Apparatus and method for controlling electromagnetic wave generation of transmitter in wireless communication system

Abstract

The purpose of the present invention is to control electromagnetic wave generation of a transmitter in a wireless communication system. A method may comprise the steps of: generating at least one codeword by encoding information bits; generating complex symbols by modulating the at least one codeword; mapping the complex symbols to a resource; generating a signal by performing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation on the complex symbols mapped to the resource; amplifying the signal by using a power amplifier; and transmitting the amplified signal through an antenna array.

Description

Device and method for controlling electromagnetic wave generation of a transmitter in a wireless communication system

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more specifically to an apparatus and method for controlling the generation of electromagnetic waves by a transmitter in a wireless communication system.

[0002] Wireless access systems are being widely deployed to provide various types of communication services, such as voice and data. Generally, a wireless access system is a multiple access system capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (bandwidth, transmission power, etc.). Examples of multiple access systems include CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access) systems.

[0003] In particular, as many communication devices require large communication capacities, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) communication technology is being proposed as an improvement over existing radio access technology (RAT). Furthermore, communication systems are being proposed that consider not only massive machine type communications (mmTC), which connects multiple devices and objects to provide various services anytime and anywhere, but also services and user equipment (UE) that are sensitive to reliability and latency. Various technical configurations are being proposed for this purpose.

[0004] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for effectively controlling the generation of electromagnetic waves in a transmitter in a wireless communication system.

[0005] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for controlling a signal generated from a transmitter in a wireless communication system, taking into account harmfulness to the human body.

[0006] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for controlling the gain of an antenna array in a wireless communication system.

[0007] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for preventing the generation of harmful electromagnetic waves by controlling the gain of an antenna array in a wireless communication system.

[0008] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for controlling the gain of an antenna power amplifier in a wireless communication system.

[0009] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for preventing the generation of harmful electromagnetic waves by controlling the gain of a power amplifier in a wireless communication system.

[0010] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for preventing the generation of harmful electromagnetic waves by controlling the gain of an antenna array and the gain of a power amplifier in a wireless communication system.

[0011] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for preventing the generation of harmful electromagnetic waves by controlling the ratio of the gain of an antenna array and the gain of a power amplifier in a wireless communication system.

[0012] The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for preventing the generation of harmful electromagnetic waves in a wireless communication system by designing the gain of an antenna array to be greater than the gain of a power amplifier.

[0013] The technical objectives to be achieved in this disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned technical problems may be considered by those skilled in the art to which the technical configuration of this disclosure applies, based on the embodiments of this disclosure described below.

[0014] As an example of the present disclosure, the method may include the steps of generating at least one codeword by encoding information bits; generating complex symbols by modulating the at least one codeword; mapping the complex symbols to a resource; generating a signal by performing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation on the complex symbols mapped to the resource; amplifying the signal using a power amplifier; and transmitting the amplified signal through an antenna array. The gain of the antenna array may be set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the power amplifier.

[0015] As an example of the present disclosure, the device comprises a transceiver, an antenna array, and a processor connected to the transceiver, wherein the processor generates at least one codeword by encoding information bits, generates complex symbols by modulating the at least one codeword, maps the complex symbols to a resource, generates a signal by performing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation on the complex symbols mapped to the resource, amplifies the signal using a power amplifier included in the transceiver, and transmits the amplified signal through the antenna array, wherein the gain of the antenna array may be set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the power amplifier.

[0016] As an example of the present disclosure, a terminal comprises at least one processor and at least one computer memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions that direct operations as executed by the at least one processor, wherein the operations may include: generating at least one codeword by encoding information bits; generating complex symbols by modulating the at least one codeword; mapping the complex symbols to a resource; generating a signal by performing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation on the complex symbols mapped to the resource; amplifying the signal using a power amplifier; and transmitting the amplified signal through an antenna array. The gain of the antenna array may be set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the power amplifier.

[0017] As an example of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing at least one instruction comprises said at least one instruction executable by a processor, said at least one instruction, said at least one instruction, said at least one instruction, said device generates at least one codeword by encoding information bits, generates complex symbols by modulating said at least one codeword, maps said complex symbols to a resource, generates a signal by performing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation on said complex symbols mapped to the resource, amplifies said signal using a power amplifier, and instructs said amplified signal to be transmitted through an antenna array, said antenna array may be set such that the gain of said antenna array is greater than or equal to the gain of said power amplifier.

[0018] The embodiments of the present disclosure described above are merely some of the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, and various embodiments reflecting the technical features of the present disclosure can be derived and understood by those skilled in the art based on the detailed description of the present disclosure set forth below.

[0019] The following effects may be achieved by embodiments based on the present disclosure.

[0020] According to the present disclosure, harmfulness to the human body caused by a signal generated from a transmitter can be reduced.

[0021] The effects obtainable from the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned effects can be clearly derived and understood by a person skilled in the art to which the technical configuration of the present disclosure applies from the description of the embodiments of the present disclosure below. That is, unintended effects resulting from implementing the configuration described in the present disclosure can also be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0022] The drawings attached below are intended to aid in understanding the present disclosure and may provide embodiments of the present disclosure together with the detailed description. However, the technical features of the present disclosure are not limited to specific drawings, and features disclosed in each drawing may be combined with one another to form new embodiments. Reference numerals in each drawing may denote structural elements.

[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a communication system applicable to the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 3 illustrates a method for processing a transmission signal applicable to the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G (6th generation) system applicable to the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 4 illustrates a communication procedure between a terminal and a base station applicable to the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G (6th generation) system applicable to the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 6 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum applicable to the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 7 illustrates a THz communication method applicable to the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 8 illustrates a THz signal generation method applicable to the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 9 illustrates a wireless communication transceiver applicable to the present disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 10 illustrates a transmitter structure applicable to the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 11 illustrates a system information transmission procedure applicable to the present disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 12 illustrates a beam management procedure applicable to the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a measurement method for determining safety ratings.

[0037] FIGS. 14a to 14c illustrate the relationship between the nearfield and the safety boundary.

[0038] Figure 15 illustrates an example of effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) according to the transmission power of a base station.

[0039] Figure 16 illustrates examples of normalized antenna gains for various cases.

[0040] FIGS. 17a to 17e illustrate the received power according to the distance from the transmitter for each situation.

[0041] FIGS. 18a to 18c illustrate implementation examples of high-gain antenna arrays.

[0042] FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a procedure for transmitting a signal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0043] FIG. 20 illustrates an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0044] FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a portable device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0045] FIG. 22 illustrates an example of a vehicle or autonomous vehicle applicable to the present disclosure.

[0046] FIG. 23 illustrates an example of a vehicle applicable to the present disclosure.

[0047] FIG. 24 illustrates an example of an XR device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0048] FIG. 25 illustrates an example of a robot applicable to the present disclosure.

[0049] FIG. 26 illustrates an example of an AI device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0050] The following embodiments are combinations of the components and features of the present disclosure in a predetermined form. Each component or feature may be considered optional unless otherwise explicitly stated. Each component or feature may be implemented in a form not combined with other components or features. Additionally, some components and / or features may be combined to form embodiments of the present disclosure. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of any embodiment may be included in other embodiments, or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of other embodiments.

[0051] In the description of the drawings, procedures or steps that could obscure the gist of the present disclosure have not been described, nor have procedures or steps that are understandable to those skilled in the art been described.

[0052] Throughout the specification, when a part is described as "comprising" or "including" a component, this means that, unless specifically stated otherwise, it does not exclude other components but may include additional components. Furthermore, terms such as "...part," "...unit," and "module" as used in the specification refer to a unit that performs at least one function or operation, and this may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Additionally, "one (a or an)," "one," "the," and similar related terms may be used in the context describing the present disclosure (particularly in the context of the following claims) in both singular and plural forms, unless otherwise indicated in the specification or clearly contradicted by the context.

[0053] In this specification, the embodiments of the present disclosure are described with a focus on the data transmission and reception relationship between a base station and a mobile station. Here, the base station refers to a terminal node of a network that communicates directly with a mobile station. Specific operations described in this document as being performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by an upper node of the base station.

[0054] That is, in a network consisting of multiple network nodes including a base station, various operations performed for communication with a mobile station may be performed by the base station or other network nodes other than the base station. In this case, 'base station' may be replaced by terms such as fixed station, Node B, eNB (eNode B), gNB (gNode B), ng-eNB, advanced base station (ABS), or access point.

[0055] Additionally, in the embodiments of the present disclosure, the term terminal may be replaced with terms such as user equipment (UE), mobile station (MS), subscriber station (SS), mobile subscriber station (MSS), mobile terminal, or advanced mobile station (AMS).

[0056] Furthermore, the transmitting end refers to a fixed and / or mobile node that provides data or voice services, and the receiving end refers to a fixed and / or mobile node that receives data or voice services. Therefore, in the case of the uplink, a mobile station can be the transmitting end and a base station can be the receiving end. Similarly, in the case of the downlink, a mobile station can be the receiving end and a base station can be the transmitting end.

[0057] Embodiments of the present disclosure may be supported by standard documents disclosed in at least one of the wireless access systems, such as IEEE 802.xx systems, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) systems, 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) systems, 3GPP 5G (5th generation) NR (New Radio) systems and 3GPP2 systems, and in particular, embodiments of the present disclosure may be supported by 3GPP TS (technical specification) 38.211, 3GPP TS 38.212, 3GPP TS 38.213, 3GPP TS 38.321 and 3GPP TS 38.331 documents.

[0058] In addition, the embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to other wireless access systems and are not limited to the systems described above. For example, they may be applicable to systems applied after the 3GPP 5G NR system and are not limited to specific systems.

[0059] That is, obvious steps or parts not described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be described by referring to the aforementioned documents. Additionally, all terms disclosed in this document may be explained by the aforementioned standard documents.

[0060] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description disclosed below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to describe exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only embodiment in which the technical configuration of the present disclosure can be implemented.

[0061] Additionally, specific terms used in the embodiments of the present disclosure are provided to aid in understanding the present disclosure, and the use of such specific terms may be modified in other forms without departing from the technical spirit of the present disclosure.

[0062] The following technology can be applied to various wireless access systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access).

[0063] For the sake of clarity, the following description is based on 3GPP communication systems (e.g., LTE, NR, etc.), but the technical scope of this disclosure is not limited thereto. LTE may refer to technology from 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 8 onwards. Specifically, LTE technology from 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 10 onwards is referred to as LTE-A, and LTE technology from 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 13 onwards may be referred to as LTE-A pro. 3GPP NR may refer to technology from TS 38.xxx Release 15 onwards. 3GPP 6G may refer to technology from TS Release 17 and / or Release 18 onwards. "xxx" indicates a specific standard document number. LTE / NR / 6G may be collectively referred to as 3GPP systems.

[0064] Regarding the background technology, terms, abbreviations, etc. used in this disclosure, reference may be made to standard documents published prior to this disclosure. For example, reference may be made to standard documents 36.xxx and 38.xxx.

[0065] Communication systems applicable to the present disclosure

[0066] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts of the disclosure disclosed in this document may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication / connection (e.g., 5G) between devices.

[0067] Examples are provided in more detail below with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and descriptions, the same reference numerals may represent the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or function blocks unless otherwise described.

[0068] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the present disclosure applies.

[0069] Referring to FIG. 1, the communication system (100) to which the present disclosure applies includes a wireless device, a base station, and a network. Here, the wireless device refers to a device that performs communication using wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may include a robot (100a), a vehicle (100b-1, 100b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (100c), a hand-held device (100d), a home appliance (100e), an IoT (Internet of Thing) device (100f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (100g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with wireless communication capabilities, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (100b-1, 100b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (100c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (100d) may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The home appliance (100e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (100f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc.For example, the base station (120) and network (130) may also be implemented as wireless devices, and a specific wireless device (120a) may act as a base station / network node to other wireless devices.

[0070] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (130) through a base station (120). AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (100g) through the network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, or a 6G network. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) may communicate with each other through the base station (120) / network (130), but may also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Also, an IoT device (100f) (e.g., a sensor) can communicate directly with another IoT device (e.g., a sensor) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0071] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) / base station (120) and between base station (120) / base station (120). Here, wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between base stations (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices and base stations / wireless devices, and base stations and base stations can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on the various proposals of the present disclosure, at least some of the following may be performed: a process for setting various configuration information for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, a process for various signal processing (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), a resource allocation process, etc.

[0072] Devices applicable to the present disclosure

[0073] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device that can be applied to the present disclosure.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 2, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0075] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operation disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information within the memory (204) to generate a first information / signal and then transmit a wireless signal containing the first information / signal through the transceiver (206). Additionally, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal containing a second information / signal through the transceiver (206) and then store information obtained from the signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, memory (204) may store software code containing instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202) or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operations disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals through at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (206) may be interchangeable with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In this disclosure, a wireless device may mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0076] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., functional layers such as PHY (physical), MAC (media access control), RLC (radio link control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RRC (radio resource control), and SDAP (service data adaptation protocol). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one PDU (Protocol Data Unit) and / or at least one SDU (service data unit) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a signal (e.g., baseband signal) including a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals, and / or methods disclosed in this document and provide it to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) may receive a signal (e.g., baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and may obtain a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document.

[0077] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or microcomputer. At least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be included in at least one processor (202) or stored in at least one memory (204) and driven by at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and / or sets of instructions.

[0078] At least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. At least one memory (204) may be composed of ROM (read-only memory), RAM (random access memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), flash memory, hard drive, registers, cache memory, computer read storage media, and / or combinations thereof. At least one memory (204) may be located inside and / or outside of at least one processor (202). Additionally, at least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0079] At least one transceiver (206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Additionally, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. Additionally, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequence diagrams disclosed in this document through at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc., from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., using at least one processor (202). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., from baseband signals to RF band signals using at least one processor (202).To this end, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0080] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 2 may be referred to by other terms in terms of their function. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as the control unit, the transceiver (206) as the communication unit, and the memory (204) as the storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a part of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0081] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 2 can be understood as the structure of at least part of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device exemplified in FIG. 2 may be at least part of the various devices described with reference to FIG. 1 (e.g., robot (100a), vehicle (100b-1, 100b-2), XR device (100c), portable device (100d), home appliance (100e), IoT device (100f), AI device / server (100g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, the device may include other components in addition to the components exemplified in FIG. 2.

[0082] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, smartpad, wearable device (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses), or portable computer (e.g., laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., audio input / output port, video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting video information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input by a user.

[0083] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, vehicle, train, manned / unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), or ship. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a drive unit comprising at least one of an engine, motor, power train, wheel, brake, and steering device of the device; a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, battery, etc.; a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings; an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting; and a position measurement unit that acquires position information of the moving body through a GPS (global positioning system) and various sensors.

[0084] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a HUD (head-up display) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that acquires control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs a generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses state information, environment information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0085] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc., depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a drive unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving robot joints.

[0086] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, projector, smartphone, PC, laptop, digital broadcasting terminal, tablet PC, wearable device, set-top box (STB), radio, washing machine, refrigerator, digital signage, robot, vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that learns a model composed of an artificial neural network using training data.

[0087] The structure of the wireless device exemplified in FIG. 2 can be understood as part of a RAN node (e.g., base station, DU, RU, RR, etc.). That is, the device exemplified in FIG. 2 may be a RAN node. In this case, the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communication. However, if the front haul and / or back haul communication is based on wireless communication, at least one transceiver (206) exemplified in FIG. 2 is used for front haul and / or back haul communication, and the wired transceiver may not be included.

[0088] FIG. 3 illustrates a method for processing a transmission signal applicable to the present disclosure. For example, the transmission signal may be processed by a signal processing circuit. In this case, the signal processing circuit (300) may include a scrambler (310), a modulator (320), a layer mapper (330), a precoder (340), a resource mapper (350), and a signal generator (360). In this case, for example, the operation / function of FIG. 3 may be performed in the processor (202) and / or transceiver (206) of FIG. 2. Also, for example, the hardware elements of FIG. 3 may be implemented in the processor (202) and / or transceiver (206) of FIG. 2. For example, blocks 310 to 360 may be implemented in the processor (202) of FIG. 2. Additionally, blocks 310 to 350 may be implemented in the processor (202) of FIG. 2, and block 360 may be implemented in the transceiver (206) of FIG. 2, and are not limited to the embodiments described above.

[0089] The codeword can be converted into a wireless signal through the signal processing circuit (300) of FIG. 3. Here, the codeword is an encoded bit sequence of an information block. The information block may include a transmission block (e.g., UL-SCH transmission block, DL-SCH transmission block). Here, the information block may include data related to AI (e.g., training data, AI model data, input data, output data, etc.), and the codeword may be an encoded bit sequence corresponding to the data related to AI. The wireless signal may be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., PUSCH, PDSCH). Specifically, the codeword can be converted into a scrambled bit sequence by a scrambler (310). The scrambled sequence used for scrambling is generated based on an initialization value, which may include ID information of the wireless device, etc. The scrambled bit sequence can be modulated into a modulation symbol sequence by a modulator (320). Modulation methods may include pi / 2-BPSK (pi / 2-binary phase shift keying), m-PSK (m-phase shift keying), m-QAM (m-quadrature amplitude modulation), etc.

[0090] A complex modulation symbol sequence can be mapped to at least one transmission layer by a layer mapper (330). Here, a transmission layer is a logical resource unit for mapping signals or data transmitted through spatial resources to antenna ports, and one transmission layer can correspond to one stream or one antenna port. Each complex modulation symbol included in the complex modulation symbol sequence is mapped to at least one transmission layer, thereby determining which antenna port it will be transmitted through. The modulation symbols of each transmission layer can be mapped to the corresponding antenna port(s) by a precoder (340). The output z of the precoder (340) can be obtained by multiplying the output y of the layer mapper (330) by an N-XM precoding matrix W, where N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transmission layers. Here, the precoder (340) can perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., a discrete Fourier transform (DFT)) on the complex modulation symbols. Additionally, the precoder (340) can perform precoding without performing transform precoding.

[0091] A resource mapper (350) can map the modulation symbols of each antenna port to a time-frequency resource. The time-frequency resource may include multiple symbols (e.g., CP-OFDMA symbols, DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and multiple subcarriers in the frequency domain. A signal generator (360) generates a radio signal from the mapped modulation symbols, and the generated radio signal can be transmitted to another device through each antenna. To this end, the signal generator (360) may include an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) module, a cyclic prefix (CP) inserter, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a frequency uplink converter, etc.

[0092] The signal processing process for a received signal in a wireless device can be configured as the inverse of the signal processing process (310 to 360) of FIG. 3. For example, a wireless device (e.g., 200 in FIG. 2) can receive a wireless signal from the outside through an antenna port / transceiver. The received wireless signal can be converted into a baseband signal through a signal restorer. To this end, the signal restorer may include a frequency downlink converter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a CP remover, and a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module. Subsequently, the baseband signal can be restored into a codeword through a resource de-mapper process, a postcoding process, a demodulation process, and a de-scrambling process. The codeword can be restored into the original information block through decoding. Accordingly, a signal processing circuit (not shown) for a received signal may include a signal restorer, a resource de-mapper, a postcoder, a demodulator, a de-scrambler, and a decoder.

[0093] FIG. 4 illustrates a communication procedure between a terminal and a base station applicable to the present disclosure. FIG. 4 illustrates the operation of a terminal (410) and a base station (420) transmitting and / or receiving data, and the operation performed prior to this.

[0094] Referring to FIG. 4, in step 401, the terminal (410) and the base station (420) perform synchronization. For example, the terminal (410) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (410) can detect at least one synchronization signal transmitted from the base station (420) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal may include a plurality of synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signal, secondary synchronization signal) classified according to structure or use. Through this, the terminal (410) can identify the boundaries of the frame, subframe, slot, and / or symbol of the base station (420) and obtain information about the base station (420) (e.g., cell identifier).

[0095] In step 403, the terminal (410) obtains system information transmitted from the base station (420). The system information is information related to the attributes, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (420) required to connect to the base station (420) and use the service, and can be classified according to content (e.g., whether it is essential for connection), transmission structure (e.g., channel used, whether it is provided on-demand), etc., and can be classified, for example, into a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB). If necessary, the terminal (410) may transmit a signal requesting the system information prior to receiving the system information. The system information may include information related to AI functions. For example, the system information is information required for operations performed based on AI, and may include at least one of information related to an AI model, information related to training, and information related to inference / prediction. However, the request and provision of the system information may be performed after the random access procedure described later.

[0096] In step 405, the terminal (410) and the base station (420) perform a random access procedure. The terminal (410) may transmit and / or receive at least one message for the random access procedure (e.g., random access preamble, RAR (random access response) message, etc.) based on information related to the random access channel of the base station (420) obtained through system information (e.g., channel location, channel structure, structure of supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (410) may transmit a preamble (e.g., MSG1) through the random access channel, receive a RAR message (e.g., MSG2), transmit a message (e.g., MSG3) containing information related to the terminal (410) (e.g., identification information) to the base station (420) using scheduling information included in the RAR message, and receive a message (e.g., MSG4) for contention resolution and / or connection establishment. As another example, MSG1 and MSG3 can be transmitted and received as a single message, or MSG2 and MSG4 can be transmitted and received as a single message.

[0097] In step 407, the terminal (410) and the base station (420) perform signaling of control information. Here, the control information may be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls the connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transmission channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (410) and the base station (420) may perform at least one of signaling to establish a connection, signaling to determine settings related to communication, and signaling to indicate allocated resources. Additionally, the signaling of control information may be performed to convey information related to AI functions. For example, information related to AI functions is information necessary for operations performed based on AI, and may include at least one of information related to an AI model, information related to training, and information related to inference / prediction. More specifically, the information related to the AI ​​function signaled in step 407 can be combined and / or combined with the information related to the AI ​​function signaled in step 403, and both can be defined as having a hierarchical, mutually complementary, or substitute structure.

[0098] In step 409, the terminal (410) and the base station (420) transmit and / or receive data. That is, the terminal (410) and the base station (420) can process, transmit and / or receive data based on the signaling of control information. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (410) or the base station (420) may perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on the information bits. Conversely, when receiving data, the terminal (410) or the base station (420) may perform at least one of signal extraction from resources, antenna-specific waveform demodulation, signal placement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding. Here, the transmitted data is AI-related data, and may include, for example, data for AI-based operations or data generated by AI-based operations.

[0099] Steps 401 through 409 described with reference to FIG. 4 must not necessarily be performed in the order exemplified in FIG. 4, and the order of at least some of the steps may vary. Additionally, at least some of steps 401 through 409 may be combined into a single step or omitted. That is, the steps exemplified in FIG. 4 may be performed in various modified forms.

[0100] 6G communication systems and core implementation technologies of 6G systems

[0101] 5G systems define various operating bands within FR1 (frequency range 1), which includes 410 MHz to 7125 MHz, and FR2 (frequency range 2), which includes 24,250 MHz to 71,000 MHz. Various frequencies are being discussed as operating bands for subsequent 6G systems, and the use of frequencies higher than those of 5G systems is also being considered for wider bandwidth and higher transmission speeds. As one example, the use of the THz (Terahertz) frequency band, which includes approximately 100 GHz to 10 THz, is being discussed. The THz frequency band is a band that possesses both the penetrability of radio waves and the directivity of optical waves, and communication using the THz frequency band is expected to play a transitional role from existing radio-based communication to optical-based communication.

[0102] 6G systems utilizing the THz frequency band as described above aim for: i) very high data rates per device, ii) a very large number of connected devices, iii) global connectivity, iv) very low latency, v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT devices, vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of 6G systems can be four aspects, such as "intelligent connectivity," "deep connectivity," "holographic connectivity," and "ubiquitous connectivity," and 6G systems can be designed to satisfy requirements such as those shown in [Table 1] below.

[0103] Per device peak data rate1 TbpsE2E latency1 msMaximum spectral efficiency100 bps / HzMobility supportup to 1000 km / hrSatellite integrationFullyAIFullyAutonomous vehicleFullyXRFullyHaptic CommunicationFully

[0104] At this time, the 6G system may have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLC), massive machine type communications (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a communication structure that can be provided by a 6G system applicable to the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 5, the 6G system is expected to have simultaneous wireless communication connectivity 50 times higher than that of a 5G wireless communication system. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, is expected to become an even more dominant technology in 6G communication by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1ms. In this case, 6G systems will have significantly superior volumetric spectral efficiency, unlike the frequently used area-spectral efficiency. Since 6G systems can provide very long battery life and advanced battery technology for energy harvesting, mobile devices in 6G systems may not need to be charged separately. New network characteristics in 6G may be as follows.

[0105] - Satellite Integrated Network: 6G is expected to be integrated with satellites to provide a global mobile population. Integrating terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communication system is crucial for 6G.

[0106] - Connected Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is innovative and will update wireless evolution from "connected things" to "connected intelligence." AI can be applied at each stage of the communication process (or at each step of the signal processing described below).

[0107] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0108] - Ubiquitous Super 3D Connectivity: Connectivity to the network and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create Super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

[0109] Some general requirements regarding the new network characteristics of 6G mentioned above may be as follows.

[0110] - Small cell networks: The idea of ​​small cell networks was introduced to improve the quality of received signals in cellular systems as a result of increased throughput, energy efficiency, and spectrum efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are an essential feature of communication systems for 5G and beyond 5G (5GB). Therefore, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0111] - Ultra-dense heterogeneous network: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important characteristic of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks composed of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0112] - High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized as high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems can be possible solutions to this problem.

[0113] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communication is one of the functions of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0114] - Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two important features that form the basis of the design process in 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Additionally, billions of devices can be shared across a shared physical infrastructure.

[0115] To satisfy the aforementioned characteristics, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (Terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, FSO backhaul network, massive MIMO technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) may be adopted as core implementation technologies of the 6G system.

[0116] For example, THz communication can be utilized in 6G systems. THz communication is a communication that uses a spectrum in the frequency band between 0.3 THz and 3 THz with a corresponding wavelength in the range of 0.1 mm to 1 mm as shown in Fig. 6. Referring to Fig. 6, the frequency band of the THz wave is located in the intermediate region between the infrared band and the millimeter wave band; accordingly, the THz wave can be understood as a radio wave with the shortest wavelength and, at the same time, a light wave with the longest wavelength. As a result, the THz wave shares some characteristics of infrared and microwave waves, and specifically, can simultaneously possess the penetrability of electromagnetic waves and the directivity of light waves.

[0117]

[0118] FIG. 7 illustrates a THz communication method applicable to the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7, THz wireless communication utilizes THz waves having a frequency of approximately 0.1 to 10 THz (1 THz = 10¹² Hz) for wireless communication, and may refer to terahertz (THz) band wireless communication using a very high carrier frequency of 100 GHz or higher. THz waves are located between the RF (Radio Frequency) / millimeter (mm) and infrared bands, and (i) they penetrate non-metallic / non-polar materials well compared to visible light / infrared, and have high directivity and beam focusing capabilities due to their shorter wavelength compared to RF / millimeter waves.

[0119] In addition, since the photon energy of THz waves is only a few meV, they have the characteristic of being harmless to the human body. The frequency bands expected to be used for THz wireless communication may be the D-band (110 GHz–170 GHz) or H-band (220 GHz–325 GHz) bands, where radio wave loss due to absorption by molecules in the air is small. Standardization discussions regarding THz wireless communication are being conducted primarily by the IEEE 802.15 THz WG (working group) in addition to 3GPP, and standard documents published by IEEE 802.15 TG (task group) (e.g., TG3d, TG3e) may elaborate on or supplement the contents described in this specification. THz wireless communication can be applied to wireless cognition, sensing, imaging, wireless communication, THz navigation, etc.

[0120] Specifically, referring to Fig. 7, THz wireless communication scenarios can be classified into macro networks, micro networks, and nanoscale networks. In macro networks, THz wireless communication can be applied to vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) connections and backhaul / fronthaul connections. In micro networks, THz wireless communication can be applied to fixed point-to-point or multi-point connections, such as indoor small cells and wireless connections in data centers, as well as near-field communication, such as kiosk downloading. Table 2 below shows an example of a technology that can be utilized in the THz band.

[0121] Transceivers DeviceAvailable immature: UTC-PD, RTD and SBDModulation and codingLow order modulation techniques (OOK, QPSK), LDPC, Reed Soloman, Hamming, Polar, TurboAntennaOmni and Directional, phased array with low number of antenna elementsBandwidth69 GHz (or 23 GHz) at 300 GHzChannel modelsPartiallyData rate100 GbpsOutdoor deploymentNoFee space lossHighCoverageLowRadio Measurements300 GHz inddorDevice sizeFew micrometers

[0122] FIG. 8 illustrates a method for generating a THz signal applicable to the present disclosure. FIG. 9 also illustrates a wireless communication transceiver applicable to the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 8 and FIG. 9, optical device-based THz wireless communication technology refers to a method of generating and modulating a THz signal using an optical device. Optical device-based THz signal generation technology is a technology that generates an ultra-high-speed optical signal using a laser and an optical modulator, and converts it into a THz signal using an ultra-high-speed photodetector. Compared to technology using only electronic devices, this technology makes it easier to increase the frequency, enables the generation of high-power signals, and allows for flat response characteristics over a wide frequency band. For optical device-based THz signal generation, a laser diode, a broadband optical modulator, and an ultra-high-speed photodetector are required, as illustrated in FIG. 8. In the case of FIG. 8, light signals from two lasers with different wavelengths are combined to generate a THz signal corresponding to the wavelength difference between the lasers. In FIG. 8, an optical coupler refers to a semiconductor device that uses light waves to transmit electrical signals in order to provide coupling with electrical isolation between circuits or systems, and a UTC-PD (uni-travelling carrier photo-detector) is a type of photodetector that uses electrons as active carriers and reduces the electron travel time through bandgap grading. The UTC-PD is capable of photodetect at 150 GHz or higher.In FIG. 9, EDFA (erbium-doped fiber amplifier) ​​represents an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, PD (photo detector) represents a semiconductor device capable of converting an optical signal into an electrical signal, OSA represents an optical sub-assembly that modularizes various optical communication functions (e.g., photoelectric conversion, electro-optical conversion, etc.) into a single component, and DSO represents a digital storage oscilloscope.

[0123] FIG. 10 illustrates a transmitter structure applicable to the present disclosure.

[0124] Referring to Fig. 10, in order to modulate data onto an optical signal, the optical source of a laser can be passed through an optical wave guide to change the phase of the signal. At this time, data is loaded by changing electrical characteristics through a microwave contact, etc. Therefore, the optical modulator output is formed as a modulated waveform.

[0125] Data may be provided by a data signal generator. Here, the data may include various user data, configuration information, control information, etc. transmitted through a channel. Furthermore, the data may include data related to AI-based operations, for example, information for configuring an AI model, input / output data for tasks of an AI model, etc. To this end, components related to AI functions (e.g., an AI processing unit) may be included in the data signal generator or may interact with the data signal generator.

[0126] An O / E converter can generate THz pulses based on optical rectification by a nonlinear crystal, O / E conversion by a photoconductive antenna, emission from a bundle of relativistic electrons, etc. THz pulses generated in such a manner can have a length ranging from femtoseconds to picoseconds. The O / E converter performs down-conversion by utilizing the non-linearity of the device.

[0127] When considering the usage of the THz spectrum, it is highly likely that multiple contiguous GHz bands will be used for fixed or mobile service applications for THz systems. According to outdoor scenario criteria, available bandwidth can be classified based on an oxygen attenuation of 10^2 dB / km in the spectrum up to 1 THz. Accordingly, a framework in which the available bandwidth is composed of multiple band chunks can be considered. As an example of the above framework, if the length of the THz pulse for a single carrier is set to 50 ps, ​​the bandwidth (BW) becomes approximately 20 GHz.

[0128] Effective down-conversion from the infrared band to the THz band depends on how the nonlinearity of the photoelectric converter (O / E converter) is utilized. In other words, to achieve down-conversion to the desired THz band, it is required to design an O / E converter with the most ideal nonlinearity for transferring to that specific band. If an O / E converter that does not match the target frequency band is used, there is a high probability of errors occurring regarding the amplitude and phase of the corresponding pulse.

[0129] In a single-carrier system, a THz transceiver system can be implemented using a single photoelectric converter. Depending on the channel environment, in a multi-carrier system, as many photoelectric converters as there are carriers may be required. This phenomenon will be particularly pronounced in multi-carrier systems utilizing multiple broadbands according to the plans related to the aforementioned spectrum applications. In this regard, a frame structure for the multi-carrier system may be considered. A signal down-frequency converted based on a photoelectric converter can be transmitted in a specific resource region (e.g., a specific frame). The frequency domain of the specific resource region may include multiple chunks. Each chunk may consist of at least one component carrier (CC).

[0130] Transmitting system information (e.g., MIB) in the THz frequency band can be inefficient because, in the case of high frequency bands, beam sweeping must be performed more frequently to cover the entire area of ​​the cell as the beam width becomes narrow. In particular, transmitting system information in this manner is even more inefficient when there are not many users in the cell. Accordingly, a system information transmission procedure as shown in FIG. 11 below may be used.

[0131] FIG. 11 illustrates a system information transmission procedure applicable to the present disclosure. FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a procedure for transmitting system information for THz communication. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 11 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, embodiments described below may be performed based on system information obtained by the procedure illustrated in FIG. 11. As another example, information and / or data transmitted in the procedure illustrated in FIG. 11 may be generated and / or processed according to embodiments described below.

[0132] Referring to FIG. 11, in step 1101, the base station (1120) transmits system information of cell #1 through cell #2. That is, the base station (1120) provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a frequency band other than the THz frequency band. Here, the system information may include at least one of SFN, PDCCH configuration for SIB1, cell barring, cell re-selection, and subcarrier spacing generated at the higher layer, and may include at least one of SFN, half frame indicator, and SSB (synchronization signal / physical broadcasting channel block) index generated at the physical layer. To this end, as an example, cell #1 and cell #2 may have a relationship as a secondary cell and a primary cell.

[0133] In step 1103, the UE (1110) obtains synchronization for cell #1. Synchronization can be obtained by detecting a synchronization signal. Generally, synchronization is obtained prior to receiving system information, but since the system information for cell #1 is received from cell #2, synchronization for cell #1 can be obtained after receiving system information. For example, the UE (1110) can obtain synchronization based on system information. However, unlike FIG. 11, synchronization may be obtained before step 1101 according to other examples.

[0134] In step 1105, the UE (1110) transmits a signal to connect to cell #1. For example, the signal may include a random access preamble. The structure of the signal and the resource (e.g., channel) for transmitting the signal can be identified through system information. Subsequently, in step 1107, the UE (1110) and the base station (1120) perform a connection procedure to cell #1 and perform communication. In this step, operations according to various embodiments described below may be performed.

[0135] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 11 may be performed when the UE (1101) first connects to cell #1 of the base station (1120). Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when the UE (1101) handovers to cell #1 of the base station (1120). However, in the case of a handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a different base station other than cell #2 of the base station (1120).

[0136] Communication in the THz band is expected to experience severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations must use very sharp beams. The use of sharp beams means that terminals and base stations must perform beam control along with beamforming, and the number of beams used becomes very large. Therefore, it takes a very long time to align the transmit and receive beams between the base station and the terminal. In addition, if the beam alignment between the base station and the terminal is misaligned due to the movement of the terminal, time is frequently required to realign the beams, which may result in an unstable link. Accordingly, a beam management procedure as shown in Fig. 12 below may be used.

[0137] FIG. 12 illustrates a beam management procedure applicable to the present disclosure. FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 12 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, the embodiments described below may be performed using at least one beam obtained by the procedure illustrated in FIG. 11. As another example, information and / or data transmitted in the procedure illustrated in FIG. 12 may be generated and / or processed according to the embodiments described below. Here, a beam may be referred to as a 'spatial domain filter', a 'spatial domain transmit filter', a 'spatial domain receive filter', and other terms having an equivalent technical meaning.

[0138] Referring to FIG. 12, in step 1201, the base station (1220) configures resources for beam management. Here, the resources may include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station (1220) may utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from the existing downlink signal / channel for beam search. Here, the BSS may be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port may be a port different from the port for transmitting the existing downlink signal / channel (e.g., SSB, PDSCH, etc.). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. That is, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / configured for beam search may be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0139] In step 1203, the base station (1201) transmits measurement signals using multiple transmission beams. For example, the measurement signals may include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals may be transmitted as many times as the number of beams requiring measurement, and may be transmitted using a multi-beam transmission method that forms multiple beams simultaneously to reduce sweeping time. Here, multi-beam transmission may be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, and a true time delay (TTD).

[0140] In step 1205, the UE (1210) transmits a feedback signal to the base station (1220). The feedback signal indicates at least one beam selected by the UE (1210). The UE (1210) may select at least one preferred beam based on the measurement signals received in step 1203. In step 1207, the UE (1210) and the base station (1220) perform communication. At this time, the UE (1210) and the base station (1220) may perform communication using the beam selected in step 1205. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the UE (1210) can also be determined through steps 1203 and 1205, so the transmission operation of the UE (1210) can also be performed using the beam selected in step 1205. If channel mutuality is not established, a procedure including the transmission of measurement signals of the UE (1210) and the transmission of a feedback signal of the base station (1220) may be performed first to determine the transmission beam of the UE (1210). In step 1207, operations according to various embodiments described below may be performed.

[0141] Specific embodiments of the present disclosure

[0142] The present disclosure is intended to control the generation of electromagnetic waves by a transmitter in a wireless communication system. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to technology for the design and / or control of a transmitter to comply with regulations regarding human health issues arising from an increase in the transmitter's effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). Due to human health issues arising from an increase in the EIRP of a transmitter, such as a base station, there are regulations regarding human protection standards, and there is an issue regarding the increase in the calculated safety boundary required to comply with these regulations. Accordingly, the present disclosure proposes a design method for a transmitter that increases the EIRP but does not pose a problem to human health, i.e., is regulation-free.

[0143] As we witness the increasing deployment of 5th generation (5G) networks worldwide, the wireless industry is focusing on the technological innovations of B5G (beyond-5G) or 6G, anticipating the proliferation of new applications and use cases requiring wireless communication. In much the same way that massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) emerged as a promising research topic 10 years ago and became a significant one, new technology-enabled devices capable of providing a tenfold performance improvement over 5G are needed for these applications.

[0144] In particular, as frequencies increase, relay communication is being discussed as a candidate technology for coverage enhancement, and among them, Network Controlled Repeater (NCR) and Reconfigurable Interface Surface (RIS) are being discussed as key topics for 6G technology. In addition, although frequencies are increasing, measures to increase EIRP for cell reuse are also being discussed.

[0145] In the case of 5G sub-6, if the 3.2 to 3.8 GHz frequency range is used as the 6G upper midband frequency, the biggest issue in the network business is preparing for 6G while maintaining the existing cells. This is because installing base stations is essentially a form of real estate that requires regular expenditure; therefore, from a business perspective, preparing more base stations densely is not a matter of the number of base stations themselves, but rather because installing new base stations requires resolving numerous issues regarding real estate and legal matters. Simply put, assuming the sub-6 frequency is 4 GHz and the 6G upper midband is defined as 8 GHz, a 6 dB improvement in EIRP is required to provide the same cell coverage because the frequency has doubled. Through this, path loss resulting from the higher frequency can be compensated for by increasing the EIRP. Here, it is difficult to accurately predict the increase in diffraction and refraction losses among electromagnetic losses as the frequency increases. However, since diffraction and refraction losses increase with increasing frequency, the EIRP must be increased by more than the aforementioned 6dB in order for the communication performance at the 8GHz frequency to be substantially the same as the communication performance at the 4GHz frequency.

[0146] From a telecommunications perspective, increasing the EIRP is a necessary measure as it improves many aspects, such as communication quality. However, from the perspective of human health, an increase in the EIRP increases the impact of strong electromagnetic waves on the human body. Accordingly, there are limitations such as specific absorption rate (SAR) (e.g., under 10 GHz) and power density (PD) (e.g., over 10 GHz). Human protection standards include an electric field intensity criterion (e.g., 61 V / m) for whole-body exposure and an electromagnetic wave absorption rate criterion (e.g., 1.6 W / kg) for localized exposure. There is an issue that as the EIRP of a base station increases, the safety boundary—the standard distance that must be avoided for human protection due to strong electromagnetic waves at close range—becomes larger.

[0147] The human protection standards are as follows. The Calculated Safety Boundary refers to the point where the electromagnetic field strength of the transmitter is calculated to be equal to the reference value (61 V / m) in the electromagnetic field human protection standards. A measurement starting point is selected at a distance five times greater than the Calculated Safety Boundary, and measurements are performed according to sampling steps from the starting point to an area accessible to the general public. If the measured value is higher than 61 V / m, it is considered a violation of regulations; if it is lower than 30.5 V / m, it is recognized as a Grade 1 safety rating. Measurements for determining this rating can be performed as shown in Fig. 13. Fig. 13 illustrates an example of a measurement method for determining the safety rating. The rating criteria based on the electromagnetic field strength measured according to the method shown in Fig. 13 are as follows in [Table 3].

[0148] Grading Criteria Grade 1: Measured electromagnetic field intensity ≤ 50% of the standard for the general public Grade 2: 50% of the standard for the general public < Measured electromagnetic field intensity Measured electromagnetic field intensity ≤ Standard for the general public Caution Grade: Standard for the general public < Measured electromagnetic field intensity Measured electromagnetic field intensity ≤ Standard for occupational workers Warning Grade: Standard for occupational workers < Measured electromagnetic field intensity

[0149] Transmission Frequency: Less than 50 MHz, 50 MHz or more but less than 800 MHz, 800 MHz or more but less than 3,000 MHz, Exceeding 3 GHz. Measurement Interval: λ / 3 or less, or λ / 4 or less, 2 m or less, or 0 / 40 or less, 1 m or less, 0.5 m or less. Remarks: d: Distance from the antenna to the measurement start point, λ: Wavelength of the transmitted signal.

[0150]

[0151] As mentioned above, there are regulations and test procedures for ensuring the level of human protection against electromagnetic waves from base stations. Due to the implementation of the electromagnetic wave rating system, it has been found that 99% of current 5G sub-6 base stations meet the Grade 1 standards. Nevertheless, it is known that network operators incurred business costs through various measures, such as the removal of base stations or compensation for local residents, as approximately 2,000 complaints were filed between 2016 and 2020.

[0152] Base stations at the 60 dBm level had safety boundaries of at least 4.5m and 9m for Grade 1. However, if the EIRP is raised to 70 dBm or 80 dBm to compensate for the cell coverage shrinking due to higher frequencies, the safety boundaries also rise to approximately 15m / 30m for 70 dBm or 45m / 90m for 80 dBm, requiring measures to prevent the general public from approaching. Looking at 30.5V / m from the perspective of received power at 3.5 GHz and 8 GHz, it can be viewed as approximately -2.5 dBm and -10 dBm, respectively. This is expressed in dBm units, indicating that if the received power is -2.5 dBm / -10 dBm or higher, it can be harmful to the human body.

[0153] In particular, there are significant difficulties in installing base stations in residential areas. There are frequent complaints regarding base station installations, and fences are often used to prevent the general public from approaching the surroundings. For the 60 dBm level, the safety boundary is within 10 meters, making it possible to install a Grade 1 base station by blocking public access using fences or other means. However, for the 70 dBm level, the required area increases by approximately nine times, making it extremely difficult to secure a distance of 30 meters. Furthermore, for the 80 dBm level, securing a distance of 90 meters is considered impossible. In other words, it is impossible to maintain a distance of more than 90 meters between buildings, and it is simply impossible to secure such a large amount of human-free space for the sake of a single base station.

[0154] FIGS. 14a to 14c illustrate the relationship between the nearfield and the safety boundary. Since the nearfield is defined based on the maximum D and wavelength, and the safety boundary is a value calculated based on the EIRP, they are independent of each other. As the antenna size increases and the frequency increases, the area of ​​the nearfield increases. As the EIRP increases, the safety boundary increases. For example, in the case of an antenna size of 0.62 m, the nearfield may be larger than the farfield, as shown in FIG. 14a.

[0155] The following examines how much the adjacent field area increases when the size of a currently commercialized sub-6 base station is increased compared to the 0.62m size optimized for the 4GHz band. At the current base station size, if the EIRP is 60dBm, 89% of the adjacent field is safe from the 4GHz perspective and 44% is safe from the 8GHz perspective. If the EIRP is 70dBm, 280% of the adjacent field is safe from the 4GHz perspective and 140% is safe from the 8GHz perspective. If the dimension increases to 0.9m, with an EIRP of 60dBm, 42% of the adjacent field is safe from the 4GHz perspective and 21% is safe from the 8GHz perspective. If the EIRP is 70dBm, 133% of the adjacent field is safe from the 4GHz perspective and 66.5% is safe from the 8GHz perspective. If the width increases to 1.38 m and the EIRP is 60 dBm, 17% of the adjacent field is safe from the 4 GHz perspective and 9% of the adjacent field is safe from the 8 GHz perspective. If the EIRP is 70 dBm, 56.5% of the adjacent field is safe from the 4 GHz perspective and 28.2% of the adjacent field is safe from the 8 GHz perspective.

[0156] According to the current specifications for sub-6 base station array antennas, the EIRP based on the base station's transmit power is as shown in Fig. 15. Fig. 15 illustrates an example of the EIRP based on the base station's transmit power. Referring to Fig. 15, when the current base station operates at maximum power, the EIRP can be approximately 74 dBm. However, if the maximum EIRP is 74 dBm, a safety boundary of at least 45.5 m is required; that is, since 45.5 m from the base station corresponds to 30.5 V / m or -2.5 dBm at 3.5 GHz, measures such as installing fences are necessary to prevent the general public from approaching. However, since it cannot be guaranteed that physical access can always be blocked, a method is used where the EIRP is maintained at around 40 to 60 dBm by lowering the power of the PA (power amplifier). The situation is such that cell coverage cannot be increased not due to a lack of technical capability, but due to regulatory issues, specifically concerns regarding human health.

[0157] Research is needed on how to approach the increasing impact / distance on human protection standards associated with the increase in EIRP, or whether reducing EIRP is the only solution. However, although there has been extensive research on this issue in mobile phones and other devices to date, there has been no solution for base stations or devices that are completely harmless to the human body.

[0158] Before proposing a solution to the aforementioned problem, the principles of EM are as follows.

[0159] Figure 16 illustrates examples of normalized antenna gains for various cases. Referring to Figure 16, the normalized antenna gains for four cases are identified. The first case is a general Friis equation, where there are no transmitting and receiving apertures for power transfer under ideal conditions, but only points. The second and third cases are where transmitting and receiving apertures exist and there is Kogelnik power coupling between the transmitting and receiving. The second case is where the transmitting and receiving apertures exist independently of each other, with exactly half power coupling without mutual influence, and the third case is where the transmitting and receiving apertures are very large and influence each other.

[0160] Looking at the second and third cases, the normalized antenna gain increases with increasing distance from the transmitter and converges when a certain distance is reached.

[0161] The results of a paper defining a general antenna attenuation constant (e.g., 0.06) through numerical simulation of various antennas closely match the graph of the attenuation constant (e.g., 0.077) including a square term in the case where the receiving antenna exists but operates independently. Furthermore, the graph of the third case in Fig. 16 closely matches the loss graph caused by the phase delay resulting from the path delay caused by the spherical wavefront. This can be interpreted to mean that beamforming is completed within the adjacent field, and the greater the antenna aperture effect, the further the distance at which the beam gain stabilizes within the adjacent field. In other words, as the antenna aperture effect increases and reaches the receiver, the gain degradation of the transmitting antenna exhibits a pattern similar to the antenna gain graph degraded by the spherical wavefront.

[0162] The mathematical proof process for calculating the normalized antenna gain with the antenna aperture effect between the transmitter and receiver is as follows. First, the power transfer between the transmitter and receiver is It is defined as follows. Here, is the received power at the receiver, is the transmission power at the transmitter, and are antenna effective areas, is wavelength, represents the distance between the transmitter and the receiver.

[0163] The Kogelnik power coupling coefficient between two Gaussian modes is It can be interpreted as follows. Here, represents the antenna gain value. The approximation based on is. Here, α= = 0.308. If the two Gaussian modes are independent, half of the effective aperture affects up to half of the separation distance. Expressed mathematically, this is as follows: am. The approximation based on and, here, am.

[0164] Antenna gain can exist even within the reactive region, and the proof is as follows. The fourth term of the binomial is To find the maximum phase error caused by the omission of the fourth term, it is necessary to find the maximum angle θ at which the error occurs. Each θ=0 is not selected as a solution because it provides the minimum error. The maximum error is It occurs in the case where θ=54.74. If the maximum phase error is allowed to be π / 8 or less, the distance r is It can be calculated based on, am. is the maximum phase error condition. Therefore, antenna gain can exist within the reactive region. Since antenna gain can exist even within the reactive region and is a limitation derived from the maximum phase error condition, the limitation of the previously established EM theory is that one could not be 100% certain that the region where antenna gain does not exist is large just because the antenna aperture is large.

[0165] Thus, it is meaningful to confirm, through mathematical derivation rather than conceptual derivation, the fact that antenna gain exists even within the reactive region, the fact that the reactive region expands due to increased antenna aperture effects, and the factors by which the starting point of the reactive region varies. Through this, the reason why the gap between the received power calculated using the ideal Friis equation and the measured received power at close distances is generally larger the greater the antenna gain, can be explained.

[0166] By utilizing the aforementioned principle, a concept can be derived to eliminate harmful electromagnetic waves generated when the received power is too high at a short distance from a base station or a terminal.

[0167] FIGS. 17a through 17e illustrate received power according to distance from the transmitter under different situations. FIGS. 17a through 17e each illustrate received power according to various combinations of array antenna gain and power amplifier gain. In FIGS. 17a through 17e, the horizontal lines drawn on the graphs represent received power values ​​corresponding to safety boundaries, signifying first-class boundary values ​​and second-class boundary values.

[0168] FIG. 17a illustrates the received power when the antenna array gain is 30 dBi and the power amplifier gain is 40 dBm. Referring to FIG. 17a, the received power is lower than the value corresponding to the Class 2 safety boundary at a distance greater than approximately 14 m. FIG. 17b illustrates the received power when the antenna array gain is 35 dBi and the power amplifier gain is 35 dBm. Referring to FIG. 17b, the received power is lower than the value corresponding to the Class 2 safety boundary throughout the entire range, and lower than the value corresponding to the Class 1 safety boundary at a distance greater than approximately 10 m. FIG. 17c illustrates the received power when the antenna array gain is 38 dBi and the power amplifier gain is 32 dBm. Referring to FIG. 17c, the received power is lower than the value corresponding to the Class 1 safety boundary throughout the entire range. FIG. 17d illustrates the received power when the antenna array gain is 40 dBi and the power amplifier gain is 40 dBm. Referring to FIG. 17d, the received power is lower than the value corresponding to the Class 2 safety boundary throughout the entire range, and lower than the value corresponding to the Class 1 safety boundary at a distance greater than about 10m. FIG. 17e illustrates the received power when the antenna array gain is 44dBi and the power amplifier gain is 36dBm. Referring to FIG. 17e, the received power is lower than the value corresponding to the Class 1 safety boundary throughout the entire range.

[0169] As can be seen in FIGS. 17a to 17e, whether the received power exceeds the safety boundary value depends on the gain of the array antenna and the gain of the amplifier. When the distance is sufficiently far, the received power is lower than the safety boundary value in all cases; however, the occurrence of received power higher than the safety boundary value at a relatively close distance to the transmitter is observed when the gain of the array antenna is lower than the gain of the amplifier. In other words, instead of the conventional method of lowering the EIRP to reduce harmful electromagnetic waves at close distances, it is confirmed that if the ratio of the array antenna gain to the PA gain is adjusted while maintaining the EIRP, the received power is reduced to a level of -4dBm or -10dBm or lower. Based on 8GHz, it is confirmed that if the ratio of the PA and array antenna gain is adjusted to 0.97:1 to 1:1, it can be controlled to 61V / m or less, and a ratio of approximately 0.81:1 to 0.84:1 is sufficient for Class 1.

[0170] In this way, when designing a transmitter, if the gain ratios of the PA and array antennas are appropriately adjusted, conditions can be achieved where no harmful electromagnetic waves are generated in the entire area without the need for physical means such as fences, nor for network operators to propose measures to restrict areas accessible to the general public. To achieve this, a method to increase antenna gain is required.

[0171] Generally, there are 256 antenna elements for spatial division multiplexing (SDM) as defined by NR. To implement a base station free from regulations, array antenna gain including beamforming is required to be 35 to 38 dBi for a 70 dBm EIRP and 40 to 44 dBi for an 80 dBm EIRP. However, when implementing a single antenna element as a single antenna element, the gain of a typical patch antenna element is about 3 dBi along with a beamforming gain of 18 dB to 24 dB, which creates a limitation in that it is not possible to implement a base station free from the aforementioned regulations requiring an array antenna gain of 21 dBi to 27 dBi.

[0172] Accordingly, the present disclosure proposes the following embodiments to increase antenna gain.

[0173] According to one embodiment, a single patch antenna having a gain of 13.5 dBi may be used. For example, a high-gain patch antenna such as that shown in FIG. 18a may be used.

[0174] According to one embodiment, an antenna having high directivity, such as a vivaldi or horn type, may be used. For example, as shown in FIG. 18b, an antenna having a gain of 10 to 24 dBi based on high directivity may be used.

[0175] According to one embodiment, instead of utilizing a single patch antenna as a single antenna element, a plurality of patch antennas may be defined as a single antenna element. If the gain of the array antenna is implemented to be approximately 17 to 18 dBi with a beamforming gain of 18 dB to 24 dB, the total antenna gain will be 36 dBi to 44 dBi. For example, as shown in FIG. 18c, an 18 dBi antenna element can be defined by arranging 3 dBi patch antennas. If a phase shifter is attached to each patch antenna, each patch antenna would be an antenna element; however, if all patch antennas have the same phase without a phase shifter, all patches can be used as a single antenna element.

[0176] FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a procedure for transmitting a signal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 19 illustrates a method performed by a device including a transmitter, such as a base station, a terminal, or a repeater.

[0177] Referring to FIG. 19, in step S1901, the device generates data. That is, the device generates data containing a payload or control information to be transmitted. For example, the device may generate information bits and generate at least one codeword by encoding the information bits.

[0178] In step S1903, the device generates a signal. The device may generate complex symbols by modulating at least one codeword. Then, the device may generate a transmitted symbol by mapping the complex symbols to a resource and performing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation on the complex symbols mapped to the resource. Through this, the device generates a baseband signal.

[0179] In step S1905, the device performs RF processing on the signal. That is, the device generates an RF band signal from a baseband signal. For example, the device may upconvert the baseband signal to an intermediate band or RF band signal and amplify the signal using a power amplifier.

[0180] In step S1907, the device transmits a signal. In other words, the device transmits a signal converted to the RF band through an antenna array. At this time, the gain of the antenna array may be set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the power amplifier. In other words, the gain of the power amplifier may be set to be less than or equal to the gain of the antenna array. Additionally, the power amplifier and / or antenna array of the device may be designed not to generate harmful electromagnetic waves according to the various embodiments described above.

[0181] This disclosure proposes a technology for designing and implementing a transmitter that is harmless to the human body. It mathematically proves the EM principle, which was previously only conceptual, and presents a method for emitting harmless electromagnetic waves using this principle. The proposed principle can be applied not only to base stations but also to UEs. Since the antennas of UE devices are changing from conventional dipole antennas to array antennas, the gain of the array antenna itself can be improved by more than 10 dBi compared to conventional dipole antennas, making it possible to implement a device free from SAR. The aforementioned design and implementation method for a transmitter that provides harmless electromagnetic waves is an essential technology for networks that need to further expand cell coverage by increasing EIRP in the future.

[0182]

[0183] Hereinafter, examples of wireless device applications to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied will be described.

[0184] FIG. 20 illustrates an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms depending on the use—example / service (see FIG. 1).

[0185] Referring to FIG. 20, the wireless device (200) corresponds to the wireless device (200) of FIG. 2 and may be composed of various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules. For example, the wireless device (200) may include a communication unit (210), a control unit (220), a memory unit (230), and additional elements (240). The communication unit may include a communication circuit (212) and transceiver(s) (214). For example, the communication circuit (212) may include at least one processor (202) and / or at least one memory (204) of FIG. 2. For example, the transceiver(s) (214) may include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208) of FIG. 2. The control unit (220) is electrically connected to the communication unit (210), the memory unit (230), and additional elements (240) and controls the overall operation of the wireless device. For example, the control unit (220) can control the electrical / mechanical operation of the wireless device based on a program / code / command / information stored in the memory unit (230). Additionally, the control unit (220) can transmit information stored in the memory unit (230) to an external entity (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless / wired interface through the communication unit (210), or store information received from an external entity (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless / wired interface through the communication unit (210) in the memory unit (230).

[0186] The additional element (240) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of wireless device. For example, the additional element (240) may include at least one of a power unit / battery, an input / output unit (I / O unit), a driving unit, and a computing unit. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may be implemented in the form of a robot (Fig. 1, 100a), a vehicle (Fig. 1, 100b-1, 100b-2), an XR device (Fig. 1, 100c), a portable device (Fig. 1, 100d), a home appliance (Fig. 1, 100e), an IoT device (Fig. 1, 100f), a digital broadcasting terminal, a holographic device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or financial device), a security device, a climate / environment device, an AI server / device (Fig. 1, 400), a base station (Fig. 1, 200), a network node, etc. Depending on the use—e.g., service—the wireless device may be movable or used in a fixed location.

[0187] In FIG. 20, various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules within the wireless device (200) may be entirely interconnected via a wired interface, or at least some of them may be wirelessly connected via a communication unit (210). For example, within the wireless device (200), the control unit (220) and the communication unit (210) may be wired, and the control unit (220) and the first unit (e.g., 230, 240) may be wirelessly connected via the communication unit (210). Additionally, each element, component, unit / part, and / or module within the wireless device (200) may include at least one additional element. For example, the control unit (220) may be composed of at least one set of processors. For example, the control unit (220) may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), a graphics processing processor, a memory control processor, etc. As another example, the memory unit (130) may be composed of RAM (Random Access Memory), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), ROM (Read Only Memory), flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory and / or a combination thereof.

[0188] Hereinafter, an implementation example of FIG. 20 will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.

[0189] FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a portable device applicable to the present disclosure. A portable device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, smart glasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a laptop). A portable device may be referred to as a Mobile Station (MS), a User Terminal (UT), a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), a Subscriber Station (SS), an Advanced Mobile Station (AMS), or a Wireless Terminal (WT).

[0190] Referring to FIG. 21, the portable device (200) may include an antenna unit (208), a communication unit (210), a control unit (220), a memory unit (230), a power supply unit (240a), an interface unit (240b), and an input / output unit (240c). The antenna unit (208) may be configured as part of the communication unit (210). Blocks 210 to 230 / 240a to 240c of FIG. 21 correspond to blocks 210 to 230 / 240 of FIG. 20, respectively.

[0191] The communication unit (210) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with other wireless devices and base stations. The control unit (220) can control the components of the portable device (200) to perform various operations. The control unit (220) may include an AP (Application Processor). The memory unit (230) can store data / parameters / programs / code / commands required for the operation of the portable device (200). Additionally, the memory unit (230) can store input / output data / information, etc. The power supply unit (240a) supplies power to the portable device (200) and may include wired / wireless charging circuits, batteries, etc. The interface unit (240b) can support the connection between the portable device (200) and other external devices. The interface unit (240b) may include various ports (e.g., audio input / output ports, video input / output ports) for connection with external devices. The input / output unit (240c) can receive or output video information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input by a user. The input / output unit (240c) may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit (240d), a speaker and / or a haptic module, etc.

[0192] For example, in the case of data communication, the input / output unit (240c) acquires information / signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, image, video) input by the user, and the acquired information / signals can be stored in the memory unit (230). The communication unit (210) converts the information / signals stored in the memory into wireless signals and can directly transmit the converted wireless signals to another wireless device or to a base station. Additionally, the communication unit (210) can receive wireless signals from another wireless device or base station and then restore the received wireless signals to their original information / signals. The restored information / signals are stored in the memory unit (230) and then can be output in various forms (e.g., text, voice, image, video, haptic) through the input / output unit (240c).

[0193] FIG. 22 illustrates an example of a vehicle or autonomous vehicle applicable to the present disclosure. The vehicle or autonomous vehicle may be implemented as a mobile robot, a vehicle, a train, an aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc.

[0194] Referring to FIG. 22, a vehicle or autonomous vehicle (200-1) may include an antenna unit (208-1), a communication unit (210-1), a control unit (220-1), a driving unit (240a-1), a power supply unit (240b-1), a sensor unit (240c-1), and an autonomous driving unit (240d-1). The antenna unit (208-1) may be configured as part of the communication unit (210-1). Blocks 210-1 / 230-1 / 240a-1 to 240d-1 of FIG. 22 correspond to blocks 210 / 230 / 240 of FIG. 20, respectively.

[0195] The communication unit (210-1) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other vehicles, base stations (e.g., base stations, roadside base stations (Road Side Unit), etc.), and servers. The control unit (220-1) can perform various operations by controlling elements of the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (200-1). The control unit (220-1) may include an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The driving unit (240a-1) can drive the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (200-1) on the ground. The driving unit (240a-1) may include an engine, motor, power train, wheels, brakes, steering device, etc. The power supply unit (240b-1) supplies power to the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (200-1) and may include wired / wireless charging circuits, batteries, etc. The sensor unit (240c-1) can obtain vehicle status, surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit (240c-1) may include an IMU (inertial measurement unit) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an inclination sensor, a weight detection sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward / reverse sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illuminance sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc. The autonomous driving unit (240d-1) may implement technologies such as maintaining the driving lane, technologies for automatically adjusting speed such as adaptive cruise control, technologies for automatically driving along a predetermined path, and technologies for automatically setting a path and driving when a destination is set.

[0196] For example, the communication unit (210-1) can receive map data, traffic information data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous driving unit (240d-1) can generate an autonomous driving path and a driving plan based on the acquired data. The control unit (220-1) can control the drive unit (240a-1) so that the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle (200-1) moves along the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan (e.g., speed / direction control). During autonomous driving, the communication unit (210-1) can acquire the latest traffic information data from an external server non-periodically and can acquire surrounding traffic information data from surrounding vehicles. Additionally, during autonomous driving, the sensor unit (240c-1) can acquire vehicle status and surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit (240d-1) can update the autonomous driving path and the driving plan based on the newly acquired data / information. The communication unit (210-1) can transmit information regarding the vehicle location, autonomous driving path, driving plan, etc. to an external server. An external server can predict traffic information data in advance using AI technology, etc., based on information collected from vehicles or autonomous vehicles, and can provide the predicted traffic information data to vehicles or autonomous vehicles. If the device (220-2) is an autonomous vehicle, it can perform the same procedure as the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (200-1). In addition, if the device (220-2) is a base station or a roadside base station, the device (220-2) can transmit data and control signals to the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (200-1) through the communication unit (210-2).

[0197] FIG. 23 illustrates an example of a vehicle applicable to the present disclosure. The vehicle may be implemented as a means of transport, a train, an aircraft, a ship, etc. Referring to FIG. 23, the vehicle (200) may include a communication unit (210), a control unit (220), a memory unit (230), an input / output unit (240a), and a position measurement unit (240b). Here, blocks 210 to 230 / 240a to 240b correspond to blocks 210 to 230 / 240 of FIG. 20, respectively.

[0198] The communication unit (210) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with other vehicles or external devices such as base stations. The control unit (220) can control the components of the vehicle (200) to perform various operations. The memory unit (230) can store data / parameters / programs / codes / commands that support various functions of the vehicle (100). The input / output unit (240a) can output AR / VR objects based on information within the memory unit (230). The input / output unit (240a) may include a HUD. The position measurement unit (240b) can acquire position information of the vehicle (200). The position information may include absolute position information of the vehicle (200), position information within the driving line, acceleration information, position information relative to surrounding vehicles, etc. The position measurement unit (240b) may include GPS and various sensors.

[0199] For example, the communication unit (210) of the vehicle (200) can receive map information, traffic information, etc. from an external server and store it in the memory unit (230). The location measurement unit (240b) can acquire vehicle location information through GPS and various sensors and store it in the memory unit (230). The control unit (220) creates a virtual object based on map information, traffic information, and vehicle location information, etc., and the input / output unit (240a) can display the created virtual object on the glass window inside the vehicle (240a-1, 240a-2). In addition, the control unit (220) can determine whether the vehicle (200) is operating normally within the driving line based on the vehicle location information. If the vehicle (200) deviates abnormally from the driving line, the control unit (220) can display a warning on the glass window inside the vehicle through the input / output unit (240a). Additionally, the control unit (220) can broadcast a warning message regarding a driving abnormality to surrounding vehicles through the communication unit (210). Depending on the situation, the control unit (220) can transmit the vehicle's location information and information regarding the driving / vehicle abnormality to relevant authorities through the communication unit (210).

[0200] FIG. 24 illustrates an example of an XR device applicable to the present disclosure. The XR device may be implemented as an HMD, a Head-Up Display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc.

[0201] Referring to FIG. 24, the XR device (200a) may include a communication unit (210), a control unit (220), a memory unit (230), an input / output unit (240a), a sensor unit (240b), and a power supply unit (240c). Here, blocks 210 to 230 / 240a to 240c of FIG. 24 correspond to blocks 210 to 230 / 240 of FIG. 20, respectively.

[0202] The communication unit (210) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., media data, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other wireless devices, mobile devices, or media servers. The media data may include video, images, sound, etc. The control unit (220) can control the components of the XR device (200a) to perform various operations. For example, the control unit (220) may be configured to control and / or perform procedures such as video / image acquisition, (video / image) encoding, metadata generation, and processing. The memory unit (230) may store data / parameters / programs / code / commands required for driving the XR device (200a) or creating an XR object. The input / output unit (240a) acquires control information, data, etc. from the outside and can output the created XR object. The input / output unit (240a) may include a camera, microphone, user input unit, display unit, speaker and / or haptic module, etc. The sensor unit (240b) can obtain XR device status, surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit (240b) may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an accelerometer, a magnetic sensor, a gyroscope, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone and / or radar, etc. The power supply unit (240c) supplies power to the XR device (200a) and may include a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc.

[0203] For example, the memory unit (230) of the XR device (200a) may contain information (e.g., data, etc.) necessary for creating an XR object (e.g., AR / VR / MR object). The input / output unit (240a) may receive a command to operate the XR device (200a) from the user, and the control unit (220) may operate the XR device (200a) according to the user's operation command. For example, if the user intends to watch movies, news, etc. through the XR device (200a), the control unit (220) may transmit content request information to another device (e.g., mobile device (200b)) or a media server through the communication unit (230). The communication unit (230) may download / stream content such as movies, news, etc. from another device (e.g., mobile device (200b)) or a media server to the memory unit (230). The control unit (220) controls and / or performs procedures such as video / image acquisition, (video / image) encoding, and metadata generation / processing for the content, and can generate / output an XR object based on information about the surrounding space or real object acquired through the input / output unit (240a) / sensor unit (240b).

[0204] Additionally, the XR device (200a) is wirelessly connected to the mobile device (200b) through the communication unit (210), and the operation of the XR device (200a) can be controlled by the mobile device (200b). For example, the mobile device (200b) can act as a controller for the XR device (200a). To this end, the XR device (200a) can acquire three-dimensional position information of the mobile device (200b), and then generate and output an XR object corresponding to the mobile device (200b).

[0205] FIG. 25 illustrates an example of a robot applicable to the present disclosure. Robots may be classified into industrial, medical, domestic, military, etc., depending on the purpose or field of use.

[0206] Referring to FIG. 25, the robot (200) may include a communication unit (210), a control unit (220), a memory unit (230), an input / output unit (240a), a sensor unit (240b), and a driving unit (240c). Here, blocks 210 to 230 / 240a to 240c of FIG. 25 correspond to blocks 210 to 230 / 240 of FIG. 20, respectively.

[0207] The communication unit (210) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., driving information, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other wireless devices, other robots, or control servers. The control unit (220) can control the components of the robot (200) to perform various operations. The memory unit (230) can store data / parameters / programs / codes / commands that support various functions of the robot (200). The input / output unit (240a) can acquire information from outside the robot (200) and output information to outside the robot (200). The input / output unit (240a) may include a camera, microphone, user input unit, display unit, speaker and / or haptic module, etc. The sensor unit (240b) can obtain internal information of the robot (200), surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit (240b) may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an accelerometer, a magnetic sensor, a gyroscope, an inertial sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone, a radar, etc. The driving unit (240c) may perform various physical movements, such as moving robot joints. Additionally, the driving unit (240c) may enable the robot (200) to travel on the ground or fly in the air. The driving unit (240c) may include an actuator, a motor, a wheel, a brake, a propeller, etc.

[0208] FIG. 26 illustrates an example of an AI device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0209] AI devices can be implemented as stationary devices or mobile devices, such as TVs, projectors, smartphones, PCs, laptops, digital broadcasting terminals, tablet PCs, wearable devices, set-top boxes (STBs), radios, washing machines, refrigerators, digital signage, robots, vehicles, etc.

[0210] Referring to FIG. 26, the AI ​​device (200) may include a communication unit (210), a control unit (220), a memory unit (230), an input / output unit (240a / 240b), a learning processor unit (240c), and a sensor unit (240d). Blocks 210 to 230 / 240a to 240d of FIG. 22 correspond to blocks 210 to 230 / 140 of FIG. 20, respectively.

[0211] The communication unit (210) can transmit and receive wired and wireless signals (e.g., sensor information, user input, learning model, control signal, etc.) with external devices such as other AI devices (e.g., 100a to 100f, 120 in FIG. 1) or AI servers (e.g., 100g in FIG. 1) using wired and wireless communication technology. To do this, the communication unit (210) can transmit information within the memory unit (230) to an external device or transmit signals received from an external device to the memory unit (230).

[0212] The control unit (220) can determine at least one executable operation of the AI ​​device (200) based on information determined or generated using a data analysis algorithm or a machine learning algorithm. The control unit (220) can perform the determined operation by controlling the components of the AI ​​device (200). For example, the control unit (220) can request, search, receive, or utilize data from the learning processor unit (240c) or the memory unit (230), and can control the components of the AI ​​device (200) to execute a predicted operation or an operation determined to be desirable among at least one executable operation. Additionally, the control unit (220) can collect historical information, including the operation content of the AI ​​device (200) or user feedback regarding the operation, and store it in the memory unit (230) or the learning processor unit (240c), or transmit it to an external device such as an AI server (Fig. 1, 100g). The collected historical information can be used to update the learning model.

[0213] The memory unit (230) can store data that supports various functions of the AI ​​device (200). For example, the memory unit (230) can store data obtained from the input unit (240a), data obtained from the communication unit (210), output data from the learning processor unit (240c), and data obtained from the sensing unit (140). Additionally, the memory unit (230) can store control information and / or software code required for the operation / execution of the control unit (220).

[0214] The input unit (240a) can acquire various types of data from outside the AI ​​device (200). For example, the input unit (220) can acquire training data for model training and input data to which the training model is applied. The input unit (240a) may include a camera, a microphone and / or a user input unit, etc. The output unit (240b) can generate output related to visual, auditory, or tactile senses, etc. The output unit (240b) may include a display unit, a speaker and / or a haptic module, etc. The sensing unit (140d) can obtain at least one of internal information of the AI ​​device (200), surrounding environment information of the AI ​​device (200), and user information using various sensors. The sensing unit (140d) may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an accelerometer, a magnetic sensor, a gyroscope, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone and / or radar, etc.

[0215] The learning processor unit (240c) can train a model composed of an artificial neural network using training data. The learning processor unit (240c) can perform AI processing together with the learning processor unit of the AI ​​server (Fig. 1, 100g). The learning processor unit (240c) can process information received from an external device through the communication unit (210) and / or information stored in the memory unit (230). Additionally, the output value of the learning processor unit (240c) can be transmitted to an external device through the communication unit (210) and / or stored in the memory unit (230).

[0216] The proposed methods described above may be implemented independently, but they may also be implemented in the form of a combination (or merger) of some of the proposed methods. Rules may be defined so that the base station informs the terminal of the application status of the proposed methods (or information regarding the rules of the proposed methods) through a predefined signal (e.g., a physical layer signal or an upper layer signal).

[0217] The present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the technical ideas and essential features described herein. Accordingly, the above detailed description should not be interpreted restrictively in all respects and should be considered illustrative. The scope of the present disclosure shall be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the equivalent scope of the present disclosure are included within the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, embodiments may be constructed by combining claims that are not explicitly related in the claims, or new claims may be included by amendments made after filing.

[0218] The embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to various wireless access systems. Examples of various wireless access systems include the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) or 3GPP2 systems.

[0219] The embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied not only to the various wireless access systems mentioned above but also to all technical fields utilizing the various wireless access systems. Furthermore, the proposed method can be applied to mmWave and THz communication systems utilizing the ultra-high frequency band.

[0220] Additionally, the embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applied to various applications, such as autonomous vehicles and drones.

Claims

1. Regarding the method, A step of generating at least one codeword by encoding information bits; A step of generating complex symbols by modulating at least one codeword; A step of mapping the above complex symbols to a resource; A step of generating a signal by performing OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation on complex symbols mapped to the above resource; A step of amplifying the above signal using a power amplifier; The method includes the step of transmitting the amplified signal through an antenna array, A method in which the gain of the above antenna array is set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the above power amplifier.

2. In Claim 1, The above antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements, and A method in which each of the above plurality of antenna elements comprises a plurality of patch antennas connected to a single phase shifter.

3. In Claim 1, The above antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements, and A method in which each of the above plurality of antenna elements includes a directional antenna.

4. In Claim 1, The above antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements, and A method in which each of the above plurality of antenna elements includes a directional antenna.

5. In Claim 1, A method in which the ratio of the gain of the antenna array and the gain of the power amplifier is included within the range of 1:0.97 to 1:

1.

6. In Claim 1, A method in which the gain of the power amplifier and the gain of the antenna array are designed such that the received power of the signal transmitted from the antenna array is below a threshold value in all distance intervals.

7. In the device, Transmitter / Receiver; Antenna array; and It includes a processor connected to the above-mentioned transmitter and receiver, The above processor is, At least one codeword is generated by encoding information bits, and Complex symbols are generated by modulating at least one codeword, and Map the above complex symbols to resources, and A signal is generated by performing OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation on complex symbols mapped to the above resources, and The above signal is amplified using a power amplifier included in the above transmitter / receiver, and The above amplified signal is configured to be transmitted through the antenna array, and A device in which the gain of the above antenna array is set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the above power amplifier.

8. In Claim 7, The above antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements, and Each of the above plurality of antenna elements is a device comprising a plurality of patch antennas connected to a single phase shifter.

9. In Claim 7, The above antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements, and Each of the above plurality of antenna elements is a device including a directional antenna.

10. In Claim 7, The above antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements, and Each of the above plurality of antenna elements is a device including a directional antenna.

11. In Claim 7, A device in which the ratio of the gain of the antenna array and the gain of the power amplifier is included within the range of 1:0.97 to 1:

1.

12. In Claim 7, The above power amplifier gain and the above antenna array gain are designed such that the received power of the signal transmitted from the antenna array is below a threshold value in all distance intervals.

13. In the terminal, At least one processor; It includes at least one computer memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions that direct operations as they are executed by the at least one processor, The above operations are, A step of generating at least one codeword by encoding information bits; A step of generating complex symbols by modulating at least one codeword; A step of mapping the above complex symbols to a resource; A step of generating a signal by performing OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation on complex symbols mapped to the above resource; A step of amplifying the above signal using a power amplifier; The method includes the step of transmitting the amplified signal through an antenna array, A terminal in which the gain of the above antenna array is set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the above power amplifier.

14. In a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing at least one instruction, It includes at least one instruction executable by a processor, The above at least one instruction is, the device, At least one codeword is generated by encoding information bits, and Complex symbols are generated by modulating at least one codeword, and Map the above complex symbols to resources, and A signal is generated by performing OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation on complex symbols mapped to the above resources, and The above signal is amplified using a power amplifier, and Instructing the above amplified signal to be transmitted through an antenna array, A computer-readable medium in which the gain of the antenna array is set to be greater than or equal to the gain of the power amplifier.

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