Clamping stroke length reveals early and intermediate brake pad lining wear without extra sensors, cutting cost and improving detection reliability.
Predictive brake temperature modeling flags thermally critical rail braking states early, helping maintain braking performance without overheating.
Sensor feedback classifies wear-driven changes in brake, drive, or steering behavior so the control unit can adapt actuation in real time.
A utility vehicle brake system learns sensor-based response baselines to detect faults despite aging, variation, and missing direct sensors.
By ramping traction on each driven axle and comparing wheel speeds, this case estimates axle load to improve rail acceleration and braking without slip.