coatings.
A copolymer comprising siloxy-functionalized, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and reactive surfactant monomers is developed through radical polymerization, forming a coating that provides improved whitening resistance.
The copolymer coating significantly enhances whitening resistance in high humidity environments, maintaining clarity and functionality of transparent substrates.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024143681-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024143681-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024143681-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COPOLYMER, PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF, COATING COMPOSITION, ARTICLE COMPRISING THE SAME AND METHOD OF USING THE SAMEFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a copolymer, a method for preparing the copolymer, and a coating composition comprising the copolymer. In particular, the copolymer comprises repeating units derived from a siloxy-functionalized monomer, hydrophilic organic monomers, a hydrophobic organic monomer and a reactive surfactant monomer. The copolymer and the coating composition impart improved whitening resistance to a substrate or article to which they are applied. The present invention also relates to an article comprising a coating film formed from the coating composition and a method for imparting whitening resistance to a surface of a substrate or an article.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Transparent plastic substrates, such as those made from polycarbonate and poly (meth) acrylate, are widely used in various applications such as visor and helmet. Such transparent substrates may suffer from fogging and become hazy due to condensation of droplets on surfaces thereof, when the surface temperature of the substrates is below the dew point of ambient moisture.
[0003] A conventional solution for solving the fogging problem is to coat an anti-fog coating film on the surface of the transparent substrates. However, for some existing anti-fog coatings such as in visor and helmet market, they usually suffer from whitening during contact with water. Whitening issue in high humidity atmosphere is a particular concern, which limits the application of the anti-fog coatings.
[0004] Therefore, there remains a need to provide a coating which provides improved whitening resistance particularly under high humidity.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In an aspect, the present invention relates to a copolymer comprising:
[0006] a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) :
[0007] a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) :
[0008] a third repeating unit represented by general formula (3) :
[0009] a fourth repeating unit represented by general formula (4) : and
[0010] a fifth repeating unit represented by general formula (5) :
[0011] wherein
[0012] R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 and R15 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;
[0013] X is a monovalent siloxy-containing group represented by - (L1) m-C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) n (R121) 3-n,
[0014] Y is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L2) m-C (O) -N (R21) (R22) ,
[0015] Z is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L3) m-C (O) -O-R31, and
[0016] G is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L4) m-O- (L5) m1-C (R41) (R42) ,
[0017] M is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L8) m-C (O) -O- (L9) m1-R51,
[0018] where
[0019] each occurrence of L, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L8 and L9 independently represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;
[0020] R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms;
[0021] R121 is each independently a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;
[0022] R21 and R22 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;
[0023] R31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, which optionally contains one or more functional groups selected from a hydroxyl, a mercapto, an ether, an ester, an amine, or a carboxyl group;
[0024] R41 is each independently represented by -L6-O-R43, where L6 is each independently a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom, and R43 is each independently an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms;
[0025] R42 is each independently represented by -O-L7-J, where L7 represents 1-50 C1-C4 alkyleneoxy repeating units, particularly L7 is each independently represented by - ( (CR44R45) p-O-) q-, where R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom, subscript p is 1, 2, 3, or 4, subscript q is a number in a range of 1-40, and J is selected from a hydrogen atom, -SO3N (R46) 4 with R46 being each independently H or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, -SO3Na, and -SO3K;
[0026] R51 is each independently endocyclic C6-C30 such as C10-C15 alkyl, preferably bicyclic alkyl, more preferably isobornyl;
[0027] each occurrence of subscripts m and m1 is each independently 0 or 1; and
[0028] subscript n is 1, 2 or 3.
[0029] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing the copolymer in accordance with the above aspect, wherein a first monomer of the formula C (R1) (R2) =C (R3) X, a second monomer of the formula C (R4) (R5) =C (R6) Y, a third monomer of the formula C (R7) (R8) =C (R9) Z, a fourth monomer of the formula C (R10) (R12) =C (R11) G, and a fifth monomer of the formula C (R13) (R15) =C (R14) M, with each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, X, Y, Z, G and M being defined as above, are subject to radical polymerization.
[0030] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a coating composition comprising the copolymer in accordance with the above aspect.
[0031] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to an article comprising a substrate, wherein the article comprises on at least a portion of a surface of the substrate a coating film formed from the coating composition in accordance with the above aspect.
[0032] In still another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for imparting whitening resistance to a substrate or an article, comprising applying the copolymer or the coating composition in accordance with the above aspect to a surface of the substrate or the article.
[0033] The present inventors surprisingly found that by use of the copolymer in accordance with the present invention or the coating composition comprising the same, significantly improved whitening resistance of the resulting coating is achieved.DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0034] In the specification and claims herein, the following terms and expressions are to be understood as indicated.
[0035] The singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0036] The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as” ) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed.
[0037] No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
[0038] The terms, “comprising” , “including” , “containing” , and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps, but will also be understood to include the more restrictive terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” .
[0039] Other than in the working examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing amounts of materials, temperatures, time durations, quantified properties of materials, and so forth, stated in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about” whether or not the term “about” is used in the expression. “About” is inclusive of the stated value and can mean being within ±10%or 5%of the stated value, for example.
[0040] It will be understood that any numerical range recited herein includes all sub-ranges within that range and any combination of the various endpoints of such ranges or sub-ranges.
[0041] It will be further understood that any compound, material or substance which is expressly or implicitly disclosed in the specification and / or recited in a claim as belonging to a group of structurally, compositionally and / or functionally related compounds, materials or substances includes individual representatives of the group and any or all combinations thereof.
[0042] Throughout the disclosure, the term “hydrocarbon group” means any hydrocarbon, either saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic, acyclic or cyclic, from which one or more hydrogen atoms has been removed; and represents any of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclic alkyl, cyclic alkenyl, cyclic alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl groups which may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbon group may contain up to about 20 carbon atoms and in another embodiment up to about 16 carbon atoms.
[0043] The term “alkyl” means any monovalent, saturated straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group. Examples of alkyls include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and cyclohexyl. The term “alkenyl” means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein. Examples of alkenyls include vinyl, propenyl, allyl, methallyl and cyclohexylvinyl. The term “alkynyl” means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and, optionally, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon triple bond, a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein. Examples of alkynyls include acetylenyl, propargyl and methylacetylenyl.
[0044] The term “aryl” as used herein means any monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably about 6 to about 20 carbon atoms, and more preferably about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms. Examples of aryls include phenyl and naphthyl. The term “aralkyl” means any alkyl group (as defined herein) in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted by the same number of like and / or different aryl (as defined herein) groups. Examples of aralkyls include benzyl and phenethyl. The term “alkaryl” means any aryl group (as defined herein) in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted by the same number of like and / or different alkyl groups (as defined herein) . Examples of alkaryls include tolyl and xylyl.
[0045] The term “heteroatom” means any of the Group 13-17 elements except carbon and includes, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. In some embodiments, the heteroatom is a halogen atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. In some embodiments, the heteroatom is oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
[0046] Useful monovalent hydrocarbon groups include: linear or branched alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl such as n-hexyl, heptyl such as n-heptyl, octyl such as n-octyl, isooctyl and 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl such as n-nonyl, decyl such as n-decyl, and cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and methylcyclohexyl; alkenyl groups, for example, linear or branched alkenyl such as vinyl, propenyl, allyl and methallyl, and cyclic alkenyl such as cyclohexenyl; alkynyl groups such as acetylenyl, propargyl and methylacetylenyl; aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl; alkaryl groups such as o-, m-and p-tolyl, xylyl; and aralkyl groups such as phenethyl and benzyl.
[0047] Useful divalent hydrocarbon groups include alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, or any combination of two or more thereof, which may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms, for example oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur atom or halogen atom. In some embodiment, the divalent hydrocarbon groups may optionally contain one or more functional groups including, for example, a hydroxyl, a mercapto, an ether, an ester, an amine, an amide, or a carboxyl group. The divalent hydrocarbon group may contain 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, for example 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, and more preferably about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms.
[0048] “Hydrophilic” species (e.g., hydrophilic group, hydrophilic monomer, hydrophilic (co) polymer, etc. ) refers to one which has an affinity for water or is capable of absorbing water. A hydrophilic species may be soluble or insoluble in water. In some embodiments, hydrophilic species can comprise hydrophilic and hydrophobic potions, but the hydrophobic portions are present in relative amounts such that the species are hydrophilic as a whole.
[0049] “Hydrophobic” species (e.g., hydrophobic group, hydrophobic monomer, hydrophobic (co) polymer, etc. ) refers to one which repels water. In some embodiments, hydrophobic species can comprise hydrophilic and hydrophobic potions, but the hydrophilic portions are present in relative amounts such that the specie are hydrophobic as a whole.
[0050] Copolymer
[0051] In an aspect, the present invention provides a copolymer comprising repeating unit derived from a siloxy-functionalized monomer of the following formula (1) , repeating units derived from hydrophilic organic monomers of the following formulas (2) and (3) , repeating unit derived from a hydrophobic organic monomer of the following formula (5) and repeating unit derived from a reactive surfactant monomer of the following formula (4) . By the combination of the above repeating units, the copolymer provides improved whitening resistance particularly in a high humidity atmosphere. The copolymer may further comprise repeating units derived from an additional organic monomer (s) , which may tune the properties, such as the hydrophilic property, of the copolymer. The illustrative examples of the additional organic monomer can be styrene or the like. When the copolymer further comprises repeating unit (s) derived from the additional organic monomer as described above, a better performance such as a better whitening resistance of the coating produced by the copolymer can be achieved.
[0052] In particular, the copolymer herein comprises:
[0053] a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) :
[0054] a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) :
[0055] a third repeating unit represented by general formula (3) :
[0056] a fourth repeating unit represented by general formula (4) : and
[0057] a fifth repeating unit represented by general formula (5) :
[0058] wherein
[0059] R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 and R15 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. In one embodiment, the monovalent hydrocarbon group is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, ethylphenyl, tolyl and xylyl. The monovalent hydrocarbon group herein may optionally contain a heteroatom, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. In one embodiment, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 and R15 are each independently a hydrogen atom or methyl.
[0060] X in formula (1) is a monovalent siloxy-containing group represented by - (L1) m-C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) n (R121) 3-n, where L1 represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. In one embodiment, L1 is selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) . L1 may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. L represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. In one embodiment, L is selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) . R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. Illustrative examples of R111 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, ethylphenyl, tolyl and xylyl. R121 is each independently a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. R121 may optionally contain a heteroatom, for example, a halogen atom such as Cl or Br. Illustrative examples of R121 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, ethylphenyl, tolyl and xylyl. The subscript m is 0 or 1; and n is 1, 2, or 3.
[0061] In an embodiment, X in formula (1) is -C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) n (R121) 3-n, with each of L, R111, R121 and subscript n being defined as above. In one preferable embodiment, X is -C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) n (R121) 3-n where L is an alkylene group having about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms, preferably L being methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , or hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) ; R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms, preferably R111 being methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl; R121 is each independently selected from an alkyl group having about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms) , an aryl group having about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms) , an aralkyl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms (e.g., 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms) , or an alkaryl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms (e.g., 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms) ; and n is 2 or 3. Preferably, L is an alkylene group having about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms; R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; R121 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; and n is 2 or 3. More preferably, L is an alkylene group having about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms; R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; and n is 3.
[0062] Y in formula (2) is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L2) m-C (O) -N (R21) (R22) , where L2 represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. In one embodiment, L2 is selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) . L2 may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. R21 and R22 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. R21 and R22 may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms, for example, O, S or N. Illustrative examples of R21 and R22 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, ethylphenyl, tolyl or xylyl. The subscript m is independently 0 or 1.
[0063] In an embodiment, Y in formula (2) is -C (O) -N (R21) (R22) , with each of R21 and R22 being defined as above. In one embodiment, Y is -C (O) -N (R21) (R22) where R21 and R22 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms) , an aryl group having about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms) , an aralkyl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms (e.g., 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms) , or an alkaryl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms (e.g., 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms) ; preferably, R21 and R22 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; more preferably, R21 and R22 are each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, Y is -C (O) -N (R21) (R22) where R21 and R22 are each independently a hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, or tert-butyl.
[0064] Z in formula (3) is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L3) m-C (O) -O-R31, where L3 represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. In one embodiment, L3 is selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) . L3 may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. R31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms. The monovalent hydrocarbon group may optionally contain one or more functional groups selected from a hydroxyl, a mercapto, an ether, an ester, an amine, or a carboxyl group. In one embodiment, R31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, R31 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, e.g., a methyl. The subscript m is independently 0 or 1.
[0065] In one embodiment, Z in formula (3) is -C (O) -O-R31, where
[0066] R31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, which optionally contains one or more functional groups selected from a hydroxyl, a mercapto, an ether, an ester, an amine, or a carboxyl group,
[0067] preferably, R31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms;
[0068] more preferably, R31 is an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, e.g., a methyl.
[0069] G in formula (4) is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L4) m-O- (L5) m-C (R41) (R42) , wherein L4 and L5 each independently represent a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. In one embodiment, L4 and L5 are selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) . L4 and L5 may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. R41 is each independently represented by -L6-O-R43, where L6 is each independently a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms, and optionally containing a heteroatom (e.g., one or more heteroatoms) selected from, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom, and R43 is each independently an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, L6 is each independently selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene group. In one embodiment, R43 is each independently an alkyl group having about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms. R42 is each independently represented by -O-L7-J, where L7 represents 1-50 C1-C4 alkyleneoxy repeating units (i.e., C1-C4 alkyleneoxy repeating units in a number of 1-50) , preferably 2-20 C1-C4 alkyleneoxy repeating units, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 C1-C4 alkyleneoxy repeating units. In one embodiment, L7 is each independently represented by - ( (CR44R45) p-O-) q-, where R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 carbon atoms, and optionally containing a heteroatom, preferably R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl group; subscript p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; subscript q is a number in a range of 1-40, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40; and J is selected from a hydrogen atom, -SO3N (R46) 4 with R46 being each independently H or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, -SO3Na, and -SO3K.
[0070] In one embodiment, G in formula (4) is a monovalent organic group represented by -L4-O-L5-C (R41) (R42) , where:
[0071] each occurrence of L4 and L5 independently represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms,
[0072] R41 is each independently represented by -L6-O-R43, where L6 is each independently a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, and R43 is each independently an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl group having about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms; and
[0073] R42 is each independently represented by -O-L7-J, where L7 is each independently represented by - ( (CR44R45) p-O-) q-, where R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, subscript p is 1, 2, 3, or 4, subscript q is a number in a range of 1-40, preferably a number in a range of 10-30, and J is selected from a hydrogen atom or -SO3NH4, preferably J is -SO3NH4.
[0074] M in formula (5) is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L8) m-C (O) -O- (L9) m1-R51, wherein L8 and L9 each independently represent a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom. In one embodiment, L8 and L9 are selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) . L8 and L9 may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from, for example, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. R51 is each independently endocyclic C6-C30 alkyl, particularly endocyclic C10-C15 alkyl, such as endocyclic C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, C20, C21, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, C27, C28, C29 and C30 alkyl. In a further preferable embodiment, R51 is bicyclic alkyl, preferably isobornyl. The subscripts m and m1 are each independently 0 or 1.
[0075] In one embodiment, M in formula (5) is a monovalent organic group represented by -C (O) -O-R51, wherein R51 is each independently endocyclic C6-C30 such as C10-C15 alkyl, preferably bicyclic alkyl, more preferably isobornyl.
[0076] In an embodiment, the copolymer comprises or consists of:
[0077] a first repeating unit of formula (1) wherein X is -C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) 3, where L is selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) , preferably being selected from propylene (e.g., n-, or iso-propylene) , butylene (e.g., n-, or iso-butylene) , pentylene (e.g., n-, or iso-pentylene) , and hexylene (e.g., n-, or iso-hexylene) ; and R111 is each independently methyl or ethyl;
[0078] a second repeating unit of formula (2) wherein Y is -C (O) -N (R21) (R22) , where R21 and R22 are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl group;
[0079] a third repeating unit of formula (3) wherein Z is -C (O) -O-R31, where R31 is each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl group;
[0080] a fourth repeating unit of formula (4) wherein G is -L4-O-L5-C (R41) (R42) , where:
[0081] L4 and L5 are each independently selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene group,
[0082] R41 is each independently represented by -L6-O-R43, L6 is each independently selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene group, and R43 is each independently an alkyl group having about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms, and
[0083] R42 is each independently represented by -O-L7-J, where L7 is each independently represented by - ( (CR44R45) p-O-) q-, where R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl group, preferably selected from a hydrogen atom, and methyl, more preferably a hydrogen atom, subscript p is 1, 2, 3, or 4, preferably 2 or 3, more preferably 2, subscript q is a number in a range of 10-30, and J is selected from a hydrogen atom or -SO3NH4, preferably J is -SO3NH4; and
[0084] a fifth repeating unit of formula (5) wherein M is a monovalent organic group represented by -C (O) -O-R51, with R51 is each independently endocyclic C6-C30 such as C10-C15 alkyl, preferably bicyclic alkyl, more preferably isobornyl.
[0085] In an embodiment, the first, second, third, fourth and fifth repeating units can be independently one type, or a mixture of two or more types of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth repeating units, respectively.
[0086] In an embodiment, the copolymer is a pentapolymer. In other words, the first, second, third, fourth and fifth repeating units can be independently one type of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth repeating units, respectively.
[0087] The molar ratios of the repeating units are not particularly limited and can be selected according to the requirement.
[0088] In an embodiment, the first repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.05-40: 1, preferably about 0.20-20: 1, preferably about 0.25-15: 1, more preferably about 0.30-10: 1, more preferably about 0.40-9: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about 0.05: 1, 0.10: 1, 0.15: 1, 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.65: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.75: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.85: 1, 0.90: 1, 0.95: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 27: 1, 28: 1, 29: 1, 30: 1, 31: 1, 32: 1, 33: 1, 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 1, 37: 1, 38: 1, 39: 1, 40: 1 or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0089] Alternatively, the first repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about 0.10-50: 1, preferably about 0.25-20: 1, preferably about 0.30-15: 1, preferably about 0.40-12: 1, preferably about 0.5-10: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.10: 1, 0.15: 1, 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.65: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.75: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.85: 1, 0.90: 1, 0.95: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 27: 1, 28: 1, 29: 1, 30: 1, 31: 1, 32: 1, 33: 1, 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 1, 37: 1, 38: 1, 39: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0090] In an embodiment, the second repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.2-180: 1, preferably about 0.7-75: 1, more preferably about 0.9-60: 1, more preferably about 1.1-50: 1, more preferably about 1.4-40: 1.1. For example, the second repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.2: 1, 0.3: 1, 0.4: 1, 0.5: 1, 0.6: 1, 0.7: 1, 0.8: 1, 0.9: 1, 1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 27: 1, 28: 1, 29: 1, 30: 1, 31: 1, 32: 1, 33: 1, 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 1, 37: 1, 38: 1, 39: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, 55: 1, 60: 1, 65: 1, 70: 1, 75: 1, 80: 1, 85: 1, 90: 1, 95: 1, 100: 1, 110: 1, 120: 1, 130: 1, 140: 1, 150: 1, 160: 1, 170: 1, 180: 1 or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0091] Alternatively, the second repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a mass ratio of about 0.1-90: 1, preferably about 0.3-40: 1, more preferably about 0.4-30: 1, more preferably about 0.5-22: 1, more preferably about 0.6-18: 1.1. For example, the second repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.1: 1, 0.2: 1, 0.3: 1, 0.4: 1, 0.5: 1, 0.6: 1, 0.7: 1, 0.8: 1, 0.9: 1, 1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 27: 1, 28: 1, 29: 1, 30: 1, 31: 1, 32: 1, 33: 1, 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 1, 37: 1, 38: 1, 39: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, 55: 1, 60: 1, 65: 1, 70: 1, 75: 1, 80: 1, 85: 1, 90: 1 or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0092] In an embodiment, the third repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.2-40: 1, preferably about 0.6-15: 1, more preferably about 0.9-13: 1, more preferably about 1.1-10: 1, more preferably about 1.3-9.0: 1. For example, the third repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 0.2: 1, 0.3: 1, 0.4: 1, 0.5: 1, 0.6: 1, 0.7: 1, 0.8: 1, 0.9: 1, 1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 27: 1, 28: 1, 29: 1, 30: 1, 31: 1, 32: 1, 33: 1, 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 1, 37: 1, 38: 1, 39: 1, 40: 1 or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0093] Alternatively, the third repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.1-20: 1, preferably about 0.3-8.0: 1, more preferably about 0.4-6.0: 1, more preferably about 0.5-5.0: 1, more preferably about 0.6-4.0: 1. For example, the third repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.1: 1, 0.2: 1, 0.3: 1, 0.4: 1, 0.5: 1, 0.6: 1, 0.7: 1, 0.8: 1, 0.9: 1, 1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1 or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0094] In an embodiment, the fourth repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.002-0.15: 1, preferably about 0.007-0.07: 1, more preferably about 0.009-0.05: 1, more preferably about 0.011-0.04: 1, more preferably about 0.014-0.035: 1. For example, the fourth repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 0.002: 1, 0.003: 1, 0.004: 1, 0.005: 1, 0.006: 1, 0.007: 1, 0.008: 1, 0.009: 1, 0.010: 1, 0.011: 1, 0.012: 1, 0.013: 1, 0.014: 1, 0.015: 1, 0.016: 1, 0.017: 1, 0.018: 1, 0.019: 1, 0.020: 1, 0.025: 1, 0.030: 1, 0.035: 1, 0.040: 1, 0.045: 1, 0.050: 1, 0.055: 1, 0.060: 1, 0.065: 1, 0.070: 1, 0.075: 1, 0.080: 1, 0.085: 1, 0.090: 1, 0.095: 1, 0.10: 1, 0.11: 1, 0.12: 1, 0.13: 1, 0.14: 1, 0.15: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0095] Alternatively, the fourth repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a mass ratio of about 0.015-1.0: 1, preferably about 0.040-0.4: 1, more preferably about 0.055-0.30: 1, more preferably about 0.070-0.25: 1, more preferably about 0.085-0.2: 1. For example, the fourth repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.015: 1, 0.020: 1, 0.025: 1, 0.030: 1, 0.035: 1, 0.040: 1, 0.045: 1, 0.050: 1, 0.055: 1, 0.060: 1, 0.065: 1, 0.070: 1, 0.075: 1, 0.080: 1, 0.085: 1, 0.090: 1, 0.095: 1, 0.10: 1, 0.15: 1, 0.16: 1, 0.17: 1, 0.18: 1, 0.19: 1, 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.65: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.75: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.85: 1, 0.90: 1, 0.95: 1, 1.0: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0096] In an embodiment, the first repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 4-1250: 1, preferably about 10-500: 1, preferably about 14-400: 1, preferably about 18-310: 1, more preferably about 20-260: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 25: 1, 30: 1, 35: 1, 40: 1, 50: 1, 60: 1, 70: 1, 80: 1, 90: 1, 100: 1, 110: 1, 120: 1, 130: 1, 140: 1, 150: 1, 160: 1, 170: 1, 180: 1, 190: 1, 200: 1, 210: 1, 220: 1, 230: 1, 240: 1, 250: 1, 260: 1, 270: 1, 280: 1, 290: 1, 300: 1, 310: 1, 320: 1, 330: 1, 340: 1, 350: 1, 400: 1, 450: 1, 500: 1, 550: 1, 600: 1, 650: 1, 700: 1, 750: 1, 800: 1, 850: 1, 900: 1, 950: 1, 1000: 1, 1050: 1, 1100: 1, 1150: 1, 1200: 1, 1250: 1 or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0097] Alternatively, the first repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about 0.8-250: 1, preferably about 2.0-100: 1, preferably about 2.5-75: 1, preferably about 3.5-60: 1, preferably about 4.0-50: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.8: 1, 0.9: 1, 1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.5: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.5: 1, 4.0: 1, 4.5: 1, 5.0: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 27: 1, 28: 1, 29: 1, 30: 1, 31: 1, 32: 1, 33: 1, 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 1, 37: 1, 38: 1, 39: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, 55: 1, 60: 1, 65: 1, 70: 1, 75: 1, 80: 1, 85: 1, 90: 1, 95: 1, 100: 1, 110: 1, 120: 1, 130: 1, 140: 1, 150: 1, 160: 1, 170: 1, 180: 1, 190: 1, 200: 1, 210: 1, 220: 1, 230: 1, 240: 1, 250: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0098] In an embodiment, the second repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 15-5500: 1, preferably about 35-2300: 1, preferably about 50-1800: 1, preferably about 60-1400: 1, preferably about 70-1200: 1. For example, the second repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 15: 1, 20: 1, 25: 1, 30: 1, 35: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, 55: 1, 60: 1, 65: 1, 70: 1, 75: 1, 80: 1, 85: 1, 90: 1, 95: 1, 100: 1, 110: 1, 120: 1, 130: 1, 140: 1, 150: 1, 160: 1, 170: 1, 180: 1, 190: 1, 200: 1, 210: 1, 220: 1, 230: 1, 240: 1, 250: 1, 260: 1, 270: 1, 280: 1, 290: 1, 300: 1, 310: 1, 320: 1, 330: 1, 340: 1, 350: 1, 360: 1, 370: 1, 380: 1, 390: 1, 400: 1, 410: 1, 420: 1, 430: 1, 440: 1, 450: 1, 460: 1, 470: 1, 480: 1, 490: 1, 500: 1, 510: 1, 520: 1, 530: 1, 540: 1, 550: 1, 560: 1, 570: 1, 580: 1, 590: 1, 600: 1, 620: 1, 630: 1, 640: 1, 650: 1, 660: 1, 670: 1, 680: 1, 690: 1, 700: 1, 750: 1, 800: 1, 850: 1, 900: 1, 950: 1, 1000: 1, 1100: 1, 1200: 1, 1300: 1, 1400: 1, 1500: 1, 1600: 1, 1700: 1, 1800: 1, 1900: 1, 2000: 1, 2100: 1, 2200: 1, 2300: 1, 2400: 1, 2500: 1, 3000: 1, 3500: 1, 4000: 1, 4500: 1, 5000: 1, 5500: 1 or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0099] Alternatively, the second repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about 1.0-450: 1, preferably about 2.5-180: 1, preferably about 3.5-140: 1, preferably about 4.5-110: 1, preferably about 5.5-90: 1. For example, the second repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 1.0: 1, 1.5: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.5: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.5: 1, 4.0: 1, 4.5: 1, 5.0: 1, 5.5: 1, 6.0: 1, 6.5: 1, 7.0: 1, 7.5: 1, 8.0: 1, 8.5: 1, 9.0: 1, 9.5: 1, 10: 1, 15: 1, 20: 1, 25: 1, 30: 1, 35: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, 55: 1, 60: 1, 65: 1, 70: 1, 75: 1, 80: 1, 85: 1, 90: 1, 95: 1, 100: 1, 110: 1, 120: 1, 130: 1, 140: 1, 150: 1, 160: 1, 170: 1, 180: 1, 190: 1, 200: 1, 210: 1, 220: 1, 230: 1, 240: 1, 250: 1, 260: 1, 270: 1, 280: 1, 290: 1, 300: 1, 310: 1, 320: 1, 330: 1, 340: 1, 350: 1, 360: 1, 370: 1, 380: 1, 390: 1, 400: 1, 410: 1, 420: 1, 430: 1, 440: 1, 450: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0100] In an embodiment, the third repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 15-1250: 1, preferably about 35-500: 1, preferably about 45-400: 1, preferably about 60-310: 1, preferably about 70-260: 1. For example, the third repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 15: 1, 20: 1, 25: 1, 30: 1, 35: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, 55: 1, 60: 1, 65: 1, 70: 1, 75: 1, 80: 1, 85: 1, 90: 1, 95: 1, 100: 1, 110: 1, 120: 1, 130: 1, 140: 1, 150: 1, 160: 1, 170: 1, 180: 1, 190: 1, 200: 1, 210: 1, 220: 1, 230: 1, 240: 1, 250: 1, 260: 1, 270: 1, 280: 1, 290: 1, 300: 1, 310: 1, 320: 1, 330: 1, 340: 1, 350: 1, 360: 1, 370: 1, 380: 1, 390: 1, 400: 1, 410: 1, 420: 1, 430: 1, 440: 1, 450: 1, 460: 1, 470: 1, 480: 1, 490: 1, 500: 1, 550: 1, 600: 1, 650: 1, 700: 1, 750: 1, 800: 1, 850: 1, 900: 1, 950: 1, 1000: 1, 1050: 1, 1100: 1, 1150: 1, 1200: 1, 1250: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0101] Alternatively, the third repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about 1.0-100: 1, preferably about 2.5-40: 1, preferably about 3.5-30: 1, preferably about 4.5-25: 1, preferably about 5.5-20: 1. For example, the third repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 1.0: 1, 1.5: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.5: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.5: 1, 4.0: 1, 4.5: 1, 5.0: 1, 5.5: 1, 6.0: 1, 6.5: 1, 7.0: 1, 7.5: 1, 8.0: 1, 8.5: 1, 9.0: 1, 9.5: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 27: 1, 28: 1, 29: 1, 30: 1, 31: 1, 32: 1, 33: 1, 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 1, 37: 1, 38: 1, 39: 1, 40: 1, 41: 1, 42: 1, 43: 1, 44: 1, 45: 1, 46: 1, 47: 1, 48: 1, 49: 1, 50: 1, 55: 1, 60: 1, 65: 1, 70: 1, 75: 1, 80: 1, 85: 1, 90: 1, 95: 1, 100: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0102] In an embodiment, the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.03-1.5: 1, preferably about 0.08-0.6: 1, more preferably about 0.10-0.45: 1, preferably about 0.14-0.36: 1, more preferably about 0.17-0.30: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 0.03: 1, 0.04: 1, 0.05: 1, 0.06: 1, 0.07: 1, 0.08: 1, 0.09: 1, 0.10: 1, 0.11: 1, 0.12: 1, 0.13: 1, 0.14: 1, 0.15: 1, 0.16: 1, 0.17: 1, 0.18: 1, 0.19: 1, 0.20: 1, 0.21: 1, 0.22: 1, 0.23: 1, 0.24: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.26: 1, 0.27: 1, 0.28: 1, 0.29: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.31: 1, 0.32: 1, 0.33: 1, 0.34: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.36: 1, 0.37: 1, 0.38: 1, 0.39: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.90: 1, 1.00: 1, 1.10: 1, 1.20: 1, 1.30: 1, 1.40: 1, 1.50: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0103] Alternatively, the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.08-4.0: 1, preferably about 0.20-1.5: 1, preferably about 0.25-1.2: 1, preferably about 0.35-0.90: 1, preferably about 0.40-0.75: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 0.08: 1, 0.09: 1, 0.10: 1, 0.15: 1, 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.90: 1, 1.00: 1, 1.1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.1: 1, 2.2: 1, 2.3: 1, 2.4: 1, 2.5: 1, 2.6: 1, 2.7: 1, 2.8: 1, 2.9: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.1: 1, 3.2: 1, 3.3: 1, 3.4: 1, 3.5: 1, 3.6: 1, 3.7: 1, 3.8: 1, 3.9: 1, 4.0: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0104] In an embodiment, the first repeating unit and the third repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.05-5.0: 1, preferably about 0.15-2.0: 1, preferably about 0.20-1.5: 1, preferably about 0.25-1.2: 1, preferably about 0.3-1.1: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the third repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 0.05: 1, 0.10: 1, 0.15: 1, 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.65: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.75: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.85: 1, 0.90: 1, 0.95: 1, 1.0: 1, 1.1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.5: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.5: 1, 4.0: 1, 4.5: 1, 5.0: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0105] Alternatively, the first repeating unit and the third repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about 0.1-12: 1, preferably about 0.3-5: 1, preferably about 0.5-3.8: 1, preferably about 0.6-3.0: 1, preferably about 0.7-2.5: 1. For example, the first repeating unit and the third repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.10: 1, 0.15: 1, 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.90: 1, 1.00: 1, 1.1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.1: 1, 2.2: 1, 2.3: 1, 2.4: 1, 2.5: 1, 2.6: 1, 2.7: 1, 2.8: 1, 2.9: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.5: 1, 4.0: 1, 4.5: 1, 5.0: 1, 5.5: 1, 6.0: 1, 6.5: 1, 7.0: 1, 7.5: 1, 8.0: 1, 8.5: 1, 9.0: 1, 9.5: 1, 10.0: 1, 11.0: 1, 12.0: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0106] In an embodiment, the second repeating unit and the third repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.2-20: 1, preferably about 0.5-9.0: 1, more preferably about 0.6-7.0: 1, preferably about 0.8-5.5: 1, more preferably about 1.0-5.0: 1. For example, the second repeating unit and the third repeating unit may be present in a molar ratio of about: 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.65: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.75: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.85: 1, 0.90: 1, 0.95: 1, 1.0: 1, 1.1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.1: 1, 2.2: 1, 2.3: 1, 2.4: 1, 2.5: 1, 2.6: 1, 2.7: 1, 2.8: 1, 2.9: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.1: 1, 3.2: 1, 3.3: 1, 3.4: 1, 3.5: 1, 3.6: 1, 3.7: 1, 3.8: 1, 3.9: 1, 4.0: 1, 4.1: 1, 4.2: 1, 4.3: 1, 4.4: 1, 4.5: 1, 4.6: 1, 4.7: 1, 4.8: 1, 4.9: 1, 5.0: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0107] Alternatively, the second repeating unit and the third repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about 0.2-23: 1, preferably about 0.5-9: 1, preferably about 0.6-7.0: 1, preferably about 0.8-5.5: 1, preferably about 1.0-4.5: 1. For example, the second repeating unit and the third repeating unit may be present in a mass ratio of about: 0.20: 1, 0.25: 1, 0.30: 1, 0.35: 1, 0.40: 1, 0.45: 1, 0.50: 1, 0.55: 1, 0.60: 1, 0.65: 1, 0.70: 1, 0.75: 1, 0.80: 1, 0.85: 1, 0.90: 1, 0.95: 1, 1.0: 1, 1.1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1.4: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.6: 1, 1.7: 1, 1.8: 1, 1.9: 1, 2.0: 1, 2.1: 1, 2.2: 1, 2.3: 1, 2.4: 1, 2.5: 1, 2.6: 1, 2.7: 1, 2.8: 1, 2.9: 1, 3.0: 1, 3.1: 1, 3.2: 1, 3.3: 1, 3.4: 1, 3.5: 1, 3.6: 1, 3.7: 1, 3.8: 1, 3.9: 1, 4.0: 1, 4.5: 1, 5.0: 1, 5.5: 1, 6.0: 1, 6.5: 1, 7.0: 1, 7.5: 1, 8.0: 1, 8.5: 1, 9.0: 1, 9.5: 1, 10.0: 1, 11.0: 1, 12.0: 1, 13.0: 1, 14.0: 1, 15.0: 1, 16.0: 1, 17.0: 1, 18.0: 1, 19.0: 1, 20.0: 1, 21.0: 1, 22.0: 1, 23.0: 1, or a range defined by any two thereof.
[0108] When any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) , especially all of the above molar ratios or mass ratios is / are in the above-mentioned range (s) , a better performance such as a better whitening resistance can be achieved. In particular, when the content of the fifth repeating unit satisfies any or all of the above molar ratios or mass ratios, the whitening resistance of the coating obtained from the copolymer can be further improved as compared with the case wherein the content of the fifth repeating unit do not satisfy any of the above molar ratios or mass ratios.
[0109] The molecular weight of the copolymer is not particularly limited and can be selected according to the requirement. In an embodiment, the copolymers herein may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of about 10,000 to about 140,000, preferably about 50,000 to about 100,000, such as about: 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000, 100,000, 110,000, 120,000, 130,000, 140,000, or a range defined by any two thereof, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards. In an embodiment, the copolymers herein may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 10,000 to about 22,000, preferably about 12,000 to about 20,000, such as about: 10,000, 11,000, 12,000, 13,000, 14,000, 15,000, 16,000, 17,000, 18,000, 19,000, 20,000, 21,000, 22,000, or a range defined by any two thereof, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards.
[0110] The copolymer may optionally comprise one or more repeating unit other than the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth repeating units. In a preferable embodiment, the copolymer consists of the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth repeating units. In a preferable embodiment, the copolymer is a pentapolymer.
[0111] Method for Preparing the Copolymer
[0112] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing the copolymer herein wherein a first monomer of the formula C (R1) (R2) =C (R3) X, a second monomer of the formula C (R4) (R5) =C (R6) Y, a third monomer of the formula C (R7) (R8) =C (R9) Z, a fourth monomer of the formula C (R10) (R11) =C (R12) Z, and a fifth monomer of the formula C (R13) (R15) =C (R14) M, with each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, X, Y, Z, G and M being the same as defined regarding formulas (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) and (5) above, are subject to radical polymerization.
[0113] In a preferable embodiment, the first monomer is a siloxy-functionalized acrylate, particularly γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or γ-methacryloxypropyldiethoxysilane; the second monomer is N, N-dimethyl acrylamide, N, N-diethyl acrylamide, N- (2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide (HEAA) or N, N-dipropyl acrylamide; the third monomer is selected from (meth) acrylic monomers, such as (meth) acrylates, e.g., methyl (meth) acrylates, ethyl (meth) acrylates and propyl (meth) acrylates, iso-decyl acrylate (IDAF) , 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate; the fourth monomer is a reactive surfactant monomer, such as silicon-containing reactive anionic surfactant of ether sulfate type, e.g., SR-20, SE-10N, and SR-10 from ADEKA; and the fifth monomer is a hydrophobic monomer such as IBOA (isobornyl acrylate) , isobornyl methacrylate.
[0114] In a further preferable embodiment, the present invention relates to a monomer composition for preparing the copolymer as described above, which comprises the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth monomers as described above, preferably the ratios between any two of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth monomers are the same as the corresponding ratios between the corresponding two of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth repeating units of the copolymer as described above.
[0115] The radical polymerization is well known in the art, and the specific condition for carrying out radical polymerization can be selected depending on the monomers used to form the copolymer. The temperature of the radical polymerization may be in a range of about 40℃ to about 100℃, preferably 60℃ to 90℃, such as about: 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100℃. The duration of the radical polymerization may be in a range of about 1 to about 20 hours, such as about: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 hours. For example, the radical polymerization may be carried out in a temperature ranging from about 40℃ to about 100℃ for a time period of about 1 to about 10 hours. The radical polymerization can be carried out in the presence of an initiator. The initiator can be, for example, a thermal initiator or a photo-initiator.
[0116] Illustrative examples of suitable thermal initiators include, but are not limited to, an azo initiator, an inorganic peroxide initiator, or an organic peroxide initiator, for example, an azo initiator selected from 2, 2’ -azobis- (2-methylpropionitrile) , 2, 2’ -azobis- (2-methylbutanenitrile) , or 2,2’ -azobis- (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) ; an inorganic peroxide initiator selected from ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, or potassium persulfate; and an organic peroxide initiator selected from benzoyl peroxide or dilauroyl peroxide. In an embodiment, the thermal initiator is 2, 2’ -azobis- (2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) or 2, 2’ -azobis- (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ABVN) .
[0117] Illustrative examples of suitable photo-initiators include, but are not limited to, benzoin methyl ether, diethoxyacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone (HMPP) , 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and benzoylphosphine oxide such as 2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylophosphine oxide.
[0118] In a preferable embodiment, the initiator is added batchwise.
[0119] The radical polymerization may be carried out in a solvent. Illustrative examples of the solvent include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon solvent, alcoholic solvent, ether solvent, amide solvent, ester solvent, and halohydrocarbon solvent. Examples of the hydrocarbon solvent include n-hexane, n-pentane, benzene, toluene, and xylene. Examples of the alcoholic solvent include C1-C4 alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol (IPA) , n-butanol, and t-butanol. Examples of the ether solvent include propylene glycol methyl ether, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF) , cyclopentyl methyl ether, dimethoxyethane, and 1, 4-dioxane. Examples of the amide solvent include dimethylformamide (DMF) , dimethylacetamide (DMAc) , and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) . Examples of the ester solvent include C1-C4 alkyl acetate esters such as ethyl acetate. Examples of the halohydrocarbon solvent include chloroform, methylene chloride, and 1, 2-dichloroethane. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the ether solvent such as propylene glycol methyl ether is used for preparing the copolymer herein.
[0120] Coating Composition
[0121] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a coating composition comprising the copolymer in accordance with the above aspect. The copolymer may be present in an amount ranging from about 1 wt%to about 99.9 wt%, preferably about 2 wt%to about 50 wt%, preferably about 5 wt%to about 25 wt%, more preferably about 10 wt%to about 20 wt%, still more preferably about 10 wt%to about 15 wt%, based on the total solid content of the composition.
[0122] The composition may further comprise a component selected from a catalyst, a surfactant, a solvent, a crosslinking agent, or any combination of two or more thereof.
[0123] Illustrative examples of the catalyst that may be used in the coating composition herein include, but are not limited to, tetraalkylammonium carboxylates of the formula [ (R511) 4N] + [OC (O) R521] -in which R511 is selected from an alkyl group having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and R52 is selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms, or an alkaryl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, R511 is an alkyl having 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl or isobutyl. In some embodiments, R521 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl or benzyl. For example, the tetraalkylammonium carboxylate catalysts include, but are not limited to, tetrabutylammonium carboxylate such as tetrabutylammonium formate, tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAA) , tetra-n-butylammonium propionate, tetra-n-butylammonium-2-ethylhexanoate, and tetra-n-butylammonium benzoate; and tetramethylammonium acetate, tetramethylammonium-2-ethylhexanoate, tetramethylammonium benzoate, tetraethylammonium acetate, tetraisopropylammonium acetate, and tetrahexylammonium acetate. Among these catalysts, tetrabutylammonium caboxylate catalysts are generally preferred, with tetra-n-butylammonium acetate and tetra-n-butylammonium formate being more preferred.
[0124] The catalyst may be present in the coating composition in at least a catalytically effective amount which in most cases can range from about 0.1 wt%to about 5 wt%, preferably from about 0.2 wt%to about 4.5 wt%, and more preferably from about 0.5 wt%to about 4 wt%, based on the solid content of the copolymer.
[0125] The surfactant may comprise a non-ionic surfactant, an ionic surfactant such as an anionic surfactant, or a combination thereof.
[0126] Illustrative examples of suitable non-ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, polyhydroxyl alcohol fatty acid esters, alcohol ethoxylates, polyoxyethylene lauryl ethers, polyoxyethylene monostearates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, ethoxylated castor oils such as polyethylene glycol castor oil, and the like. In an embodiment, the non-ionic surfactant is selected from polyhydroxyl alcohol fatty acid esters, for example, esters formed from polyhydroxyl alcohols having about 2 to 20 hydroxyl groups such as sugars, ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol and the like with fatty acids having about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms. In a preferable embodiment, the non-ionic surfactant is selected from sugar fatty acid esters, such as monoester, diester or triester of sucrose or glucose with a higher fatty acid such as lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid, or with a lower fatty acid such as acetic acid and isobutyric acid. In one embodiment, a non-ionic surfactant is used which comprises sucrose fatty acid ester selected from sucrose monolaurate, sucrose dilaurate, sucrose monostearate, or sucrose distearate.
[0127] Illustrative examples of suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkali metal sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates and carboxylic acid salts surfactants. Specific examples of these surfactants include alkali metal sulfonates such as sulfosuccinates, sulfonated glyceryl esters of fatty acids, salts of sulfonated monovalent alcohol esters, and sulfonated aromatic hydrocarbon alkali metal salts such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and sodium alpha-naphthalene monosulfonate; sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium cetostearyl sulfate, triethanol amine lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate; phosphates such as the potassium salts of cetyl phosphate; and carboxylic acid salts such as alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids having about 6 to 30 carbon atoms. In an embodiment, the anionic surfactant is selected from sulfosuccinates, such as alkali metal (such as sodium or potassium) sulfonates of succinic acid monoesters or diesters, preferably sulfonates of monoesters or diesters of succinic acid with fatty alcohol having about 3 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably about 4 to 25 carbon atoms, and more preferably about 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Illustrative examples of sulfosuccinate surfactants include, but are not limited to, sodium sulfonates of succinic acid monoesters such as disodium lauryl sulfosuccinates, and sodium sulfonates of succinic acid diesters such as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinates. In an embodiment, an anionic surfactant which comprises sulfosuccinate surfactants, for example, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinates is used.
[0128] The surfactant may be present in the coating composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 1 wt%to about 25 wt%, preferably from about 3 wt%to about 20 wt%, and more preferably from about 5 wt%to about 15 wt%, based on the solid content of the copolymer.
[0129] The coating compositions may include one or more solvents for dissolving or dispersing the various components. Illustrative examples of the solvent include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon solvent, alcoholic solvent, ether solvent, amide solvent, ester solvent, and halohydrocarbon solvent. Examples of the hydrocarbon solvent include n-hexane, n-pentane, benzene, toluene, and xylene. Examples of the alcoholic solvent include C1-C4 alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol (IPA) , n-butanol, and t-butanol. Examples of the ether solvent include diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF) , cyclopentyl methyl ether, dimethoxyethane, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and 1, 4-dioxane. Examples of the amide solvent include dimethylformamide (DMF) , dimethylacetamide (DMAc) , and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) . Examples of the ester solvent include C1-C4 alkyl acetate esters such as ethyl acetate. Examples of the halohydrocarbon solvent include chloroform, methylene chloride, and 1, 2-dichloroethane. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, C1-C4 alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol (IPA) , n-butanol, and t-butanol are used for the coating compositions, especially the curable coating compositions.
[0130] The solvent may be present in the coating composition of the present invention in an amount sufficient for dispersing the various components, which amount may typically range from about 10 wt%to about 95 wt%, preferably from about 15 wt%to about 80 wt%, and more preferably from about 20 wt%to about 75 wt%based on the total weight of the coating composition.
[0131] A crosslinking agent may optionally be used. The crosslinking agent, if used, is preferably selected from alkoxylsilane compounds. The alkoxylsilane compounds may be any of trialkylmonoalkoxylsilanes, dialkyldialkoxysilanes, alkyltrialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes (also known as tetraalkyl orthosilicates) , with alkyltrialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes being preferred. Examples of trialkylmonoalkoxysilanes include trimethylmethoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, triethylethoxysilane, triethylmethoxysilane, and their mixtures. Examples of dialkyldialkoxysilanes include dimethyldimethoxysilane, diethyldiethoxysilane, diethyldimethoxysilane, and their mixtures. Examples of alkyltrialkoxysilanes include methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, n-butyltrimethoxysilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, and mixtures thereof. Examples of tetraalkoxysilanes (i.e., tetraalkyl orthosilicates) include tetramethoxysilane, dimethoxydiethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, methoxytriethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, and their mixtures.
[0132] The crosslinking agent may be present in an amount of at most about 10 wt%, preferably not more than about 5 wt%, and more preferably not more than about 1 wt%, based on the solid content of the copolymer.
[0133] In an embodiment, the curable coating composition of the present invention can be cured to form a cured composition in the absence of any crosslinking agent. A crosslinking agent is generally required in most of conventional curable coating compositions to cause curing of the coating. However, such a crosslinking agent as the alkoxysilane compounds may be subject to self-hydrolysis or condensation, resulting in undesirable by-reactions and by-products. Therefore, it is advantageous to avoid use of such a crosslinking agent.
[0134] The coating composition may further comprise, depending on the intended purpose of the composition, optional additives such as an adhesion promoter and a leveling agent known for such use in the coating field. The adhesion promoter may be generally selected by those skilled in the art depending on the substrates to be coated. For example, when the substrates to be coated are polymer substrates, the adhesion promoter may be (meth) acrylate polymers functionalized with hydroxyl, carboxyl or acid anhydride groups, such as (meth) acrylate polyol copolymers; and when the substrates to be coated are glass substrates, the adhesion promoter may be alkoxylsilane functionalized with amino, vinyl or thiol groups. Illustrative examples of the additives commercially available include, but are not limited to, 587 from BASF as the adhesion promoter for polymer substrates, SilquestTM A1110 silane and SilquestTM A1100 silane from Momentive Performance Materials, Inc. as the adhesion promoter for glass substrates, and coatings additive from Momentive Performance Materials, Inc. as the leveling agent.
[0135] In an embodiment, the coating composition may be present in a form of a two-or multi-packaging coating system comprising at least a first packaging composition and a second packaging composition, wherein the first packaging composition comprises the copolymer; and the second packaging composition comprises the catalyst. The multi-packaging coating system may further include a third packaging composition comprising one or more additional components selected from the surfactant, the solvent, the crosslinking agent, the adhesion promoter or any additive conventionally used in a coating composition such as the levelling agent. The additional components may also be present in the first packaging composition and / or the second packing composition, provided that they do no not react with the component (s) already present in the packing composition. In an embodiment, the coating composition is present in a form of a two-packaging coating system comprising the first packaging composition containing the copolymer and the crosslinking agent; and the second packaging composition containing the catalyst, with the remaining components being present in the first packing composition, or the second packing composition, or both. In one embodiment, the coating composition is present in a form of a two-packaging coating system comprising the first packaging composition containing the copolymer, the crosslinking agent and the solvent; and the second packaging composition containing the catalyst, the surfactant, the adhesion promoter, and the solvent which may optionally be different from the solvent in the first packaging composition. In another embodiment, the coating composition is present in a form of a two-packaging coating system comprising the first packaging composition containing the copolymer, the crosslinking agent, the adhesion promoter and the solvent; and the second packaging composition containing the catalyst, the surfactant, and the solvent which may optionally be different from the solvent in the first packaging composition. In a further embodiment, the coating composition is present in a form of a two-packaging coating system comprising the first packaging composition containing the copolymer, the crosslinking agent, the adhesion promoter, the surfactant and the solvent; and the second packaging composition containing the catalyst and the solvent which may optionally be different from the solvent in the first packaging composition. The coating composition is preferably present in the form of the two-or multi-packaging coating system in terms of storage stability. Each of the components may be present in the two-or multi-packaging coating system in an amount similar to those discussed above regarding the coating composition.
[0136] The coating composition herein may be prepared by simply blending the copolymer with the various components in desired proportions. The components may be dispersed or dissolved in a solvent before blending, or may be mixed together directly in the solvent. The curing composition may be optionally diluted to a solid content suitable for the coating method to be adopted to apply the coating composition to a substrate.
[0137] Article
[0138] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides an article comprising a substrate, wherein the article comprises a coating film formed from the coating composition in accordance with the above aspect, which is disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the substrate.
[0139] Illustrative examples of suitable substrates include, but are not limited to, polymer, for example, (meth) acrylic polymer such poly (methylmethacrylate) , polycarbonate, polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyimide, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene terpolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and any other suitable substrate such as glass, or any combination of two or more thereof. In one embodiment, the substrate is selected from glass, (meth) acrylic polymer, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyimide, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene terpolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, or a combination thereof.
[0140] The coating composition may be applied to the substrate by conventional techniques such as brushing coating, spraying coating, dip coating, roller coating or flow coating. The applying or coating amount is not particularly limited and may be, for example, such that the coating film has a dry film thickness in a range of about 0.5 μm to about 30 μm, preferably about 1 μm to about 25 μm, more preferably about 2 μm to about 20 μm, even more preferably about 3 μm to about 15 μm, for example, about 4 μm to about 12 μm or about 5μm to about 10 μm.
[0141] The coating composition may be thermally or UV cured following application of the composition to the substrate. In an embodiment, the wet coating film of the coating composition on the substrate may be optionally flashed off before thermally cured in air or in an inert atmosphere by exposure to an elevated temperature of, for example, about 40℃ to about 200℃, preferably about 50℃ to about 180℃ and more preferably about 60℃ to about 150℃. In another embodiment, the wet coating film of the coating composition on the substrate may be cured by exposure to a suitable radiation such as ultraviolet radiation. The curing time may vary from, for example, about 0.5 hours to about 4 hours, preferably about 1 hour to about 3 hours, depending on the composition of the wet coating film.
[0142] The coating film formed from the coating composition herein can substantially limit or prevent fogging of the substrates. In an embodiment, the coating film has good anti-fog durability and good scratch resistance, and also good chemical resistance. As such, the substrates with such an anti-fog coating film may be used in a variety of applications including, but not limited to, visor, helmet, a safety glass, a protective shield, an automobile headlight, a windshield, eyeglasses, goggles, a mirror, a transparent container, a window, or a camera lens.
[0143] Method for Imparting Whitening Resistance to a Substrate / Article
[0144] In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method for imparting whitening resistance to a surface of a substrate or an article, comprising applying the copolymer or the coating composition in accordance with any of the above aspects to the substrate or the article. The substrates herein include, but are not limited to, polymer, for example, (meth) acrylic polymer such poly (methylmethacrylate) , polycarbonate, polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyimide, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene terpolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, or any combination of two or more thereof, and any other suitable substrate such as glass. In one embodiment, the substrate is selected from glass, (meth) acrylic polymer, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyimide, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene terpolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, or a combination thereof. The articles herein include, but are not limited to, visor, helmet, a safety glass, a protective shield, an automobile headlight, a windshield, eyeglasses, goggles, a mirror, a transparent container, a window, or a camera lens.
[0145] Examples
[0146] The present invention will be more specifically explained with reference to Examples, but these Examples shall not be construed as to limit the scope of the present invention. In the descriptions below, “part (s) ” and “%” denotes “part (s) by weight” and “%by weight” , unless otherwise stated.
[0147] Materials
[0148] DMAA (N, N-dimethylacrylamide) is obtained from Beijing Entrepreneur Science &Trading Co.Ltd. Silquest A-174 (γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) is obtained from Momentive Performance Materials, Inc. MMA (methyl methacrylate) is obtained from Mackin. SR-20 is obtained from ADEKA. IBOA is obtained from OSAKA Organic Chemical Industry. AIBN (2, 2' -azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) is obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The solvent Dowanol PM is obtained from Dow Chemical Company. MTMS, TBAA, OT-100 and L-1695 are obtained from Momentive Performance Materials, Inc., Macklin company, Solvay company, and MITSUBISHI-KAGAKU foods corporation, respectively.
[0149] General Procedures for Preparation of the Copolymer
[0150] All of the monomers were dehydrated by 3 molecular sieve for 16 hours before use. The reactor was flushed with N2 atmosphere for 30 minutes. Then, the reactor was charged with 75.00 g of the solvent (Dowanol PM) and heated to around 75℃. When the temperature inside the reactor reached 75℃, a mixture of monomers, 0.40 g of AIBN, and 75.00 g of Dowanol PM was fed over 2 hours. When the feeding was completed, the temperature of 75℃ was kept for 1 hour. Then, a solution containing 0.1 g of AIBN in 5.00 g of Dowanol PM was charged within 5 minutes and the temperature of the mixture was kept at around 75℃ for further 5 hours. Finally, the resultant is diluted with Dowanol PM and withdrawn. The resultant product is obtained with a solid content of around 20%.
[0151] General Procedures for Preparation of Coating Film on Polycarbonate (PC) Substrate
[0152] The copolymer dispersion as prepared was mixed with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) as the crosslinking agent, the catalyst solution (tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAA) in isopropanol) , the surfactant mixture (OT-100 and L-1695 in propylene glycol monomethyl ether) , and the solvent Dowanol PM to obtain a coating liquid. The composition of the prepared coating liquid is shown as in Table 1.
[0153] A polycarbonate substrate (PC grade: 2467) was wiped with isopropanol and dried with deionization wind. Then, the coating liquid prepared above was applied to a surface of the dried polycarbonate substrate by flow coating, and flashed off at room temperature for 5 minutes. The polycarbonate substrate was then allowed to cure in an oven at 120℃ for 2 hours and subsequently cool to room temperature.
[0154] Evaluation of Whitening Resistance
[0155] Subsequently, the coated film was tested for whitening resistance in a high humidity atmosphere. More details of the whitening resistance test were given below.
[0156] Firstly, the coated film was kept at testing chamber under 70~80%relative high humidity at 30~40℃for more than 30 minutes. Then, the coated film was taken out from the chamber and kept at room temperature for 30 minutes under less than 50%relative humidity. Finally, haze of the film was tested using Haze-gard Transparency Transmission Haze Meter from the BYK, according to ASTM D1003. The whitening resistance of the film was evaluated using a score ( “1~5” , wherein “1” is worst, and “5” is best) , and the scoring criteria were as follows:
[0157] “5” : haze ≤0.6%;
[0158] “4” : 0.6%< haze ≤1%;
[0159] “3” : 1%< haze ≤2%;
[0160] “2” : 2%< haze ≤4%; and
[0161] “1” : haze>4%.
[0162] Examples 1-3 &Comparative Example 1
[0163] Copolymers in a form of dispersion of Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1 were prepared using the corresponding monomers as shown in Table 1 below under the above general procedures for preparation of the copolymer. According to the above general procedures for preparation of coating film on PC substrate, each of the copolymer dispersions prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1 was mixed with the catalyst solution, the surfactant solution, the solvent, the crosslinking agent of MTMS and the adhesion promoter in amounts as shown in Table 1 to obtain coating compositions; each of the coating compositions prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1 was applied to the polycarbonate substrate and tested for whitening resistance in a high humidity atmosphere using the testing procedure described above. The results were shown in Table 1 below.
[0164] The results in Table 1 show that the coating films of Examples 1-3 all exhibit significantly improved whitening resistance in a high humidity atmosphere by using the copolymer with the composition according to the present invention, as compared with the coating film of Comparative Example 1, which uses the copolymer not according to the present invention. Moreover, Examples 1 and 3 using a relatively higher content of IBOA achieves a better whitening resistance of the resulting coating film than Example 2 using a relatively lower content of IBOA.
[0165] Table 1
[0166] While the disclosure has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A copolymer comprising:a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) :a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) :a third repeating unit represented by general formula (3) :a fourth repeating unit represented by general formula (4) :anda fifth repeating unit represented by general formula (5) :whereinR1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 and R15 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;X is a monovalent siloxy-containing group represented by - (L1) m-C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) n (R121) 3-n,Y is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L2) m-C (O) -N (R21) (R22) ,Z is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L3) m-C (O) -O-R31, andG is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L4) m-O- (L5) m1-C (R41) (R42) ,M is a monovalent organic group represented by - (L8) m-C (O) -O- (L9) m1-R51,whereeach occurrence of L, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L8 and L9 independently represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms;R121 is each independently a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;R21 and R22 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom;R31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, which optionally contains one or more functional groups selected from a hydroxyl, a mercapto, an ether, an ester, an amine, or a carboxyl group;R41 is each independently represented by -L6-O-R43, where L6 is each independently a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom, and R43 is each independently an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms;R42 is each independently represented by -O-L7-J, where L7 represents 1-50 C1-C4 alkyleneoxy repeating units, particularly L7 is each independently represented by - ( (CR44R45) p-O-) q-, where R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 16 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom, subscript p is 1, 2, 3, or 4, subscript q is a number in a range of 1-40, and J is selected from a hydrogen atom, -SO3N (R46) 4 with R46 being each independently H or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, -SO3Na, and -SO3K;R51 is each independently endocyclic C6-C30 such as C10-C15 alkyl, preferably bicyclic alkyl, more preferably isobornyl;each occurrence of subscripts m and m1 is each independently 0 or 1; andsubscript n is 1, 2 or 3.2.The copolymer of claim 1, wherein X is -C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) n (R121) 3-n,whereL is an alkylene group having about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms; R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; R121 is each independently selected from an alkyl group having about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, an aryl group having about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms, or an alkaryl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms; and n is 2 or 3;preferably, L is an alkylene group having about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms; R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; R121 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; and n is 2 or 3;more preferably, L is an alkylene group having about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms; R111 is each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; and n is 3.3.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein Y is -C (O) -N (R21) (R22) ,whereR21 and R22 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, an aryl group having about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms, or an alkaryl having about 7 to about 16 carbon atoms;preferably, R21 and R22 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms;more preferably, R21 and R22 are each independently an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.4.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein Z is -C (O) -O-R31,whereR31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, which optionally contains one or more functional groups selected from a hydroxyl, a mercapto, an ether, an ester, an amine, or a carboxyl group,preferably, R31 is selected from a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms;more preferably, R31 is an alkyl group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.5.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein G is a monovalent organic group represented by -L4-O-L5-C (R41) (R42) ,whereeach occurrence of L4 and L5 independently represents a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms,R41 is each independently represented by -L6-O-R43, where L6 is each independently a substituted or un-substituted divalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylene group having about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, and R43 is each independently an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl group having about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms; andR42 is each independently represented by -O-L7-J, where L7 is each independently represented by - ( (CR44R45) p-O-) q-, where R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, subscript p is 1, 2, 3, or 4, subscript q is a number in a range of 1-40, preferably a number in a range of 10-30, and J is selected from a hydrogen atom or -SO3NH4, preferably J is -SO3NH4.6.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein M is a monovalent organic group represented by -C (O) -O-R51, wherein R51 is each independently endocyclic C6-C30 such as C10-C15 alkyl, preferably bicyclic alkyl, more preferably isobornyl.7.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the copolymer comprises:a first repeating unit of formula (1) wherein X is -C (O) -O-L-Si (OR111) 3, where L is selected from propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene group; and R111 is each independently methyl or ethyl;a second repeating unit of formula (2) wherein Y is -C (O) -N (R21) (R22) , where R21 and R22 are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl group;a third repeating unit of formula (3) wherein Z is -C (O) -O-R31, where R31 is each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl group;a fourth repeating unit of formula (4) wherein G is -L4-O-L5-C (R41) (R42) , where:L4 and L5 are each independently selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene group,R41 is each independently represented by -L6-O-R43, L6 is each independently selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene group, and R43 is each independently an alkyl group having about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms, andR42 is each independently represented by -O-L7-J, where L7 is each independently represented by - ( (CR44R45) p-O-) q-, where R44 and R45 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl group, subscript p is 1, 2, 3, or 4, subscript q is a number in a range of 10-30, and J is selected from a hydrogen atom or -SO3NH4, preferably J is -SO3NH4; anda fifth repeating unit of formula (5) wherein M is a monovalent organic group represented by -C (O) -O-R51, with R51 is each independently endocyclic C6-C30 such as C10-C15 alkyl, preferably bicyclic alkyl, more preferably isobornyl.8.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the first repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.05-40: 1, preferably about 0.20-20: 1, further preferably about 0.25-15: 1, more preferably about 0.30-10: 1, still more preferably about 0.40-9: 1.9.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the second repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.2-180: 1, preferably about 0.7-75: 1, further preferably about 0.9-60: 1, more preferably about 1.1-50: 1, still more preferably about 1.4-40: 1.10.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the third repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.2-40: 1, preferably about 0.6-15: 1, further preferably about 0.9-13: 1, more preferably about 1.1-10: 1, still more preferably about 1.3-9: 1.11.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the fourth repeating unit and the fifth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.002-0.15: 1, preferably about 0.007-0.07: 1, further preferably about 0.009-0.05: 1, more preferably about 0.011-0.04: 1, still more preferably about 0.014-0.035: 1.12.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein the first repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 4-1250: 1, preferably about 10-500: 1, further preferably about 14-400: 1, more preferably about 18-310: 1, still more preferably about 20-260: 1.13.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein the second repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 15-5500: 1, preferably about 35-2300: 1, further preferably about 50-1800: 1, more preferably about 60-1400: 1, still more preferably about 70-1200: 1.14.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein the third repeating unit and the fourth repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 15-1250: 1, preferably about 35-500: 1, further preferably about 45-400: 1, more preferably about 60-310: 1, still more preferably about 70-260: 1.15.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 14 wherein the first repeating unit and the third repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.05-5.0: 1, preferably about 0.15-2.0: 1, further preferably about 0.20-1.5: 1, more preferably about 0.25-1.2: 1, still more preferably about 0.3-1.1: 1.16.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein the second repeating unit and the third repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.2-20: 1, preferably about 0.5-9.0: 1, further preferably about 0.6-7.0: 1, more preferably about 0.8-5.5: 1, still more preferably about 1.0-5.0: 1.17.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit are present in a molar ratio of about 0.03-1.5: 1, preferably about 0.08-0.6: 1, further preferably about 0.10-0.45: 1, more preferably about 0.14-0.36: 1, still more preferably about 0.17-0.30: 1.18.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein the copolymer consists of the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth repeating units.19.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 18 wherein the copolymer is a pentapolymer.20.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein the copolymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of about 10,000 to about 140,000, preferably about 50,000 to about 100,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards.21.The copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 20 wherein the copolymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 10,000 to about 22,000, preferably about 12,000 to about 20,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards.22.A method for preparing the copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 21 wherein a first monomer of the formula C (R1) (R2) =C (R3) X, a second monomer of the formula C (R4) (R5) =C (R6) Y, a third monomer of the formula C (R7) (R8) =C (R9) Z, a fourth monomer of the formula C (R10) (R12) =C (R11) G, and a fifth monomer of the formula C (R13) (R15) =C (R14) M, with each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, X, Y, Z, G and M being defined as in claim 1, are subject to radical polymerization.23.A coating composition comprising the copolymer of any one of claims 1-21 or the copolymer prepared according to the method of claim 22, preferably in an amount ranging from about 1 wt%to about 99.9 wt%, more preferably about 2 wt%to about 50 wt%, even more preferably about 10 wt%to about 20 wt%, wherein the coating composition further comprises a component selected from a catalyst, a surfactant, a solvent, a crosslinking agent, or any combination of two or more thereof.24.An article comprising a substrate, wherein the article comprises a coating film formed from the coating composition of claim 23 disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the substrate.25.The article of claim 24, wherein the substrate is selected from glass, (meth) acrylic polymer, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyimide, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene terpolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, or a combination thereof.26.A method for imparting whitening resistance to a substrate or an article, comprising applying the copolymer of any one of claims 1 to 21, the copolymer prepared according to the method of claim 22, or the coating composition of claim 23 to a surface of the substrate or the article.