SELEÇÃO DE UMA TÉCNICA DE RAZÃO DE PICO PARA POTÊNCIA MÉDIA PARA TRANSMISSÃO SEM FIO

Abstract

In an embodiment, a WTRU includes at least one transceiver configured to receive a configuration that indicates one or more Peak-to-Average Power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques, circuitry configured to implement at least one of the one or more PAPR reduction techniques, at least one processor configured to select, from the at least one of the one or more PAPR reduction techniques, a first PAPR reduction technique, and at least one transceiver configured to send, to a network, first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique, to receive, from the network, second information indicating to implement a second PAPR reduction technique, and to send third information while implementing the indicated second PAR reduction technique.

Description

1 / 59 SELECTION OF A PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELESS TRANSMISSION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS

[001] This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. U.S. 63 / 484,949, filed February 14, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. SUMMARY

[002] The average transmission power can have a direct impact on the Block Error Rate (BLER) of transmissions. One technique to reduce the BLER of a transmission is to increase the transmission power. There is a limitation on the maximum transmission power due to a limitation of the power amplifier. The peak-to-peak amplitude (related to the signal power level) of an input signal to an amplifier typically needs to be within the linear operating region of the amplifier to avoid nonlinear amplifier behavior (e.g., the amplifier signal output extending outside the amplifier's linear operating region) and distortion (e.g., harmonic distortion) that such nonlinear behavior can cause in the amplifier signal output (e.g., the amplifier output signal).This effect of an input and / or output signal being outside (partially or completely) the linear operating region of an amplifier can be more pronounced in a WTRU power amplifier compared to a gNB (base station or base node) power amplifier. To reduce the chances of a power amplifier output signal extending outside the amplifier's linear operating region, one technique is to have the peak power of the output signal (e.g., transmitted) as close as possible to or equal to the average power of the output signal (e.g., transmitted) so that the average power can be increased while still operating the amplifier within its linear operating region, i.e., reducing the Peak-to-Power ratio. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 7 / 65 2 / 59 Average (PAR or PAPR) towards or up to unity (e.g., one).

[003] With a transmission scheme that has a high PAPR, a WTRU may be forced to reduce the average power of its transmissions due to the limitation of the linear operating region of one or more of the WTRU's power amplifiers, as described above. With reduced average power (e.g., transmission), there will typically be a limitation on the minimum achievable BLER of a transmission. For a cell-center WTRU, good performance can still be achieved for uplink transmission, as the WTRU is closer to gNB. But for a cell-edge WTRU, even transmitting at maximum average power may not help to achieve the desired BLER target.

[004] Different techniques are being discussed in 3gpp to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) in order to increase the transmission power of a WTRU and thus increase the coverage of uplink transmissions. A WTRU can typically support several maximum power reduction (MPR) / PAPR techniques which can be non-transparent techniques such as frequency domain spectrum shaping, tone reservation or waveform switching, or transparent techniques. Depending on the WTRU's operating scenario, one of the MPR and / or PAPR reduction techniques may provide better performance than other MPR and / or PAPR techniques.

[005] This disclosure, at least in part, describes how a WTRU can help the gNB select an appropriate MPR and / or PAPR reduction technique.

[006] In one modality: A WTRU is configured with a list of PAPR reduction techniques (e.g., frequency spectrum shaping, tone reservation, and / or waveform switching) that can be used for uplink coverage enhancements. - WTRU selects a PAPR reduction technique (e.g., from the list) Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 8 / 65 3 / 59 configured), determines the need for a PAPR reduction technique or determines the need to modify a PAPR reduction technique based on at least one of the following: • A power amplitude (PH), for example, based on the determination of a PH (e.g., for a UL transmission, such as a configured or scheduled UL transmission) is below (or above) a first configured limit. • A number of active UL carriers (e.g., in AC mode) is changed. • A maximum power of the WTRU or a carrier (e.g., Pcmax or Pcmax,c), for example, determined for a UL transmission exceeds a limit. • A transmission power of a transmission (e.g., a scheduled transmission) on one or more UL carriers is scaled or needs to be scaled. • Changes in the WTRU power class. - The WTRU sends an indication (e.g., to a gNB) indicating the selected PAPR reduction technique(s), for example, using a feature such as a PUCCH, for the transmission of the indication. • For example, the WTRU is configured with a feature (e.g., PUCCH feature) to indicate a PAPR reduction technique, and the WTRU indicates the selected PAPR reduction technique using the feature. • For example, the WTRU is configured with a feature (e.g., PUCCH feature) associated with each PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU indicates the selected PAPR reduction technique(s) using the feature associated with the selected PAPR reduction technique(s). WTRU receives an indication specifying which of the one or more techniques... Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 9 / 65 4 / 59 PAPR reduction to use and, optionally, when or for how long to apply the PAPR reduction technique(s) • For example: WTRU receives a UL grant scheduling a UL transmission and the UL grant DCI indicates whether a PAPR reduction technique should be used and, if so, which one. • For example, the WTRU receives an indication (e.g., via another DCI or a MAC-CE) indicating when or if the use of a PAPR reduction technique applies, for example, for a period of time or a set of slots. • For example, the WTRU may receive an activation of a PAPR reduction technique and may apply the PAPR reduction technique to one or more UL transmissions until a deactivation is received or the activation of another PAPR reduction technique is received. - WTRU transmits a UL transmission (e.g., a configured or scheduled UL transmission) using the indicated PAPR reduction technique. • For example: WTRU transmits UL transmission using tone reservation, frequency shaping, or waveform switching (e.g., using a waveform specified in the DCI).

[007] One technique for selecting a PAPR reduction technique based on scheduling parameters includes: - Configure the WTRU with a list of PAPR reduction techniques (e.g., frequency spectrum shaping, tone reservation, and / or waveform switching) that can be used for uplink coverage enhancements. - Receiving (for example, through a UL grant or through a setting such as a configured grant setting), one or more scheduling parameters for at least one UL transmission that may include one or more of the following: Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 10 / 65 5 / 59 • An MCS (e.g., target MCS) • A set of RBs • Multiple repetitions • Whether or not TBoMS should be used • A target BLER - Determine, using WTRU and based on at least one of the scheduling parameters, whether to use a PAPR reduction technique for a UL transmission (e.g., a UL transmission scheduled by grant or UL configuration) and, if so, which one. - To transmit, using WTRU, a UL transmission (e.g., a scheduled UL transmission) using the determined PAPR reduction technique. • For example: WTRU transmits UL transmission using tone reservation, frequency shaping, or waveform switching.

[008] In one embodiment, a WTRU is configured to determine a preferred PAPR reduction technique based on the calculation of power amplitude, number of active UL carriers and / or WTRU power class and to indicate to gNB the preferred PAPR reduction technique.

[009] In one embodiment, a WTRU determines a preferred PAPR reduction technique and applies it to uplink transmission based on scheduling parameters that may include at least one MCS target, a set of RBs, a number of repetitions, and a target BLER.

[010] In one embodiment, a WTRU is configured to select a PAPR reduction technique and transmit a signal using the selected PAPR reduction technique.

[011] In one embodiment, a method executable by a WTRU includes selecting a PAPR reduction technique in response to one or more scheduling parameters and transmitting a signal using the PAPR reduction technique. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 11 / 65 6 / 59 selected.

[012] In one embodiment, a method performed by a wireless network includes transmitting, to a WTRU, one or more scaling parameters and receiving, from the WTRU, a signal generated using a PAPR reduction technique corresponding to one or more scaling parameters.

[013] In one embodiment, a wireless network is configured to transmit, to a WTRU, one or more scaling parameters and to receive, from the WTRU, a signal generated using a PAPR reduction technique corresponding to one or more scaling parameters.

[014] In one embodiment, a WTRU is configured to implement at least one Peak to Average Power (PAPR) reduction technique, to select a first PAPR reduction technique from at least one PAPR reduction technique, to send, to a network, the first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique selected by the WTRU, to receive, from the network, second information indicating the application of a second PAPR reduction technique, and to send third information during the application of the indicated second PAPR reduction technique.

[015] In one embodiment, a WTRU includes at least one transceiver configured to receive a configuration indicating one or more peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques, circuits configured to implement at least one of the one or more PAPR reduction techniques, at least one processor configured to select, from at least one of the one or more PAPR reduction techniques, a first PAPR reduction technique, and at least one transceiver configured to send, to a network, the first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique, to receive, from the network, second information indicating the implementation of a second PAPR reduction technique, and to send the third information during the implementation of the second technique. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 12 / 65 7 / 59 reduction in PAPR indicated.

[016] In one embodiment, a WTRU is configured to receive a scheduling parameter, determine, based on the received scheduling parameter, whether to apply a Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) reduction technique during a transmission in accordance with the received scheduling parameter, select, based on the received scheduling parameter, a PAPR reduction technique for which the WTRU is configured in response to the determination of the application of a PAPR reduction technique, and transmit information during the application of the selected PAPR reduction technique.

[017] In one embodiment, a WTRU includes at least one transceiver configured to receive a scheduling parameter, at least one processor configured to determine, based on the received scheduling parameter, the possibility of using a Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) reduction technique during a transmission according to the received scheduling parameter, to select, based on the received scheduling parameter, a PAPR reduction technique for which the WTRU is configured in response to the determination to use a PAPR reduction technique, and at least one transceiver configured to transmit information using the selected PAPR reduction technique. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[018] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, given by way of example, together with the attached drawings, in which numerical references in the Figures indicate similar elements, and in which:

[019] Figure 1A is a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary communication system in which one or more disclosed modalities can be implemented;

[020] Figure 1B is a diagram of the system that illustrates a unit of Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 13 / 65 8 / 59 Wireless Transmission / Reception (WTRU) example that can be used in the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to one mode;

[021] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary main network (CN) that can be used in the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to one embodiment;

[022] Figure 1D is a system diagram that illustrates an additional exemplary RAN and an additional exemplary CN that can be used in the communication system illustrated in Figure 1A according to a modality;

[023] Figure 2 is a flowchart of a procedure by which a WTRU selects and uses a PAPR reduction technique, according to a modality;

[024] Figure 3 is a flowchart of a procedure by which a WTRU determines whether to use a PAPR reduction technique based on scheduling parameters and, if the WTRU decides to use a PAPR reduction technique, the WTRU selects a PAPR reduction technique and uses the selected PAPR reduction technique, according to a modality; and

[025] Figure 4 is a flowchart of a procedure for selecting a PAPR reduction technique in response to one or more scheduling parameters and transmitting a signal using the selected PAPR reduction technique, according to a modality.

[026] Figure 5 is a flowchart of a procedure implemented by a WTRU for PAPR reduction, according to a modality.

[027] Figure 6 is a flowchart of a procedure for determining the possibility of using, and using, a PAPR reduction technique, according to another modality. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Abbreviations and Acronyms Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 14 / 65 9 / 59

[028] ACK Recognition

[029] BLER Block Error Rate

[030] BWP Bandwidth Part

[031] CAP Channel Access Priority

[032] CAPC Channel Access Priority Class

[033] CCA Free Channel Assessment

[034] CCE Control Channel Element

[035] CE Control element

[036] CG Configured Grant or Cell Group

[037] CP Cyclic Prefix

[038] CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (based on cyclic prefix)

[039] CQI Channel Quality Indicator

[040] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[041] CSI Channel State Information

[042] CW Containment Window

[043] CWS Containment Window Size

[044] CO Channel Occupation

[045] COT Channel Occupation Time

[046] DAI Descendant Link Assignment Index

[047] DCI Downlink Control Information

[048] DFI Downlink Return Information

[049] DG Dynamic Concession

[050] DL Downlink

[051] DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal

[052] DRB Data Radio Carrier

[053] eLAA Licensed Enhanced Assisted Access

[054] FeLAA Licensed Assisted Access Additional Enhanced Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 15 / 65 10 / 59

[055] HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[056] LCH Logical Channel

[057] LAA License-Assisted Access

[058] LBT Listen before you speak

[059] LTE Long-Term Evolution, for example, of LTE 3GPP R8 and higher

[060] NACK ACK Negative

[061] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[062] MIMO Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs

[063] MPR Maximum Power Reduction

[064] NR New Radio

[065] Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFM)

[066] PAPR (PAR) Peak to Average Power Ratio

[067] PDB Package Delay Budget

[068] PH Power Amplitude

[069] PHY Physical Layer

[070] PID Process ID

[071] PO Pagination Occasion

[072] PSFCH Physical Side Link Return Channel

[073] PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

[074] PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

[075] RA Random Access (or procedure)

[076] RACH Random Access Channel

[077] RAR Random Access Response

[078] RB Resource Blocks

[079] RCU Central Radio Access Network Unit

[080] RF Radio Front-end

[081] RLF Radio Link Failure Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 16 / 65 11 / 59

[082] RLM Radio Link Monitoring

[083] RNTI Radio Network Identifier

[084] RO Occasion of RACH

[085] RRC Radio Resource Control

[086] RRM Radio Resource Management

[087] RS Reference Signal

[088] RSRP Received Reference Signal Power

[089] RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

[090] Rx UE UE Receptor

[091] SAI Side Link Assignment Index

[092] SDU Service Data Unit

[093] SRS Audible Reference Signal

[094] SS Synchronization Signal

[095] SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

[096] SWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe)

[097] SPS Semi-persistent Scheduling

[098] SOUTH Supplementary Ascending Link

[099] TB Transport Block

[0100] TBoMS Multi-Slot Transport Block

[0101] TBS Transport Block Size

[0102] TRP Transmission / Reception Point

[0103] TSC Time-Sensitive Communications

[0104] TSN Time Sensitive Network

[0105] Tx UE EU Transmitter

[0106] EU User Equipment

[0107] UL Uplink

[0108] URLLC Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 17 / 65 12 / 59

[0109] WBWP Broadband Part

[0110] WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 802.xx domain)

[0111] WTRU Wireless transmission and reception unit (a type of UE user equipment)

[0112] Figure 1A is a diagram illustrating an example of a 100 communication system in which one or more disclosed modalities can be implemented. The 100 communication system can be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messages, streaming, etc., to multiple wireless users. The 100 communication system can enable multiple wireless users to access this content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth.For example, communication systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tailed single-word discrete Fourier transform propagation OFDM (ZT-UW-DFT-SOFDM), single-word OFDM (UW-OFDM), feature block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0113] As shown in Figure 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network (CN) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, although it is verified that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. As an example, WTRUs 102a, Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 18 / 65 13 / 59 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a station (STA), may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook-type device, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated process chain contexts), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like.Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be designated as UE.

[0114] Communication systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106, the Internet 110 and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, base stations 114a, 114b can be a base transceiver station (BTS), a NodeB, an eNode B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a next-generation NodeB such as a gNode B (gNB), a new radio (NR) NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router and the like. Although base stations 114a and 114b are represented as a single element, it will be verified that base stations 114a and 114b can include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0115] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104, which may also Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 19 / 65 14 / 59 include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, and the like. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service for a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may also be divided into cellular sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell.In one embodiment, base station 114a can employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and can utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in the desired spatial directions.

[0116] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via an air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0117] More specifically, as noted above, communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and the like. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as the Universal System of Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 20 / 65 15 / 59 Mobile Telecommunications (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can establish the 116 air interface using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or HSPA Enhanced (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0118] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced with LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced with LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0119] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the 116 air interface using NR.

[0120] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement various radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0121] In other modes, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 21 / 65 16 / 59 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Evolution Enhanced Data Rates (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN) and similar.

[0122] Base station 114b in Figure 1A can be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a workplace, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can use a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.As shown in Figure 1A, base station 114b can have a direct connection to Internet 110. Thus, base station 114b may not be required to access Internet 110 through CN 106.

[0123] RAN 104 may be in communication with CN 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and so on. CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, location-based mobile services, prepaid calls, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 22 / 65 17 / 59 Although not shown in Figure 1A, it will be verified that RAN 104 and / or CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs employing the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104, which may be using NR radio technology, CN 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0124] CN 106 can also serve as a communication gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide simple telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. Networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, 112 networks may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[0125] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communication with different wireless networks on different wireless links). For example, WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0126] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 23 / 65 18 / 59 processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a monitor / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chip set 136 and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be verified that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the foregoing elements, while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0127] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that allows WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122.Although Figure 1B depicts processor 118 and transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be verified that processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated into a single electronic package or chip.

[0128] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (for example, base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 24 / 65 19 / 59 and / or receive IR, UV or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the 122 transmit / receive element can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be verified that the 122 transmit / receive element can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0129] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is represented in Figure 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0130] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to allow WTRU 102 to communicate through multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0131] The WTRU 102 processor 118 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or monitor / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also send user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or monitor / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 25 / 65 Removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a SIM card (subscriber identity module), a memory card, a secure digital memory card (SD), and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located in the WTRU 102, such as in a server or home computer (not shown).

[0132] Processor 118 can receive power from power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components of WTRU 102. Power supply 134 can be any device suitable for powering WTRU 102. For example, power supply 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0133] Processor 118 may also be coupled to GPS chip set 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) relative to the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to or instead of information from GPS chip set 136, WTRU 102 may receive location information via air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be verified that WTRU 102 can acquire location information by any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with a mode.

[0134] The processor 118 may also be coupled with other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 26 / 65 21 / 59 Peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a USB port (Universal Serial Bus), a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency-modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors.The sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, a humidity sensor, and the like.

[0135] The WTRU 102 may include full radio duplex for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be simultaneous and / or concurrent. The full radio duplex may include an interference management unit to substantially reduce and / or eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include half radio duplex for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or DL ​​(e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0136] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 27 / 65 22 / 59 employs E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0137] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it is verified that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs, remaining consistent with an embodiment. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In an embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, WTRU 102a.

[0138] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, transfer decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in Figure 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[0139] The CN 106 shown in Figure 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Service Communication Port (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Communication Port (PGW) 166. Although the foregoing elements are described as part of CN 106, it will be verified that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0140] MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, carrier activation / deactivation, selecting a specific service communication port during an initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 28 / 65 23 / 59 102b, 102c and similar. The MME 162 can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0141] SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring user planes during transfers between eNode B, triggering paging when DL data is available to WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and the like.

[0142] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0143] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 108, to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional fixed-line communication devices. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, an IP communication port (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0144] Although the WTRU is described in Figures 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that, in certain representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) interfaces of Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 29 / 65 24 / 59 wired communication with the communication network.

[0145] In representative modalities, the other 112 network may be a WLAN.

[0146] A WLAN in Basic Services Infrastructure Set (BSS) mode can have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or an interface with a Distribution System (DS) or other type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs originating outside the BSS can arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS can be sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent through the AP, for example, where the originating STA can send traffic to the AP and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS can be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic.Point-to-point traffic can be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a Direct Link System (DLS) configuration. In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z encapsulated DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to in this document as an ad-hoc communication mode.

[0147] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz bandwidth) or a dynamically defined width. The primary channel can be the BSS operating channel and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative modes, Multiple Access Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 30 / 65 25 / 59 with Collision Avoidance Carrier Sense (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including the AP, can detect the primary channel. If the primary channel is detected / detected and / or determined to be occupied by a specific STA, the specific STA can back off. An STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any time on a given BSS.

[0148] High-throughput (HT) STAs can use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, by combining the 20 MHz primary channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0149] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channel widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be called an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, can be passed through a segment analyzer that can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. The streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by a transmitting STA.At the receiving STA, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0150] Sub-1 GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The operating channel bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV White Space spectrum. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 31 / 65 26 / 59 (TVWS), and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support Meter Type Controller / Machine Type Communications (MTC) devices, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., support only for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a limit (e.g., to maintain a very long lifespan).

[0151] WLAN systems, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the highest common operational bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be defined and / or limited by an STA, among all STAs operating in a BSS, that supports the lowest bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sense and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the primary channel state.If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to an STA (which only supports a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands can be considered occupied, even if most of the available frequency bands remain idle.

[0152] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the bands of Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 32 / 65 The available frequencies for 27 / 59 are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0153] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to a modality. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also be in communication with CN 106.

[0154] RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it has been verified that RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs, remaining consistent with a mode. gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In a mode, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may use beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to wirelessly transmit signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown).A subset of these component carriers may be in unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be in licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multiple Points (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0155] WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or the subcarrier spacing of Petição 870260073866, de 24 / 07 / 2026, pág. 33 / 65 28 / 59 OFDM may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different parts of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0156] gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone and / or non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility docking point. In a standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating / connecting to another RAN, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c.For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in a substantially simultaneous manner. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to support WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0157] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, transfer decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, network slicing support, DC, interoperability between Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 34 / 65 29 / 59 NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and similar. As shown in Figure 1D, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0158] The CN 106 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Function of Session Management (SMF) 183a, 183b and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although the foregoing elements are described as part of CN 106, it will be verified that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0159] The AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N2 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating users from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, register area management, termination of non-access stratum signaling (NAS), mobility management, and the like. Network slicing can be used by AMF 182a, 182b to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on ultra-reliable low-latency access (URLLC), services that rely on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and the like. AMF 182a, 182b can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 35 / 65 30 / 59 LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0160] The SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b on CN 106 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b on CN 106 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b can select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy and QoS enforcement, providing DL data notifications, and similar functions. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and similar.

[0161] UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N3 interface, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions such as packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, support for multi-residence PDU sessions, user plane QoS handling, temporary DL packet storage, mobility tethering provision, and the like.

[0162] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, a communication port IP (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b via UPF 184a, 184b via interface N3 to the Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 36 / 65 31 / 59 UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between UPF 184a, 184b and DN 185a, 185b.

[0163] In view of Figures 1A-1D and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described in this document with respect to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device(s) described in this document may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described in this document. For example, emulation devices can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0164] Emulation devices can be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices can perform one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices can perform one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or to perform tests using wireless communications over the air.

[0165] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices may be used in a test scenario in a test lab and / or on a wired and / or wireless communication network. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 37 / 65 32 / 59 wireless non-deployed (e.g., test) to implement the testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications through RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0166] PAPR reduction techniques refer to techniques that can reduce the Peak to Average Power ratio.

[0167] MPR reduction techniques refer to techniques that can produce a maximum power reduction (or a significant power reduction).

[0168] Hereafter, PAPR reduction techniques refer to one or both PAPR reduction techniques and MPR reduction techniques that can reduce one or both PAPR and MPR.

[0169] Frequency Domain Spectrum Shaping (FDSS) is a technique applied to a DFT-s-OFDM signal to reduce the PAPR of the transmission. A shaping filter is applied to the signal where the filter uses additional frequency features over the frequency features used for data. The additional frequency features are symmetrical extensions added at each edge of the frequency features reserved for data transmission. By applying a shaping filter, the signal at the filter output can have a lower PAPR and therefore can allow higher transmission power, compared to the same signal to which no shaping filter is applied. In NR systems, the additional features can have the granularity of feature elements and / or feature blocks.

[0170] A WTRU can be configured using RRC signaling with FDSS for use in uplink transmission. RRC signaling can define various FDSS configurations for the WTRU. Each FDSS configuration can include one or more of the following: - A modeling filter to apply the FDSS configuration. Multiple filters. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 38 / 65 33 / 59 shaping filters can be supported, and the FDSS RRC setting can indicate one of the supported shaping filters. A shaping filter is a filter applied to the uplink transmission that carries the signal and reduces the PAPR.

[0171] There are a number of additional NBs of NFDSS frequency resources in addition to the frequency resources to be allocated for data. For example, if data transmission occupies NDados RBs for data transmission, then the signal at the output of the shaping filter will occupy NDados+NFDSS RBs. When FDSS configurations are provided to the WTRU, the WTRU can be instructed by the gNB using dynamic signaling (e.g., MAC CE or DCI) to use one of the provided configurations. Alternatively, the WTRU can autonomously select one of the FDSS configurations.

[0172] Tone reservation is a technique that can reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a transmission. This reduction can be achieved using additional resources in the frequency domain. The signal carrying data intended for transmission has some peaks that cause a high PAPR (we call this signal the original signal). To reduce the peak (e.g., peak power, peak amplitude) of the original signal, a cancellation signal is added to the original signal using additional resources in the frequency domain. The peak of the sum of the signals is therefore reduced relative to the peak of the original signal, as is the PAPR of the sum of the signals. By reducing the PAPR, one can obtain higher average transmission power and, consequently, greater coverage for the transmission. The frequency resources used to transmit the cancellation signal are called reserved tones or reserved resources for tone reservation.In an NR system, the granularity of reserved tones can be Resource Elements and / or Resource Blocks. The resource reserved for tone reservation is separate from the RBs allocated for uplink transmission to transmit data.

[0173] WTRU can be configured with one or more settings of Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 39 / 65 34 / 59 Tone Reservation using RRC signaling. A Tone Reservation configuration can include one or more of the following: - Several additional frequency resources beyond those allocated for data. These additional resources are used to transmit the signal by canceling out peaks in the data signal (the data signal is the signal that carries the data transmission). - Locations in the signal frequency domain canceling out the peaks of the data signal. - Signal power level canceling out peaks. Algorithm for generating the signal by canceling the peaks in the data signal.

[0174] When multiple tone reservation configurations are provided to the WTRU, the WTRU may be instructed or requested by the gNB using dynamic signaling to use one of the configurations. Alternatively, the WTRU may autonomously select one of the TR configurations.

[0175] Waveform switching refers to a technique that allows a WTRU to change its uplink transmission waveform. A WTRU can be configured with a first waveform (e.g., CPOFDM) to transmit uplink transmission and switch to a second waveform (e.g., DFT-s-OFDM) to transmit uplink transmission. The change from one waveform to another is called waveform switching. By switching the waveform, a WTRU can reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the uplink transmission and therefore can transmit with higher power compared to the original uplink transmission signal.

[0176] The WTRU can be configured to enable a waveform switching feature using RRC signaling. When waveform switching is enabled, the WTRU can use waveform switching to reduce the Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 40 / 65 35 / 59 PAPR and increase the transmission power compared to the original signal. For example, when changing the waveform from CP-OFDM to DFT-s-OFDM, the WTRU applies waveform switching. When the WTRU is configured with waveform switching, the configuration may include the waveform to switch to and the waveform to which to switch.

[0177] Transport Block Multi-Slots (TBoMS) is a technique used to transmit a TB across multiple slots. The TB is distributed across multiple slots to increase transmission coverage. A lower encoding rate can be used for TBoMS to achieve lower BLER in a poor coverage scenario. For example, N slots can be used to transmit a TB with low MCS, which can help reduce the transmission BLER for a cell edge WTRU. TBoMS can also be repeated using additional slots. For example, TBoMS using N slots can be repeated M times, resulting in the use of MxN slots for TBoMS and its repetitions.

[0178] A WTRU can be configured with a list of non-transparent PAPR reduction techniques that can be used for uplink transmission to improve uplink transmission coverage. For example, the WTRU can be configured with the following non-transparent techniques that can potentially be used for uplink transmissions: Frequency Domain Spectrum Modeling (FDSS) - Tone reserve Waveform switching

[0179] For example, WTRU can be configured with the following list of PAPR reduction techniques: - 1st PAPR reduction technique: FDSS with a first configuration (e.g., The FDSS configuration includes N1 additional RBs to be used in addition to data RBs) - 2nd PAPR FDSS reduction technique with a second configuration (by Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 41 / 65 36 / 59 example, the FDSS configuration includes N2 additional RBs to be used in addition to data RBs) - 3rd PAPR reduction technique: Tone reservation with a first setting (e.g., the TR setting includes N3 additional RBs to be used in addition to data RBs) - 4th PAPR reduction technique: Tone reservation with a second setting (e.g., the TR setting includes N4 additional RBs to be used in addition to data RBs) - 5th PAPR reduction technique: waveform switching.

[0180] In one embodiment, WTRU can be configured with multiple uplink grants, where each grant is configured with a PAPR reduction technique and / or an MPR technique. The uplink grants can be Type 1 / Type 2 configured grants, where WTRU is indicated using RRC signaling with time and frequency features for use without dynamic signaling (e.g., DCI), or it can be a programmed uplink grant. For example, WTRU can be configured by a first uplink grant with a tone reservation technique, by a second uplink grant with Frequency Domain Spectrum Shaping (FDSS), and by a third uplink grant with a waveform that provides a lower PAPR.The WTRU can be configured to select which lease to use for uplink transmission based on the WTRU's available transmission power and / or the WTRU's coverage situation. For example, the WTRU might determine it is in a poor coverage situation using downlink reference signal measurements. With uplink reciprocity, the WTRU might assume the uplink is also in a poor coverage situation. Alternatively, the WTRU might select an uplink lease based on... Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, p. 42 / 65 37 / 59 in the enabled PAPR reduction technique(s). gNB can indicate to WTRU the identification of the enabled PAPR reduction technique for a set of slots and, based on the indicated PAPR reduction technique, WTRU selects the uplink allocation for transmission.

[0181] In one embodiment, the WTRU may begin transmitting using one of the uplink leases and may trigger the selection of the PAPR reduction technique. For example, the WTRU may use a lease configured to transmit uplink data. The uplink lease used for uplink transmission may or may not be using a PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU may be triggered to select one or more PAPR reduction techniques based on one or a combination of the following: - The RSRP of a reference signal is below a threshold. The RSRP may indicate to the WTRU a poor coverage situation for both the downlink and uplink. The WTRU can use the SSB and / or RS of CSI to measure the RSRP. The WTRU can be configured by gNB with a reference signal to be used for PAPR selection triggering. - The Power Amplitude (PH) calculated using the uplink transmission scheme is below a first configured limit. For example, the WTRU can be configured with a PH limit. If the WTRU calculates a PH below the limit, the WTRU triggers a PAPR reduction technique selection. - The number of active UL carriers in carrier aggregation mode has changed. Changes in active uplink carriers may be due to receiving MAC CEs enabling / disabling one or more uplink carriers or RRC configuration enabling / disabling one or more uplink carriers. • In one embodiment, WTRU can trigger the selection of the PAPR reduction technique if the number of active uplink carriers results in Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 43 / 65 38 / 59 transmission at maximum power by the WTRU. For example, after receiving a MAC CE activating multiple uplink carriers, the WTRU transmits at Pcmax power. The WTRU then triggers the selection of the PAPR reduction technique. Alternatively, the WTRU may be triggered to select a PAPR reduction technique if the WTRU receives a MAC / RRC CE configuration that disables the uplink carrier(s), which causes transmission at lower power. For example, the WTRU receives a MAC CE disabling an uplink carrier, which leads the WTRU to transmit at lower power and therefore there is no need to use the PAPR reduction technique to increase transmission power. • In another mode, the WTRU may trigger the selection of the PAPR reduction technique if the number of active uplink carriers is likely to result in power-scaled transmission. For example, after receiving a MAC CE activating multiple uplink carriers, the WTRU reaches its maximum transmission power and begins power scaling different transmissions on different carriers. The WTRU then initiates the selection of a PAPR reduction technique. Alternatively, the WTRU may be triggered to select a PAPR reduction technique if the WTRU receives a MAC / RRC CE configuration that disables the uplink carrier(s), causing power-scaled transmission on different carriers. - Dual connectivity for uplink transmission is enabled / disabled. For example, enabling dual connectivity results in the transmission power being scaled differently for transmissions at different nodes. - Changes in power class. Changes in power class may be due to reconfiguration of the power class network and / or changes in cycles. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 44 / 65 39 / 59 of uplink work and / or changes to SAR requirements.

[0182] After being prompted to select PAPR reduction techniques or receiving a scheduling condition or receiving a list of potential RB allocations, the WTRU selects and reports one or more PAPR reduction techniques. The selection of a PAPR reduction technique may also include the non-use of a PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU may determine that it is in a good coverage situation (e.g., the WTRU can achieve the desired BLER given the uplink channel conditions) and determine that there is no need to use a PAPR reduction technique. For example, the WTRU receives a scheduling condition from gNB and determines that, for the received scheduling conditions, there is no need to use a PAPR reduction technique. If the WTRU determines that it needs a PAPR reduction technique, the WTRU selects a PAPR reduction technique that meets at least one of the following conditions: - If the PAR technique is applied to an uplink transmission, the new PH calculated using the selected PAR technique will be above a second configured limit. - In the case of uplink carrier aggregation or dual connectivity, WTRU selects a PAIR reduction technique that leads to higher power transmission and / or no power scaling. - Higher transmission power. WTRU can select the PAR technique that achieves the highest transmission power. Each PAR reduction technique can achieve a different maximum transmission power. For example, a first PAR reduction technique may achieve Pmax,1 and a second PAR reduction technique may achieve Pmax,2 where Pmax,1 < Pmax,2.

[0183] In one mode, the WTRU can be configured to associate a Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 45 / 65 40 / 59 PAPR reduction technique to a priority. This means that WTRU can prioritize the use of one PAPR reduction technique over another PAPR reduction technique. When selecting a PAPR reduction technique, if two techniques are providing the same PAPR or PAPRs that are within the same range (the PAPR range can be programmed to WTRU and can be a set of PAPR values), WTRU selects the PAPR reduction technique with the highest priority.

[0184] In one embodiment, the WTRU can determine the PAPR reduction for a PAPR reduction technique by calculating the PAPR for possible uplink transmission with and without the PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU can be configured to determine the possible average increase in transmission power for uplink transmission based on the amount of PAPR reduction. For example, if PAPR is reduced by X dB, the possible average power increase will be Y dB. The WTRU can be configured with an association between various levels of PAPR reduction and the possible average power increase: TABLE 1 Reduction of PAPR. Possible increase in average transmission power. Xi dB Yi dB X2 dB Y2 dB X3 dB Y3 dB X4 dB Y4 dB

[0185] WTRU selects an FDSS technique with a first configuration if one or more of the following conditions are met: - The reduction in PAPR when applying an FDSS technique with an initial configuration is above a configured limit. The potential increase in average transmission power when applying an FDSS technique with an initial configuration is above a configured limit. The configured limit may depend on the calculated RSRP from SSB or CSI-RS. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 46 / 65 41 / 59 - The power amplitude when applying an FDSS technique with an initial configuration is above a configured limit. The number of additional frequency RBs required to apply an FDSS technique with an initial configuration is less than the number of additional frequency RBs configured for uplink transmission. [ 0186] WTRU selects an FDSS technique with a second configuration if one or more of the following items are met: - The reduction in PAPR when applying an FDSS technique with a second configuration is above a configured limit. The potential increase in transmission power when applying an FDSS technique with a second configuration is above a configured limit. The configured limit may depend on the calculated RSRP of SSB or CSI-RS. The power amplitude when applying an FDSS technique with a second configuration is above a configured limit. The number of additional frequency RBs required to apply an FDSS technique with a second configuration is less than the number of additional frequency RBs configured for uplink transmission. [ 0187] WTRU selects a TR technique with a first configuration if one or more of the following items are met: - The reduction in PAPR when applying a TR technique with an initial setting is above a configured limit. The potential average increase in transmission power when applying a TR technique with an initial configuration is above a configured limit. The configured limit may depend on the calculated RSRP from SSB or CSI-RS. - The power amplitude when applying a TR technique with an initial configuration is above a configured limit. - The number of additional frequency RBs needed to apply a Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 47 / 65 42 / 59 TR technique with an initial configuration is below the additional frequency RBs configured for uplink transmission. [ 0188] WTRU selects a TR technique with a second configuration if one or more of the following items are met: - The reduction in PAPR when applying a TR technique with a second setting is above a configured limit. - The potential average increase in transmission power when applying a TR technique with a second configuration above a configured limit. The configured limit may depend on the calculated RSRP from SSB or CSI-RS. The power amplitude when applying a TR technique with a second configuration is above a configured limit. The number of additional frequency RBs required to apply a TR technique with a second configuration is less than the number of additional frequency RBs configured for uplink transmission.

[0189] And the WTRU selects waveform switching if: The active waveform used for uplink transmission is CPOFDM. - The PAPR reduction when applying DFT-s-OFDM to the uplink transmission is above a configured limit. The potential average increase in transmission power when applying DFT-sOFDM is above a configured limit.

[0190] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured to indicate the preferred PAPR reduction technique using a PUCCH feature. Multiple PUCCH features can be configured, and each PUCCH feature is associated with a PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU transmits a PUCCH feature if the corresponding PAPR reduction technique is selected as the preferred PAPR reduction technique. If the WTRU does not select a reduction technique Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 48 / 65 43 / 59 of PAPR, the WTRU does not transmit the corresponding PUCCH resource. The WTRU can be configured to transmit a PUCCH resource that indicates more than one PAPR reduction technique. For example, the WTRU can be configured with a PUCCH format that carries more than N bits to indicate more than one preferred PAPR reduction technique, where N is the maximum number of potential PAPR reduction techniques that can be used. The WTRU can be configured to periodically transmit the PUCCH corresponding to the preferred PAPR reduction technique(s). The configuration indicates the periodic transmission time of a PUCCH resource. Alternatively, the WTRU can be triggered to transmit the PUCCH corresponding to the preferred PAPR reduction technique (a periodic report of the preferred PAPR reduction technique).For example, upon receiving scheduling conditions from gNB, the WTRU can receive the transmission time and PUCCH resource to report the preferred PAPR reduction technique. If a DCI is used to provide the scheduling conditions, the DCI can indicate the transmission time and PUCCH resource that indicates the preferred PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU can be configured to transmit the PUCCH indicating the preferred PAPR reduction technique(s), even when the PUCCH transmission overlaps with the PUCCH transmission. The UC can be configured to transmit both the PUCCH transmission and the PUCCH indicating the preferred PAPR reduction technique(s).

[0191] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured to report the preferred PAPR reduction technique in the PUSCH transmission. After selecting the preferred PAPR reduction technique, the WTRU can use the next available PUSCH grant to report the preferred PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU can use MAC CE within PUSCH to report the preferred PAPR reduction technique. Alternatively, the WTRU can use a combined UCI in PUSCH to indicate the preferred PAPR reduction technique. One Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 49 / 65 44 / 59 A new type of UCI can be introduced to support an indication of the preferred PAPR reduction technique. The new UCI can indicate one or more preferred PAPR reduction techniques by WTRU.

[0192] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured to prioritize between a PUSCH transmission and a PUCCH transmission to indicate the preferred PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU can be configured to discard the PUSCH transmission and instead transmit PUCCH indicating the preferred PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU may decide to discard the PUSCH transmission if the PAPR reduction technique configured for the PUSCH transmission is not among the preferred PAPR reduction techniques to be reported in the PUCCH transmission, or if the PUSCH transmission is not configured with a PAPR reduction technique.

[0193] The WTRU can be configured with an association between the RB configuration and the PAPR reduction technique. The RB configuration can include multiple RBs configured for uplink transmission, RB location within the uplink carrier, and uplink carrier. Upon receiving an uplink lease with the RB configuration, the WTRU determines the PAPR reduction technique to be used based on the configured association between the RB configuration and the PAPR reduction technique.

[0194] The WTRU can be configured to receive an indication of which PAPR reduction technique to use for uplink grant transmission in the scheduling DCI. In one mode, the indicated PAPR reduction technique may be valid only for scheduled uplink grant. Valid here means that the indicated PAPR reduction technique can be used by the WTRU for uplink transmissions. In one mode, the indicated PAPR reduction technique may be valid for a set of slots. The set of slots in which the PAPR reduction technique is valid can be indicated to the WTRU in the DCI of Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pages 50 / 65 45 / 59 programming can be pre-configured or fixed in the specification.

[0195] The WTRU may receive an unscheduled MAC or DCI CE indicating the PAPR reduction technique that the WTRU should use for a slot set. The WTRU may be instructed or requested to use a PAPR reduction technique or not use a PAPR reduction technique. The slot set may be indicated in the unscheduled MAC or DCI CE or pre-configured using RRC signaling.

[0196] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured semi-statically with the PAPR technique to be used. In this case, the WTRU continues to use the PAPR reduction technique for all scheduled uplink grants.

[0197] In one embodiment, the WTRU can determine the processing time set(s) for uplink grant based on the indicated PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU can determine the time-domain resource allocation table to be assumed for uplink scheduling based on the association between the PAPR reduction technique and the time-domain resource allocation table. Upon receiving an uplink grant from DCI scheduling, the WTRU uses the determined table and the TDRA bit field in the DCI to determine a time resource for uplink transmission.

[0198] In one embodiment, WTRU can select a PAPR reduction technique and use the uplink grants configured with the selected PAPR reduction technique, where each configured uplink grant can be associated with the PAPR reduction technique.

[0199] Figure 2 is a flowchart 200 of a method for PAPR reduction (e.g., a PAPR reduction technique), according to an embodiment.

[0200] A WTRU can perform one or more of the following actions: Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 51 / 65 46 / 59 - In 202, WTRU is configured with a list of PAPR reduction techniques (e.g., frequency spectrum shaping, tone reservation, and / or waveform switching) that can potentially be used for uplink coverage enhancements. - In 204, the WTRU (e.g., at least one WTRU processor) selects a PAPR reduction technique (e.g., from the configured list), determines the need for a PAPR reduction technique, or determines the need to change a PAPR reduction technique based on at least one of the following: • A power amplitude (PH), for example, based on the determination of a PH (e.g., for a UL transmission, such as a configured or scheduled UL transmission) is below (or above) a first configured limit. • The number of active UL carriers (e.g., in AC mode) is changed. • The maximum power of the WTRU or a carrier (e.g., Pcmax or Pcmax,c), for example, determined for a UL transmission exceeds a limit. • The transmission power of a transmission (e.g., a scheduled transmission) on one or more UL carriers is scaled or must be scaled. • The WTRU power class changes. - In 206, the WTRU (e.g., at least one WTRU transceiver) sends an indication (e.g., to a gNB) indicating the selected PAPR reduction technique(s), e.g., using a feature such as a PUCCH, for the transmission of the indication. • For example, the WTRU is configured with a feature (e.g., Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 52 / 65 47 / 59 PUCCH resource) to indicate a PAPR reduction technique, and the WTRU indicates the selected PAPR reduction technique using the resource. • For example, the WTRU is configured with a resource (e.g., PUCCH resource) associated with each PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU indicates the selected PAPR reduction technique using the resource associated with the selected PAPR reduction technique. - In 208, the WTRU (e.g., at least one WTRU transceiver) receives an indication of which PAPR reduction technique to use and, optionally, when or for how long to apply the indicated PAPR reduction technique(s). • For example: the WTRU receives a UL grant scheduling a UL transmission, and the UL grant DCI indicates whether a PAPR reduction technique should be used and, if so, which one. • For example, the WTRU receives an indication (e.g., via another DCI or a MAC-CE) indicating when or that the use of a PAPR reduction technique applies, e.g., for a period of time or a set of slots. • For example, the WTRU may receive an activation of a PAPR reduction technique and may apply the PAPR reduction technique to one or more UL transmissions until a deactivation is received or the activation of another PAPR reduction technique is received. - And in 210, the WTRU (e.g., at least one WTRU transceiver) transmits a UL transmission (e.g., the configured or programmed UL transmission) using the indicated PAPR reduction technique. • For example: WTRU transmits UL transmission using tone reservation, frequency shaping, or waveform switching (e.g., using a waveform specified in the DCI).

[0201] As described above, Figure 2 is a flowchart 200 that summarizes Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pages 53 / 65 48 / 59 the modality described above.

[0202] In one embodiment, the selection of a PAPR reduction technique is based on scaling parameters, for example, providing WTRU with a list of MCS.

[0203] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured by gNB with a list of MCS, and the WTRU indicates the preferred PAPR reduction technique for the MCS values ​​in the provided list. The configured MCS list can be a table with rows, each with a different modulation and encoding scheme. In one example, the WTRU can be provided only with MCS values, and then the WTRU provides the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each MCS value. In another example, the WTRU can be provided with MCS values ​​along with an uplink grant that the WTRU can assume when determining the preferred PAPR reduction technique for different MCS values. The uplink grant can be used to determine the preferred PAPR technique without necessarily being used for uplink transmission. The uplink grant can include the resources reserved for a PAPR reduction technique.WTRU can report to gNB the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each MCS value. Alternatively, WTRU can report to gNB the preferred PAPR reduction technique for a range of MCS values. For example, for a range of MCS values, WTRU reports the preferred PAPR reduction technique.

[0204] Described below is a modality in which WTRU receives a list of RB allocations.

[0205] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured by gNB with a list of RB allocations, and the WTRU indicates the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each RB allocation. Each RB allocation can include the additional RBs needed to enable a PAPR reduction technique. For example, Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 54 / 65 49 / 59 An RB allocation may include RBs for data transmission and additional RBs for a tone reservation technique to achieve a lower PAPR. In another example, the RB allocation may include RBs for data transmission and additional RBs for a frequency domain spectrum shaping technique to achieve a lower PAPR.

[0206] Alternatively, in one embodiment, a WTRU reports its methods of enhancing PAPR and / or MPR and its selective activation / deactivation.

[0207] For example, WTRU can report as a resource a set of PAPR reduction techniques or MPR techniques in the active cell or cell configuration (e.g., carrier aggregation). These PAPR reduction techniques can have MPR enhancements implemented / mapped in MPR tables from specifications, and therefore the gNB scheduler can know in advance for each UL grant a potential MPR improvement for a given RB and MCS allocation.

[0208] Since certain PAPR reduction techniques and / or MPR techniques may be transparent or non-transparent to non-transparent methods (such as those with spectrum expansion or tone reservation), WTRU may have to trigger these techniques with gNB knowledge, as certain UL resources (RBs) may have to be reserved.

[0209] Thus, in a UL power limitation scenario, the WTRU can trigger an indication to the gNB, signaling the situation. Upon receiving such an indication, the gNB can send a PAPR / MPR activation to the WTRU. The PAPR / MPR method activation can be sent via MAC CE, DCI (along with a valid grant) or RRC.

[0210] The activation method for a specific PAPR / MPR improvement scheme may include the following parameters or any combination of parameters: Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pages 55 / 65 50 / 59 - Activation indication. - An indication of the PAPR reduction method and / or MPR method. This can be an index pointing to the correct method in a table. - An indication or list of indices pointing to the PAPR reduction method and / or the MPR method that are activated. - A specific RB map (RB region within the carrier or aggregated carriers) and possibly where a specific indicated / activated method can be applied. - A minimum MCS or an index towards the minimum MCS in the MCS table. [ 0211] Activation of the PAPR / MPR improvement method may be associated with a specific type of UL grant. [ 0212] The deactivation of a PAPR / MPR method can be triggered by the following factors / conditions or by a combination of factors: - A PHR report where the amplitude is above a configured limit or a known limit assumed by WTRU. - A UL lease configured with a specific active UL, such as a semi-persistent one, linked to an enabled PAPR / MPR method, which is disabled by MAC CE or Downlink Control Signaling (DCI). - A carrier aggregation reconfiguration. - Following a beam switch in a specific carrier or CG (group of cells).

[0213] In one embodiment, a WTRU is endowed with a list of repletion numbers.

[0214] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured by gNB with a list of repeater numbers for uplink transmission, and the WTRU indicates the preferred PAPR reduction technique for the list of repeater numbers provided by gNB. The WTRU can be provided with only a list of repeater numbers. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pages 56 / 65 51 / 59 repetition, and then the WTRU provides the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each repetition number. Alternatively, the WTRU may be provided with a list of repetition numbers along with the uplink grant that the WTRU may assume when determining the preferred PAPR reduction technique for different repetition numbers. The uplink grant may be used to determine the preferred PAPR technique without necessarily being used for uplink transmission. The uplink grant may include the resources reserved for a PAPR reduction technique. The WTRU may report to the gNB the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each repetition number. Alternatively, the WTRU may report to the gNB the preferred PAPR reduction technique for a range of repetition numbers.

[0215] In one embodiment, WTRU is equipped with a list of TBoMS configurations.

[0216] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured by the gNB with a list of TBoMS configurations for uplink transmission, and the WTRU indicates the preferred PAPR reduction technique for the list of TBoMS configurations provided by the gNB. The TBoMS configurations may consist of the number of slots in which a TB can be transmitted, the number of repetitions for the TB (the total number of slots allocated for TB transmission is the number of repetitions multiplied by the number of slots per TB transmission). The WTRU may be provided with only a list of TBoMS configurations, and then the WTRU provides the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each TBoMS configuration. Alternatively, the WTRU may receive a list of TBoMS configurations along with the uplink grant, which the WTRU may assume when determining the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each different TBoMS configuration.The uplink grant can be used to determine the preferred PAPR technique without necessarily being used for uplink transmission. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 57 / 65 52 / 59 Uplink allocation may include resources reserved for a PAPR reduction technique. WTRU may report the preferred PAPR reduction technique to gNB for each TBoMS configuration. Alternatively, WTRU may report the preferred PAPR reduction technique to gNB for multiple TBoMS configurations.

[0217] In one embodiment, a WTRU is equipped with a list of BLER destinations.

[0218] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured by gNB with a list of BLER destinations for uplink transmission, and the WTRU indicates the preferred PAPR reduction technique for the list of BLER destinations provided by gNB. The WTRU can be provided only with a list of TBoMS configurations, and then the WTRU provides the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each BLER destination. Alternatively, the WTRU can be provided with a list of BLER destinations along with the uplink grant that the WTRU can assume when determining the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each different BLER destination. The uplink grant can be used to determine the preferred PAPR technique without necessarily being used for uplink transmission. The uplink grant can include the resources reserved for a PAPR reduction technique.WTRU can report to gNB the preferred PAPR reduction technique for each BLER destination. Alternatively, WTRU can report to gNB the preferred PAPR reduction technique for multiple BLER destinations.

[0219] In one modality, a WTRU is equipped with a list of scheduling parameters.

[0220] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive a list of scheduling parameters from gNB and, based on the indicated scheduling parameters, the WTRU determines whether a PAPR reduction technique is necessary. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 58 / 65 53 / 59 or not, and if necessary, the WTRU indicates the preferred PAPR reduction technique to be used for uplink transmission. For example, the WTRU may receive a destination MCS from gNB for uplink scheduling and, based on the indicated MCS, the WTRU determines the preferred PAPR reduction technique. In another example, the WTRU may be provided with a set of RBs and, based on the indicated set of RBs, determine the preferred PAPR reduction technique to be used for the indicated set of RBs. In another example, the WTRU may receive an indication for the destination scheduling time and, based on the indicated time, determines the preferred PAPR reduction technique. The scheduling parameters may be one or more of the following: - Destination MCS for uplink transmission. Including a single MCS value, multiple MCS values, and MCS table indication. - Set of RBs for uplink transmission. Including the frequency location of the RB set (which uplink carrier and location within a carrier) and the number of RBs. - Uplink transmission timing. Including one or more slots for uplink transmission, as well as slot symbols. - Repetition number for uplink transmission. The WTRU can receive an indication of the number of repetitions that will be used for uplink transmission, and the WTRU determines whether a PAPR reduction technique is necessary or not, and the preferred PAPR technique. - If multi-slot TB will be used from the uplink grant. WTRU can determine if PAPR reduction is necessary when multi-slot TB will be used and the preferred PAPR reduction technique. - Destination BLER for uplink transmission. Based on the BLER indicated for uplink transmission, WTRU determines if PAPR reduction is necessary and which PAPR reduction technique is preferred. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 59 / 65 54 / 59

[0221] The WTRU can receive the list of scheduling parameters mentioned above using RRC or MAC or DCI CE signaling. Alternatively, a combination of RRC and DCI or RRC and MAC CE or MAC and DCI CE can be used to indicate the scheduling parameters. In one example, the WTRU can be provided by the RRC with a list of scheduling parameters and the MAC or DCI CE can activate the scheduling parameters. Activation here means an indication of a pre-configured list of scheduling parameters and the WTRU to start selecting a PAPR reduction technique considering the indicated scheduling parameters. In another example, the WTRU can be provided by the MAC CE with a list of scheduling parameters and the DCI to activate scheduling parameters. Activation here means an indication to start selecting a PAPR reduction technique considering the indicated scheduling parameters.

[0222] The RRC configuration of a scheduling parameter list can be a table with rows indicating scheduling parameters and columns indicating different parameters described above (e.g., target MCS, RB set, number of repetitions, target BLER) as shown in the table below: TABLE 2 EXAMPLE OF SCHEDULING PARAMETER LIST CONFIGURATION Destination MCS Set of RBs Number of repetitions Destination BLER Scheduling parameters 1 MCS1 S1 N1 BLER1 Scheduling parameters 2 MCS2 S2 N2 BLER2 Scheduling parameters 3 MCS3 S3 N3 BLER3

[0223] In one mode, a WTRU transmits a UL transmission Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pages 60 / 65 55 / 59 using the determined PAPR reduction technique.

[0224] The WTRU can determine whether a PAPR reduction technique is required, which PAPR reduction technique, based on at least the scheduling parameters, should be used, and whether to use a PAPR reduction technique for a UL transmission. The uplink transmission can be a scheduled uplink transmission or a configured grant transmission. The WTRU transmits the uplink transmission using the determined PAPR reduction technique. For example, the WTRU determines, based on the scheduling parameters, that tone reservation should be used for PAPR reduction and applies tone reservation to the uplink transmission. In another example, the WTRU determines that FDSS should be used for PAPR reduction based on the scheduling parameters and then applies FDSS to the uplink transmission.

[0225] Figure 3 is a flowchart 300 of a method for determining the possibility of using, and using a PAPR reduction technique, according to a modality.

[0226] In one example of a modality, as described in conjunction with flowchart 300 in Figure 3, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions: - In 302, the WTRU (e.g., at least one non-volatile or volatile WTRU memory) is configured with a list of PAR reduction techniques (e.g., frequency spectrum shaping, tone reservation, and / or waveform switching) that can potentially be used for uplink coverage enhancements. - In 304, the WTRU (receives (e.g., at least one WTRU transceiver) via a UL grant, through a configuration such as a configured grant configuration) one or more scheduling parameters for at least one UL transmission, which may include one or more of the following: Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 61 / 65 56 / 59 • An MCS (e.g., target MCS) • A set of RBs • Multiple repetitions • Whether or not TBoMS should be used • A target BLER - In 306, the WTRU (e.g., at least one WTRU processor) determines, based on at least one of the scheduling parameters, the possibility of using a PAPR reduction technique for a UL transmission (e.g., a UL transmission scheduled by grant or UL configuration) and, if so, which PAPR reduction technique(s). - And in 308, the WTRU (e.g., at least one WTRU transceiver) transmits a UL transmission (e.g., the programmed UL transmission) using the determined PAR reduction technique(s). • For example: WTRU transmits UL transmission using tone reservation, frequency shaping, or waveform switching.

[0227] Figure 4 is a flowchart 400 of a procedure implemented by a WTRU for PAPR reduction, according to a modality.

[0228] In 402, a PAPR reduction technique is selected (e.g., by a WTRU, such as an appliance or one or more WTRU processors) in response to one or more scheduling parameters.

[0229] And in 404, a signal is transmitted (for example, a UL signal is transmitted by a WTRU, such as a device or one or more WTRU processors) using the selected PAPR reduction technique.

[0230] Figure 5 is a 500 flowchart of a procedure implemented by a WTRU for PAPR rejection, according to a modality.

[0231] In 502, a WTRU (for example, one or more WTRU transceivers) receives a configuration that indicates one or more reduction techniques. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pp. 62 / 65 57 / 59 Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR),

[0232] In 504, the WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU processors) selects, from at least one of the one or more PAPR reduction techniques, a first peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) reduction technique (e.g., the one for which the WTRU is configured).

[0233] In 506, the WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU transceivers) sends, to a network, the first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique (e.g., selected by one or more WTRU processors).

[0234] In 508, the WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU transceivers) receives second information from the network indicating to apply (e.g., use, implement) a second PAPR reduction technique.

[0235] And in 510, WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU transceivers) sends third information while WTRU (e.g., WTRU circuit set) applies (e.g., uses, implements) the second PAPR reduction technique indicated.

[0236] Figure 6 is a flowchart 600 of a method for determining the possibility of using, and using a PAPR reduction technique, according to another modality.

[0237] In 602, a WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU transceivers) receives a programming parameter (e.g., and / or a value of a programming parameter and / or a correspondence between a programming parameter or a value thereof and a Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) reduction technique).

[0238] In 604, the WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU processors) determines, based on the received scheduling parameter (e.g., and / or a value of a scheduling parameter and / or a match between a Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pages 63 / 65 58 / 59 scheduling parameter or a value thereof and a Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) reduction technique), whether a Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) reduction technique should be applied (e.g., used, implemented) during a transmission according to the received scheduling parameter (e.g., and / or a value of a scheduling parameter and / or a match between a scheduling parameter or a value thereof and a Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) reduction technique).

[0239] In 606, the WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU processors) selects, based on the received scheduling parameter (e.g., and / or a value of a scheduling parameter and / or a match between a scheduling parameter or a value thereof and a Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) reduction technique) and in response to the determination to apply (e.g., use, implement) a PAPR reduction technique, a PAPR reduction technique for which the WTRU is configured.

[0240] And in 608, the WTRU (e.g., one or more WTRU transceivers) transmits information while applying (e.g., using, implementing) the selected PAPR reduction technique.

[0241] Although the features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will find that each feature or element can be used by itself or in any combination with the other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted by wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a memory-only Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, pages 64 / 65 59 / 59 read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital versatile discs (DVDs). A processor in conjunction with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, WTRU terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. Petition 870260073866, dated 07 / 24 / 2026, page 65 / 65

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), wherein the method is CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: receiving a configuration indicating two or more different peak-to-average power reduction (PAPR) techniques; selecting, from among the two or more different PAPR reduction techniques, a first PAPR reduction technique; sending, to a network, the first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique; receiving, from the network, second information indicating the use of a second PAPR reduction technique; and sending third information using the indicated second PAPR reduction technique.

2. Method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the second PAPR reduction technique is the same as the first PAPR reduction technique.

3. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises selecting the first PAPR reduction technique and / or sending the first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique based on a trigger condition.

4. Method according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED in that the drive condition includes one or more of (i) a power amplitude (PH) with respect to a PH limit, (ii) a change in the number of active carriers, (iii) a maximum power of the WTRU or a carrier exceeding a limit, (iv) a change in the power class of the WTRU, or (v) determining the scaling or staging of a transmission power on one or more carriers. Petition 870250071198, dated 08 / 13 / 2025, pp. 84 / 87 2 / 4 5. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that: the selection includes selecting, from one or more PAPR reduction techniques, several PAPR reduction techniques, including the first PAPR reduction technique; and the initial information transmission includes sending, to the network, the initial information indicating the multiple PAPR reduction techniques.

6. Method, according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises determining the use of a PAPR reduction technique based on the firing condition.

7. Method, according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises: determining the change of the second PAPR reduction technique based on the triggering condition; and sending, to the network, a fourth piece of information indicating a request to change the second PAPR.

8. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the first PAPR reduction technique and / or the second PAPR reduction technique are / are any tone reservation, frequency spectrum shaping or waveform switching.

9. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises receiving, from the network, a fourth piece of information indicating a duration of time during which to use the second indicated PAPR reduction technique.

10. Wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: at least one transceiver configured to receive a configuration that indicates two or more different Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques; a circuit set configured to implement the two or more different PAPR reduction techniques; at least one processor configured to select, from among the two or more different PAPR reduction techniques, a first PAPR reduction technique; and at least one additionally configured transceiver: to send, to a network, the first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique; to receive, from the network, a second piece of information indicating the implementation of a second PAPR reduction technique; and to send third-party information during the implementation of the indicated second PAPR reduction technique.

11. WTRU, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the second PAPR reduction technique is the same as the first PAPR reduction technique.

12. WTRU, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor is configured to select the first PAPR reduction technique and / or at least one transceiver is configured to send the first information indicating the first PAPR reduction technique based on a trigger condition.

13. WTRU, according to claim 12, CHARACTERIZED in that the drive condition includes one or more of (i) a power amplitude (PH) with a relationship to a PH limit, (ii) a change in the number of active carriers, (iii) a maximum power of the WTRU or of a carrier that exceeds a limit, (iv) a change in the power class of the WTRU, or (v) of Petition 870250071198, dated 08 / 13 / 2025, pp. 86 / 87 4 / 4 terminate the scaling or staging of a transmission power on one or more carriers.

14. WTRU, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that: at least one processor is configured to select, from among two or more different PAPR reduction techniques, several PAPR reduction techniques, including the first PAPR reduction technique; and at least one transceiver is configured to send the first information to the network indicating the multiple PAPR reduction techniques.

15. WTRU, according to claim 12, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor is configured to determine the implementation of a PAPR reduction technique based on the firing condition.

16. WTRU, according to claim 12, CHARACTERIZED in that: at least one processor is configured to determine the change of the second PAPR reduction technique based on the trigger condition; and at least one transceiver is configured to send, to the network, the fourth piece of information indicating a request to change the second PAPR.

17. WTRU, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the first PAPR reduction technique and / or the second PAPR reduction technique are / is any one or more of tone reservation, frequency spectrum shaping or waveform switching.

18. WTRU, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one transceiver is configured to receive, from the network, a fourth piece of information indicating a duration of time during which the circuit is configured to implement the second indicated PAPR reduction technique. Petition 870250071198, dated 08 / 13 / 2025, pp. 87 / 87

Images