Porous cesium reservoirs and getters lower vapor pressure and remove undesired species to improve thermionic conversion efficiency and life.
Wide-bandgap metal-semiconductor junctions convert x-ray and gamma emissions into electricity while resisting radiation damage and power loss.
Stacked isotope electrode sheets with cavity-housed radiation sources and p-n junction layers raise electrical energy density in nuclear batteries.
A metal hydride tritium source boosts heat density for Seebeck power generation, enabling practical milliwatt-scale output with helium venting.