A porous silicon anode material with a main skeleton and branches accommodates volumetric expansion during lithium intercalation to prevent pulverization.
Potassium ions displace sodium ions to form a compression layer that counters tensile stress from silicon swelling, preventing cracking and capacity loss.
A silicon negative electrode material uses a low-melting point inorganic oxide to fill voids within the particle agglomerate structure.
Cathode lithiation agents supply sacrificial lithium to build stable SEI layers, reducing irreversible consumption and preserving capacity during cycling.
A crosslinked binder with carbonyl and amino groups maintains electrode physical properties during cycling.
A silicon-carbon composite negative electrode incorporates magnesium to enhance electrical conductivity.