Positive and positive perovskite laminated solar cells based on N-heterocyclic carbene precursor and preparation method and application of positive and positive perovskite laminated solar cells

Abstract

The invention provides a positive and positive perovskite laminated solar cell based on an N-heterocyclic carbene precursor and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of solar cells, and the positive and positive perovskite laminated solar cell comprises a substrate layer; an electron transport layer stacked on the substrate layer; the perovskite light absorption layer is laminated on the electron transport layer; the hole transport layer is laminated on the perovskite light absorption layer; an electrode layer laminated on the hole transport layer; the N-heterocyclic carbene precursor is used for modifying the positively-arranged perovskite laminated solar cell and the positively-arranged perovskite laminated solar cell (at least one of three is selected) by adopting the following A-C: A, adding the N-heterocyclic carbene precursor into a perovskite light absorption layer; b, arranging an N-heterocyclic carbene precursor between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorption layer; and C, arranging the N-heterocyclic carbene precursor between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorption layer. According to the invention, the N-heterocyclic carbene precursor is adopted to modify the positive perovskite solar cell so as to improve the quality of the perovskite thin film, the photoelectric property of the cell and the long-term stability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of solar cells, and in particular to an orthogonal and orthogonal perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, and a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a research hotspot in the new energy sector. Due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, including high light absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, tunable band gap, and low-temperature solution processability, perovskite materials have achieved significant improvements in power conversion efficiency (PCE) in a short period of time. However, perovskite materials are highly sensitive to environmental factors such as humidity, oxygen, light, and heat, leading to their proneness to decomposition or phase transitions in practical applications, which in turn severely impacts the long-term stability and reliability of the devices.

[0003] At present, in order to improve the environmental stability of perovskite solar cells, a variety of technical solutions have been proposed. For example, Chinese patents CN 118488721 A and CN 118401079 A improve the interface charge transfer and reduce interface defects by introducing ionic liquids for interface modification or introducing a passivation layer, thereby improving the stability of the device. In addition, the authorized patent CN114242902 B and the Chinese patent with publication number CN 118829254A have also achieved certain results in improving the crystallization quality of the film and reducing the defect density by introducing functional additives into the perovskite precursor solution or film formation process.

[0004] While the aforementioned strategies have a positive impact on device stability to a certain extent, they still face several challenges in practical applications: On the one hand, uneven distribution of interface modification materials may introduce new defects or charge accumulation areas; on the other hand, differences in chemical compatibility between the modification materials and the perovskite or charge transport layer may also lead to interface instability, thereby weakening the overall performance of the device. Regarding additive regulation strategies, improper dosage control or uneven distribution in the film can easily cause crystal distortion or the formation of new defects. Some common additives, such as organic amines (e.g., ethylenediamine (EDA)) or halide salts (e.g., methylammonium chloride (MACl),) also face volatilization and decomposition issues under high temperature or strong light conditions, which in turn affects the long-term operational stability of the device.

[0005] Given these challenges, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly efficient and adaptable bulk or interface control methods to further enhance the stability and consistency of the perovskite light-absorbing layer and its interface structure, thereby enabling efficient and stable operation of perovskite solar cells. This present invention is based on this technical background. Summary of the Invention

[0006] One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, so as to at least solve one of the technical problems existing in the prior art.

[0007] The second object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor.

[0008] The third object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor and its application in the preparation of solar cells.

[0009] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, the following technical solutions are adopted:

[0010] In a first aspect, the present invention provides an inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, comprising: a substrate layer;

[0011] an electron transport layer, stacked on the substrate layer;

[0012] A perovskite light-absorbing layer, stacked on the electron transport layer;

[0013] a hole transport layer, stacked on the perovskite light-absorbing layer;

[0014] an electrode layer, stacked on the hole transport layer;

[0015] Among them, one or more of the following three methods A to C are used to modify the normal and normal perovskite tandem solar cells with nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors:

[0016] A. Adding nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors to the perovskite light-absorbing layer;

[0017] B. placing a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer;

[0018] C. Place the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0019] In an optional embodiment, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor includes at least one of a 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium salt, a 1,2,4-triazolium salt, a 1,3-bis(substituted)tetrahydroimidazolium salt, a benzimidazolium salt, a thiazole salt, a pyrimidine salt, an imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinium salt, and an imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium salt.

[0020] In an optional embodiment, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor includes at least one of imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole and benzotriazolium salt derivatives having a polymerizable functional group;

[0021] More preferably, the polymerizable functional group includes at least one of a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-carbon triple bond.

[0022] In an alternative embodiment, the cationic formula of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor comprises

[0023] At least one of;

[0024] More preferably, R1 comprises at least one of a carbon chain and a carbon ring having a main chain atom number of 1 to 10, and a carbon chain and a heterocycle containing heteroatoms;

[0025] More preferably, R2 comprises at least one of a carbon chain and a carbon ring having a main chain atom number of 1 to 10, and a carbon chain and a heterocycle containing heteroatoms;

[0026] Further preferably, at least one of R1 and R2 has a chemical formula including a carbon-carbon double bond and / or a carbon-carbon triple bond;

[0027] More preferably, the heteroatom includes at least one of O, S, N and Si.

[0028] In an alternative embodiment, the counterion in the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor comprises F - 、Cl - Br - , I - HCOO - CF3HCOO - 、BF4 - PF6 - , BPh4 - CF3SO3 - 、SO4 2- 、HSO4 - and SCN - At least one of .

[0029] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor. The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied by at least one of spin coating, blade coating, and evaporation. The method comprises the following steps:

[0030] An electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a hole transport layer and an electrode layer are sequentially prepared on the substrate layer;

[0031] When the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to modify the inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells using method A, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor solution is added to the precursor solution of the perovskite light absorbing layer and applied to the electron transport layer by spin coating or doctor blade coating;

[0032] When the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to modify the inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells using method B, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied in solution form by spin coating or doctor blade coating, or in powder form by evaporation, and is positioned between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer;

[0033] When the C method is used to modify the inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells with a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied in solution form by spin coating or blade coating, or in powder form by evaporation, and is applied between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0034] In an optional embodiment, the concentration of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor solution is 0.1-10 mg / mL.

[0035] In an alternative embodiment, the solvent of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor solution includes at least one of chlorobenzene, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, butanol, DMF, DMSO, GBL, acetonitrile, and NMP.

[0036] In an optional embodiment, the applying method includes at least one of spin coating, blade coating and evaporation;

[0037] More preferably, the spin coating speed is 500 to 5000 rpm;

[0038] Further preferably, after the applying step, an annealing treatment is performed;

[0039] More preferably, the annealing temperature is 30 to 150°C;

[0040] More preferably, the annealing time is 1 to 30 minutes;

[0041] More preferably, the evaporation temperature is 50-100°C;

[0042] More preferably, the evaporation rate is

[0043] More preferably, the vacuum pressure of the vacuum chamber during the evaporation is 5×10 -4 Below Pa;

[0044] More preferably, the thickness of the vapor deposition is 0.1 to 100 nm.

[0045] In a third aspect, the present invention provides an application of a preparation method in preparing solar cells, wherein the solar cells include at least one of an upright perovskite solar cell, an upright stacked perovskite solar cell, and a crystalline silicon-upright perovskite stacked solar cell.

[0046] In summary, compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects:

[0047] 1. Improve the quality of perovskite films

[0048] The present invention introduces a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor as an additive and adds it to the precursor solution of the perovskite light absorbing layer. The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor has excellent coordination ability and chemical stability and can react with metal cations (such as Pb 2+ or Sn 2+ ) undergo coordination reactions, thereby regulating the nucleation and crystallization processes of perovskite.

[0049] ●Effectively slow down the crystal growth rate and avoid non-uniform crystallization;

[0050] ●Reduce grain boundary defects and pinholes, improve film density and crystal quality;

[0051] ●Significantly increase the grain size and improve the transmission efficiency of photogenerated carriers.

[0052] 2. Optimizing interface contact and charge extraction

[0053] Nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors can be applied as interface modifiers between the perovskite and the electron / hole transport layer, effectively passivating the interface by binding to uncoordinated metal cations or halide anions.

[0054] ●Reduce non-radiative recombination at the interface and reduce the charge recombination rate;

[0055] ●Inhibit ion migration and improve device stability;

[0056] v significantly increases the open circuit voltage of the device (V oc ) and fill factor (FF).

[0057] 3. Enhance the environmental stability of the device

[0058] The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor itself has excellent thermal stability, moisture resistance and chemical inertness, and can effectively protect the structural integrity of the perovskite layer.

[0059] ●Inhibit perovskite decomposition or phase separation in high temperature and high humidity environments;

[0060] ● Improve the reliability and long-term operation capability of devices under complex environmental conditions.

[0061] 4. Good molecular designability and process compatibility

[0062] The molecular structure of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is adjustable, and its function can be further expanded through functional group modification. It exhibits good solubility and is suitable for various preparation processes such as spin coating, blade coating, and evaporation.

[0063] ●Easy to integrate into the existing industrial process of inverse structure perovskite cells;

[0064] vAchieve coordinated optimization of structure and function to improve overall device performance.

[0065] 5. Give devices multi-dimensional performance improvement potential

[0066] Nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors exhibit synergistic effects in perovskite crystallization regulation, interface engineering and environmental stability, providing a systematic solution for achieving high efficiency and high stability in ortho-perovskite cells.

[0067] ● Improve photoelectric conversion efficiency;

[0068] ●Extend device life;

[0069] ●Expand its application prospects under harsh conditions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0070] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the specific embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0071] Figure 1 A schematic structural diagram of the upright perovskite solar cell provided by the present invention;

[0072] Figure 2 A schematic structural diagram of an upright stacked perovskite solar cell provided by the present invention;

[0073] Figure 3 A schematic structural diagram of a crystalline silicon-upright perovskite tandem solar cell provided by the present invention;

[0074] Figure 4 This is the SEM image of the untreated perovskite surface in Comparative Example 1;

[0075] Figure 5 This is the SEM image of the perovskite surface after treatment in Example 1;

[0076] Figure 6 This is the maximum power point stability test diagram under lighting conditions, where: Figure 6 The control group is Comparative Example 1, and the experimental group is Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0077] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments.

[0078] In a first aspect, the present invention provides an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, comprising: a substrate layer; an electron transport layer stacked on the substrate layer; a perovskite light absorbing layer stacked on the electron transport layer; a hole transport layer stacked on the perovskite light absorbing layer; and an electrode layer stacked on the hole transport layer; wherein the inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell is modified by the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor using the following A to C: A. adding the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor to the perovskite light absorbing layer; B. arranging the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer; C. arranging the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0079] The present invention uses nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors as additives and interface modifiers for normal perovskite solar cells to improve the quality, photoelectric performance and long-term stability of perovskite films. The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors can be added as additives to the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors have unique strong coordination ability and chemical stability, and can react with metal cations (such as Pb) in the perovskite precursor solution. 2 + or Sn2+) to coordinate, precisely control the perovskite crystallization process, delay excessive crystal growth, avoid the generation of grain boundary defects, thereby forming a high-quality, uniform and dense perovskite film, reducing pinholes and non-radiative recombination centers, and significantly improving the grain size and the transmission efficiency of photogenerated carriers. In addition, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor can also be used as an interface modifier, which can effectively passivate the interface between the perovskite and the transport layer (including the electron transport layer or the hole transport layer), and reduce the interfacial charge recombination by interacting with uncoordinated metal cations or halogen anions, filling the grain boundaries to inhibit ion migration, significantly improving the open circuit voltage Voc and fill factor FF, and delaying the performance degradation caused by ion migration. In addition, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor exhibits excellent chemical stability, thermal stability and moisture resistance, and can maintain the structural integrity of the perovskite film in harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity, prevent phase separation and moisture erosion, and greatly improve the environmental adaptability and long-term stability of the battery. Furthermore, nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors have adjustable molecular structures and good solubility. Their functionality can be further optimized through molecular design, making them easily compatible with existing perovskite cell fabrication processes. Therefore, nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors not only demonstrate significant advantages in improving the crystalline quality and optoelectronic properties of perovskite films, but also demonstrate versatility and broad application prospects in interface engineering and stability optimization, enabling the preparation of high-efficiency, highly stable, inverted perovskite solar cells.

[0080] Furthermore, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor includes at least one of 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts, 1,2,4-triazolium salts, 1,3-bis(substituted)tetrahydroimidazolium salts, benzimidazolium salts, thiazole salts, pyrimidine salts and special precursors imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinium salts and imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium salts.

[0081] Furthermore, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor includes at least one of imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole and benzotriazolium salt derivatives having a polymerizable functional group;

[0082] More preferably, the polymerizable functional group includes at least one of a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-carbon triple bond.

[0083] In the present invention, the tunable molecular structure of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is utilized to introduce imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, and benzotriazolium salt derivatives with polymerizable functional groups (such as carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds).

[0084] Furthermore, the cationic chemical formula of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is At least one of;

[0085] More preferably, R1 comprises at least one of a carbon chain and a carbon ring having a main chain atom number of 1 to 10, and a carbon chain and a heterocycle containing heteroatoms;

[0086] More preferably, R2 comprises at least one of a carbon chain and a carbon ring having a main chain atom number of 1 to 10, and a carbon chain and a heterocycle containing heteroatoms;

[0087] Further preferably, at least one of R1 and R2 has a chemical formula including a carbon-carbon double bond and / or a carbon-carbon triple bond;

[0088] More preferably, the heteroatom includes at least one of O, S, N and Si.

[0089] In the present invention, R1 and R2 can be a carbon chain or a carbon ring with a main chain number of 1 to 10 atoms, or a carbon chain or a heterocycle containing heteroatoms. Optionally, at least one of R1 and R2 has a chemical formula containing a carbon-carbon double bond and / or a carbon-carbon triple bond;

[0090] Furthermore, the counter ions in the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor include F - 、Cl - Br - , I - HCOO - CF3HCOO - 、BF4 - PF6 - , BPh4- CF3SO3 - 、SO4 2- 、HSO4 - and SCN - At least one of .

[0091] The present invention effectively passivates the surface defects of the perovskite light-absorbing layer and inhibits ion migration by introducing nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors (usually imidazolium salts or other similar onium salt compounds, which can generate nitrogen heterocyclic carbene with strong coordination ability under alkaline conditions or thermal decomposition). In addition, by utilizing the tunability of the molecular structure of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, unsaturated bonds are introduced into its molecule to solve the problem of discontinuous distribution of the modified material. This method can significantly improve the efficiency and long-term stability of inverted and inverted stacked perovskite solar cells, providing a solution for the development of efficient and stable perovskite devices.

[0092] Specifically, nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors are usually onium salts (such as imidazolium salts), which have good solubility and processability. They can be directly added to the perovskite precursor solution or used for interface modification layer through solution method. They are compatible with the existing perovskite solar cell preparation process and are suitable for the preparation and industrialization of large-area devices. The lone pair electrons in its molecular structure have strong coordination ability and can react with the metal cations (such as Pb 2 + or Sn2+) to coordinate, precisely control the crystallization process of perovskite, slow down the crystal growth kinetics, inhibit the generation of grain boundary defects and pinholes, and thus form a uniform, dense, high-quality film. In addition, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor can passivate the deep energy level defects and non-radiative recombination centers in the perovskite light-absorbing layer, significantly reduce the recombination loss of carriers, and improve the lifetime and mobility of photogenerated carriers, thereby improving the crystallization quality and photoelectric performance of the perovskite light-absorbing layer. More importantly, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor not only plays a role in the perovskite bulk phase, but also can optimize the performance of the perovskite / transport layer interface through interface modification. It can interact with uncoordinated metal cations, halogen anions or other defect sites at the interface, passivate interface defects, reduce interface charge recombination, and inhibit the formation of ion migration channels, especially limiting the halogen ions (such as I- or Br - ) migration, thereby significantly reducing the electrochemical degradation problem caused by ion migration, thereby improving the open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) of the device and extending the operating life of the device.

[0093] In addition, as an onium salt, the counter ions of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor are highly tunable. By optimizing the counter ions (such as halogen ions, tetrafluoroborate, etc.), the solubility, coordination ability and interface modification effect of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor can be further enhanced. For example, the selection of specific counter ions can not only improve the dispersibility of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor in the perovskite precursor solution, but also further inhibit ion migration and charge recombination by interacting with ions in the perovskite film or interface, effectively improving the operational stability of the perovskite battery. Furthermore, through molecular design, polymerizable functional groups such as alkynes are introduced into the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, so that they are polymerized in situ at the perovskite grain boundaries and interfaces to form a three-dimensional polymer network. This polymer network can not only significantly reduce the risk of moisture and oxygen penetrating into the perovskite light-absorbing layer through grain boundaries or interface defects, preventing perovskite decomposition, but also reduce defect density, inhibit lateral carrier transport and ion migration, thereby further improving the quality of the perovskite film and the environmental stability of the device. Compared to directly adding preformed polymers, in-situ polymerization of nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors ensures uniform distribution of the polymer network within the perovskite film and at the interface, avoiding problems such as phase separation. This allows for efficient cross-linking even at low doping concentrations, significantly improving the overall performance of the perovskite film. Furthermore, the polymer's low volatility and high thermal stability provide enhanced resistance to moisture and heat over long periods of operation, significantly extending the lifespan of perovskite solar cells.

[0094] Therefore, through the multiple effects of bulk phase regulation, interface modification, counterion optimization, and in situ polymerization, nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors can not only improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells, but also demonstrate unique advantages in long-term stability and environmental adaptability. This strategy combines high efficiency, operability, and scalability. It is not only suitable for the development of high-efficiency small-area devices, but also provides a solution for the large-scale preparation and long-term stable operation of large-area perovskite solar cells, and has broad application prospects.

[0095] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor. The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied by at least one of spin coating, blade coating, and evaporation. The method comprises the following steps:

[0096] An electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a hole transport layer and an electrode layer are sequentially prepared on the substrate layer;

[0097] When the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to modify the normal and normal perovskite tandem solar cells using method A, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is added to the precursor solution of the perovskite light absorbing layer and applied to the electron transport layer by spin coating or doctor blade coating;

[0098] When the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to modify the inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells using method B, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied in solution form by spin coating or doctor blade coating, or in powder form by evaporation, and is positioned between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer;

[0099] When the C method is used to modify the inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells with a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied in solution form by spin coating or blade coating, or in powder form by evaporation, and the position is between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0100] In the present invention, the base layer includes at least one of a conductive base and a crystalline silicon substrate, wherein the conductive base is specifically conductive glass.

[0101] Furthermore, the concentration of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor solution is 0.1 to 10 mg / mL, for example, it can be 0.1 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL, 1.5 mg / mL, 2 mg / mL, 2.5 mg / mL, 3 mg / mL, 3.5 mg / mL, 4 mg / mL, 4.5 mg / mL, 5 mg / mL, 5.5 mg / mL, 6 mg / mL, 6.5 mg / mL, 7 mg / mL, 7.5 mg / mL, 8 mg / mL, 8.5 mg / mL, 9 mg / mL, 9.5 mg / mL, 10 mg / mL, etc.

[0102] Furthermore, the solvent of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor solution includes at least one of chlorobenzene, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, butanol, DMF, DMSO, GBL, acetonitrile, and NMP.

[0103] Furthermore, the application method includes at least one of spin coating, blade coating and evaporation;

[0104] Further preferably, the evaporation process comprises: placing the heterocyclic carbene precursor in a crucible of the evaporation chamber, and controlling the evaporation temperature to be 50 to 100° C., for example, 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C., 100° C., etc., and further preferably the temperature is 60 to 80° C.;

[0105] More preferably, the evaporation rate is controlled at For example it could be etc., further optimizing the rate The vacuum pressure of the vacuum chamber is controlled at 5×10 -4 Below Pa;

[0106] More preferably, the vapor deposition thickness is 0.1 to 100 nm, for example, 0.1 nm, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, etc., and more preferably, the thickness is 0.5 to 30 nm;

[0107] More preferably, the spin coating speed is 500 to 5000 rpm, for example, 500 rpm, 850 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm, 4500 rpm, 5000 rpm, etc.

[0108] Further preferably, after the applying step, an annealing treatment is performed;

[0109] More preferably, the annealing temperature is 30 to 150° C., for example, 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C., 100° C., 110° C., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., etc.

[0110] More preferably, the annealing time is 1 to 30 minutes, for example, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, etc.

[0111] In a third aspect, the present invention provides an application of a preparation method in preparing solar cells, wherein the solar cells include at least one of an upright perovskite solar cell, an upright stacked perovskite solar cell, and a crystalline silicon-upright perovskite stacked solar cell.

[0112] Further explanation: the structure of the upright perovskite solar cell is as follows Figure 1 As shown; the structure of the upright stacked perovskite solar cell (upright structure full perovskite stacked solar cell) is as shown Figure 2 As shown; the structure of the crystalline silicon-upright perovskite tandem solar cell (also called the upright structured perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem solar cell) is as shown Figure 3 shown.

[0113] The present invention is further described below by way of examples. Unless otherwise specified, the materials in the examples were prepared according to existing methods or directly purchased from the market.

[0114] Example 1

[0115] This embodiment provides an inverted perovskite solar cell, using 1H-imidazolium, 1,3-bis(2-propynyl)-, tetrafluoroborate (abbreviated as fluoroboric acid imidazolium salt) as a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, with the following structural formula:

[0116]

[0117] The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to passivate the interface between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer. The specific preparation steps of the inverted perovskite solar cell are as follows:

[0118] S1. Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: PbI2, Cs0I, FAI (formamidine iodine) and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) were dissolved in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) at a molar ratio of 1:0.1:0.9:1, and stirred continuously for 1 hour to completely dissolve. 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI3 perovskite precursor solution, concentration 1.4 mol / L;

[0119] Imidazolium fluoroboric acid salt solution: Dissolve the imidazolium fluoroboric acid salt in isopropanol solution, stir overnight and filter before use to obtain a 0.5 mg / mL imidazolium fluoroboric acid salt solution.

[0120] S2. Substrate Preparation: Anneal the conductive glass / SnO2 substrate in air at 150°C for 60 min. After cooling to room temperature, transfer the substrate to a glove box.

[0121] S3.FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the substrate at a speed of 6000 rpm for 30 seconds, and 1 mL of ether was added dropwise at the 27th second. Afterwards, the film was annealed at 110°C for 30 minutes and then at 130°C for 30 minutes to form a black perovskite phase.

[0122] S4. The borofluoric acid imidazolium salt solution was dynamically spin-coated on the perovskite light absorbing layer substrate at a speed of 3000 rpm and annealed at 100°C for 5 minutes.

[0123] S5. Add 28.8 μL of tetra-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) dissolved in acetonitrile (concentration 520 mg / mL) to the chlorobenzene solution of the hole transport layer material spiro-OMeTAD (concentration 30 mg / mL), mix thoroughly, and spin-coat on the FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 On the PbI3 perovskite film, the rotation speed is 3500 rpm and the time is 30 s.

[0124] S6. Using a thermal evaporation method, a gold back electrode layer is evaporated on the perovskite film coated with spiro-OMeTAD (i.e., an electrode layer is prepared on the hole transport layer).

[0125] S7. The above preparation processes are carried out in an atmosphere with a humidity of 10% to 15%.

[0126] Example 2

[0127] This embodiment provides an inverted perovskite solar cell, wherein the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is the same as that of Example 1; the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor of Example 2 is used to passivate the interface between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer. The specific preparation steps of the inverted perovskite solar cell are as follows:

[0128] S1. Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: PbI2, CsI, FAI (formamidine iodine) and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) were dissolved in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) at a molar ratio of 1:0.1:0.9:1, and stirred continuously for 1 hour to completely dissolve. 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI3 perovskite precursor solution, concentration 1.4 mol / L;

[0129] Imidazolium fluoroboric acid salt solution: Dissolve the imidazolium fluoroboric acid salt in isopropanol solution, stir overnight and filter before use to obtain a 0.5 mg / mL imidazolium fluoroboric acid salt solution.

[0130] S2. Substrate Preparation: Anneal the conductive glass / SnO2 substrate in air at 150°C for 60 min. After cooling to room temperature, transfer the substrate to a glove box.

[0131] S3. The borofluoric acid imidazolium salt solution was dynamically spin-coated on the above substrate at a speed of 3000 rpm and annealed at 100° C. for 5 min.

[0132] S4. Will FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the substrate at a speed of 6000 rpm for 30 seconds, and 1 mL of ether was added at the 27th second. After that, the film was annealed at 110°C for 30 minutes and then at 130°C for 30 minutes to form a black perovskite phase.

[0133] S5. Add 28.8 μL of tetra-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) dissolved in acetonitrile (concentration 520 mg / mL) to the chlorobenzene solution of the hole transport layer material spiro-OMeTAD (concentration 30 mg / mL), mix thoroughly, and spin-coat on the FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 On the PbI3 perovskite film, the rotation speed is 3500 rpm and the time is 30 s.

[0134] S6. Using a thermal evaporation method, a gold back electrode layer is evaporated on the perovskite film coated with spiro-OMeTAD (i.e., an electrode layer is prepared on the hole transport layer).

[0135] S7. The above preparation processes are carried out in an atmosphere with a humidity of 10% to 15%.

[0136] Example 3

[0137] This embodiment provides an inverted perovskite solar cell, wherein the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is the same as that of Example 1; the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor of Example 3 is added to the perovskite bulk phase for passivation. The specific preparation steps of the inverted perovskite solar cell are as follows:

[0138] S1. Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: PbI2, CsI, FAI (formamidine iodine) and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) were dissolved in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) at a molar ratio of 1:0.1:0.9:1, and stirred continuously for 1 hour to completely dissolve. 0.9 Cs 0.1 The concentration of PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was 1.4 mol / L; 0.3 mg / mL of imidazolium salt of fluoroboric acid was added to the bulk phase, stirred overnight and filtered before use.

[0139] S2. Substrate Preparation: Anneal the conductive glass / SnO2 substrate in air at 150°C for 60 min. After cooling to room temperature, transfer the substrate to a glove box.

[0140] S3.FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the substrate at a speed of 6000 rpm for 30 seconds, and 1 mL of ether was added at the 27th second. After that, the film was annealed at 110°C for 30 minutes and then at 130°C for 30 minutes to form a black perovskite phase.

[0141] S4. Add 28.8 μL of tetra-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) dissolved in acetonitrile (concentration 520 mg / mL) to the chlorobenzene solution of the hole transport layer material spiro-OMeTAD (concentration 30 mg / mL), mix thoroughly, and spin-coat on the FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 On the PbI3 perovskite film, the rotation speed is 3500 rpm and the time is 30 s.

[0142] S5. Using a thermal evaporation method, a gold back electrode layer is evaporated on the perovskite film coated with spiro-OMeTAD (i.e., an electrode layer is prepared on the hole transport layer).

[0143] S6. The above preparation processes are carried out in an atmosphere with a humidity of 10% to 15%.

[0144] Example 4

[0145] This embodiment provides an inverted perovskite solar cell, using 4-methyl-3-(propylene-2-yl)thiazolium chloride (referred to as thiazolium chloride) as a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, with the following structural formula:

[0146] The preparation process of Example 4 is the same as that of Example 1, except that the imidazolium salt of fluoroboric acid is replaced by thiazolium chloride.

[0147] Example 5

[0148] This embodiment provides an inverted perovskite solar cell, using 3-butylthiazolium iodide (referred to as thiazolium iodide salt) as a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, with the following structural formula:

[0149] The preparation process of Example 5 is the same as that of Example 2, except that the imidazolium salt of fluoroboric acid is replaced by thiazolium iodide.

[0150] Example 6

[0151] This embodiment provides an inverted all-perovskite tandem solar cell, using 1H-imidazolium, 1,3-bis(2-propynyl)-, bromide (imidazolium bromide) as a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, with the following structural formula:

[0152]

[0153] The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to passivate the interface between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer. The specific preparation steps of the inverted all-perovskite tandem solar cell are as follows:

[0154] S1. Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: PbI2, CsI, FAI (formamidine iodine) and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) were dissolved in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) at a molar ratio of 1:0.1:0.9:1, and stirred continuously for 1 hour to completely dissolve. 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI3 perovskite precursor solution, concentration 1.4 mol / L;

[0155] Imidazolium bromide solution: Imidazolium bromide was dissolved in isopropanol solution, stirred overnight and filtered before use to obtain a 0.5 mg / mL imidazolium bromide solution.

[0156] S2. Substrate Preparation: Anneal a conductive glass / SnO2 substrate (where the SnO2 layer serves as the first electron transport layer) in air at 150°C for 60 min. After cooling to room temperature, transfer the substrate to a glove box.

[0157] S3. The imidazolium bromide solution was dynamically spin-coated on the substrate at a speed of 3000 rpm and annealed at 100°C for 5 min.

[0158] S4. Will FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The PbI3 perovskite precursor solution is continuously spin-coated on the substrate to form a film to prepare a perovskite phase (i.e., the first perovskite light absorbing layer, also called the first perovskite light absorbing layer);

[0159] S5. Add 28.8 μL of tetra-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) dissolved in acetonitrile (concentration 520 mg / mL) to the chlorobenzene solution of the hole transport layer material spiro-OMeTAD (concentration 30 mg / mL), mix thoroughly, and spin-coat on the FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 On the PbI3 perovskite film, the rotation speed is 3500 rpm, the time is 30 s, and the first hole transport layer is formed.

[0160] S6. Prepare a tunnel junction and prepare a layer of MoO3 on the hole transport layer material spiro-OMeTAD.

[0161] S7. Take 40 μL of a 3% SnO2 nanoparticle dispersion, filter it through a 0.22 μm PVDF filter, spin-coat it at 3000 rpm for 30 seconds, and then anneal it at 150°C for 30 minutes to form a second electron transport layer.

[0162] S8. The borofluoric acid imidazolium salt solution was dynamically spin-coated on the substrate at a speed of 3000 rpm and annealed at 100°C for 5 min.

[0163] S9.FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The PbI3 perovskite precursor solution is then spin-coated on the substrate to form a film to prepare a perovskite phase (i.e., the second perovskite light-absorbing layer);

[0164] S10. Same as S5, forming a second hole transport layer.

[0165] S11. Using a thermal evaporation method, evaporate a gold back electrode layer (ie, prepare an electrode layer on the second hole transport layer).

[0166] Example 7

[0167] This embodiment provides an inverted tandem solar cell (specifically, a crystalline silicon-inverted perovskite tandem solar cell, also called an inverted perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem solar cell), wherein the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is the same as that of Example 6; the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor of Example 7 is added to the perovskite bulk phase for passivation. The specific preparation steps of the inverted all-perovskite tandem solar cell are as follows:

[0168] S1. Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: PbI2, CsI, FAI (formamidine iodine) and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) were dissolved in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) at a molar ratio of 1:0.1:0.9:1, and stirred continuously for 1 hour to completely dissolve. 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI3 perovskite precursor solution, concentration: 1.4 mol / L; imidazolium bromide 0.3 mg / mL was added to the bulk phase, stirred overnight and filtered before use.

[0169] S2. UV treatment of silicon cells (i.e., crystalline silicon substrates, which are equivalent to independent single-cell batteries because the bottom of the crystalline silicon layer itself has both an n-type side and a p-type side, and already contains an electron transport layer SnO2); take 40μL of a 3% mass fraction SnO2 nanoparticle dispersion, filter it through 0.22μm PVDF, spin coat it at 3000rpm for 30s, and then anneal it at 150℃ for 30min.

[0170] S3.FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the substrate at a speed of 6000 rpm for 30 seconds, and 1 mL of ether was added dropwise at the 27th second. Afterwards, the film was annealed at 110°C for 30 minutes and then at 130°C for 30 minutes to form a black perovskite phase.

[0171] S4. Add 28.8 μL of tetra-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) dissolved in acetonitrile (concentration 520 mg / mL) to the chlorobenzene solution of the hole transport layer material spiro-OMeTAD (concentration 30 mg / mL), mix thoroughly, and spin-coat on the FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The hole transport layer was formed on the PbI3 perovskite film at a rotation speed of 3500 rpm for 30 seconds.

[0172] S5. Using a thermal evaporation method, a gold back electrode layer is evaporated on the perovskite film coated with spiro-OMeTAD (i.e., an electrode layer is prepared on the hole transport layer).

[0173] S6. The above preparation processes are carried out in an atmosphere with a humidity of 10% to 15%.

[0174] Example 8

[0175] This embodiment provides an upright perovskite solar cell, and the specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0176] S1. Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: PbI2, CsI, FAI (formamidine iodine) and NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) were dissolved in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) at a molar ratio of 1:0.1:0.9:1, and stirred continuously for 1 hour to completely dissolve. 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI3 perovskite precursor solution, concentration 1.4 mol / L;

[0177] S2. Substrate Preparation: Anneal the conductive glass / SnO2 substrate in air at 150°C for 60 min. After cooling to room temperature, transfer the substrate to a glove box.

[0178] S3 evaporation of nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor: 1,3-di(2-propynyl)-1H-imidazolium bromide was placed in the crucible of the evaporation chamber, and the evaporation temperature was controlled at 60°C; the evaporation rate was controlled at The vacuum pressure of the vacuum chamber is controlled at 5×10 -4 Pa or less, and the evaporation thickness is 10nm.

[0179] S4. Will FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 The PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the substrate at a speed of 6000 rpm for 30 seconds, and 1 mL of ether was added at the 27th second. After that, the film was annealed at 110°C for 30 minutes and then at 130°C for 30 minutes to form a black perovskite phase.

[0180] S5. Add 28.8 μL of tetra-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) dissolved in acetonitrile (concentration 520 mg / mL) to the chlorobenzene solution of the hole transport layer material spiro-OMeTAD (concentration 30 mg / mL), mix thoroughly, and spin-coat on the FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 On the PbI3 perovskite film, the rotation speed is 3500 rpm and the time is 30 s.

[0181] S6. Using a thermal evaporation method, a gold back electrode layer is evaporated on the perovskite film coated with spiro-OMeTAD (i.e., an electrode layer is prepared on the hole transport layer).

[0182] S7. The above preparation processes are carried out in an atmosphere with a humidity of 10% to 15%.

[0183] Comparative Example 1

[0184] This comparative example provides an inverted perovskite solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, and its preparation process is the same as that of Example 1, except that no nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is added.

[0185] Comparative Example 2

[0186] This comparative example provides an inverted all-perovskite tandem solar cell device, the preparation process of which is consistent with that of Example 6, except that no nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is added.

[0187] Comparative Example 3

[0188] This comparative example provides a perovskite / crystalline silicon stacked solar cell device with an upright structure. The preparation process is the same as that of Example 7, except that no nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is added.

[0189] Test Case

[0190] Test samples: The solar cells prepared in Examples 1 to 8 and the solar cells prepared in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were used as samples for testing.

[0191] Test method: Use a xenon lamp solar simulator with a light source intensity of AM 1.5G, 100mW / cm 2 The open circuit voltage, short circuit current and fill factor of the prepared battery device were tested.

[0192] The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0193] Table 1

[0194]

[0195]

[0196] As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the embodiments of the present invention use nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursors as additives and interface modifiers for perovskite solar cells to improve the quality of perovskite films, photovoltaic performance of cells, and long-term stability; moreover, the improvement of single-cell batteries lies in optimizing the parameters of opening voltage and current density, thereby improving device efficiency. Figure 4 and Figure 5 By comparison, it can be seen that wrinkles exist on the surface of the unpassivated perovskite film, but the wrinkles disappear after passivation. The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor chemically polishes the top perovskite, passivating the uncoordinated vacancy defects on the surface, improving the quality of the perovskite film, and thus improving the long-term stability of the device. Figure 6 As shown in the figure, the maximum power point stability test under illumination conditions for 1200 hours still retains 92% of the initial efficiency.

[0197] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the above embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A normal and normal perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, characterized in that: include: basal layer; an electron transport layer, stacked on the base layer; a perovskite light-absorbing layer, stacked on the electron transport layer; a hole transport layer, stacked on the perovskite light absorbing layer; an electrode layer, stacked on the hole transport layer; Wherein, at least one of the following three methods A to C is used to modify the inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cells with a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor: A. adding a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor to the perovskite light absorbing layer; B. placing a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer; C. placing a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

2. The inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor includes at least one of 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts, 1,2,4-triazolium salts, 1,3-bis(substituted)tetrahydroimidazolium salts, benzimidazolium salts, thiazole salts, pyrimidine salts, imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinium salts and imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium salts.

3. The inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor includes at least one of imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole and benzotriazolium salt derivatives having a polymerizable functional group; Preferably, the polymerizable functional group includes at least one of a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-carbon triple bond.

4. The inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to claim 1, characterized in that: The cationic chemical formula of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor includes At least one of; Preferably, R1 comprises at least one of a carbon chain and a carbon ring having a main chain atom number of 1 to 10, and a carbon chain and a heterocycle containing heteroatoms; Preferably, R2 comprises at least one of a carbon chain and a carbon ring having a main chain atom number of 1 to 10, and a carbon chain and a heterocycle containing heteroatoms; Preferably, at least one of R1 and R2 has a chemical formula comprising a carbon-carbon double bond and / or a carbon-carbon triple bond; Preferably, the heteroatom includes at least one of O, S, N and Si.

5. The inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to claim 4, characterized in that: The counterions in the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor include F - 、Cl - Br - , I - HCOO - CF3HCOO - 、BF4 - PF6 - , BPh4 - CF3SO3 - 、SO4 2- 、HSO4 - and SCN - At least one of .

6. The method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: The nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied in a manner comprising at least one of spin coating, blade coating, and evaporation, and the method comprises the following steps: An electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a hole transport layer and an electrode layer are sequentially prepared on the substrate layer; Wherein, when the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to modify the said inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells by method A, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is incorporated into the precursor solution of the perovskite light absorbing layer and applied to the electron transport layer by spin coating or blade coating; When the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is used to modify the inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells using method B, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied in solution form by spin coating or doctor blade coating, or in powder form by evaporation, and the position is between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer; When the C method is used to modify the inverse and inverse perovskite tandem solar cells with a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor, the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor is applied in solution form by spin coating or blade coating, or in powder form by evaporation, and the position is between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

7. The method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to claim 6, characterized in that: The concentration of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor solution is 0.1-10 mg / mL.

8. The method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to claim 6, characterized in that: The solvent of the nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor solution includes at least one of chlorobenzene, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, butanol, DMF, DMSO, GBL, acetonitrile, and NMP.

9. The method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to claim 6, characterized in that: The application method includes at least one of spin coating, blade coating and evaporation; Preferably, the spin coating speed is 500 to 5000 rpm; Preferably, after the applying step, an annealing treatment is performed; Preferably, the annealing temperature is 30 to 150°C; Preferably, the annealing time is 1 to 30 minutes; Preferably, the evaporation temperature is 50-100°C; Preferably, the evaporation rate is Preferably, the vacuum pressure of the vacuum chamber during the evaporation is 5×10 -4 Below Pa; Preferably, the thickness of the evaporation is 0.1-100 nm.

10. Use of the method for preparing an inverted and inverted perovskite tandem solar cell based on a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene precursor according to any one of claims 6 to 9 in preparing a solar cell, characterized in that: The solar cell includes at least one of an upright perovskite solar cell, an upright tandem perovskite solar cell and a crystalline silicon-upright perovskite tandem solar cell.

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