Bispecific antibodies targeting ox40 and uses thereof
Bispecific antibodies targeting OX40 address the inadequacies of current therapies by inducing ADCC and blocking OX40-OX40 ligand interaction, effectively treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HANX BIOPHARMACEUTICALS (WUHAN) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-29
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-09
AI Technical Summary
Current therapies targeting OX40 for inflammatory or autoimmune diseases are inadequate due to the complexity of these conditions and the intricacies of immune regulation.
Development of bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to two epitopes of human OX40, inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and blocking the OX40-OX40 ligand interaction, while maintaining the ability to deplete CD4+ T cells and treat acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
The bispecific antibodies effectively target OX40-expressing cells, enhancing ADCC and blocking OX40-OX40 ligand binding, providing a therapeutic approach for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Figure PCTCN2025146624-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025146624-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025146624-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
BISPECIFIC ANTIBODIES TARGETING OX40 AND USES THEREOF
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 143759, filed December 30, 2024, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. 1. Reference to Sequence Listing Submitted Electronically
[0002] This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing as an XML file entitled “720A007WO02_SL” created on December 19, 2025 and having a size of 196, 714 bytes.2. Field
[0003] The present invention relates to molecular biology and immunology. Provided herein include anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies that specifically bind two epitopes of human OX40, as well as uses thereof in treating human diseases, e.g., inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.3. Background
[0004] The molecule OX40, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4, is an immune co-stimulatory receptor. OX40 is primarily expressed on activated T cells, playing a crucial role in the immune system’s regulation and response. Studies have indicated that the interaction between OX40 and its ligand OX40L regulates T-cell tolerance, peripheral T-cell homeostasis, T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. This opens new avenues for developing targeted therapies aimed at harnessing the body’s immune system to combat inflammatory or autoimmune disease.
[0005] Despite promising progress, effective OX40-targeted therapies for inflammatory or autoimmune disease are still lacking, largely to the complexity of these conditions and the intricacies of immune regulation. As such, there remains an urgent unmet need for developing effective therapy of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases by targeting OX40. The compositions and methods provided herein meet these needs and provide relative advantages.4. Summary
[0006] Provided herein are bispecific antibodies comprising (i) a first antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, (ii) a second antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, and (iii) an Fc domain; wherein the bispecific antibody induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against an OX40-expressing cell mediated by the binding of the first antigen-binding fragment, and blocks the binding between OX40 and OX40 ligand upon binding of the second antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the binding of the first antigen-binding fragment does not block the binding between OX40 and OX40 ligand.
[0007] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a first light chain variable domain (VL1) and a first heavy chain variable domain (VH1) ; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a light chain variable domain (VL) having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73. In some embodiments, VL1 and VH1 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 71, respectively. In some embodiments, VL1 and VH1 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73, respectively.
[0008] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a first light chain variable domain (VL2) and a second heavy chain variable domain (VH2) ; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 75, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 76, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 78, respectively.
[0009] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 79 and 80, respectively.
[0010] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 83 and 84, respectively.
[0011] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 81 and 82, respectively.
[0012] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 85 and 86, respectively.
[0013] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 142, 143, and 144, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 145, 146, and 147, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 148 and 149, respectively.
[0014] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1. In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64. In some embodiments, the scFv is connected to the Knob-Fc region or the Hole-Fc region via a second linker (L2) . In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 65. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having amino acid T366W substitution, and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having T366S, L368A, and Y407V substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Knob-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution, and the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have N434A substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have C220S substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (i) SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 53, respectively; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 54, respectively; or (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 55, respectively. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (1) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or lambda CL (Cλ, SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or (2) the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or both (1) and (2) . In some embodiments, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) . In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0015] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129.
[0016] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a light chain constant (CL) region; and (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH1, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; and (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH1, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2. In some embodiments, the scFv is connected to the VH1 region via a second linker (L2) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; and (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH2, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; and (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH2, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1. In some embodiments, the scFv is connected to the VH2 region via a second linker (L2) . In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64. In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64. In some embodiments, (1) the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or (2) the CH region is human IgG1 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 59) , IgG2 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 135) , IgG3 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 136) , or IgG4 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 137) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or both (1) and (2) . In some embodiments, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) . In some embodiments, the CH region has one or more substitutions selected from: K214R, S239D, A330L, and I332E. In some embodiments, the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 or 61.
[0017] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108, and C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106, and C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107.
[0018] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region. In some embodiments, the VL1 is connected to the CH1 domain via a linker (L3) . In some embodiments, the VH1 is connected to the CL region via a linker (L4) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region. In some embodiments, the VL2 is connected to the CH1 domain via a linker (L3) . In some embodiments, the VH2 is connected to the CL region via a linker (L4) . In some embodiments, L3 has the amino acid sequence of SS. In some embodiments, L4 has the amino acid sequence of AS.
[0019] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.
[0020] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, 42, or 43. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57 or 58. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having amino acid T366W substitution, and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having T366S, L368A, and Y407V substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Knob-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution, and the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have N434A substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have C220S substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 56, respectively.
[0021] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111; C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112; and C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115; C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116; and C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117.
[0022] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein: (1) binds to OX40 expressing cells with an affinity greater than a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or the VL2 / VH2 pair; (2) blocks the binding of OX40L to OX40; (3) has enhanced ADCC against OX40+ cells compared to a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL2 / VH2 pair; (4) depletes CD4+ T cells in vivo; or (5) has anti-acute GVHD activity; or any combination of (1) to (5) .
[0023] Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the bispecific antibodies provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0024] Provided herein are polynucleotides encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody. Provided herein are a plurality of the polynucleotides provided herein that collectively encode all peptide chains of the bispecific antibodies provided herein.
[0025] Provided herein are vectors comprising the polynucleotides provided herein. Provided herein are a plurality of vectors comprising the plurality of the polynucleotides provided herein.
[0026] Provided herein are cells comprising the polynucleotides or plurality of polynucleotides provided herein, or the vectors provided herein.
[0027] Provided herein are methods of making a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to human OX40, comprising culturing the cells provided herein under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the method comprises isolating the bispecific antibody from the culture.
[0028] Provided herein are methods of reducing OX40+ cells in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of the bispecific antibodies provided herein to the subject. In some embodiments, the OX40+ cell is an immune cell. In some embodiments, the OX40+cell is a T cell. In some embodiments, the OX40+ cell is a CD4+ T cell.
[0029] Provided herein are methods of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibodies provided herein. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering an additional therapy to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Provided herein are uses of the bispecific antibodies provided herein in the treatment of an inflammatory or autoimmune disease. Provided herein are uses of the bispecific antibodies provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments of the methods or uses provided herein, the inflammatory or autoimmune disease is a T cell-mediated inflammatory or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory or autoimmune disease is graft versus host disease (GvHD) . In some embodiments, the GvHD is acute GvHD.5. Brief Description of Drawings
[0030] FIGs. 1A-1F provide diagrams illustrating different types of bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. (N) means the N-terminus; (C) means the C-terminus; (L) means a linker; VL1 / VH1 pair specifically binds to human OX40 Epitope 1; VL2 / VH2 pair specifically binds to human OX40 Epitope 2; scFv1: (N) -VL1- (L) -VH1- (C) , or (N) -VH1- (L) -VL1- (C) ; scFv2: (N) -VL2- (L) -VH2- (C) ; or (N) -VH2- (L) -VL2- (C) .
[0031] FIGs. 1A-1B illustrate the “KIH” format, which includes three distinct peptides, a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) , and a third peptide chain (C3) , with exemplary configurations shown below: FIG. 1A: C1: (N) -VL1-CL- (C) ; C2: (N) -VH1-CH1-Fc (Knob) - (C) ; C3: (N) -scFv2-Fc (Hole) - (C) FIG. 1B: C1: (N) -VL2-CL- (C) ; C2: (N) -VH2-CH1-Fc (Knob) - (C) ; C3: (N) -scFv1-Fc (Hole) - (C)
[0032] FIGs. 1C-1D illustrate the scFv-IgG format, which includes two pairs of two distinct peptides, a first peptide chain (C1) , and a second peptide chain (C2) , with exemplary configurations shown below: FIG. 1C: C1: (N) -VL2-CL- (C) ; C2: (N) -scFv1-VH2-CH- (C) FIG. 1D: C1: (N) -VL1-CL- (C) ; C2: (N) -scFv2-VH1-CH- (C)
[0033] FIG. 1E illustrates the CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH format that includes four distinct peptides, a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) , a third peptide chain (C3) , and a fourth peptide chain (C4) , with exemplary configurations shown below: FIG. 1E: C1: (N) -VL2-CL- (C) ; C2: (N) -VH2-CH1-Fc (Knob) - (C) ; C3: (N) -VL1-CH1- (C) ; C4: (N) -VH1-CL-Fc (Hole) - (C)
[0034] FIG. 1F illustrates the VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH format that includes four distinct peptides, a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) , a third peptide chain (C3) , and a fourth peptide chain (C4) , with exemplary configurations shown below: FIG. 1F: C1: (N) -VL2-CL- (C) ; C2: (N) -VH2-CH1-Fc (Knob) - (C) ; C3: (N) -VH1-CH1- (C) ; C4: (N) -VL1-CL-Fc (Hole) - (C)
[0035] FIG. 2 provides the results of a binding assay showing that HX035 had comparable binding affinity to recombinant OX40 proteins as the parental mAbs (i.e., Epitope 1-mAb and Epitope 2-mAb) .
[0036] FIG. 3 provides the results of a blocking binding assay showing that HX035 potently blocked the binding of OX40L to OX40.
[0037] FIG. 4 provides the results of a cell binding assay showing that HX035 had significantly enhanced binding affinity to cells with low OX40 expression compared to Epitope 2-mAb.
[0038] FIG. 5 provides the results of a cell binding assay showing that HX035 had significantly enhanced binding affinity to cells with high OX40 expression compared to Epitope 2-mAb.
[0039] FIG. 6 provides the results of an ADCC reporter gene assay showing that HX035 induced significantly enhanced ADCC against Hut-102 cells with high OX40 expression compared to both Epitope 1 mAb and Epitope 2 mAb.
[0040] FIG. 7 provides the results of an ADCC reporter gene assay showing that HX035 induced significantly enhanced ADCC against ARH-77 cells with low OX40 expression compared to both Epitope 1 mAb and Epitope 2 mAb.
[0041] FIG. 8 provides the results of an ADCC reporter gene assay showing the further enhanced ADCC of HX035-2A-AE against Hut-102 cells with high OX40 expression.
[0042] FIGs. 9A-9B provide the results of the whole blood flow cytometry analysis in human PBMC induced acute GvHD model. FIG. 9A shows that HX035 significantly depleted the hCD45+leukocytes in vivo at different doses. FIG. 9B shows that HX035 demonstrated a stronger depletion of hCD45+ leukocytes in vivo compared with either rocatinlimab or IMG007.
[0043] FIGs. 10A-10B provide the results of the whole blood flow cytometry analysis in human PBMC induced acute GvHD model. FIG. 10A shows that HX035 significantly depleted the hCD4+ T cells in vivo at different doses. FIG. 10B shows that HX035 demonstrated a stronger depletion of hCD4+ T cells in vivo compared with either rocatinlimab or IMG007.
[0044] FIGs. 11A-11B provide the GvHD score in human PBMC induced acute GvHD mouse model. FIG. 11A shows that HX035 alleviated the disease manifestations in a dose-dependent manner. FIG. 11B shows that HX035 demonstrated stronger anti-GvHD activities compared with either rocatinlimab or IMG007.
[0045] FIG. 12 provides the body weight curves in human PBMC induced acute GvHD mouse model showing that HX035 maintained the stable body weight.
[0046] FIGs. 13A-13B provide the survival curves in human PBMC induced acute GvHD mouse model. FIG. 13A shows that HX035 promoted survival in a dose-dependent manner. FIG. 13B shows that HX035 maintained higher survival rates than both rocatinlimab and IMG007.6. Detailed Description
[0047] The present disclosure provides bispecific antibodies that specifically bind two epitopes of human OX40. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of such bispecific antibodies, methods of uses of the bispecific antibodies or the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein for treating autoimmune diseases (e.g., graft versus host disease, GvHD) are also provided.
[0048] OX40, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4) , is an immune co-stimulatory receptor, together with its ligand OX40L, forming OX40-OX40L trimer-trimer complex between the surface of activated T-cells (OX40) and APCs / NKs (OX40L) , considered to be T-cell activation costimulatory receptor. Human OX40 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 47~51 kDa, composed of 249 amino acids, in which the extramembrane, transmembrane, and intramembrane regions are composed of 188, 24, and 37 amino acids, respectively. The corresponding gene is in human chromosome 1p36. OX40 is primarily expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ / CD8+ T cells. Additionally, OX40 is also expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cell, NK cells, NKT cells and neutrophils.
[0049] OX40L, also known as gp34, CD252, TNFSF4, is a type II glycoprotein with a 23 amino acid cytoplasmic tail and a 133 amino acid extracellular domain, is expressed as a trimer and has a TNF homology domain. It is structurally similar to other molecules of the TNF superfamily and has some sequence homology. The OX40L is predominantly expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) , and can also be expressed on activated B cells, mature conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) , Langerhans cells, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) , and macrophages.
[0050] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. 6.1 Definitions
[0051] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0052] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0053] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “Aand / or B” herein is intended to include “Aand B, ” “Aor B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0054] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In certain embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0055] The terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” “protein, ” “polypeptide chain, ” “peptide chain, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0056] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein mean polymers of nucleotides of any length and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and / or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase.
[0057] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a protein or a polypeptide with particular sequence features (the “reference protein” or “reference polypeptide” ) refers to a different protein or polypeptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. A functional fragment or a functional variant of a protein or polypeptide maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference protein or polypeptide.
[0058] The term “specifically binds, ” as used herein, means that a polypeptide or molecule interacts more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration, with greater affinity, or with some combination of the above to the epitope, protein, or target molecule than with alternative substances, including related and unrelated proteins. A binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a target molecule (e.g., antigen) can be identified, for example, by immunoassays, ELISAs, Bio-Layer Interferometry ( “BLI” ) , SPR (e.g., Biacore) , or other techniques known to those of skill in the art. Typically, a specific reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and can be more than 10 times background. See, e.g., Paul, ed., 1989, FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY SECOND EDITION, Raven Press, New York at pages 332-336 for a discussion regarding antibody specificity. A binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule at a higher affinity than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule with an affinity that is at least 20 times greater, at least 30 times greater, at least 40 times greater, at least 50 times greater, at least 60 times greater, at least 70 times greater, at least 80 times greater, at least 90 times greater, or at least 100 times greater, than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a particular target molecule binds a different molecule at such a low affinity that binding cannot be detected using an assay described herein or otherwise known in the art. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means, for instance, that a binding moiety binds a molecule target with a KD of about 0.1 mM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 10 μM or less or about 1 μM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 0.1 μM or less, about 0.01 μM or less, or about 1 nM or less. Because of the sequence identity between homologous proteins in different species, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes a protein or target in more than one species. Likewise, because of homology within certain regions of polypeptide sequences of different proteins, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes more than one protein or target. It is understood that, in some embodiments, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a first target may or may not specifically bind a second target. As such, “specific binding” does not necessarily require (although it can include) exclusive binding, i.e., binding to a single target. Thus, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) can, in some embodiments, specifically bind more than one target. For example, an antibody can, in certain instances, comprise two identical antigen-binding sites, each of which specifically binds the same epitope on two or more proteins. In certain alternative embodiments, an antibody can be bispecific and comprise at least two antigen-binding sites with differing specificities.
[0059] The term “binding affinity” as used herein generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a binding moiety and a target molecule (e.g., antigen) . The binding of a binding moiety and a target molecule is a reversible process, and the affinity of the binding is typically reported as an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) . KD is the ratio of a dissociation rate (koff or kd) to the association rate (kon or ka) . The lower the KD of a binding pair, the higher the affinity. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Specific illustrative embodiments include the following. In some embodiments, the “KD” or “KD value” can be measured by assays known in the art, for example by a binding assay. The KD may be measured in a radiolabeled antigen binding assay (RIA) (Chen, et al., (1999) J. Mol Biol 293: 865-881) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, the Gator system (Probe Life) , or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays (SPR) by Biacore, using, for example, a BIAcoreTM-2000 or a BIAcoreTM-3000 BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) .
[0060] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-1000 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0061] A polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated polypeptides, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors, cells, or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure. In some embodiments, a material is “substantially pure” means that the material is at least 50%pure (i.e., free from contaminants) , at least 90%pure, at least 95%pure, at least 98%pure, or at least 99%pure.
[0062] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0063] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to Uniprot (https: / / www. uniprot. org / ) , GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) .
[0064] The EU numbering is followed for numbering the amino acid residues in antibody sequences, especially in the variable regions of the immunoglobulins. Kabat et al. (1991) . SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST (5TH ED. ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. 6.2 Bispecific antibodies
[0065] Provided herein are bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein are monoclonal antibodies. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein are isolated. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein are substantially pure. 6.2.1 General
[0066] As used herein and understood in the art, an “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds a target (e.g., a protein) through at least one antigen-binding fragment which is typically within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. An “antibody” can be of many different types and structures. For example, antibodies can be polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, or any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen-binding site. Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, mouse antibodies, camel antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. An antibody can be any of the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) , based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term “antibody” as used herein include “antigen-binding fragment” of intact antibodies. The term “antigen-binding fragment” as used herein refers to a portion or fragment of an intact antibody that is the antigenic determining variable region of an intact antibody. Examples of antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F (ab’ ) 2, Fv, linear antibodies, single chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv) , heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , single variable domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , and single variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHH) .
[0067] As used herein and understood in the art, the term “epitope, ” also known as an antigenic determinant, is the specific region on an antigen recognized and bound by an antibody. Epitopes can be classified into two main types: linear and conformational. Linear epitopes consist of a continuous sequence of amino acids, while conformational epitopes are formed by amino acids brought together by the three-dimensional folding of the antigen. The interaction between antibodies and epitopes is critical for the antibody to recognize its antigen. Antibodies perform diverse functions depending on the epitope they target, even within the same protein. For example, some antibodies bind to epitopes that trigger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) , recruiting immune cells to kill targeted cells, while others target epitopes critical for ligand binding, thereby blocking the interaction between the protein and its receptor.
[0068] As used herein and understood in the art, the term “Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity” or “ADCC” refers to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g., Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell. ADCC activity can be assessed using standard in vitro assays known in the art, such as a 51Cr (chromium) release assay or a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, using OX40-expressing target cells and human PBMCs or NK cells as effector cells. The term “induce” ADCC mediated by the binding of an antigen-binding fragment refers to the functional capability of an antibody to trigger ADCC as a direct consequence of the antigen-binding fragment specifically engaging its epitope on OX40. In this context, “mediated by” indicates that the specific binding mode (e.g., epitope location, binding angle, or distance from the cell membrane) of a fragment orients or presents the Fc domain in a conformation or proximity that permits productive engagement with Fc receptors (e.g., FcγRIIIa / CD16) on effector cells. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell mediated by binding of one antigen-binding fragment (e.g., the first antigen-binding fragment) does not preclude ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell being mediated by binding of another antigen-binding fragment (e.g., the second antigen-binding fragment) .
[0069] As understood in the art, the term “block” as used in the context of the binding between OX40 and its ligand (OX40L) , refers to the ability of the antibody to physically interfere with or prevent the binding between OX40 and OX40L. An antibody or antigen binding fragment is considered to “block” the binding between OX40L to OX40 if it reduces the binding of OX40L to OX40 by at least 50% (e.g., at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95%) compared to a control (e.g., binding in the absence of the antibody or in the presence of an irrelevant isotype control antibody) . This blocking activity can be determined using standard competitive binding assays known in the art, such as competition ELISA, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) , or flow cytometry-based blocking assays where the antibody competes with soluble OX40L (or OX40L-expressing cells) for binding to surface-expressed OX40.
[0070] As used herein and understood in the art, a “bispecific” antibody is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the two different antigen-binding fragments specifically bind two different target antigens. In some embodiments, the two different antigen-binding fragments specifically bind two different epitopes on the same target antigen. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise two antigen-binding fragments that each specifically binds to a different epitope human OX40. Bispecific antibodies can be formed from antibody fragments.
[0071] The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized (see, e.g., FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N. Y. (1989) ) . Typically, immunoglobulins comprise two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L; low molecular weight) chains and one pair of heavy (H; high molecular weight) chains, all four inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
[0072] Each light chain of an immunoglobulin typically includes a light chain variable region ( “VL region” ) and a light chain constant region ( “CL region” ) . There are two distinct types of light chains, referred to as kappa (κ) of lambda (λ) based on the amino acid sequence of the CL region. The amino acid sequences of the CL regions are well known in the art.
[0073] Each heavy chain typically includes a heavy chain variable region (a “VH region” ) and a heavy chain constant region (a “CH region” ) . The VH region can be one of five distinct types, referred to as alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) and mu (μ) , based on the amino acid sequence. When combined with a light chain, these distinct types of heavy chains give rise to five well known classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, respectively. There are four subclasses of IgG, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The amino acid sequences of the CH regions of different classes of antibodies are well known in the art.
[0074] The CH region of immunoglobulins comprise more than one domain. For example, the CH region of an IgG antibody is comprised of three domains, heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , heavy chain constant domain 2 (CH2) , and heavy chain constant domain 3 (CH3) . The highly flexible region between the CH1 and CH2 domains is referred to as the “hinge region. ” Disulfide bonds in the hinge region are part of the interactions between two heavy chains in an immunoglobulin. The “Fc region” refers to the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. In IgG, IgA and IgD isotypes, the Fc region is comprised of the hinge region, the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2–4) . The amino acid sequences of the Fc region of human IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE, and subtypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the Fc region of an IgG heavy chain can extend from the hinge region to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain. The native Fc regions can be modified. Modification of the Fc regions are further described below. In some embodiments, a bispecific antibody provided herein can comprise paired Fc domains comprising paired different modifications that promote their association with each other, instead of forming homodimers.
[0075] Unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context, reference to amino acid positions in the constant regions is according to the EU-numbering (Edelman et al., PNAS. 1969; 63: 78-85, Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition. 1991 NIH Publication No. 91-3242) . A list of exemplary amino acid sequences for constant domains / regions of the human IgG antibodies is provided below. Some exemplary variants are also included, with more variants disclosed in sections below.
[0076] Table 1A. Native human IgG constant regions / domains.
[0077] The term “variable region” refers to a portion of the light or heavy chains of an immunoglobulin that is generally located at the amino-terminal of the light or heavy chain and used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variable region of a light chain is referred to as a “light chain variable region” or “VL region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “light chain variable domain” or “VL. ” The variable region of a heavy chain is referred to as a “heavy chain variable region” or “VH region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “heavy chain variable domain” or “VH. ” The variable domains differ extensively in sequence between different antibodies. A “pair of VL and VH, ” “VL / VH pair, ” or “VH / VL pair” can associate with each other and form a binding site that specifically binds the target antigen or epitope.
[0078] The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . The variability in sequence is concentrated in the CDRs while the less variable portions in the variable domain are referred to as framework regions (FR) . The CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction of the antibody with antigen. Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk, J Mol Biol. 1987; 196: 901-17) .
[0079] A CDR refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VH β-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VL β-sheet framework. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions include, for example, Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Kabat et al., J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6609-6616 (1977) ; Kabat, Adv. Prot. Chem. 32: 1-75 (1978) ) . The Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions, which defines CDR region sequences as those residues that are not part of the conserved β-sheet framework, and thus are able to adapt different conformations (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987) ) . Both terminologies are well recognized in the art. Additionally, the IMGT system is based on sequence variability and location within the structure of the variable regions. The AbM definition is a compromise between Kabat and Chothia. The Contact definition is based on analyses of the available antibody crystal structures. The positions of CDRs within a canonical antibody variable domain have been determined by comparison of numerous structures (Al-Lazikani et al, J. Mol. Biol. 273: 927-948 (1997) ; Morea et al, Methods 20: 267-279 (2000) ) . Because the number of residues within a hypervariable region varies in different antibodies, additional residues relative to the canonical positions are conventionally numbered with a, b, c and so forth next to the residue number in the canonical variable domain numbering scheme (Al-Lazikani et al., supra (1997) ) . Such nomenclature is similarly well known to those skilled in the art. Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs.
[0080] For example, CDRs defined according to several commonly used designation systems (including Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, ABM, and Contact) are set forth in the table below for reference.
[0081] Unless otherwise specified, CDR regions of the bispecific antibody disclosed herein have been defined by Kabat. The “CDRs from a particular VH and / or VL” refer to the CDRs derived from such reference VH and / or VL sequences by being defined using one or more standard designation systems in the art, including but not limited to Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, ABM, and Contact.
[0082] A single chain Fv ( “scFv” ) polypeptide is a covalently linked VL / VH heterodimer which is usually expressed from a gene fusion including VL and VH-encoding genes linked by a peptide-encoding linker. The scFv fragment includes CDRs that are held in appropriate conformation, in particular by using gene recombination techniques. In some embodiments of scFvs, the N-terminus of VL is linked to the C-terminus of the VH via a linker. In some embodiments of scFvs, the N-terminus of VH is linked to the C-terminus of the VL via a linker.
[0083] The term “linker” as used herein refers to one or more amino acid residues inserted between domains (e.g., immunoglobulin domains) to provide sufficient mobility for the domains. A linker can be inserted at the transition between variable domains or between variable and constant domains, respectively, at the sequence level. Some exemplary linkers are provided below. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein are not limited by the specific linkers exemplified herein. Any peptide linker with the appropriate length and flexibility that allows the VL / VH pair to properly form the antigen-binding site can be used.
[0084] Table 1B. Exemplary linkers.
[0085] The term “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins. In some instances, the variable region residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody from a non-human species. In some instances, residues of the CDRs are replaced by residues from the CDRs of a non-human species (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, camel) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The humanized antibody can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the variable region and / or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability.
[0086] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies of different structures are disclosed herein, which include two antigen binding fragments that specifically bind to human OX40. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise a first antigen binding fragment that specifically binds an epitope that triggers ADCC against the OX40-expressing cells ( “Epitope 1” or “depleting epitope” ) and a second antigen binding fragmentthat blocks the ligand binding to OX40 ( “Epitope 2” or “antagonist epitope” ) . In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment is derived from an antibody that, when acting as a standalone molecule (e.g., a monospecific, bivalent IgG) , exhibits antagonistic activity toward OX40 signaling, agonistic activity toward OX40 signaling, depleting activity against the OX40-expressing cells, or a combination thereof, notwithstanding its ability to block the interaction between OX40 and the OX40 ligand when incorporated into the bispecific antibody.
[0087] In some embodiments, the first and second antigen binding fragments are two VL / VH pairs. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies exemplified below have the VL / VH CDRs of the anti-human OX40 antibody HX011 (disclosed in PCT / CN2024 / 074689 and PCT / CN2024 / 096494) and the VL / VH CDRs of the anti-human OX40 antibody AMG451, GBR830, UCB A26, PAB2049, IMG-007, or hu336. Expressly contemplated herein are also bispecific antibodies having HX011 or a variant thereof and another anti-OX40 antibody that blocks the binding of OX40 ligand to OX40. The other anti-OX40 antibody can be any anti-OX40 antibody known in the art that blocks the binding of OX40 ligand to OX40, such as AMG451, GBR830, UCB A26, PAB2049, IMG-007, and hu336. Additional anti-OX40 antibody contemplated herein include MEDI6469, Tavolixizumab, and Ivuxolimab.
[0088] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies comprising (i) a first antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, (ii) a second antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, and (iii) an Fc domain; wherein the bispecific antibody exerts antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against an OX40-expressing cell through the first antigen-binding fragment and blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40 via the second antigen-binding fragment.
[0089] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies comprising (i) a first antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, (ii) a second antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, and (iii) an Fc domain; wherein the bispecific antibody induces ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell mediated by the binding of the first antigen-binding fragment, and blocks the binding between OX40 and OX40 ligand upon binding of the second antigen-binding fragment; optionally wherein the binding of the first antigen-binding fragment does not block the binding between OX40 and OX40 ligand. The first and second binding fragments can take any form disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. In some embodiments, the first and second binding fragments can be independently selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, F (ab') _2 fragment, a Fab'fragment, an scFv, a single-domain antibody, a VHH fragment, a camelid antibody, a shark-derived VNAR fragment, a diabody, a triabody, a tetrabody, and a minibody.
[0090] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment can be the antigen-binding fragment of any antibody known in the art that exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell, or a variant thereof, which is also referred to as a “depleting antibody” herein.
[0091] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a first light chain variable domain (VL1) and a first heavy chain variable domain (VH1) ; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a light chain variable domain (VL) having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72 or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and / or wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
[0092] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 and a VH1 that have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 71, respectively. The VL1 and VH1 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 71, respectively. The VL1 and VH1 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 73, respectively. The VL1 and VH1 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 73, respectively. The VL1 and VH1 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 71, respectively. The VL1 and VH1 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 71, respectively. The VL1 and VH1 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73, respectively. The VL1 and VH1 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73, respectively.
[0093] The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70. The VL1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 72. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 72. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 72. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 72. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 72. The VL1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 72. The VL1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71. The VH1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 73. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 73. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 73. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 73. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 73. The VH1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 73. The VH1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.
[0094] In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment is the antigen-binding fragment of AMG451, GBR830, UCB A26, PAB2049, IMG-007, or hu336 or a variant thereof.
[0095] In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment can be the antigen-binding fragment of any antibody known in the art or a variant thereof that blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40, or a variant thereof, which is also referred to as a “blocking antibody” or “antagonist antibody” herein.
[0096] In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a second light chain variable domain (VL2) and a second heavy chain variable domain (VH2) ; wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, or 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, or 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0097] In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0098] In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 142, 143, and 144, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 145, 146, and 147, respectively.
[0099] In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78. In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75. In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively.
[0100] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74. The VL2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 74. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 77. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 77. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 77. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 77. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 77. The VL2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 77. The VL2 can have the amino acid sequence of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0101] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75. The VH2 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75.
[0102] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 76. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 76. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 76. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 76. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 76. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 76. The VH2 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76.
[0103] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 78. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 78. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 78. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 78. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 78. The VH2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 78. The VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 78.
[0104] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 75, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 75, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 76, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 76, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 78, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 78, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 75, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 75, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 76, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 76, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 78, respectively. The VL2 and VH2 can have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 78, respectively.
[0105] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have a first antigen-binding fragment and a second antigen-binding fragment, wherein the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 and a VH1, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein (1) the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (2) the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (3) wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (4) wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (5) wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; or (6) wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0106] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have a first antigen-binding fragment and a second antigen-binding fragment, wherein the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 having VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3, and a VH1 having VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 having VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3, and a VH2 having VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and wherein (1) VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively; (2) VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively; (3) VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively; (4) VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively; (5) VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively; or (6) VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 142, 143, and 144, respectively, and wherein VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 145, 146, and 147, respectively.
[0107] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; and (1) a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; (2) a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 79; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 80; (3) a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 83; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 84; (4) a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 81; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 82; (5) a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 85; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 86; or (6) a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 148; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0108] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 and a VH1, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and / or wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
[0109] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a first antigen-binding fragment having VL1 and VH1, and a second antigen binding fragment having VL2 and VH2, wherein VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 74, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 74, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 74, and 78, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 77, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 77, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 77, and 78, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 74, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 74, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 74, and 78, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 77, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 77, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 77, and 78, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 74, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 74, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 74, and 78, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 77, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 77, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 77, and 78, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 74, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 74, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 74, and 78, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 77, and 75, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 77, and 76, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 77, and 78, respectively.
[0110] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 and a VH1, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and / or wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively.
[0111] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 79; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 80. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a first antigen-binding fragment having VL1 and VH1, and a second antigen binding fragment having VL2 and VH2, wherein VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 79, and 80, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 79, and 80, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 79, and 80, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 79, and 80, respectively.
[0112] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 and a VH1, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and / or wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively.
[0113] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 83; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 84. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a first antigen-binding fragment having VL1 and VH1, and a second antigen binding fragment having VL2 and VH2, wherein VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 83, and 84, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 83, and 84, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 83, and 84, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 83, and 84, respectively.
[0114] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 and a VH1, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and / or wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively.
[0115] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 81; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 82. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a first antigen-binding fragment having VL1 and VH1, and a second antigen binding fragment having VL2 and VH2, wherein VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 81, and 82, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 81, and 82, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 81, and 82, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 81, and 82, respectively.
[0116] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 and a VH1, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and / or wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively.
[0117] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 85; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a first antigen-binding fragment having VL1 and VH1, and a second antigen binding fragment having VL2 and VH2, wherein VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 85, and 86, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 85, and 86, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 85, and 86, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 85, and 86, respectively.
[0118] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL1 and a VH1, and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and / or wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 142, 143, and 144, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 145, 146, and 147, respectively.
[0119] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; a VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; a VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 148; and a VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody provided herein comprises a first antigen-binding fragment having VL1 and VH1, and a second antigen binding fragment having VL2 and VH2, wherein VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, 148, and 149, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 73, 148, and 149, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 71, 148, and 149, respectively. The VL1, VH1, VL2, and VH2 can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 72, 73, 148, and 149, respectively.
[0120] Exemplary sequences are provided in Table 2A and Table 2B.
[0121] Table 2A. Amino acid sequences of exemplary anti-OX40 antibody HX-011
[0122] Table 2B. Amino acid sequences of exemplary anti-OX40 antibodies 112V8, GBR830, UCB A26, PAB2049 and hu336
[0123] In addition to the specific anti-human OX40 VL / VH pairs exemplified herein, expressly contemplated also include variants of these VL / VH pairs that retain their bindings to human OX40. 6.2.2 scFv-IgG
[0124] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein that specifically bind human OX40 have the “scFv-IgG” structure depicted in FIGs. 1C and 1D.
[0125] As shown is FIG. 1C, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies in scFv-IgG format comprises two peptide chains: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, and a light chain constant (CL) region; and (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, VH1, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises VH2 and VL2. In some embodiments, the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2. In some embodiments, the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2.
[0126] As shown is FIG. 1D, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies in scFv-IgG format comprises two peptide chains: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, and a CL region; and (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, VH2, and a CH region; wherein the scFv comprises VH1 and VL1. In some embodiments, the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1. In some embodiments, the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1.
[0127] In some embodiments, the VL1 / VH1 pair of the bispecific antibodies provided herein exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell. In some embodiments, the VL2 / VH2 pair of the bispecific antibodies provided herein blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40.
[0128] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have the scFv-IgG structure and have a VL1 / VH1 pair and a VL2 / VH2 pair that specifically bind to human OX40; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3; the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3; the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3. The VL1 / VH1 pair, VL1 CDRs and VH1 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2A and Section 6.2.1 above. The VL2 / VH2 pair, VL2 CDRs and VH2 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2B and Section 6.2.1 above.
[0129] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and (1) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (2) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (3) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (4) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (5) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; or (6) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0130] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 142, 143, and 144, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 145, 146, and 147, respectively.
[0131] In some embodiments, the VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and the VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; and (1) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; (2) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 79; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 80; (3) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 83; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 84; (4) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 81; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 82; (5) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 85; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 86; or (6) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 148; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0132] In some embodiments of the scFv, the VL and the VH are connected by the linker (L) . L can be any suitable linker disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. For example, L can be selected from those identified in Table 1B. In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 66. In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, L has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64.
[0133] In some embodiments, the scFv is connected to the IgG, or specifically, the VH region of the IgG via a second linker (L2) . L2 can be any suitable linker disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. For example, L2 can be selected from those identified in Table 1B. In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 66. In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, L2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64.
[0134] The amino acid sequences of the CL region and the CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any appropriate source, e.g., a constant region of an antibody such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG1. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG2. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG3. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG4. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the CL region and the CH of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions that differ from the wildtype immunoglobulin, e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions in a wild type IgG1 or IgG4. Such substitutions are known in the art (see, e.g., US7704497, US7083784, US6821505, US 8323962, US6737056, and US7416727) .
[0135] In some embodiments, the CH region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be a human IgG1 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 59) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid substitutions, a human IgG2 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 135) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid substitutions, a human IgG3 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 136) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid substitutions, and a human IgG4 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 137) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CH region has one or more substitutions at one or more positions of K214, S239, A330, and I332. In some embodiments, the CH region has one or more substitutions selected from: K214R, S239D, A330L, and I332E. In some embodiments, the CH region has K214R substitution. In some embodiments, the CH region has S239D, A330L, and I332E substitutions. The CH region can further comprise the known amino acid substitution that enhances the ADCC, extends half-life, etc. In some embodiments, the CH region further comprises N434A substitution. In some embodiments, the CH region further comprises M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions. In some embodiments, the CH region further comprises M252Y, S254T, T256E, and N434A substitutions. In some embodiments, the CH region further comprises C220S substitution. In some embodiments, the CH region is human IgG1 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 59) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, 60 or 61. In some embodiments, the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0136] In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 44) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0137] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (1) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; and (2) the CH region is human IgG1 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 59) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, 60 or 61. In some embodiments, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0138] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises a first peptide chain (C1) , and a second peptide chain (C2) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106, and C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107.
[0139] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.
[0140] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40 having a first peptide chain (C1) and a second peptide chain (C2) , wherein C1 and C2 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 106 and 107, respectively. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies have four peptide chains, including two identical C1 and two identical C2.
[0141] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises a first peptide chain (C1) , and a second peptide chain (C2) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108, and C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109.
[0142] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109.
[0143] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40 having a first peptide chain (C1) and a second peptide chain (C2) , wherein C1 and C2 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 108 and 109, respectively. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies have four peptide chains, including two identical C1 and two identical C2.
[0144] Table 3: Sequences of Exemplary Bispecific Antibodies (scFv-IgG)
[0145] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can further comprise a signal peptide. The signal peptides are typically located at the N-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, each peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies comprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131.
[0146] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein: (1) binds to OX40 expressing cells with an affinity greater than a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or the VL2 / VH2 pair; (2) blocks the binding of OX40L to OX40; (3) has enhanced ADCC against OX40+ cells compared to a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL2 / VH2 pair; (4) depletes CD4+ T cells in vivo; or (5) has anti-acute GVHD activity; or any combination of (1) to (5) . 6.2.3 KIH
[0147] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have the “knobs-into-holes” or “KIH” structure depicted in FIGs. 1A and 1B. The “KIH” model promotes formation of heterodimers of the engineered bispecific antibody instead of heavy chain homodimers.
[0148] The modification promoting the association of a pair of Fc domains in a bispecific antibody includes the so-called “knob-into-hole” modification, comprising a “knob” modification in one Fc domain and a “hole” modification in the other one. The knob-into-hole technology is described e.g., in US 5,731,168; US 7,695,936; Ridgway et al., Prot. Eng. 9, 617-621 (1996) and Carter, J Immunol. Meth. 248, 7-15 (2001) . Generally, the method involves introducing a protuberance ( “knob” ) at the interface of a first Fc (the “Knob-Fc” ) and a corresponding cavity ( “hole” ) in the interface of a second Fc (the “Hole-Fc” ) , such that the protuberance can be positioned in the cavity so as to promote heterodimer formation and hinder homodimer formation. Protuberances are constructed by replacing small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first polypeptide with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory cavities of identical or similar size to the protuberances are created in the interface of the second polypeptide by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) .
[0149] Accordingly, a “Knob-Fc region” and a “Hole-Fc region” are designed to form heterodimer pair. The Knob-Fc region refers to the Fc region in which an amino acid of the CH3 domain is replaced with an amino acid residue having a larger side chain volume, generating a protuberance within the CH3 domain positionable in a cavity within the CH3 domain of the Hole-Fc region, in which an amino acid residue of the CH3 domain is replaced with an amino acid residue having a smaller side chain volume, thereby generating a cavity within the CH3 domain within which the protuberance within the CH3 domain of the first subunit is positionable. Preferably said amino acid residue having a larger side chain volume is selected from the group consisting of arginine (R) , phenylalanine (F) , tyrosine (Y) , and tryptophan (W) . Preferably said amino acid residue having a smaller side chain volume is selected from the group consisting of alanine (A) , serine (S) , threonine (T) , and valine (V) . The protuberance and cavity can be made by altering the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptides, e.g., by site-specific mutagenesis, or by peptide synthesis.
[0150] In some embodiments, the threonine residue at position 366 of the Knob-Fc region is replaced with a tryptophan residue (T366W) , and the tyrosine residue at position 407 of the Hole-Fc region is replaced with a valine residue (Y407V) , and optionally the threonine residue at position 366 is replaced with a serine residue (T366S) and the leucine residue at position 368 is replaced with an alanine residue (L368A) . In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region additionally has the serine residue at position 354 replaced with a cysteine residue (S354C) , or the glutamic acid residue at position 356 replaced with a cysteine residue (E356C) , and the Hole-Fc region additionally has the tyrosine residue at position 349 is replaced by a cysteine residue (Y349C) . In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C and T366W, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A and Y407V. The Knob-Fc region and / or the Hole-Fc region can further contain additional amino acid substitutions. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU index.
[0151] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have three peptide chains, (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL, and a light chain constant (CL) region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , and a Knob-Fc region. The C2 and C3 pair of the bispecific antibodies can adopts a KIH design, wherein C2 includes a Hole-Fc region and the C3 includes a Knob-Fc region. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the C2 includes a Knob-Fc region and the C3 includes a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, the VL / VH pair of C1 / C2 chains exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell, and the VL / VH pair of the scFv blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40. In some embodiments, the VL / VH pair of the scFv exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell, and the VL / VH pair of C1 / C2 chains blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40.
[0152] As shown in FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2.
[0153] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2.
[0154] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2.
[0155] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2.
[0156] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1.
[0157] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1.
[0158] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1.
[0159] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1.
[0160] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have the KIH structure and have a VL1 / VH1 pair and a VL2 / VH2 pair that specifically bind to human OX40; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3; the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3; the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3. The VL1 / VH1 pair, VL1 CDRs and VH1 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2A and Section 6.2.1 above. The VL2 / VH2 pair, VL2 CDRs and VH2 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2B and Section 6.2.1 above.
[0161] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and (1) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (2) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (3) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (4) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (5) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; or (6) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0162] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively.
[0163] In some embodiments, the VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and the VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; and (1) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; (2) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 79; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 80; (3) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 83; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 84; (4) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 81; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 82; (5) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 85; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 86; or (6) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 148; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0164] In some embodiments of the scFv, the VL and the VH are connected by the linker (L) . L can be any suitable linker disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. For example, L can be selected from those identified in Table 1B. In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 66. In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, L has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64.
[0165] In some embodiments, the scFv is connected to the Knob-Fc region or the Hole-Fc region via a second linker (L2) . L2 can be any suitable linker disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. For example, L2 can be selected from those identified in Table 1B. In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 66. In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. The GS linker can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, L2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 65.
[0166] As described herein, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein in KIH format comprise a CL region, a CH1 domain, a Hole-Fc and a Knob-Fc region. The amino acid sequences of the CH1 domain, the CL region, and the Fc regions of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any appropriate source, e.g., a constant region of an antibody such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. Antibody heavy and light chain constant regions amino acid sequences are well known in the art, e.g., those provided in the IMGT database (www. imgt. org) or at www. vbase2. org / vbstat. php., both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0167] In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG1. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG2. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG3. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG4. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the CH1, the CL region, and the Fc region (hinge, CH2 and CH3) of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions that differ from the wild type immunoglobulin, e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions in a wild type IgG1 or IgG4. Such substitutions are known in the art (see, e.g., US7704497, US7083784, US6821505, US 8323962, US6737056, and US7416727) .
[0168] In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be a human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, a human IgG2 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 138) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, a human IgG3 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 139) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, or a human IgG4 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 140) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein is the human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57 or 58. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0169] In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 44) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0170] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (1) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; and (2) the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. In some embodiments, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0171] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a T366W substitution; and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a Y407V substitution. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region is human IgG1 Fc having a Y407T substitution. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region can further include T366S and L368A substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region can further include K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-Fc region can further include E357K and D399K substitutions; or the Hole-Fc region can further include K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Knob-Fc region can further include E357K and D399K substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include S354C and Y349C substitutions, respectively; or the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include Y349C and S354C substitutions, respectively. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include N434A substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include C220S substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU Index. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region can have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, 51, or 52. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region can have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, 54, or 55. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 53, respectively. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 54, respectively. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 55, respectively.
[0172] Table 4A: Exemplified Fc sequences in KIH model.
[0173] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, the CH1 region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 53, respectively. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, the CH1 region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 54, respectively. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, the CH1 region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 55, respectively.
[0174] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93.
[0175] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93.
[0176] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 91, 92, and 93, respectively.
[0177] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96.
[0178] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.
[0179] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 94, 95, and 96, respectively.
[0180] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99.
[0181] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99.
[0182] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 97, 98, and 99, respectively.
[0183] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102.
[0184] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102.
[0185] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 100, 101, and 102, respectively.
[0186] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105.
[0187] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105.
[0188] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 103, 104, and 105, respectively.
[0189] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120.
[0190] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120.
[0191] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 118, 119, and 120, respectively.
[0192] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123.
[0193] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123.
[0194] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 121, 122, and 123, respectively.
[0195] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126 .
[0196] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126.
[0197] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 124, 125, and 126, respectively.
[0198] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129.
[0199] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 128. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129.
[0200] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1, C2, and C3 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 127, 128, and 129, respectively.
[0201] Provided in Table 4B are sequences of exemplary bispecific antibodies that specifically bind human OX40 in KIH format.
[0202] Table 4B: Sequences of exemplary bispecific antibodies (KIH)
[0203] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can further comprise a signal peptide. The signal peptides are typically located at the N-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, each peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies comprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131.
[0204] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein: (1) binds to OX40 expressing cells with an affinity greater than a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or the VL2 / VH2 pair; (2) blocks the binding of OX40L to OX40; (3) has enhanced ADCC against OX40+ cells compared to a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL2 / VH2 pair; (4) depletes CD4+ T cells in vivo; or (5) has anti-acute GVHD activity; or any combination of (1) to (5) . 6.2.4 CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH
[0205] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein that specifically bind to human OX40 have the “CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH” structure depicted in FIG. 1E. The “knobs-into-holes” or “KIH” model has been well described in the section above, which promotes formation of heterodimers of the engineered bispecific antibody instead of heavy chain homodimers. The CH1-CL CrossMab design help prevent the BsAb light chain mismatch by exchanging one side of CL and CH1.
[0206] Accordingly, as depicted in FIG. 1E, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have two pairs of light chains and heavy chains. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a first pair of light chain and heavy chain (C1 and C2, respectively) comprising a VL / VH pair that specifically binds to human OX40, and a second pair of light chain and heavy chain (C3 and C4, respectively) comprising another VL / VH pair that specifically binds to human OX40. The C2 and C4 pair of the bispecific antibodies can adopts a KIH design. In some embodiments, the light chain constant region (CL region) of C3 and the heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) of C4 can be swapped to avoid light chain mismatch. As such, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have C1, C2, C3, and C4, wherein (1) the C3 / C4 pair have CL / CH1 swapped, (2) the C1 / C2 pair have normal constant domains; and (3) the C2 / C4 can have the KIH structure. In some embodiments, C2 has a Knob-Fc region and C4 has a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, C2 has a Hole-Fc region and C4 has a Knob-Fc region. In some embodiments, the C1 / C2 chains comprise VL1 / VH1 pair that exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell, and the C3 / C4 chains comprise VL2 / VH2 pair that blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40. In some embodiments, the C1 / C2 chains comprise VL2 / VH2 pair that blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40, and the C3 / C4 chains comprise VL1 / VH1 pair that exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell.
[0207] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CH1 domain ; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.
[0208] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CH1 domain ; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.
[0209] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CH1 domain ; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.
[0210] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CH1 domain ; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.
[0211] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have the CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH structure and have a VL1 / VH1 pair and a VL2 / VH2 pair that specifically bind to human OX40; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3; the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3; the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3. The VL1 / VH1 pair, VL1 CDRs and VH1 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2A and Section 6.2.1 above. The VL2 / VH2 pair, VL2 CDRs and VH2 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2B and Section 6.2.1 above.
[0212] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and (1) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (2) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (3) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (4) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (5) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; or (6) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0213] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively.
[0214] In some embodiments, the VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and the VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; and (1) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; (2) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 79; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 80; (3) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 83; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 84; (4) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 81; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 82; (5) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 85; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 86; or (6) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 148; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0215] In some embodiments, the swapped VL is connected to the CH1 domain via a linker (L3) . The L3 can be any short flexible peptide linker having, for example, 1 to 10 amino acids. In some embodiments, L3 can be any linker provided that L3 with (1) the last one, the last two, or the last three amino acids of VL1, and / or (2) the first one, the first two, or the first three amino acids of the CH1 domain forms an amino acid sequence of SSAS (SEQ ID NO: 132) . In some embodiments, L3 has the amino acid sequence of SS.
[0216] In some embodiments, the swapped VH is connected to the CL region via a linker (L4) . The L4 can be any short flexible peptide linker having, for example, 1 to 10 amino acids. In some embodiments, L4 can be any linker provided that L4 with (1) the last one, the last two, or the last three amino acids of VH, and / or (2) the first one, the first two or the first three amino acids of the CL region forms an amino acid sequence of SSAS (SEQ ID NO: 132) . In some embodiments, L4 has the amino acid sequence of AS.
[0217] The amino acid sequences of the CH1, the CL region, and the Fc region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any appropriate source, e.g., a constant region of an antibody such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. Antibody heavy and light chain constant regions amino acid sequences are well known in the art, e.g., those provided in the IMGT database (www. imgt. org) or at www. vbase2. org / vbstat. php., both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0218] In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG1. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG2. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG3. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG4. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the CH1, the CL region, and the Fc region (hinge, CH2 and CH3) of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions that differ from the wild type immunoglobulin, e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions in a wild type IgG1 or IgG4. Such substitutions are known in the art (see, e.g., US7704497, US7083784, US6821505, US 8323962, US6737056, and US7416727) .
[0219] In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be a human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, a human IgG2 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 138) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, a human IgG3 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 139) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, or a human IgG4 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 140) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein is the human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57 or 58. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 can be the same or can be different. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 are the same. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 are different. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 and the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57 and the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0220] In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 44) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, 42, or 43. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the CL region of C1 and the CL region of C4 are the same. In some embodiments, the CL region of C1 and the CL region of C4 are different. In some embodiments, the CL region of C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CL region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0221] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (1) the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 and the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; and (2) the CL region of C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CL region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0222] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a T366W substitution; and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a Y407V substitution.
[0223] In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region is human IgG1 Fc having a Y407T substitution. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region can further include T366S and L368A substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region can further include K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-Fc region can further include E357K and D399K substitutions; or the Hole-Fc region can further include K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Knob-Fc region can further include E357K and D399K substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include S354C and Y349C substitutions, respectively; or the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include Y349C and S354C substitutions, respectively. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include N434A substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include C220S substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU Index. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus.
[0224] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region can have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, 51, or 52. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region can have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 56, respectively.
[0225] Table 5A: Exemplified Fc sequences in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH model
[0226] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (1) the CL region of C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; (2) the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 and the Knob-Fc region of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50; (3) the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; and (4) the CL region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42 and the Hole-Fc region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the C3 further comprises a sequence of EPKSC (SEQ ID NO: 47) or EPKSGC (SEQ ID NO: 49) at the C-terminus. In some embodiments, the C3 further comprises a sequence of EPKSC (SEQ ID NO: 47) at the C-terminus. In some embodiments, the C3 further comprises a sequence of EPKSGC (SEQ ID NO: 49) at the C-terminus.
[0227] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) , a third peptide chain (C3) and a fourth peptide chain (C4) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111; C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112; and C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113.
[0228] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113.
[0229] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) , a third peptide chain (C3) and a fourth peptide chain (C4) , wherein C1, C2, C3 and C4 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, 112, and 113, respectively.
[0230] Table 5B: Exemplified Bispecific Antibody to human OX40 in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH model
[0231] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can further comprise a signal peptide. The signal peptides are typically located at the N-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, each peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies comprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131.
[0232] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein: (1) binds to OX40 expressing cells with an affinity greater than a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or the VL2 / VH2 pair; (2) blocks the binding of OX40L to OX40; (3) has enhanced ADCC against OX40+ cells compared to a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL2 / VH2 pair; (4) depletes CD4+ T cells in vivo; or (5) has anti-acute GVHD activity; or any combination of (1) to (5) . 6.2.5 VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH
[0233] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein that specifically bind to human OX40 have the “VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH” structure depicted in FIG. 1F. The “knobs-into-holes” or “KIH” model has been well described in sections above, which promotes formation of heterodimers of the engineered bispecific antibody instead of heavy chain homodimers. The VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab design helps avoid the BsAb light chain mismatch by exchanging one side of VL-CL and VH-CH1.
[0234] Accordingly, as depicted in FIG. 1F, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have two pairs of light chains and heavy chains. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a first pair of light chain and heavy chain (C1 and C2, respectively) comprising a VL / VH pair, and a second pair of light chain and heavy chain (C3 and C4, respectively) comprising another VL / VH pair. In the C3 / C4 pair, the VL and CL region can be swapped with the VH and CH1 domain. The C2 and C4 can adopt a KIH design. As such, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have C1, C2, C3, and C4, wherein (1) the C3 / C4 pair has the VL-CL / VH-CH1 swap, (2) the C1 / C2 pair has normal constant domains; and (3) the C2 / C4 can have the KIH structure. This structural modification prevents light and heavy chain mispairing by ensuring correct heterodimer formation. In some embodiments, C2 has a Knob-Fc region and C4 has a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, C2 has a Hole-Fc region and C4 has a Knob-Fc region. In some embodiments, the C1 / C2 chains comprise VL1 / VH1 pair that exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell, and the C3 / C4 chains comprise VL2 / VH2 pair that blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40. In some embodiments, the C1 / C2 chains comprise VL2 / VH2 pair that blocks binding of OX40 ligand to OX40, and the C3 / C4 chains comprise VL1 / VH1 pair that exerts ADCC against an OX40-expressing cell.
[0235] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.
[0236] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.
[0237] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.
[0238] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human OX40 provided herein can have four polypeptides, including: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a CH1 domain; and (4) a fourth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.
[0239] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have the VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab structure and have a VL1 / VH1 pair and a VL2 / VH2 pair that specifically bind to human OX40; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3; the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3; the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3. The VL1 / VH1 pair, VL1 CDRs and VH1 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2A and Section 6.2.1 above. The VL2 / VH2 pair, VL2 CDRs and VH2 CDRs can be those disclosed in Table 2B and Section 6.2.1 above.
[0240] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and (1) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (2) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (3) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (4) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (5) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; or (6) the VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 are from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 are from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0241] In some embodiments, the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively. In some embodiments, the VL2 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively.
[0242] In some embodiments, the VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and the VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; and (1) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; (2) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 79; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 80; (3) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 83; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 84; (4) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 81; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 82; (5) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 85; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 86; or (6) the VL2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 148; and the VH2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0243] The amino acid sequences of the CH1, the CL region, and the Fc region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any appropriate source, e.g., a constant region of an antibody such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. Antibody heavy and light chain constant regions amino acid sequences are well known in the art, e.g., those provided in the IMGT database (www. imgt. org) or at www. vbase2. org / vbstat. php., both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0244] In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG1. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG2. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG3. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG4. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the CH1, the CL region, and the Fc region (hinge, CH2 and CH3) of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions that differ from the wild type immunoglobulin, e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions in a wild type IgG1 or IgG4. Such substitutions are known in the art (see, e.g., US7704497, US7083784, US6821505, US 8323962, US6737056, and US7416727) .
[0245] In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be a human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, a human IgG2 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 138) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, a human IgG3 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 139) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, or a human IgG4 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 140) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein is the human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57 or 58. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 can be the same or can be different. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 are the same. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 and the CH1 domain of C3 are different. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 and the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57 and the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0246] In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations, or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 44) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, 42, or 43. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the CL region of C1 and the CL region of C4 are the same. In some embodiments, the CL region of C1 and the CL region of C4 are different. In some embodiments, the CL region of C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CL region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.
[0247] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (1) the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 and the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; and (2) the CL region of C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 and the CL region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.
[0248] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a T366W substitution; and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a Y407V substitution.
[0249] In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region is human IgG1 Fc having a Y407T substitution. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region can further include T366S and L368A substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region can further include K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-Fc region can further include E357K and D399K substitutions; or the Hole-Fc region can further include K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Knob-Fc region can further include E357K and D399K substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include S354C and Y349C substitutions, respectively; or the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include Y349C and S354C substitutions, respectively. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include N434A substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include C220S substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can further include M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU Index. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus.
[0250] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region can have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, 51, or 52. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region can have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 56, respectively.
[0251] Table 6A: Exemplified Fc sequences in VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH model
[0252] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (1) the CL region of C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; (2) the CH1 domain of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 and the Knob-Fc region of C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50; (3) the CH1 domain of C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; and (4) the CL region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 and the Hole-Fc region of C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the C3 further comprises a sequence of EPKSC (SEQ ID NO: 47) or EPKSGC (SEQ ID NO: 49) at the C-terminus. In some embodiments, the C3 further comprises a sequence of EPKSC (SEQ ID NO: 47) at the C-terminus. In some embodiments, the C3 further comprises a sequence of EPKSGC (SEQ ID NO: 49) at the C-terminus.
[0253] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) , a third peptide chain (C3) and a fourth peptide chain (C4) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115; C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116; and C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117.
[0254] In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114. In some embodiments, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114. In some embodiments, C1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, C2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, C3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117. In some embodiments, C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117. In some embodiments, C4 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117.
[0255] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human OX40, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , a second peptide chain (C2) , a third peptide chain (C3) and a fourth peptide chain (C4) , wherein C1, C2, C3 and C4 have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 114, 115, 116, and 117, respectively.
[0256] Table 6B: Exemplified Bispecific Antibody to human OX40 in VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH model
[0257] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can further comprise a signal peptide. The signal peptides are typically located at the N-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, each peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies comprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131.
[0258] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein: (1) binds to OX40 expressing cells with an affinity greater than a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or the VL2 / VH2 pair; (2) blocks the binding of OX40L to OX40; (3) has enhanced ADCC against OX40+ cells compared to a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL2 / VH2 pair; (4) depletes CD4+ T cells in vivo; or (5) has anti-acute GVHD activity; or any combination of (1) to (5) . 6.2.6 Variants
[0259] The present disclosure further contemplates additional variants and equivalents that are substantially homologous to the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, it is desirable to improve the binding affinity of the antibody. In some embodiments, it is desirable to modulate biological properties of the antibody, including but not limited to, specificity, thermostability, expression level, effector function (s) , glycosylation, immunogenicity, and / or solubility. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of an antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering membrane anchoring characteristics.
[0260] Antibodies comprising functional variants of the heavy chain, light chains, VL regions, VH regions, or one or more CDRs of the antibodies of the examples as also provided herein. A functional variant of a heavy chain, a light chain, VL, VH, or CDRs used in the context of an antibody still allows the antibody to retain at least a substantial proportion (at least about 90%, 95%or more) of functional features of the “reference” and / or “parent” antibody, including affinity and / or the specificity / selectivity, Fc inertness and PK parameters such as half-life, Tmax, Cmax. Such functional variants typically retain significant sequence identity to the parent antibody and / or have substantially similar length of heavy and light chains. Exemplary variants include those which differ from heavy and / or light chains, VH and / or VL, and / or CDR regions of the parent antibody sequences mainly by conservative substitutions, e.g., 10, such as 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 of the substitutions in the variant may be conservative amino acid residue replacements.
[0261] In some embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein can retain its ability to bind to human OX40 to a similar extent, the same extent, or to a higher extent, as the parent bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the variant can be at least about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or more identical in amino acid sequence to the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In certain embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent a bispecific antibody disclosed herein with one or more conservative amino acid substitution. Conservative amino acid substitutions are known in the art and include amino acid substitutions in which one amino acid having certain physical and / or chemical properties is exchanged for another amino acid that has the same or similar chemical or physical properties.
[0262] In some embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent antibody with one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent binding antibody with one or more non-conservative amino acid substitution, wherein the one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions do not interfere with or inhibit one or more biological activities of the variant. In certain embodiments, the one or more conservative amino acid substitutions and / or the one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions can enhance a biological activity of the variant, such that the biological activity of the functional variant is increased as compared to the parent antibody.
[0263] In some embodiments, the variant can have 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid substitutions in the CDRs (e.g., VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3) of the binding moiety.
[0264] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein include modification in their Fc regions. In some embodiments, the modified antibodies (e.g., modified Fc region) provide for altered effector functions that, in turn, affect the biological profile of the antibody. For example, in some embodiments, the deletion or inactivation (through point mutations or other means) of a constant region reduces Fc receptor binding of the modified antibody as it circulates. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the immunogenicity of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications increase the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications decrease or remove ADCC and / or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the antibody. In some embodiments, specific amino acid substitutions in a human IgG1 Fc region with corresponding IgG2 or IgG4 residues reduce effector functions (e.g., ADCC and CDC) in the modified antibody. In some embodiments, an antibody does not have one or more effector functions (e.g., “effectorless” antibodies) . In some embodiments, the antibody has no ADCC activity and / or no CDC activity. In some embodiments, the antibody does not bind an Fc receptor and / or complement factors. In some embodiments, the antibody has no effector function (s) . In some embodiments, the constant region modifications increase or enhance ADCC and / or CDC of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to eliminate disulfide linkages or oligosaccharide moieties. In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to add / substitute one or more amino acids to provide one or more cytotoxin, oligosaccharide, or carbohydrate attachment sites.
[0265] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces binding to an Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be a human Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an Fcγ receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating human Fcγ receptor, such as a human Fcγ RIIIa, FcγRI or Fcγ RIIa. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces the effector function. The effector function can be complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) , antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) , antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) , cytokine secretion, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the effector function is ADCC.
[0266] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the same one or more amino acid substitution is present in each of the two subunits of the Fc region. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold.
[0267] Variants with reduced effector functions are known in the art and can be incorporated in the antibodies disclosed herein. For example, amino acid substitutions are known to reduce effector function. hIgG1 L235A / G237A / E318A antibody is unable to bind to human cell lines expressing FcγRs, resulting in reduced ADCC. hIgG1 and hIgG4 antibodies with L234A / L235A Fc domains have no detectable binding to the low affinity FcγRs and C1q and significantly reduced ADCC and CDC. Mutations at specific residues in hIgG1 known to interact with both FcγRs and C1q, such as amino acid substitutions L234F / L235E / P331S, can reduce binding to the low affinity FcγRs and result in no detectable binding to FcγRI. The G236R / L328R mutation pair reduces or completely abrogates binding to the FcγRs. S267E substitution also reduces binding for all low affinity hFcγRs. S267K substitution combined with a series of mutations in the lower hinge of hIgG2 (E233P / L234V / L235A mutations and a deletion of residue G236) and incorporated into a hIgG1 background result in a lack of binding to all hFcγR. P329G disrupts the interaction between hIgG and hFcγR. The triple mutant L234A / L235A / P329G has no detectable binding to C1q or FcγRs, resulting in abrogated ADCC when introduced into a hIgG1. Combined point mutations of N297Q, L234F, L235E, D265A, P331S ablate Fc function. The combination of L234F / L235E / D265A potently silences the Fc region, resulting in no detectable binding to FcyRI, reduced binding to the low affinity FcyRs and reduced binding to C1q. From the site saturation mutagenesis libraries centered about the Fc C′ / E loop, the S298G / T299A mutations are found to abolish or significantly reduce binding to C1q and most FcγRs except for FcγRIIA-R131 and FcγRIIB.
[0268] Additionally, glycoengineering techniques can be used to generate antibodies with reduced effector functions. The N297 glycan is central to the binding between hIgG1 and FcγRs and C1q. As such, amino acid mutations at this site which remove this glycan, including N297A, N297Q and N297G, can reduce binding to all FcγRs and C1q, resulting in reduction of ADCC and CDC.
[0269] For hIgG4, which has low affinity for all FcγR, the serine at position 228 plays a pivotal role in F (ab) arm exchange. The S228P substitution can provide homogeneous hIgG4, and is commonly introduced in therapeutic hIgG4 antibodies. Based upon its inherent lack of effector function, the human γ4 constant region can be used in Fc-silencing approaches. For example, exchanging the human γ1 region with that of human γ4 can reduce effector functionality. Murine IgG2b isotype, which also has low FcγR binding activity, differs from hIgG4 at position 235. Incorporating the mouse IgG2b residue (glutamic acid) into the hIgG4 antibody at this position can further minimize Fc effector function, resulting in an antibody (with the S228P / L235E mutations) with substantially reduced, if any, binding to all FcγRs and C1q, and no measurable ADCC. Additionally, rather than replacing the whole constant region of hIgG1 with hIgG4, specific amino acids from human γ4 can be introduced into antibodies of other IgG isotypes. For example, a combination of amino acid mutations-H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2m4) , when introduced into a hIgG2 backbone, can lead to no detectable binding to hFcγRI, hFcγRIIIA or C1q, reduced binding to hFcγRIIB and no change in binding to FcγRIIA-H131 when compared to the WT hIgG2 antibody. For another example, the V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2c4d) mutations, where multiple residues within the hIgG2 constant region are replaced with IgG4 residues, can result in no detectable binding to any FcγRs or C1q and no measurable ADCC, ADCP or CDC when compared to the WT hIgG2 counterpart.
[0270] In some embodiments, variants can include addition of amino acid residues at the amino-and / or carboxyl-terminal end of the antibody. The length of additional amino acids residues can range from one residue to a hundred or more residues. In some embodiments, a variant comprises an N-terminal methionyl residue. In some embodiments, a variant is engineered to be detectable and may comprise a detectable label and / or protein (e.g., a fluorescent tag or an enzyme) .
[0271] The variant antibodies described herein can be generated using methods known in the art, including but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis, alanine scanning mutagenesis, and PCR mutagenesis.
[0272] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be chemically modified naturally or by intervention. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are chemically modified by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, and / or linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein. Any of numerous chemical modifications can be carried out by known techniques. The bispecific antibodies provided herein can comprise one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids) , as well as other modifications known in the art.
[0273] The bispecific antibodies of the present disclosure can be analyzed for their physical, chemical and / or biological properties by various methods known in the art. In some embodiments, a bispecific antibody provided herein is tested for its ability to bind human OX40. Binding assays include, but are not limited to, BLI, SPR (e.g., Biacore) , ELISA, and FACS. In addition, antibodies can be evaluated for solubility, stability, thermostability, viscosity, expression levels, expression quality, and / or purification efficiency.
[0274] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be conjugated to a detectable substance or molecule that allows the agent to be used for detection. A detectable substance can include, but is not limited to, enzymes, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, and acetylcholinesterase; prosthetic groups, such as biotin and flavine (s) ; fluorescent materials, such as, umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) , rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) , dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride, cyanine (Cy3) , and phycoerythrin; bioluminescent materials, such as luciferase; radioactive materials, such as 212Bi, 14C, 57Co, 51Cr, 67Cu, 18F, 68Ga, 67Ga, 153Gd, 159Gd, 68Ge, 3H, 166Ho, 131I, 125I, 123I, 121I, 115In, 113In, 112In, 111In, 140La, 177Lu, 54Mn, 99Mo, 32P, 103Pd, 149Pm, 142Pr, 186Re, 188Re, 105Rh, 97Ru, 35S, 47Sc, 75Se, 153Sm, 113Sn, 117Sn, 85Sr, 99mTc, 201Ti, 133Xe, 90Y, 69Yb, 175Yb, 65Zn; positron emitting metals; and magnetic metal ions positron emitting metals; and magnetic metal ions.
[0275] The anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be attached to a solid support. Such solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or polypropylene. In some embodiments, an immobilized bispecific antibody is used in an immunoassay. In some embodiments, an immobilized bispecific antibody is used in purification. 6.3 Polynucleotides, vectors, and cells
[0276] Provided herein are polynucleotides encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode more than one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein can encode, for example, both peptide chains of a bispecific antibody provided herein (e.g., the bispecific antibodies in scFv-IgG format) . In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein can encode three of the peptide chains of a bispecific antibody provided herein (e.g., the bispecific antibodies in KIH format) . In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein can encode four of the peptide chains of a bispecific antibody provided herein (e.g., the bispecific antibodies in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH format or VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH format) . In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, or both of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in scFv-IgG format. For example, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, or both of the bispecific antibodies exemplified in. In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, C3 or any combination thereof of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the KIH format. For example, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, C3 or any combination thereof of the bispecific antibodies exemplified in Table 4B. In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, C3, C4 or any combination thereof of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH format or VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH format. For example, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, C3, C4 or any combination thereof of the bispecific antibodies exemplified in Table 5B. In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, C3, C4 or any combination thereof of the bispecific antibodies exemplified in Table 6B.
[0277] Cistrons can be separated by, for example, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or 2A element. An IRES, as understood in the art, refers to nucleotide sequences in an expression cassette which when transcribed into mRNA, can recruit ribosomes directly, without a previous scanning of untranslated region of mRNA by the ribosomes. A 2A element, as understood in the art, encoding self-cleaving short peptides (about 20 amino acids) that provide a mechanism for subsequent separation of equimolarly produced polypeptides of interest. Illustrative 2A self-cleaving peptides include P2A, E2A, F2A, and T2A.
[0278] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0279] The term “polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequences for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and / or non-coding sequences. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA. DNA can be cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA, and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single stranded DNA can be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be mRNA.
[0280] The present disclosure also provides variants of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the variants have a nucleotide sequence at least about 80%identical, at least about 85%identical, at least about 90%identical, at least about 95%identical, at least about 96%identical, at least about 97%identical, at least about 98%identical, or at least about 99%identical to a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one peptide chain of a bispecific antibody described herein. As used herein, the phrase “apolynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least about 95%identical to a polynucleotide sequence” means that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to a reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95%identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5%of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5%of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence can occur at the 5’ or 3’ terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[0281] The polynucleotide variants can contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant contains alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but does not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises silent substitutions that results in no change to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (due to the degeneracy of the genetic code) . Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, for example, to optimize codon expression for a particular host (e.g., change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host such as E. coli) . In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises at least one silent mutation in a non-coding or a coding region of the sequence.
[0282] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to modulate or alter expression (or expression levels) of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to increase expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to decrease expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has increased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has decreased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence.
[0283] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell (e.g., a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide) . The polypeptide can have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form a “mature” form of the polypeptide.
[0284] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a marker or tag sequence. For example, in some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hexa-histidine tag (HIS-tag) that allows for efficient purification of the polypeptide fused to the marker. In some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hemagglutinin (HA) tag derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein when a mammalian host (e.g., COS-7 cells) is used. In some embodiments, the marker sequence is a FLAGTM tag. In some embodiments, a marker can be used in conjunction with other markers or tags.
[0285] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is isolated. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is substantially pure.
[0286] In some embodiments, provided herein are also vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. The term “vector, ” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to a vehicle that is used to carry genetic material (e.g., a polynucleotide sequence) , which can be introduced into a host cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more polynucleotides are to be co-expressed, both polynucleotides can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding polynucleotides can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of polynucleotides into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the polynucleotides are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art.
[0287] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can be expression vectors. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are recombinant expression vectors, which can be used to amplify and express a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein. For example, a recombinant expression vector can be a replicable DNA construct that includes synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein, operatively linked to suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. In some embodiments, a viral vector is used. DNA regions are “operatively linked” when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. In some embodiments, structural elements intended for use in certain expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. In some embodiments, in situations where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, a polypeptide can include an N-terminal methionine residue.
[0288] Examples of vectors are plasmid, autonomously replicating sequences, and transposable elements. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, and wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages. Additional exemplary vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) , bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. Examples of categories of animal viruses useful as vectors include, without limitation, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, and papovavirus (e.g., SV40) . Examples of expression vectors are pClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cells; pLenti4 / V5-DESTTM, pLenti6 / V5-DESTTM, and pLenti6.2 / V5-GW / lacZ (Invitrogen) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Exemplary transposon systems such as Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac can be used, which can be stably integrated into the genome (e.g., Ivics et al., Cell, 91 (4) : 501–510 (1997) ; et al., (2007) Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (12) : e87) .
[0289] In some embodiments, the vector is an episomal vector or a vector that is maintained extrachromosomally. As used herein, the term “episomal” refers to a vector that is able to replicate without integration into host’s chromosomal DNA and without gradual loss from a dividing host cell also meaning that said vector replicates extrachromosomally or episomally. The vector is engineered to harbor the sequence coding for the origin of DNA replication or “ori” from a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus, an adenovirus, SV40, a bovine papilloma virus, or a yeast, specifically a replication origin of a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus corresponding to oriP of EBV. In some embodiments, the lymphotrophic herpes virus may be Epstein Barr virus (EBV) , Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) , Herpes virus saimiri (HS) , or Marek's disease virus (MDV) . Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) are also examples of a gamma herpesvirus. Typically, the host cell comprises the viral replication transactivator protein that activates the replication.
[0290] “Expression control sequences, ” “control elements, ” or “regulatory sequences” present in an expression vector are those non-translated regions of the vector-origin of replication, selection cassettes, promoters, enhancers, translation initiation signals (Shine Dalgarno sequence or Kozak sequence) introns, a polyadenylation sequence, 5'and 3'untranslated regions-which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including ubiquitous promoters and inducible promoters can be used.
[0291] Illustrative ubiquitous expression control sequences that can be used in present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, a viral simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter (e.g., early or late) , a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) LTR promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR, a herpes simplex virus (HSV) (thymidine kinase) promoter, H5, P7.5, and P11 promoters from vaccinia virus, an elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1a) promoter, early growth response 1 (EGR1) , ferritin H (FerH) , ferritin L (FerL) , Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) , eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) , heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) , heat shock protein 90kDa beta, member 1 (HSP90B1) , heat shock protein 70kDa (HSP70) , β-kinesin (β-KIN) , the human ROSA 26 locus (Irions et al., Nature Biotechnology 25, 1477 -1482 (2007) ) , a Ubiquitin C promoter (UBC) , a phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter, a cytomegalovirus enhancer / chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter, and a β-actin promoter.
[0292] Illustrative examples of inducible promoters / systems include, but are not limited to, steroid-inducible promoters such as promoters for genes encoding glucocorticoid or estrogen receptors (inducible by treatment with the corresponding hormone) , metallothionine promoter (inducible by treatment with various heavy metals) , MX-1 promoter (inducible by interferon) , the “GeneSwitch” mifepristone-regulatable system (Sirin et al., 2003, Gene, 323: 67) , the cumate inducible gene switch (WO 2002 / 088346) , tetracycline-dependent regulatory systems, etc. The bispecific antibodies described herein can be produced by any method known in the art, including chemical synthesis and recombinant expression techniques. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art.
[0293] The present disclosure also provides cells comprising the polynucleotides disclosed herein that encode at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, or both of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in scFv-IgG format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes both the C1 and C2 of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in scFv-IgG format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a first polynucleotide that encodes C1 and a second polynucleotide that encodes C2 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in scFv-IgG format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a plurality of the polynucleotides that collectively encode the C1 and C2 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in scFv-IgG format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, C3 or any combination thereof of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, and C3 of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a first polynucleotide that encodes C1, a second polynucleotide that encodes C2 and a third polynucleotide that encodes C3 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a plurality of the polynucleotides that collectively encode the C1, C2 and C3 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, C3, C4 or any combination thereof of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, C3, and C4 of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a first polynucleotide that encodes C1, a second polynucleotide that encodes C2, a third polynucleotide that encodes C3, and a fourth polynucleotide that encodes C4 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a plurality of the polynucleotides that collectively encode the C1, C2, C3, and C4 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in CH1-CL CrossMab-KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, C3, C4 or any combination thereof of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, C3, and C4 of the anti-OX40 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a first polynucleotide that encodes C1, a second polynucleotide that encodes C2, a third polynucleotide that encodes C3, and a fourth polynucleotide that encodes C4 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH format. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a plurality of the polynucleotides that collectively encode the C1, C2, C3, and C4 of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in VL-CL / VH-CH1 CrossMab-KIH format.
[0294] Cells comprising vectors disclosed herein are also contemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are host cells comprising a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a vector or multiple vectors that collectively comprise the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide chains of the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein produce the bispecific antibodies described herein.
[0295] Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. 6.4 Methods of production
[0296] Provided herein are also methods of producing the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein are comprised of more than one polypeptide chain, which can be produced separately or together. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce at least one polypeptide chain of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce all polypeptide chains of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein.
[0297] The bispecific antibodies or polypeptides described herein can be produced and isolated using methods known in the art. Polyeptides can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods (see, e.g., Caruthers (1980) . Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215; Horn (1980) ; and Banga, A.K., THERAPEUTIC PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS, FORMULATION, PROCESSING AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS (1995) Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA) . Peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid phase techniques (see, e.g., Roberge, Science 269: 202 (1995) ; Merrifield, Methods. Enzymol. 289: 3 (1997) ) and automated synthesis may be achieved, e.g., using the ABI 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Peptides can also be synthesized using combinatorial methodologies. Synthetic residues and polypeptides can be synthesized using a variety of procedures and methodologies known in the art (see, e.g., ORGANIC SYNTHESES COLLECTIVE VOLUMES, Gilman, et al., (Eds) John Wiley &Sons, Inc., NY) . Modified peptides can be produced by chemical modification methods (see, for example, Belousov, Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3440 (1997) ; Frenkel, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19: 373 (1995) ; and Blommers, Biochemistry 33: 7886 (1994) ) . Peptide sequence variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications can also be made using methods such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, alanine scanning, and PCR based mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis (Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13: 4331 (1986) ; Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 6487 (1987) ) , cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34: 315 (1985) ) , restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA 317: 415 (1986) ) and other techniques can be performed on cloned DNA to produce invention peptide sequences, variants, fusions and chimeras, and variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications thereof.
[0298] A variety of host-expression vector systems can be utilized to recombinantly express the bispecific antibodies described herein or one or more of their polypeptide chains. Suitable host cells for expression include prokaryotes, yeast cells, insect cells, or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts, as well as methods of protein production, including antibody production are well-known in the art. Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of the bispecific antibodies described herein can be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate polynucleotide coding sequences, express the bispecific antibodies described herein in situ. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli and B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing coding sequences for the compounds described herein; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing sequences encoding the compounds described herein; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baclovirus) containing the sequences encoding the compounds described herein; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing sequences encoding the molecules compounds described herein; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 293T, 3T3 cells, lymphotic cells (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715) , Per C. 6 cells (human retinal cells developed by Crucell) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter) .
[0299] In bacterial systems, many expression vectors can be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the protein being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of the bispecific antibodies described herein, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of protein products that are readily purified can be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., (1983) , EMBO J. 2: 1791-1794) ; pIN vectors (Inouye et al., (1985) , Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 3101-3110; Van Heeke et al., (1989) , J. Biol. Chem. 24: 5503-5509) ; and the like. pGEX vectors can also be used to express polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) . In general, such proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to a matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.
[0300] Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems can be utilized. Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes.
[0301] In addition, a host cell strain can be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products can be important for the function of the protein. For example, in certain embodiments, the antibodies described herein can be expressed as a single gene product (e.g., as a single polypeptide chain, i.e., as a polyprotein precursor) , requiring proteolytic cleavage by native or recombinant cellular mechanisms to form separate polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein. The disclosure thus encompasses engineering a nucleic acid sequence to encode a polyprotein precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein, which includes coding sequences capable of directing post translational cleavage of said polyprotein precursor. Post-translational cleavage of the polyprotein precursor results in the polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein. The post translational cleavage of the precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the compounds described herein can occur in vivo (i.e., within the host cell by native or recombinant cell systems / mechanisms, e.g. furin cleavage at an appropriate site) or can occur in vitro (e.g. incubation of said polypeptide chain in a composition comprising proteases or peptidases of known activity and / or in a composition comprising conditions or reagents known to foster the desired proteolytic action) . Purification and modification of recombinant proteins is well known in the art such that the design of the polyprotein precursor can include a number of embodiments readily appreciated by a skilled artisan. Any known proteases or peptidases known in the art can be used for the described modification of the precursor molecule.
[0302] Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERY, BHK, HeLa, COS, MDCK, 293, 293T, 3T3, WI38, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT20 and T47D, CRL7030 and Hs578Bst.
[0303] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express compounds described herein can be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc. ) , and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method can advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the compounds described herein. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds that interact directly or indirectly with the compounds described herein.
[0304] A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., (1977) , Cell 11: 223-232) , hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska et al., (1992) Bioessays 14: 495-500) , and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., (1980) , Cell 22: 817-823) genes can be employed in tk-, hgprt-or aprt-cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., (1980) PNAS 77: 3567-3570; O'Hare et al., (1981) PNAS, 78: 1527-1531) ; gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan et al., (1981) PNAS, 78: 2072-2076) ; neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Tolstoshev (1993) , Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32: 573-596; Mulligan (1993) , Science 260: 926-932; and Morgan et al., (1993) , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191-217) and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., (1984) Gene 30: 147-156) . Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology which can be used are described in Ausubel et al., (eds. ) , 1993, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley &Sons, NY; Kriegler, 1990, GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION, A LABORATORY MANUAL, Stockton Press, NY; and in Chapters 12 and 13, Dracopoli et al., (eds) , 1994, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS, John Wiley &Sons, NY.
[0305] The expression levels of bispecific antibodies described herein or their polypeptide chains can be increased by vector amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells in DNA cloning, Vol. 3 (Academic Press, New York, 1987) . When a marker in the vector system described herein is amplifiable, increase in the level of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is associated with the nucleotide sequence of a protein of interest, production of the protein of interest will also increase (Crouse et al., (1983) Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 257-266) .
[0306] The host cell can be co-transfected with more than one expression vectors, each encoding a polypeptide chain of a bispecific antibody described herein. The vectors can contain identical selectable markers which enable equal expression of all polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector can be used which encodes two or more polypeptides. The coding sequences for the polypeptides of compounds described herein can comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.
[0307] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of making the anti-OX40 bispecific antibody provided herein, comprising culturing the cells provided herein under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating the bispecific antibody from the culture. The method of isolating the bispecific antibody from the culture can be the method well known in the art.
[0308] Once a bispecific antibody described herein or polypeptide described herein has been recombinantly expressed, it can be purified by any method known in the art for purification of polypeptides, polyproteins or antibodies (e.g., analogous to antibody purification schemes based on antigen selectivity) for example, by chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by affinity for the specific antigen (optionally after Protein A selection where the compound comprises an Fc domain (or portion thereof) ) , and sizing column chromatography) , centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification of polypeptides or antibodies.
[0309] Provided herein are methods of producing bispecific antibodies described herein or a polypeptide chain of a bispecific antibody described herein, the method comprises obtaining a cell described herein and expressing the polynucleotide described herein in said cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating and purifying a bispecific antibody or polypeptide chain described herein.
[0310] The bispecific antibodies described herein can be tested for binding to human OX40 (e.g., human OX40 Epitope 1 and / or human OX40 Epitope 2) by, for example, standard ELISA. Briefly, microtiter plates are coated with purified antigen, and then blocked with bovine serum albumin. Dilutions of antibody are added to each well and incubated. The plates are washed and incubated with secondary reagent (e.g., for human antibodies, a goat-anti-human IgG Fc-specific polyclonal reagent) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) . After washing, the plates can be developed and analyzed by a spectrophotometer or a microplate reader. Antibodies can be further tested by flow cytometry for binding to a cell line expressing human OX40, but not to a control cell line that does not express the target antigen. Briefly, the binding of antibodies can be assessed by incubating OX40 expressing cells (e.g., Hut-78 cells and Hut-102 cells) with the bispecific antibody provided herein. The cells can be washed, and binding can be detected with an anti-human IgG Ab. Flow cytometric analyses can be performed using a FACS can flow cytometry.
[0311] The bispecific antibodies provided herein can be further tested for reactivity with the target antigen (s) by Western blotting, and other methods known in the art for analyzing binding affinity, cross-reactivity, and binding kinetics of various bispecific antibodies described herein include, for example, biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, Gator system (Probe Life) or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) , or BIACORETM surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis.
[0312] Generally, any method for testing the biological activity of an agent that affects immune responses can be used to characterize the biological activity of the antibodies disclosed herein.
[0313] The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art. These techniques are described in the references cited herein and are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., (1982) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al., (1989) , MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al., (2001) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley &Sons (1987 and annual updates) ; CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY, John Wiley &Sons (1987 and annual updates) Gait (ed. ) (1984) OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Eckstein (ed. ) (1991) OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND ANALOGUES: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Birren et al., (eds. ) (1999) GENOME ANALYSIS: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Borrebaeck (ed. ) (1995) ; each of which is i...
Claims
1.A bispecific antibody, comprising (i) a first antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, (ii) a second antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to human OX40, and (iii) an Fc domain; wherein the bispecific antibody induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against an OX40-expressing cell mediated by the binding of the first antigen-binding fragment, and blocks the binding between OX40 and OX40 ligand upon binding of the second antigen-binding fragment; optionally wherein the binding of the first antigen-binding fragment does not block the binding between OX40 and OX40 ligand.2.The bispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a first light chain variable domain (VL1) and a first heavy chain variable domain (VH1) ; wherein the VL1 comprises VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a light chain variable domain (VL) having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or the VH1 comprises VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a heavy chain variable domain (VH) having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.3.The bispecific antibody of claim 2, wherein the VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively.4.The bispecific antibody of claim 3, wherein VL1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 70 or 72; and VH1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 71 or 73.5.The bispecific antibody of claim 3, wherein VL1 and VH1 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 71, respectively.6.The bispecific antibody of claim 3, wherein VL1 and VH1 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73, respectively.7.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a first light chain variable domain (VL2) and a second heavy chain variable domain (VH2) ; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 or 77; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, 76, or 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.8.The bispecific antibody of claim 7, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively.9.The bispecific antibody of claim 8, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 75, respectively.10.The bispecific antibody of claim 8, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 74 and 76, respectively.11.The bispecific antibody of claim 8, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 78, respectively.12.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.13.The bispecific antibody of claim 12, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 18, and 19, respectively.14.The bispecific antibody of claim 13, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 79 and 80, respectively.15.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.16.The bispecific antibody of claim 15, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively.17.The bispecific antibody of claim 16, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 83 and 84, respectively.18.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.19.The bispecific antibody of claim 18, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively.20.The bispecific antibody of claim 19, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 81 and 82, respectively.21.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.22.The bispecific antibody of claim 21, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, and 37, respectively.23.The bispecific antibody of claim 22, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 85 and 86, respectively.24.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a VL2 and a VH2; and wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.25.The bispecific antibody of claim 24, wherein the VL2 comprises VL2 CDR1, VL2 CDR2, and VL2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 142, 143, and 144, respectively, and wherein the VH2 comprises VH2 CDR1, VH2 CDR2, and VH2 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 145, 146, and 147, respectively.26.The bispecific antibody of claim 25, wherein the VL2 and VH2 have amino acid sequences that are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 148 and 149, respectively.27.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Hole-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2.28.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2.29.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2.30.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2.31.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1.32.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Knob-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1.33.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1.34.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an scFv, and a Hole-Fc region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1.35.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 27 to 34, wherein L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64.36.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 27 to 35, the scFv is connected to the Knob-Fc region or the Hole-Fc region via a second linker (L2) .37.The bispecific antibody of claim 36, wherein L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 65.38.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 27 to 37, wherein the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having amino acid T366W substitution, and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having T366S, L368A, and Y407V substitutions.39.The bispecific antibody of claim 38, wherein the Knob-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Knob-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions.40.The bispecific antibody of claim 38 or 39, wherein the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution, and the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution.41.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 38 to 40, wherein the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have N434A substitution.42.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 38 to 41, wherein the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have C220S substitution.43.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 38 to 42, wherein the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions.44.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 27 to 37, wherein the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (i) SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 53, respectively; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 54, respectively; or (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 55, respectively.45.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 27 to 44, wherein(1) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 41) or lambda CL (Cλ, SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or(2) the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or both (1) and (2) .46.The bispecific antibody of claim 45, wherein the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) .47.The bispecific antibody of claim 45, wherein the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.48.The bispecific antibody of claim 30, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 91; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 92; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 93.49.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 94; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 95; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 96.50.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 97; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 98; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 99.51.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 100; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 101; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 102.52.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 103; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 104; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 105.53.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 118; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 120.54.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 121; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 122; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 123.55.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 124; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 125; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 126.56.The bispecific antibody of claim 34, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 127; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 128; and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 129.57.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a light chain constant (CL) region; and(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH1, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a linker (L) , and VH2.58.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; and(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH1, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a linker (L) , and VL2.59.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; and(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH2, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a linker (L) , and VH1.60.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region; and(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , VH2, and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein the scFv comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a linker (L) , and VL1.61.The bispecific antibody of claim 57 or 58, wherein the scFv is connected to the VH1 via a second linker (L2) ; optionally wherein L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64.62.The bispecific antibody of claim 59 or 60, wherein the scFv is connected to the VH2 via a second linker (L2) ; optionally wherein L2 is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64.63.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 57 to 62, wherein L is a GS linker having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64.64.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 57 to 63, wherein(1) the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or(2) the CH region is human IgG1 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 59) , IgG2 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 135) , IgG3 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 136) , or IgG4 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 137) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations; or both (1) and (2) .65.The bispecific antibody of claim 64, wherein the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) .66.The bispecific antibody of claim 64 or 65, wherein the CH region has one or more substitutions selected from: K214R, S239D, A330L, and I332E.67.The bispecific antibody of claim 66, wherein the CH region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 or 61.68.The bispecific antibody of claim 58, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 108, and C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 109.69.The bispecific antibody of claim 60, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 106, and C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 107.70.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Knob-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.71.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.72.The bispecific antibody of claim 70 or 71, wherein the VL1 is connected to the CH1 domain via a linker (L3) .73.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 70 to 72, wherein the VH1 is connected to the CL region via a linker (L4) .74.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1 domain) , and a Knob-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.75.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.76.The bispecific antibody of claim 74 or 75, wherein the VL2 is connected to the CH1 domain via a linker (L3) .77.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 74 to 76, wherein the VH2 is connected to the CL region via a linker (L4) .78.The bispecific antibody of claim 72 or 76, wherein L3 has the amino acid sequence of SS.79.The bispecific antibody of claim 73 or 77, wherein L4 has the amino acid sequence of AS.80.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.81.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.82.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Knob-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a CL region, and a Hole-Fc region.83.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1, a CH1 domain, and a Hole-Fc region;(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH2 and a CH1 domain; and(4) a forth peptide chain (C4) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL2, a CL region, and a Knob-Fc region.84.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 70 to 83, wherein the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 41) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 44) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acid mutations.85.The bispecific antibody of claim 84, wherein the CL region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, 42, or 43.86.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 70 to 85, wherein the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 57) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids mutations.87.The bispecific antibody of claim 86, wherein the CH1 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57 or 58.88.The bispecific antibody of claim 70, 74, 80, or 82, wherein the Hole-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus.89.The bispecific antibody of claim 71, 75, 81, or 83, wherein the Knob-Fc region lacks the EPKSC sequence at the N-terminus.90.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 70 to 89, wherein the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having amino acid T366W substitution, and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region having T366S, L368A, and Y407V substitutions.91.The bispecific antibody of claim 90, wherein the Knob-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Knob-Fc region further has E357K and D399K substitutions.92.The bispecific antibody of claim 90 or 91, wherein the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution; or wherein the Hole-Fc region further has Y349C substitution, and the Knob-Fc region further has S354C substitution.93.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 90 to 92, wherein the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have N434A substitution.94.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 90 to 93, wherein the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have C220S substitution.95.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 90 to 94, wherein the Knob-Fc region, or the Hole-Fc region, or both the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions.96.The bispecific antibody of claim 90, wherein the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 56, respectively.97.The bispecific antibody of claim 70, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 110; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 111; C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 112; and C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 113.98.The bispecific antibody of claim 80, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 114; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 115; C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 116; and C4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 117.99.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 2 to 98, wherein the bispecific antibody:(1) binds to OX40 expressing cells with an affinity greater than a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or the VL2 / VH2 pair;(2) blocks the binding of OX40L to OX40;(3) has enhanced ADCC against OX40+ cells compared to a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL1 / VH1 pair or a monospecific anti-OX40 antibody comprising the VL2 / VH2 pair;(4) depletes CD4+ T cells in vivo; or(5) has anti-acute GVHD activity; or any combination of (1) to (5) .100.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 99 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.101.A polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 99.102.The polynucleotide of claim 101 encoding all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody.103.A plurality of the polynucleotides of claim 101 that collectively encode all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody.104.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 101 or 102.105.A plurality of vectors comprising the plurality of the polynucleotides of claim 103.106.A cell comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 101 to 103, or the vector of claim 104 or 105.107.A method of making a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to human OX40, comprising culturing the cell of claim 106 under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody.108.The method of claim 107 that comprises isolating the bispecific antibody from the culture.109.A method of reducing OX40+ cells in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 99 to the subject.110.The method of claim 109, wherein the OX40+ cell is an immune cell.111.The method of claim 109, wherein the OX40+ cell is a T cell.112.The method of claim 109, wherein the OX40+ cell is a CD4+ T cell.113.A method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 99.114.The method of claim 113, further comprising administering an additional therapy to the subject.115.The method of claim 113 or 114, wherein the subject is a human.116.Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 99 in the treatment of an inflammatory or autoimmune disease.117.Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 99 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory or autoimmune disease.118.The method or use of any one of claim 113 to 117, wherein the inflammatory or autoimmune disease is a T cell-mediated inflammatory or autoimmune disease.119.The method or use of claim 118, wherein the inflammatory or autoimmune disease is graft versus host disease (GvHD) .120.The method or use of claim 119, wherein the GvHD is acute GvHD.