Front-wheel-adjacent battery, controller, and charger placement lowers center of gravity and improves high-speed stability and control.
An endless chain drive lets the motor sit ahead of the swing arm, improving packaging, rigidity, maintenance, and mass centralization.
A rear-facing cylinder head reroutes the exhaust away from the rider's legs, reducing heat exposure and improving riding comfort.
By matching measured transmission gear ratios to preset values, this case estimates e-bike gear steps in real time without visual confirmation.