Compositions and methods of using mitochondrial uncouplers and GLP-1 receptor agonists
Combining mitochondrial uncouplers with GLP-1RA therapies addresses safety concerns and enhances weight loss and lean body mass maintenance, improving treatment efficacy for obesity and diabetes.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SHENZHEN HIGHTIDE BIOPHARM
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-05
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-16
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Figure PCTCN2026070280-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2026070280-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2026070280-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USING MITOCHONDRIAL UNCOUPLERS AND GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTSPriority Claims and Related Patent Applications
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 070949, filed January 7, 2025, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.Technical Field of the Invention
[0002] The invention generally relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for therapeutic uses thereof. In particular, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use of mitochondrial uncouplers and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for treating various diseases and conditions, including obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, liver diseases and conditions, and cardiovascular diseases and conditions.Background of the Invention
[0003] Metabolic syndrome, represented by type 2 diabetes (T2DM) , obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , is a cluster of diseases and disorders characterized by hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. (Fabbrini, et al. 2009 PNAS 106, 15430; Petersen, et al. 2018 Physiology Reviews 98, 2133. )
[0004] Obesity is defined as excessive body fat accumulated to such an extent that presents a health risk. Obesity is classified as a chronic disease under the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Medical Association (AMA) . People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI) -a person's weight divided by the square of the person's height-is over 30 kg / m2. Those with a BMI in the range of 25–30 kg / m2 are classified as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower BMI values to classify obesity. Worldwide adult obesity has more than doubled since 1990. In 2022, 1 in 8 people in the world were living with obesity. (Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization, https: / / www. who. int / en / news-room / fact-sheets / detail / obesity-and-overweight (2024) ; Kanazawa, et al. 2002 World Review of Nutrition andDietetics. Vol. 94. pp. 1–12. )
[0005] Obesity is a major cause of disability and is correlated with various diseases and conditions. Excessive abnormal body fat, especially visceral adiposity and ectopic fat, is a driver of cardiovascular diseases, and contributes to the global chronic disease burden of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, cancer, and other chronic conditions. (Haslam, et al. 2005 Lancet (Review) 366: 1197–1209) ; Chiolero 2018 The Lancet. Public Health 3 (10) : e461–e462. )
[0006] Diabetes mellitus (DM) , also referred to as diabetes, is a group of disorders characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels because the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin. It has become pandemic with over half a billion people worldwide living with diabetes today. Diabetes can cause a wide range of health complications. Among the three main types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes, T2DM is the most common form of diabetes accounting for 90-95%of cases. T2DM is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production, and decreased response of peripheral tissues to insulin, i.e., insulin resistance. Although treatments are available for the management of T2DM, they are often accompanied by various side effects. (Christian, et al. 2011 Am J Cardiol 107 (6) : 891-7; Kharroubi, et al. 2015 World JDiabetes 6 (6) : 850–867; Olokoba, et al. 2012 Oman Med J27 (4) : 269–273. )
[0007] Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in drug discovery efforts from the perspective of reducing energy-intake. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been shown to help management of blood sugar levels in people with T2DM. For instance, Semaglutide injection is used to treat T2DM. It is used together with diet and exercise to help control a patient's blood sugar. Recently, GLP-1RAs have also been shown to help people achieve greater and more sustainable weight loss. Most notable examples include Semaglutide a GLP-1R agonist and tirzepatide a GLP-1R / GIPR dual agonist, which have shown success in treatment / management of T2DM and obesity, and have been expanded into treating other diseases such as heart failure, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and sleep apenea. (Jastreboff, et al, 2022 N. Engl. J. Med. 387: 205; Packer et al. 2024 N Engl J Med. doi: 10.1056 / NEJMoa2410027; Loomba et al. 2024 N. Engl. J. Med. 391: 299; Malhotra et al. 2024 N. Engl. J. Med. 391: 1193; Frías, et al, 2021 N. Engl. J. Med. 385: 503. )
[0008] Although treatment with GLP-1RAs has been well received and effective in achieving weight loss for many patients, studies have confirmed the chronicity of obesity and suggested that ongoing treatment is required to maintain improvements in weight and health. A main concern with the use of GLP-1RAs is weight gain after withdrawal or discontinuation. A reported study showed that one year after the withdrawal of once-weekly subcutaneous Semaglutide 2.4 mg and lifestyle intervention, participants regained two-thirds of their prior weight loss, with similar changes in cardiometabolic variables. Long term studies also showed limited efficacy for a significant portion of patients: more than 30%of patients lose less than 5%of weight or none at all. (STIFEL obesity drug review, market update, July 1st, 2023 and references therein; Ahmed et al. 2024 J Obes. 2024: 8056440; Wilding et al. 2022 Diabetes Obes. Metab. 24: 1553-1564; Ryan et al. 2024 Nat. Med. 30, 2049–2057. )
[0009] In addition, other significant health concerns with long-term use of Semaglutide have emerged, in particular the adverse effects on patients'muscle quantity, composition and function. Preserving skeletal muscle and improving physical function, for example through structured exercise, are of great importance. Loss of skeletal muscle with weight loss may also predispose individuals to a greater chance of weight regain. As a result, loss of lean body mass and skeletal muscle associated with weight loss induced by GLP-1RAs have raised serious safety concerns and limited the treatment options for patients. Furthermore, studies have shown that Semaglutide reduces cardiomyocyte size and cardiac mass in mice. (Linge et al. 2024 Circulation. 150: 1288–1298; Johannsen et al. 2012 J Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97: 2489-96; Sargeant et al. 2019 Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 34 (3) : 247-262; Neeland et al. 2024 Diabetes Obes. Metab. 26 (Suppl. 4) : 16–27; Martens et al. 2024 J Am Coll Cardiol Basic Trans Science 9 (12) 1429–1431. )
[0010] Accordingly, novel therapeutics and treatment methods are urgently needed that can address the safety concerns and improve efficacy and treatment outcomes of GLP-1RA therapies.Summary of the Invention
[0011] The invention is based in part on the unexpected discovery of novel treatment methods and pharmaceutical compositions of mitochondrial uncouplers for treating obesity, diabetes, liver and cardiovascular diseases and conditions in combination with GLP-1RA therapies. The methods disclosed herein enhance the desired effect of weight loss while mitigating safety and efficacy concerns of GLP-1RA, in particular the loss of lean body mass due to GLP-1RA treatment as well as the regain of body weight after the discontinuation of GLP-1RA treatment.
[0012] In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating a disease or condition, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, wherein the disease or condition is selected from obesity or overweight, T2DM, liver diseases and conditions (e.g., MASH) , and cardiovascular diseases and conditions (e.g., heart failure) .
[0013] In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating obesity or promoting weight loss, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
[0014] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for reducing, controlling or delaying body weight rebound in a subject after GLP-1RA treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.
[0015] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for increasing loss of fat body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.
[0016] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.
[0017] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating obesity while reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof
[0018] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating obesity while maintaining or improving heart weight and / or heart index of a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
[0019] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a GLP-1RA or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
[0020] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a kit comprising (a) a unit dosage form of a mitochondrial uncoupler, and (b) a unit dosage form of a GLP-1RA, and (c) instructions for administration thereof.
[0021] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for treating a disease or condition selected from obesity or overweight, T2DM, MASH and other liver diseases, and heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases and conditions.
[0022] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for treating obesity or promoting weight loss
[0023] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for reducing, controlling or delaying body weight rebound in a subject after GLP-1RA treatment.
[0024] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment for increasing loss of fat body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.
[0025] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.
[0026] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for maintaining or improving heart weight and / or heart index in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0027] FIG. 1. Exemplary data on body weight change after Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0028] FIG. 2. Exemplary data on Body weight change after Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment for three weeks and six weeks respectively (N=8 / group) .
[0029] FIG. 3. Exemplary data on lean mass after three weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0030] FIG. 4. Exemplary data on lean mass percentage after three weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0031] FIG. 5. Exemplary data on fat mass after three weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0032] FIG. 6. Exemplary data on fat mass percentage after three weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0033] FIG. 7. Exemplary data on bone mineral density (BMD) after three weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0034] FIG. 8. Exemplary data on grid hang latency after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0035] FIG. 9. Exemplary data on body weight normalized grid hang latency after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0036] FIG. 10. Exemplary data on terminal muscle mass after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0037] FIG. 11. Exemplary data on terminal muscle mass ratio after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0038] FIG. 12. Exemplary data on terminal fat mass after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0039] FIG. 13. Exemplary data on terminal fat mass ratio after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0040] FIG. 14. Exemplary data on terminal heart weight after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0041] FIG. 15. Exemplary data on terminal heart weight index after six weeks Compound A and Semaglutide combination treatment (N=8 / group) .
[0042] FIG. 16. Exemplary data on Compound A effect on body weight rebound after cessation of Semaglutide (N=8 / group) .
[0043] FIG. 17. Exemplary data on Compound A effect on body weight change after cessation of Semaglutide treatment (N=8 / group) .Definitions
[0044] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. General principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in “Organic Chemistry” , Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 2006.
[0045] As used in the present disclosure, the following words and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below unless expressly indicated otherwise or the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
[0046] In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a, " "an, " and "the" include plural reference, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0047] The term “and / or” is used in this disclosure to mean either “and” or “or” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0048] As used herein, “at least” a specific value is understood to be that value and all values greater than that value.
[0049] Applicant’s disclosure is described herein in preferred embodiments with reference to the Figures, in which like numbers represent the same or similar elements. Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment, ” “in an embodiment, ” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
[0050] The term “comprising” , when used to define compositions and methods, is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but do not exclude other elements. The term “consisting essentially of” , when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements and exclude other elements of any essential significance to the compositions and methods. For example, “consisting essentially of” refers to administration of the pharmacologically active agents expressly recited and excludes pharmacologically active agents not expressly recited. The term consisting essentially of does not exclude pharmacologically inactive or inert agents, e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers or diluents. The term “consisting of” , when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding trace elements of other ingredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.
[0051] In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and / or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components, or the element or component can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components.
[0052] Where compositions and kits are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes and methods are described as having, including, or comprising specific steps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are compositions and kits of the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that there are processes and methods according to the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps.
[0053] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. About can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01%of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein can be modified by the term about.
[0054] At various places in the present specification, variables or parameters are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the description include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, a range of 1 to 16 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16.
[0055] As used herein, the term “effective amount” of an active agent refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in this art, the effective amount of a compound of the invention may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the disease being treated, the mode of administration, and the patient.
[0056] As used herein, the term “treating” or “reducing” a disease or disorder” refers to ameliorating such a condition before or after it has occurred. As compared with an equivalent untreated control, such reduction or degree of prevention is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%as measured by any standard technique.
[0057] As used herein, “pharmaceutical composition” refers to the combination of a therapeutically active agent with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents, making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeutic use in vivo or ex vivo.
[0058] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, and polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide copolymer as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
[0059] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to humans, non-human primates, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. Typically, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a human subject. A “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle–aged adult or senior adult) ) and / or a non-human animal, e.g., a mammal such as primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys) , cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, rodents, cats, and / or dogs. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal.
[0060] As used herein, “administering” means oral administration, administration as a pulmonary, suppository, intramuscular administration, intrathecal administration, intranasal administration or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to a subject. Administration is by any route, including transmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or) . Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intramuscular and subcutaneous. Other modes of delivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations, etc. By “co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies (e.g., therapeutic agent, chemotherapeutic, or treatment for a neurodegenerative disease) . The compound of formula (I) can be administered alone or can be co-administered to the patient. Co-administration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compound individually or in combination (more than one compound or agent) . Thus, the preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g., to reduce metabolic degradation) .
[0061] The terms “disease, ” “disorder, ” and “condition” are used interchangeably herein.
[0062] As used herein, the term “treating” , “reducing” , or “preventing” a disease or disorder refers to ameliorating such a condition before or after it has occurred. As compared with an equivalent untreated control, such reduction or degree ofprevention is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%as measured by any standard technique. The terms “treat, ” “treating” and “treatment” contemplate an action that occurs while a subject is suffering from the specified disease, disorder or condition, which reduces the severity of the disease, disorder or condition, or retards or slows the progression of the disease, disorder or condition (“therapeutic treatment” ) , and also contemplates an action that occurs before a subject begins to suffer from the specified disease, disorder or condition ( “prophylactic treatment” ) . In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein are contemplated to be used in methods of therapeutic treatment wherein the action occurs while a subject is suffering from the specified disease, disorder or condition and results in a reduction in the severity of the disease, disorder or condition, or retardation or slowing of the progression of the disease, disorder or condition. In an alternate embodiment, the compounds provided herein are contemplated to be used in methods of prophylactic treatment wherein the action occurs before a subject begins to suffer from the specified disease, disorder or condition and results in preventing a disease, disorder or condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition, or preventing the recurrence of the disease, disorder or condition.Detailed Description of the Invention
[0063] The invention provides novel treatment methods and pharmaceutical compositions of mitochondrial uncouplers for treating obesity, T2DM, MASH and other liver diseases and conditions, as well as heart failure and other cardiovascular disease and conditions in combination with GLP-1RA therapies.
[0064] In particular, the novel treatment methods disclosed herein can considerably boost the desired effect ofweight loss as compared to GLP-1RA treatment alone, while significantly alleviating serious health risks and safety concerns posed by GLP-1RA therapies, including the loss of lean body mass and post-treatment regain ofbody weight lost during treatment.
[0065] Mitochondrial uncoupling, an endogenous energy-dissipating process, where the ATP synthesis is dissociated at the end of the electron transport chain due to “proton leak” , occurs in all eukaryotic cells and accounts for 20~30%of the basal metabolic rate depending on the tissue type. Many endogenous uncoupling proteins, e.g., UCP-1, UCP-2 or UCP-3, as well as chemical uncouplers have been studied over the years for their potential as an alternative approach to calorie restriction. With the increased “energy out” , especially through increased lipid metabolism, mitochondrial uncouplers may have the unique feature of fat-selective weight reduction. On the other hand, since ATP / ADP ratios are lowered, mitochondrial uncouplers may be viewed as in-direct activators for AMPK, one of the master regulators for energy homeostasis, which can critically impact maintaining / building muscle mass and functions. Studies also showed that mitochondrial uncoupling can prevent excessive ROS production, thus down regulates many inflammatory biomarkers and processes. Geisler 2019 Cells 8, 280; Narkar, et al. 2008 Cell 134, 405; Fan, et al. 2017 Cell Metabolism, 25, 242; Dorighello et al. 2022 J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 29: 825; Hu et al. 2021 Tox. andAppl. Pharm. 414, 115426) .
[0066] Recently, a novel class of compounds have been designed and developed that demonstrated exceptional activities as mitochondrial uncouplers. (PCT / CN2024 / 123314, filed on October 8, 2024, the entire content of each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. )
[0067] In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating a disease or condition, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, wherein the disease or condition is selected from obesity or overweight, T2DM, liver diseases and conditions (e.g., MASH) , and cardiovascular diseases and conditions (e.g., heart failure) .
[0068] In certain embodiments, the method is for treating obesity. In certain embodiments, the method is for treating overweight.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the method is for treating T2DM.
[0070] In certain embodiments, the method is for treating a liver disease or condition. In certain embodiments, the method is for treating MASH.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the method is for treating a cardiovascular disease or condition. In certain embodiments, the method is for treating heart failure.
[0072] Examples of GLP-1RAs include Semaglutide injection Semaglutide tablets Dulaglutide Exenatide Exenatide extended-release Liraglutide and Lixisenatide Tirzepatide among others. (https: / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / books / NBK551568 / ; https: / / my. clevelandclinic. org / health / treatments / 13901-glp-1-agonists as accessed on December 24, 2024. )
[0073] Semaglutide was recently approved as an anti-obesity medication for long-term weight management. Semaglutide is marketed under various brands including OzempicTM, RybelsusTM and WegovyTM. It is a31-amino acid peptide that closely resembles the natural GLP-1hormone with key structural modifications. Semaglutide can be administered by subcutaneous injection or taken orally. (Lau et al. 2015 J Med Chem, 58 (18) : 7370-80; Singh et al. 2022 J. Investig. Med. 70 (1) : 5–13; Phillips et al. 2022 J. Clin. Pharm. and Thera. 47 (2) : 184–193;WO2019038412A1; WO2021144477A1; US11318191B2; US10888605B2; the content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. )
[0074] In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating obesity or promoting weight loss, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
[0075] In certain embodiments of the method, the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 weeks to about 12 months (e.g., about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 6 months, about 6 months to about 9 months, about 9 months to about 9 months) . In certain embodiments, the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 months to about 6 months.
[0076] In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment weight loss is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, weight loss after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment is increased by at least about 20%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, weight loss after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment is increased by at least about 40%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, weight loss after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment is increased by at least about 60%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, weight loss after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment is increased by at least about 80%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, weight loss after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment is increased by at least about 100%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.
[0077] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for reducing, controlling or delaying body weight rebound in a subject after GLP-1RA treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.
[0078] In certain embodiments of the method, the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 weeks to about 12 months (e.g., about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 6 months, about 6 months to about 9 months, about 9 months to about 9 months) in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period. In certain embodiments, the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 months to about 6 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.
[0079] In certain embodiments, about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) after the GLP-1RA treatment is terminated the post-treatment body weight rebound is reduced by at least about 10%compared to post-treatment body weight rebound following GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) after the GLP-1RA treatment is terminated the post-treatment body weight rebound is reduced by at least about 20%compared to post-treatment body weight rebound following GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) after the GLP-1RA treatment is terminated the post-treatment body weight rebound is reduced by at least about 30%compared to post-treatment body weight rebound following GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) after the GLP-1RA treatment is terminated the post-treatment body weight rebound is reduced by at least about 40%compared to post-treatment body weight rebound following GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) after the GLP-1RA treatment is terminated the post-treatment body weight rebound is reduced by at least about 50%compared to post-treatment body weight rebound following GLP-1RA monotherapy.
[0080] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for increasing loss of fat body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.
[0081] In certain embodiments of the method, the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 weeks to about 12 months (e.g., about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 6 months, about 6 months to about 9 months, about 9 months to about 9 months) in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period. In certain embodiments, the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 months to about 6 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.
[0082] In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the loss of fat body mass is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the loss of fat body mass is increased by at least about 12.5%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the loss of fat body mass is increased by at least about 15%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the loss of fat body mass is increased by at least about 20%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.
[0083] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.
[0084] In certain embodiments of the method, the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 weeks to about 12 months (e.g., about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 6 months, about 6 months to about 9 months, about 9 months to about 9 months) in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period. In certain embodiments, the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 months to about 6 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.
[0085] In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the lean body mass ratio is increased by at least about 5%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the lean body mass ratio is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the lean body mass ratio is increased by at least about 12.5%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the lean body mass ratio is increased by at least about 15%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy. In certain embodiments, after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment the lean body mass ratio is increased by at least about 20%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.
[0086] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating obesity while reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof
[0087] In certain embodiments of the method, the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 weeks to about 12 months (e.g., about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 6 months, about 6 months to about 9 months, about 9 months to about 9 months) . In certain embodiments, the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 months to about 6 months.
[0088] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating obesity while maintaining or improving heart weight and / or heart index of a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
[0089] In certain embodiments of the method, the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 weeks to about 12 months (e.g., about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 6 months, about 6 months to about 9 months, about 9 months to about 9 months) . In certain embodiments, the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 months to about 6 months.
[0090] In certain embodiments, the subject's heart weight is increased by at least about 5%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment.
[0091] In certain embodiments, the subject's heart index is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment. In certain embodiments, the subject's heart index is increased by at least about 15%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment. In certain embodiments, the subject's heart index is increased by at least about 20%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks (e.g., about, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) of treatment.
[0092] In certain embodiments of any one of the methods disclosed herein, the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the subject is administered a daily dose of about 25 mg to about 750 mg (e.g., about 25 mg to about 75 mg, about 75 mg to about 150 mg, about 150 mg to about 300 mg, about 300 mg to about 500 mg, about 500 mg to about 750 mg) of the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and the subject is administered a weekly dose of about 0.05 mg to about 15 mg of GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the subject is administered a daily dose of about 25 mg to about 750 mg (e.g., about 25 mg to about 75 mg, about 75 mg to about 150 mg, about 150 mg to about 300 mg, about 300 mg to about 500 mg, about 500 mg to about 750 mg) of the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and the subject is administered a weekly dose of about 0.05 mg to about 4.8 mg of Semaglutide if administered via injection, or about 3 mg to about 100 mg of Semaglutide if administered orally.
[0095] In certain embodiments of the methods, the GLP-1RA is administered once weekly. In certain embodiments, the GLP-1RA is administered twice weekly.
[0096] In certain embodiments, the GLP-1RA is administered subcutaneously.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the GLP-1RA is administered orally.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the subject is obese.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the subject is overweight.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the subject is diabetic.
[0101] In certain embodiments of the methods, the subject suffers from diabetes and is obese or overweight.
[0102] In certain embodiments of the methods, the subject is obese or overweight and suffers from a liver disease or condition.
[0103] In certain embodiments of the methods, the subject is obese or overweight and suffers from a cardiovascular disease or condition.
[0104] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a GLP-1RA or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
[0105] In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide.
[0106] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a kit comprising (a) a unit dosage form of a mitochondrial uncoupler, and (b) a unit dosage form of a GLP-1RA, and (c) instructions for administration thereof.
[0107] In certain embodiments of the kit, the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide. In certain embodiments of the kit, the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide tablet, capsule or injection.
[0108] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for treating a disease or condition selected from obesity or overweight, T2DM, MASH and other liver diseases, and heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases and conditions.
[0109] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for treating obesity or promoting weight loss
[0110] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for reducing, controlling or delaying body weight rebound in a subject after GLP-1RA treatment.
[0111] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment for increasing loss of fat body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.
[0112] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.
[0113] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for maintaining or improving heart weight and / or heart index in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.
[0114] In certain embodiments of the uses herein, the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide.
[0115] In certain embodiments of the methods, pharmaceutical compositions, kits and uses herein, the mitochondrial uncoupler is a compound having the structural formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable form or an isotope derivative thereof.
[0116] Possible formulations include those suitable for oral, sublingual, buccal, parenteral (for example subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous) , rectal, topical including transdermal, intranasal and inhalation administration. Most suitable means of administration for a particular patient will depend on the nature and severity of the disease or condition being treated or the nature of the therapy being used and on the nature of the active compound.
[0117] Compounds of the present invention are, subsequent to their preparation, preferably isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing an amount by weight equal to or greater than 95% ( “substantially pure” ) , which is then used or formulated as described herein. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are more than 99%pure.
[0118] The following examples are meant to be illustrative of the practice of the invention, and not limiting in any way. ExamplesAbbreviations Study I. Combination of Compound A and GLP-1RA effect on body weight and muscle in DIO mice modelGeneral Protocol
[0119] For diet induced obese (DIO) mice model development, C57BL / 6j mice (provided by Jiangsu GemPharmatech biotechnology Co. Ltd. ) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks (D12492i, Rodent Diet with 60 kcal%Fat, Research diet) initiated at 6weeks old. Control mice were fed with standard control diet (SCD) during the study. DIO mice were randomized into groups base on body weight and received one of the following treatments: Vehicle, Compound A-50mg / Kg, Semaglutide-0.013mg / Kg, Semaglutide-0.013 mg / Kg plus Compound A-50mg / Kg, Semaglutide-0.04mg / Kg, Semaglutide-0.04 mg / Kg plus Compound A-50mg / Kg. Day0 was defined as the first day of compound dosing. Mice in model group and control group were dosed with vehicle (2%DMSO+10%Solutol HS-15+88%water) via oral gavage and saline via subcutaneous injection (s.c. ) . All animals were dosed via oral gavage once daily (q.d. ) and subcutaneous injection (s.c. ) once daily for continuous six weeks. Dose volume was 10 ml / kg for oral gavage and 5ml / kg for subcutaneous injection. The test article formulation was freshly prepared for each dosing occasion. Mix well before using. Body weight was measured daily. On day 21, Body composition was determined by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA, InAlyzer, MEDIKORS) . Lean mass (g) , Lean mass (%) , fat mass (g) , fat mass (%) and bone mineral density data were generated from the measurement.
[0120] On day 39, Motor coordination and muscle strength of animals from control group, DIO Model, Compound A-50mg / Kg, Semaglutide-0.04mg / Kg, and Semaglutide-0.04 mg / Kg plus Compound A-50mg / Kg group were determined by grid hang test. To ensure consistency, the test was repeated three times with adequate rest periods (10 minutes) between trials. The time ofhold onto the wire before falling (latency to fall) in three trials were recorded. And final result was the average of three trials.
[0121] At the end of study, all animals were euthanized. Quadriceps muscle, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior muscle, soleus, extensor digitorum longus were collected and weighed. White adipose tissue including perirenal fat, inguinal fat and epipdidymal fat were collected and weighed. Besides, hearts of animals were collected and weighed. Total muscle weight means the sum weight of all the muscle collected. And total muscle index=100*Total muscle weight (g) / body weight (g) . Total fat weight means the sum weight of all the white fat collected. And total fat index=100*Total fat weight (g) / body weight (g) . Heart index=100*heart weight (g) / body weight (g) .
[0122] Data are presented as Mean±SEM. Differences between the groups were analyzed with the uncorrected Fisher‘s LSD, one-way ANOVA, Graphpad Prism 10. p<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant difference. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. #p<0.05 vs Semaglutide-0.04mpk analyzed with t-test.Result
[0123] FIGs. 1-15 show that six weeks treatment with Compound A alone prevented body weight gain, In addition, there was continuous body weight loss from treatment of Compound A in combination with high dose Semaglutide. The effect is more than additive as the weight loss upon treatment with the combination was the sum of the weight loss provided by each agent in isolation at six weeks treatment and continuously going down, indicating a synergistic effect. The reduced body weight was predominantly loss of fat mass while preserving lean mass. The mice had improved muscle strength from Compound A and high dose Semaglutide combination treatment. GLP-1R agonist (GLP-1RA) , Semaglutide suppress food intake resulting in weight loss but efficacy is limited by metabolic adaptation, a compensatory process that lowers energy expenditure (EE) . Combining GLP-1-RA and mitochondrial uncoupler Compound A is effective by both decreasing energy intake and decreasing the amount of energy derived from food, normalizing EE, which can enhance the weight loss efficacy of GLP-1RA. Study II. Compound A effect on body weight rebound after cessation of GLP-1RA in DIO mice modelGeneral Protocol
[0124] For diet induced mice (DIO) model development, C57BL / 6j mice (provided by Jiangsu GemPharmatech biotechnology Co. Ltd. ) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks (D12492i, Rodent Diet with 60 kcal%Fat, Research diet) initiated at 6weeks old. Control mice were fed with standard control diet (SCD) during the study. DIO mice were randomized into groups base on body weight and received one of the following treatments: Semaglutide-0.04mg / Kg, vehicle, Compound A-50mg / Kg. Day0 was defined as the first day of compound dosing. All the animals except control mice and DIO mice model group were subcutaneously injected with Semaglutide-0.04 mg / Kg once daily for three weeks. Then one group of Semaglutide treated animals were continuously treated with Semaglutide-0.04 mg / Kg for additional three weeks. The other groups were treated with vehicle or Compound A-50mg / Kg once daily (q.d. ) by oral gavage (p.o) for additional three weeks. Mice in control and DIO model group were dosed with vehicle (2%DMSO+10%Solutol HS-15+88%water) via oral gavage and saline via subcutaneous injection (s.c. ) . All animals were dosed via oral gavage once daily (q.d. ) and subcutaneous injection (s.c. ) once daily for continuous six weeks. Dose volume was 10 ml / kg for oral gavage and 5ml / kg for subcutaneous injection. The test article formulation was freshly prepared for each dosing occasion. Mix well before using. Body weight and food intake were measured daily.Result
[0125] FIGs. 16 and 17 show that mice body weight rebound after withdraw of Semaglutide. Three weeks treatment with Compound A inhibited body weight regain after cessation of Semaglutide. Synthesis Procedures Chemistry Methods
[0126] All chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Unless otherwise specified, reactions were performed under an inert atmosphere of argon and monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and / or LCMS. All reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as provided. Synthetic intermediates and final compounds were purified using Biotage Isolera Prime 3.2 chromatography system on 230-400 mesh silica gel or GILSON GX-281 prep-HPLC. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were obtained using Bruker Ascend 400 spectrometer at 400 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively. NMR chemical shifts were described inδ (ppm) using residual solvent peaks as standard (Chloroform-d, 7.26 ppm (1H) , 77.16 ppm (13C) ; Methanol-d4, 3.31 ppm (1H) , 49.00 ppm (13C) ; DMSO-d6, 2.50 ppm (1H) , 39.52 ppm (13C) ) . Data were reported in a format as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet, dd=doublet of doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, br=broad, m=multiplet, abq=ab quartet) , number ofprotons, and coupling constants. Mass spectral data were measured using Agilent 1260 and 6120MSD LC-MS. All compounds submitted for biological testing were confirmed to be≥95%pure by Shimadzu LC-2030C 3D analytical HPLC. Synthetic methods, spectral data, and MS for novel compounds are described in detail below. Synthesis Scheme
[0127] Step-1: 2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethan-1-amine. To a mixture of 2-aminoethan-1-ol (40 g, 0.65 mol) in DCM (400 mL) was added imidazole (89 g, 1.31mol) and TBDPSCl (198 g, 0.72 mol) at 25℃. The mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into water (1000 mL) and extracted with DCM (500 mL x 3) . The combined organic layer was washed with brine (500 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum to give the desired product (150 g, yield 77%) as yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C5H5N3O3 Exact Mass: 299.2 found tR=1.726 min. [M+H] +=300.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3Cl) δ7.68-7.66 (m, 4H) , 7.45-7.36 (m, 6H) , 3.67 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.80 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.06 (s, 9H) .
[0128] Step-2: Ethyl (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) glycinate. To a solution of 2-( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethan-1-amine (320 g, 1.07 mol) in DCM (3200 mL) was added ethyl 2-bromoacetate (178.4 g, 1.07 mol) and TEA (324.4 g, 3.21 mol) at 25℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE / EA=10 / 1-3 / 1) to give the product (300 g, yield 73%) as yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C5H5N3O3 Exact Mass: 385.2 found tR=1.544 min. [M+H] +=386.1.
[0129] Step-3: Ethyl 2-amino-1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate. To a solution of ethyl (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) glycinate (100 g, 0.26 mol) in ethyl formate (500 mL) was added NaH (36.3 g, 0.91 mol) at 25℃. The mixture was stirred at 25℃for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum to give the desired product (100 g, crude) as yellow oil, which was used for the next step directly without further purification.
[0130] To a solution of the compound (100 g, crude) described in the previous step in EtOH (400 mL) was added con. HCl (320 mL) at 25℃. The mixture was stirred at 75℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was adjusted pH to 3~4 with aq. NaOH (2 N) , and the mixture was used for the next step directly.
[0131] Added water (1000 mL) to the solution made in the previous step, and then cyanamide (17.3 g, 0.41 mol) was added at 25℃. The mixture was stirred at 105℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, adjusted pH=8-9 with solid Na2CO3 and extracted with EA (500 mL x 3) . The combined organic layer was washed with brine (500 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE / EA=20 / 1-1 / 1) to give the desired compound (15 g, yield 31%over 3 steps) as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C5H5N3O3 Exact Mass: 199.1 found tR=0.948 min. [M+H] +=200.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3Cl) δ7.26 (s, 1H) , 4.96 (s, 2H) , 4.26-4.20 (m, 4H) , 3.97 (t, J=4.4Hz, 2H) , 1.32 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) .
[0132] Step-4: Ethyl 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate. To a solution of Ethyl 2-amino-1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (18.4 g, 0.092 mol) in CH3COOH (190 mL) and H2O (190 mL) was added NaNO2 (38.1g, 0.55 mol) at 10℃. The mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into water (500 mL) and extracted with EA (500 mL x 3) . The combined organic layer was washed with brine (500 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE / EA=10 / 1-3 / 1) to give desired compound (10 g, yield 47%) as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C5H5N3O3 Exact Mass: 229.1 found tR=1.385 min. [M+H] +=230.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3Cl) δ7.76 (s, 1H) , 5.09 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H) , 4.40 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 4.01 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.41 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H) .
[0133] Step-5: Ethyl 1- (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate. To a mixture of ethyl 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (12 g, 0.052 mol) in DCM (120 mL) was added TBDPSCl (15.8 g, 0.058 mol) and imidazole (7.1 g, 0.10 mol) at 25℃. The mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with DCM (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layer was washed with brine (200 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE / EA=10 / 1-3 / 1) to give the product (20 g, yield 82%) as a yellow solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3Cl) δ7.73 (s, 1H) , 7.44-7.40 (m, 6H) , 7.38-7.32 (m, 4H) , 5.20 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.31 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.86 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.36 t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 0.93 (s, 9H) .
[0134] Step-6: (1- (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol. To a mixture of ethyl 1- (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (20 g, 0.043 mol) in THF (200 mL) was added LiBHEt3 (0.13 L, 0.13 mol, 1 mmol / L in THF) at 0℃. The mixture was stirred at 0℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into ammonium chloride aqueous solution (200 mL) and extracted with EA (200 mL x 3) . The combined organic layer was washed with brine (300 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE / EA=10 / 1-3 / 1) to give the product (8.6 g, yield 47%) as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C5H5N3O3 Exact Mass: 425.2 found tR=2.304 min. [M+H] +=426.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3Cl) δ7.46-7.41 (m, 6H) , 7.38-7.34 (m, 4H) , 7.17 (s, 1H) , 4.76 (s, 2H) , 4.68 (t, J =4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.97 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H) , 0.98 (s, 9H) .
[0135] Step-7: 1- (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) -5- ( (2, 4-dinitrophenoxy) methyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazole. To a solution of (1- (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl) methanol (8.6 g, 0.020 mol) in THF (90 mL) was added NaH (1.2 g, 0.030 mol) at 0℃ and stirred for 0.5 hr. And then 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (6.1 g, 0.03 mol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with DCM (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layer was washed with brine (200 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE / EA=10 / 1-3 / 1) to give the product (8 g, yield 67%) as a yellow solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3Cl) δ8.76 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.40 (dd, J=9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.46-7.40 (m, 4H) , 7.39-7.34 (m, 7H) , 7.08 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H) , 5.43 (s, 2H) , 4.76-4.72 (m, 2H) , 4.08 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H) , 1.00 (s, 9H) .
[0136] Step-8: 2- (5- ( (2, 4-dinitrophenoxy) methyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) ethan-1-ol (1) . To a solution of 1- (2- ( (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) -5- ( (2, 4-dinitrophenoxy) methyl) -2-nitro-1H-imidazole (3 g, 0.0051 mol) in THF (30 mL) was added TBAF (10 mL, 0.010 mol, 1 mmol / L in THF) at-30℃. The mixture was stirred at-30℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (100 mL) and extracted with EA (100 mL x 3) . The crude product was purified by flash column (PE / EA=10 / 1-3 / 1) to give Compound A (16 g, yield 56%) as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C5H5N3O3 Exact Mass: 353.1 found tR=1.757 min. [M+H] +=354.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO_d6) δ8.80 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.57 (dd, J=9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.82 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.41 (s, 1H) , 5.66 (s, 2H) , 5.13 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.51 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.71 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 2H) .
[0137] The described features, structures, or characteristics of Applicant’s disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the description, herein, numerous specific details are recited to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that Applicant’s composition and / or method may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the disclosure.
[0138] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are now described. Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order that is logically possible, in addition to a particular order disclosed. Incorporation by Reference
[0139] References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patent applications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, web contents, have been made in this disclosure. All such documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material explicitly set forth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the present disclosure material. In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be resolved in favor of the present disclosure as the preferred disclosure. Equivalents
[0140] The representative examples disclosed herein are intended to help illustrate the invention, and are not intended to, nor should they be construed to, limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the full contents of this document, including the examples which follow and the references to the scientific and patent literature cited herein. The above examples contain important additional information, exemplification and guidance that can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and equivalents thereof.
Claims
1.A method for treating a disease or condition, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, wherein the disease or condition is selected from obesity or overweight, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) , liver diseases and conditions, and cardiovascular diseases and conditions.2.The method of claim 1, for treating obesity or overweight.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, for treating T2DM.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, for treating a liver disease or condition.5.The method of claim 4, for treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) .6.The method of any one of claims 1-3, for treating a cardiovascular disease or condition.7.The method of claim 6, for treating heart failure.8.A method for treating obesity or promoting weight loss, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 weeks to about 12 months.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 months to about 6 months.11.The method of any one of claims 8-10, wherein after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment weight loss is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.12.The method of claim 11, wherein weight loss after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment is increased by at least about 20%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.13.A method for reducing, controlling or delaying body weight rebound in a subject after glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 weeks to about 12 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 months to about 6 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.16.The method of any one of claims 13-15, wherein about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks after the GLP-1RA treatment is terminated the post-treatment body weight rebound is reduced by at least about 10%compared to post-treatment body weight rebound following GLP-1RA monotherapy.17.The method of claim 16, wherein about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks after the GLP-1RA treatment is terminated the post-treatment body weight rebound is reduced by at least about 20%compared to post-treatment body weight rebound following GLP-1RA monotherapy.18.A method for increasing loss of fat body mass in a subject undergoing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 weeks to about 12 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 months to about 6 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.21.The method of any one of claims 18-20, wherein after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment the loss of fat body mass is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.22.The method of claim 21, wherein after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment the loss of fat body mass is increased by at least about 15%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.23.A method for reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass in a subject undergoing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 weeks to about 12 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the GLP-1RA treatment is about 3 months to about 6 months in length and the subject is administered the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, during the same period.26.The method of any one of claims 23-25, wherein after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment the lean body mass ratio is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.27.The method of claim 26, wherein after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment the lean body mass ratio is increased by at least about 15%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy.28.A method for treating obesity while reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b)a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 weeks to about 12 months.30.The method of claim 29, wherein the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 months to about 6 months.31.A method for treating obesity while maintaining or improving heart weight and / or heart index of a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 weeks to about 12 months.33.The method of claim 32, wherein the subject is administered (a) and (b) for a period of about 3 months to about 6 months.34.The method of any one of claims 31-33, wherein the subject's heart weight is increased by at least about 5%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the subject's heart index is increased by at least about 10%compared to GLP-1RA monotherapy after about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks of treatment.36.The method of any one of claims 1-35, wherein the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide.37.The method of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the subject is administered a daily dose of about 25 mg to about 750 mg of the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and the subject is administered a weekly dose of about 0.05 mg to about 15 mg of GLP-1RA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.38.The method of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the subject is administered a daily dose of about 25 mg to about 750 mg of the mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and the subject is administered a weekly dose of about 0.05 mg to about 4.8 mg of Semaglutide if administered via injection, or about 3 mg to about 100 mg of Semaglutide if administered orally.39.The method of claim 37 or 38, wherein the mitochondrial uncoupler is administered orally.40.The method of any one of claims 1-39, wherein the GLP-1RA is administered once weekly.41.The method of any one of claims 1-39, wherein the GLP-1RA is administered twice weekly.42.The method of claim 40 or 41, wherein the GLP-1RA is administered subcutaneously.43.The method of claim 40 or 41, wherein the GLP-1RA is administered orally.44.The method of any one of claims 1-43, wherein the subject is obese.45.The method of any one of claims 1-43, wherein the subject is overweight.46.The method of any one of claims 1-45, wherein the subject suffers from diabetes.47.A pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.48.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 47, wherein the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide.49.A kit comprising (a) a unit dosage form of a mitochondrial uncoupler, and (b) a unit dosage form of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , and (c) instructions for administration thereof.50.The kit of claim 49, wherein the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide.51.Use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for treating a disease or condition selected from obesity or overweight, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) , metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and other liver diseases, and cardiovascular diseases and conditions.52.Use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for treating obesity or promoting weight loss.53.Use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for reducing, controlling or delaying body weight rebound in a subject after GLP-1RA treatment.54.Use of a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, before, during and / or following GLP-1RA treatment for increasing loss of fat body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.55.Use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for reducing or controlling loss of lean body mass in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.56.Use of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a mitochondrial uncoupler, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, and (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, for maintaining or improving heart weight and / or heart index in a subject undergoing GLP-1RA treatment.57.The use according to any one of claims 51-56, wherein the GLP-1RA is Semaglutide.58.The method of any one of claims 1-46, the pharmaceutical composition of claim 46 or 47, the kit of claim 48 or 49, the use according to any one of claims 50-57, wherein the mitochondrial uncoupler is a compound having the structural formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable form or an isotope derivative thereof.