Donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing film for distinguishing recognition of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmosphere

Abstract

This invention provides a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for distinguishing between methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres. The membrane is prepared by spin-coating a homogeneous mixture of the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer, polystyrene, and a solvent. When used for the detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres, the system exhibits a significant differential ratio fluorescence response, achieving quantitative and differential detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres in the ranges of 0-600 ppm and 0-1500 ppm, respectively. It offers advantages such as fast response, simple detection process, high sensitivity, and good selectivity, without interference from other common structurally and property-similar substances. This provides a research solution for the on-site identification and differentiation of hazardous chemicals with similar structures and properties.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of chemical sensing technology and provides a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for distinguishing and identifying gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine. Background Technology

[0002] Amphetamine-type drugs, represented by methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP), can be directly inhaled in their gaseous form, making them more concealed than traditional contact liquid drugs. Inhalation causes irreversible damage to the central nervous system, leading to symptoms such as excitement, hallucinations, and anxiety. Long-term exposure can also cause cardiovascular disease, organ failure, and even death. Furthermore, detecting gaseous amphetamine-type drugs presents significant challenges: first, the drug atmosphere is low in concentration, easily diffuses, and is volatile and unstable at room temperature, making it difficult to accurately capture trace amounts; second, numerous interfering gases in the environment can easily superimpose signals with the drug atmosphere, affecting detection accuracy; and third, achieving high sensitivity and rapid response requires higher selectivity and stability of sensing materials, making the technology more difficult to implement.

[0003] Donor-acceptor porous conjugated polymer membranes are a class of functional membrane materials that combine a conjugated framework structure with porous properties. Their core is constructed from conjugated molecular chains linked by conjugated double bonds, possessing abundant micropores, mesopores, or macropores. They combine the excellent electronic conductivity and optical responsiveness of conjugated systems with the high specific surface area and controllable pore structure advantages of porous structures. These membrane materials offer significant advantages for the detection of gaseous amphetamine-type drugs, effectively overcoming the aforementioned detection difficulties. Specifically: First, their high specific surface area and abundant pore structure enable efficient capture of trace drug atmospheres, enhancing the enrichment capacity of low-concentration atmospheres and solving the problem of low-concentration atmospheres and difficulty in capture. Second, the pore size can be precisely controlled, enabling selective sieving of drug atmosphere molecules, reducing the influence of environmental interfering gases, and improving detection accuracy. Third, their stable structure and ease of modification allow for the loading of fluorescent sensing units (such as PDI conjugated structures), balancing high sensitivity and rapid response, reducing the design and preparation difficulty of sensing materials, and facilitating integration into portable detection devices, thus meeting the actual needs of on-site drug enforcement. This invention selects a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide conjugated porous polymer as the basic building block of the sensing membrane, and adds polystyrene to improve the film-forming quality of the polymer, so as to achieve accurate, rapid and distinguishable identification of gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine.

[0004] This invention develops a method for preparing a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for distinguishing between methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres. This sensing membrane fully utilizes the abundant recognition sites of the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer, enabling non-covalent interactions with methamphetamine and amphetamine, thereby achieving ratiometric fluorescence-based distinguishing detection of these two substances. Furthermore, it leverages the high specific surface area and abundant pore structure of the polymer membrane to enhance the adsorption and enrichment of trace amounts of gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine, and utilizes the sieving effect of its pores to reduce the influence of interfering environmental gases, thus improving detection sensitivity and achieving accurate detection of trace gaseous targets. This donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane has the advantages of high sensitivity, portability, high specificity, and rapid response, and can be used for on-site and distinguishing detection of gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine in various locations such as security checks and drug enforcement operations. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to address the limitations of existing detection technologies in actively, on-site, and instantly distinguishing between methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP) atmospheres. This invention provides a method for preparing a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for differentiating between methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres. The sensing membrane is prepared by spin coating of a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer and polystyrene. When used for detecting methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres, the system exhibits differentiated fluorescence color signal changes and shows no response to other substances with similar structures and properties. This ultimately achieves one-step, rapid, specific, and quantitative differentiation and detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres, providing an effective technical means for real-time differentiation of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres in security checkpoints, drug enforcement scenes, and other similar locations.

[0006] The present invention discloses a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for distinguishing and identifying methamphetamine and amphetamine. This porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane is prepared by spin coating of a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer, polystyrene, and a solvent. The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous polymer is obtained by coupling 2,9-bis(4-ethynylphenyl)anthraquinone and 3-(4-bromophenyl)amine succinate. The solvent is a mixed solution of N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane, and cyclopentanone. The specific operation is carried out according to the following steps: a. Preparation of donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution and polystyrene solution: A donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer probe obtained by coupling 2,9-bis(4-ethynylphenyl)anthraquinone and 3-(4-bromophenyl)amine via a sage coupling reaction was dissolved in a mixed solution of N-methylpyrrolidone / dimethyl sulfoxide at a volume ratio of 5:23 to obtain a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution with a concentration of 0.05 mg / mL; polystyrene solid was dissolved in dichloromethane solvent to obtain a polystyrene solution with a concentration of 1 mg / mL; b. Donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane solution: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution, polystyrene solution, and cyclopentanone solvent prepared in step a are mixed in a volume ratio of 1:3:4 to obtain a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer membrane solution, and the polymer membrane solution is stored in a brown reagent bottle for later use. c. Drop 20 μL of the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer membrane solution obtained in step b onto a 1 cm × 1 cm silica / silicon wafer, spin coat at 1500 rpm for 2 minutes, and dry at room temperature in a vacuum drying oven for 30 min to obtain the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane. Donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes distinguish between methamphetamine and amphetamine: d. Place the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane obtained in step c into a non-fluorescent vial, and add gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine respectively using a syringe; After the addition of gaseous methamphetamine, spherical methamphetamine particles were adsorbed and aggregated on the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane, and the fluorescence color changed from green to brown, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 0-600 ppm. After the addition of gaseous amphetamine, square amphetamine particles are adsorbed and aggregated on the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane, and the fluorescence color changes from green to dark brown, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 0-1500 ppm.

[0007] The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane used to distinguish between methamphetamine and amphetamine was constructed using an in-situ drop-coating method. The resulting sensor chip was integrated into an atmosphere detector. Through air sampling, and based on color discrimination logic of hue, saturation, and brightness, it was used to detect and distinguish between methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres in a simulated scenario.

[0008] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for distinguishing between methamphetamine (MA) and amphenicol (AMP) is prepared by spin coating of a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer containing abundant recognition sites and polystyrene, which can improve film formation quality and amplify detection signals. This sensing membrane exhibits excellent film formation stability and signal response performance, enabling rapid and highly specific ratiometric fluorescence differentiation and recognition of gaseous MA and AMP. It can accurately quantify both in the ranges of 0-600 ppm and 0-1500 ppm, respectively, effectively expanding the application scenarios of this type of polymer and enabling on-site and rapid differentiation of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres in simulated scenarios. Attached Figure Description

[0009] Figure 1 In this invention, a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer and a polystyrene (PS) solution are mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1-10, and then 4 mL of cyclopentanone solution is added to each. The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane is obtained by spin coating. Fluorescence images are captured with a camera before and after the reaction with a methamphetamine atmosphere.

[0010] Figure 2 The morphology images of the sensor materials obtained before and after reacting with methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP) atmospheres are shown in the figure below, using the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensor membrane (mass ratio 1:3) with the best performance of the present invention. Among them, (a) is before the reaction of the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensor membrane, (b) is after the reaction with methamphetamine (MA), and (c) is after the reaction with amphetamine.

[0011] Figure 3 In this invention, a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane with the best performance (mass ratio 1:3) was placed in a non-fluorescent vial, and 0-5 mL of methamphetamine (MA) was added. After reaction in an atmosphere, a fluorescence image was taken with a mobile phone.

[0012] Figure 4 In this invention, a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane with the best performance (mass ratio 1:3) was placed in a non-fluorescent vial, and 0-5 mL of amphetamine (AMP) was added. After reaction in an atmosphere, a fluorescence image was taken with a mobile phone.

[0013] Figure 5In this invention, a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane with optimal performance (mass ratio 1:3) is placed in a non-fluorescent vial. An atmosphere containing methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AMP), cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), phenobarbital (PB), fentanyl (Fent), synthetic cannabinoid (THJ-2201), buprozolam (BZM), methamine (MAKE), heroin, morphine, ketamine, etomidate (Etom), methadone (MTD), aniline (PhNH2), N-ethyldiisopropylamine (DIPEA), m-hydroxybenzoperazine (MHPP), N-methyldiphenylamine (DMA), benzidine (BZD), and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) is then used to capture the fluorescence image after detection.

[0014] Figure 6 The present invention is a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensor chip, which is integrated into an independently developed atmosphere detector. The actual test images are taken by taking air samples of candies and beverages mixed with methamphetamine and using a mobile phone. Detailed Implementation

[0015] The present invention will be further described below through specific embodiments, but the invention is not limited to these embodiments. Example 1

[0016] a. Preparation of donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution and polystyrene solution: A donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer probe obtained by coupling 2,9-bis(4-ethynylphenyl)anthraquinone and 3-(4-bromophenyl)amine via a sage coupling reaction was dissolved in a mixed solution of N-methylpyrrolidone / dimethyl sulfoxide at a volume ratio of 5:23 to obtain a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution with a concentration of 0.05 mg / mL; polystyrene solid was dissolved in dichloromethane solvent to obtain a polystyrene solution with a concentration of 1 mg / mL; b. Preparation of donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer membrane solution: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution, polystyrene solution, and cyclopentanone solvent prepared in step a are mixed in a volume ratio of 1:3:4 to obtain the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer membrane solution. The polymer membrane solution is stored in a brown reagent bottle. c. Preparation of donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer membranes: 20 μL of donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer membrane solution was dropped onto a 1 cm × 1 cm silica / silicon wafer, and then spin-coated at 1500 rpm for 2 minutes using a spin-coating method. The membrane was then dried at room temperature in a vacuum drying oven for 30 min to obtain a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane. Donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes distinguish between methamphetamine and amphetamine: d. Place the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane obtained in step c into a non-fluorescent vial, and add gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine respectively using a syringe; After the addition of gaseous methamphetamine, spherical methamphetamine particles were adsorbed and aggregated on the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane, and the fluorescence color changed from green to brown, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 0-600 ppm. After the addition of gaseous amphetamine, square amphetamine particles are adsorbed and aggregated on the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane, and the fluorescence color changes from green to dark brown, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 0-1500 ppm. Example 2

[0017] Performance optimization of donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes: Take the 0.05 mg / mL donor-acceptor perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane and the 1 mg / mL polystyrene solution from Example 1, and mix them at volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, and 1:10, respectively. Then, add 4 mL of cyclopentanone solvent to obtain donor-acceptor perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane solutions. Obtain the donor-acceptor perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane by spin coating. Before reacting with methamphetamine (MA) atmosphere, take fluorescence images with a camera, extract red, green, and blue values, and plot line graphs between red, green, and blue values ​​and the volume ratio of perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer:polystyrene. Figure 1 As shown, after comparing the fluorescence images and changes in red, green, and blue values ​​before and after testing, a volume ratio of 1:3 showed the best performance. Example 3

[0018] Morphological changes of donor-acceptor perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes before and after detection of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP): Preparation of methamphetamine atmosphere: 20 μL of methamphetamine (MA) solution was sealed separately in a brown reagent bottle and left at room temperature for 48 hours to generate the corresponding MA analyte atmosphere; Preparation of amphetamine atmosphere: 18 μL of amphetamine (AMP) solution was sealed separately in a brown reagent bottle and left at room temperature for 48 hours to generate the corresponding AMP analyte atmosphere; The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane obtained in Example 1 was placed in a non-fluorescent vial, and methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres were added respectively. Morphological analysis was performed on the obtained donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane and the perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane after reaction with methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP). Figure 2 As shown, the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane has a smooth, uniform, and dense surface with good film-forming properties. After contact with a methamphetamine atmosphere, uniformly distributed spherical particles are present on the surface; after contact with an amphetamine atmosphere, regular square particles are present on the surface, indicating that it can distinguish and identify methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP). Example 4

[0019] Fluorescence changes of donor-acceptor perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes after reaction with different concentrations of methamphetamine (MA) atmosphere, and the relationship between red, green, and blue values ​​and methamphetamine (MA) concentration: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane obtained in Example 1 was placed in a non-fluorescent vial, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL of methamphetamine atmosphere were added respectively. Under an excitation wavelength of 365 nm, the membrane was observed with the naked eye as follows. Figure 3 The fluorescence color of methamphetamine (MA) changed from green to brown. Red, green, and blue values ​​were extracted, and the relationship between these values ​​and concentration was analyzed. As the concentration increased, the GB value gradually decreased, showing a good linear relationship. R 2 =0.9925, which allows for the quantitative detection of gaseous MA in the range of 0-600 ppm. Example 5

[0020] Fluorescence changes of donor-acceptor perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes after reaction with different concentrations of amphetamine (AMP) atmosphere, and the relationship between red, green, and blue values ​​and amphetamine (AMP) concentration: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane obtained in Example 1 was placed in a non-fluorescent vial, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL of amphetamine atmosphere were added respectively. Under an excitation wavelength of 365 nm, the membrane was observed with the naked eye as follows. Figure 4 The fluorescence color of amphetamine changed from green to dark brown. Red, green, and blue values ​​were extracted, and the relationship between these values ​​and concentration was analyzed. As the concentration increased, the GB value gradually decreased, showing a good linear relationship. R 2=0.9970, which allows for the quantitative detection of gaseous MA in the range of 0-1500 ppm. Example 6

[0021] Specific detection and recognition fluorescence patterns of donor-acceptor perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes in methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP) atmospheres, and the relationship between red, green, and blue values ​​and different interfering substances: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane obtained in Example 1 was placed in a non-fluorescent vial. Methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AMP), cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), phenobarbital (PB), fentanyl (Fent), synthetic cannabinoid (THJ-2201), omamarone (BZM), methamine (MAKE), heroin, morphine, ketamine, etomidate, methadone (MTD), aniline (PhNH2), N-ethyldiisopropylamine (DIPEA), m-hydroxyphenylpiperazine (MHPP), N-methyldiphenylamine (DMA), benzidine (BZD), and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) were added to saturated atmospheres. Under an excitation wavelength of 365 nm, the change in fluorescence color was observed with the naked eye. Figure 5 As shown, brown and dark brown fluorescence can only be seen on the sensor membrane with the naked eye when methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP) atmospheres are added. The red, green, and blue values ​​were extracted, and the relationship between the red, green, and blue values ​​and the analytes was analyzed. Only when methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AMP) atmospheres are present, the RB value is higher than that of the blank control group and other interfering substances. This indicates that the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensor membrane can achieve specific differentiation and detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres. Example 7

[0022] Signal changes of an atmosphere detector integrating a donor-acceptor perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensor chip after reaction with a methamphetamine (MA) atmosphere: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane solution obtained in Example 1 was used to construct a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing chip based on in-situ drop-coating. This chip was integrated into an atmosphere detector, and the presence of methamphetamine atmosphere in actual samples of candy and beverages containing methamphetamine was tested through air sampling. Figure 6 As shown, the methamphetamine atmosphere in the actual samples of candy and beverage is adsorbed onto the sensor chip. The portable detector accurately identifies methamphetamine based on hue, saturation and brightness color discrimination logic, and generates a positive alarm signal on the screen within 7 seconds.

[0023] The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane provided in this invention can achieve highly sensitive, visual, and specific detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres; it can quantitatively detect gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine in the ranges of 0-600 ppm and 0-1500 ppm, has excellent selectivity for 19 common interfering substances, and can distinguish and identify methamphetamine and amphetamine in simulated scenarios.

Claims

1. A donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for distinguishing between methamphetamine and amphetamine, characterized in that, This porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane is prepared by spin coating of a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer, polystyrene, and a solvent. The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer is obtained by the coupling reaction of 2,9-bis(4-ethynylphenyl)anthraquinone and 3-(4-bromophenyl)amine stigmata. The solvent is a mixed solution of N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane, and cyclopentanone. The specific operation is carried out according to the following steps: a. Preparation of donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution and polystyrene solution: A donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer probe obtained by coupling 2,9-bis(4-ethynylphenyl)anthraquinone and 3-(4-bromophenyl)amine via a sage coupling reaction was dissolved in a mixed solution of N-methylpyrrolidone / dimethyl sulfoxide at a volume ratio of 5:23 to obtain a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution with a concentration of 0.05 mg / mL; polystyrene solid was dissolved in dichloromethane solvent to obtain a polystyrene solution with a concentration of 1 mg / mL; b. Donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane solution: The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer solution, polystyrene solution, and cyclopentanone solvent prepared in step a are mixed in a volume ratio of 1:3:4 to obtain a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer membrane solution, and the polymer membrane solution is stored in a brown reagent bottle for later use. c. Drop 20 μL of the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer membrane solution obtained in step b onto a 1 cm × 1 cm silica / silicon wafer, spin coat at 1500 rpm for 2 minutes, and dry at room temperature in a vacuum drying oven for 30 min to obtain the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane. Donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membranes distinguish between methamphetamine and amphetamine: d. Place the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane obtained in step c into a non-fluorescent vial, and add gaseous methamphetamine and amphetamine respectively using a syringe; After the addition of gaseous methamphetamine, spherical methamphetamine particles were adsorbed and aggregated on the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane, and the fluorescence color changed from green to brown, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 0-600 ppm. After the addition of gaseous amphetamine, square amphetamine particles are adsorbed and aggregated on the donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane, and the fluorescence color changes from green to dark brown, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 0-1500 ppm.

2. The donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensing membrane for distinguishing and identifying methamphetamine and amphetamine according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the in-situ drop coating method, a donor-acceptor type perylene diimide-based porous conjugated polymer sensor chip was constructed and integrated into an atmosphere detector. Through air sampling, based on color discrimination logic of hue, saturation and brightness, the sensor can distinguish between methamphetamine and amphetamine atmospheres in a simulated scene.

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