Dual-region electrical resistance sensing distinguishes particles from bubbles in chemical solutions while avoiding large, costly inspection equipment.
A refractive-index-matched cover creates a flat inspection area to detect small bubbles accurately in curved liquid supply components.
Laser scattering tracks bubble size distribution and void volume in flow battery electrolyte to prevent cavitation, capacity loss, and gas buildup.
Imaging and bubble-data analysis replace subjective visual checks, enabling stable substrate liquid treatment through condition adjustment.
Multiple velocity zones in a flow channel balance low coincidence with higher photon collection for high-rate, high-resolution cell imaging.
A time-varying magnetic field separates microbubbles from solid particles in scattered-light measurement, improving concentration and size analysis.
Periodic heater modulation stabilizes BAW resonant frequency against ambient variation, improving particle sensitivity, selectivity, and noise control.
Asynchronous pixel sensing lets the vision sensor sit closer to the illumination unit, cutting power use while preserving accurate water-object measurement.