A flexible electrode uses magnetic or thermal force balancing to hold a uniform 0.5-200 nm gap without spacers or complex actuators.
Modular getters with varied materials and activation temperatures maintain vacuum levels while reducing feedthrough leaks, arcing, and enclosure complexity.
By replacing a thermionic filament with photoelectric conversion, this amplifier tube cuts heat and supports smaller circuits with grid-controlled gain.
Aligned support ribs and blocking structures guide electrons through a thin gain layer, cutting halo noise while preserving image intensifier strength.
A knife-edge source and pseudo-vacuum channel enable near lossless terahertz transmission using conventional semiconductor fabrication.
A low-resistivity conductive layer extends beyond the laminated body to simplify source wiring and reduce on-resistance in vacuum channel transistors.
Lateral offset grid supports shield insulators from charged particles, preventing dielectric breakdown and leakage current in vacuum electronics.