A method for optimizing operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game

Abstract

This application relates to a method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory, relating to the field of hydrogen production technology. The method mainly includes the following steps: S1, constructing a Stackelberg game model; S2, inputting the current grid purchase price and grid sales price into the Stackelberg game model in step S1 to obtain the photovoltaic hydrogen production system operation strategy, which includes the system purchase price and system sales price; S3, calculating the net load based on the operation strategy output in step S2, comparing the net load with the net purchase price threshold and net sales price threshold, and adjusting the operation strategy; S4, performing convergence determination on the operation strategy output in step S3, including profit convergence determination and electricity price convergence determination; if the convergence determination is satisfied, the loop ends and the operation strategy is output; if the convergence determination is not satisfied, the process returns to step S2 for operation strategy optimization; if the number of iterations reaches the iteration threshold, the iteration terminates and the operation strategy is output.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of hydrogen production technology, and in particular to an operation optimization method for a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of renewable energy, the large-scale integration of photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems has brought new challenges to the power grid. The intermittent and fluctuating nature of PV power generation leads to severe curtailment issues. Meanwhile, green hydrogen energy, as a clean energy carrier, has attracted much attention. Photovoltaic hydrogen production systems combine PV power generation with water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, effectively absorbing PV power and improving the utilization rate of renewable energy.

[0003] In the prior art, patent CN115859608A discloses a method for dynamically adjusting hydrogen production power based on wind and solar grid connection. This patent includes: establishing a wind and solar power generation prediction model; acquiring the operating data of the target electrolyzer and establishing an operating data simulation model based on the operating data; establishing a comprehensive revenue model based on energy prices; and determining the electrolyzer operating strategy with the highest revenue based on the wind and solar power generation prediction model, the operating data simulation model, and the comprehensive revenue model as the hydrogen production power adjustment strategy, ensuring that the highest-return electrolysis hydrogen production strategy is formulated based on the predicted wind and solar power generation. The system adopts a prediction-based unidirectional optimization method, which has the following shortcomings: 1. The decision-making mechanism is based on wind and solar power generation prediction, and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system passively adjusts its operating strategy, without considering the dynamic game relationship between the grid and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system; 2. It does not consider the start-up and shutdown costs and operation and maintenance costs of the electrolyzer, only considering the revenue from hydrogen and electricity sales; 3. It mainly adjusts the hydrogen production strategy based on a preset percentage, making it difficult to match large-scale photovoltaic hydrogen production systems. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the aforementioned issues, this application provides a method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory.

[0005] This application provides a method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory, which employs the following technical solution: An optimization method for photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory includes the following steps: Step S1: Construct a Stackelberg game model with the grid operator as the leader and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system as the follower. The photovoltaic hydrogen production system includes a photovoltaic power generation unit, an electrolyzer unit, a hydrogen storage unit, and a grid interaction unit. Step S2: Input the current grid purchase price and grid sales price into the Stackelberg game model in step S1 to obtain the photovoltaic hydrogen production system operation strategy. The operation strategy includes the system purchase price and the system sales price. Step S3: Perform net load calculation. Calculate the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on the operating strategy output in step S2. Compare the net load with the net electricity purchase threshold and the net electricity sales threshold, and adjust the operating strategy accordingly. Step S4: Perform convergence determination on the running strategy output in step S3. The convergence determination includes profit convergence determination and electricity price convergence determination. If the convergence determination is satisfied, the loop ends and the running strategy is output. If the convergence determination is not satisfied, return to step S2 and optimize the running strategy. If the number of iterations reaches the iteration threshold, the iteration is terminated and the running strategy is output.

[0006] Preferably, the objective function for the total revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is: ; ; in, X represents the revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system; X represents the operating strategy of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system; T=24 represents the number of hours in a day. The revenue from hydrogen sales during period t; The revenue from electricity sales by the photovoltaic power generation unit during time period t; The cost of purchasing electricity from the grid during time period t; The operation and maintenance cost of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t; The operating power of the electrolytic cell unit during time period t; The system purchase price of electricity from the grid operator during time period t; The system electricity price for selling electricity to the grid during time period t; This represents the sales volume of hydrogen produced by the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t.

[0007] Preferably, the photovoltaic power generation unit uses a hybrid forecasting method based on historical data and weather forecasts to construct a power generation model for the photovoltaic power generation unit according to the influence of photovoltaic power and meteorological factors: ; In the formula, The power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation unit is expressed in kilowatts; K is a meteorological factor. This is a photovoltaic power generation function based on sunrise and sunset times, used to simulate irradiance at different times of the day; This refers to the rated power output of the photovoltaic power generation unit, expressed in kilowatts.

[0008] Preferably, the power constraint of the electrolytic cell unit is: ; In the formula, The minimum power required for the operation of an electrolytic cell, measured in kilowatts; This is the maximum power output of the electrolytic cell, measured in kilowatts. The actual operating power of the electrolytic cell during time period t is expressed in kilowatts. The value is 0 or 1, used to indicate whether the electrolytic cell is in an operating or stopped state. A value of 0 indicates that the electrolytic cell is in a stopped state. A value of 1 indicates that the electrolytic cell is in operation; The minimum operating time constraint for the electrolytic cell unit is: ; In the formula, For time step index, ∈ (t, t+M-1); M represents the minimum running time in hours; This indicates that the electrolytic cell is in operation; The hydrogen production function of the electrolyzer unit is: ; In the formula, The hydrogen production of the electrolyzer unit during time period t is expressed in kilograms. This represents the average power of the electrolytic cell during time period t, in kilowatts. This indicates the electrolysis efficiency of the electrolytic cell unit, with a value ranging from 45 to 55. This indicates a time interval, typically 1 hour.

[0009] Preferably, the hydrogen storage model for the hydrogen storage unit is as follows: ; In the formula, This represents the amount of hydrogen stored during time period t, expressed in kilograms. This indicates the amount of hydrogen stored at time t+1, in kilograms. This represents the hydrogen production during time period t, in kilograms. This represents the sales volume of hydrogen during time period t, in kilograms.

[0010] Preferably, the power balance formula for the power grid interaction unit is: ; In the formula, This represents the power of abandoned solar power during time period t, in kilowatts. This represents the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic power generation unit during time period t, expressed in kilowatts.

[0011] Preferably, in step S3, the formula for calculating the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is: ; in, Let t be the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system. A positive value indicates net electricity purchase. A negative value indicates net electricity sales.

[0012] Preferably, in step S3, adjusting the operating strategy specifically involves: When the average net load over a period of time exceeds the preset net electricity purchase threshold, the system electricity purchase price is set to (1+) times the system electricity purchase price output in step S2. ) times, of which, To adjust the ratio upwards, the value range is 0.01-0.05; When the average net load over a period of time is less than the preset net electricity sales threshold, the system electricity purchase price is set to (1-) times the system electricity sales price output in step S2. ) times, of which, The reduction ratio is within the range of 0.01-0.05; The system purchase price for electricity sold from the photovoltaic hydrogen production system to the grid adopts a pricing model linked to the grid's electricity sales price; specifically, the system purchase price is equal to the grid's electricity sales price at the same moment. times, of which, This is the discount factor, with a value ranging from 0.8 to 0.9.

[0013] Preferably, the criteria for determining electricity price convergence are as follows: ; in, The system purchase price of electricity during time period t in the (k+1)th iteration; The system purchase price of electricity during time period t in the k-th iteration; This is the electricity price convergence threshold, with a value ranging from 0.01 to 0.05. The criteria for determining return convergence are as follows: ; in, The revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t in the (k+1)th iteration; The revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t in the k-th iteration; The benchmark return value; The threshold for profit convergence is 0.01-0.03.

[0014] In summary, the photovoltaic hydrogen production system operation optimization method based on Stackelberg game theory proposed in this application has at least one of the following beneficial technical effects: 1. Through game theory optimization, the total revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is increased, and the cost of hydrogen production is reduced; 2. The predictive effect and dynamic adjustment of the game model can reduce the number of start-ups and shutdowns of the electrolyzer, extend the life of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system, and reduce maintenance costs; 3. Improve the photovoltaic absorption rate. During off-peak periods, photovoltaic power generation should be prioritized for hydrogen electrolysis, and surplus photovoltaic power should be sold reasonably to reduce curtailment losses. 4. High energy efficiency; compared with traditional photovoltaic + lithium battery energy storage, it can be easily used for large-scale energy storage. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 These are the main steps in the embodiments of this application used to demonstrate the method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The following combination Figure 1 This application will be described in further detail.

[0017] Example This application discloses an operation optimization method for a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory. (Refer to...) Figure 1 It mainly includes the following steps: Step S1: Construct a Stackelberg game model with the grid operator as the leader and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system as the follower. The photovoltaic hydrogen production system includes a photovoltaic power generation unit, an electrolyzer unit, a hydrogen storage unit, and a grid interaction unit. Step S2: Input the current grid purchase price and grid sales price into the Stackelberg game model in step S1 to obtain the photovoltaic hydrogen production system operation strategy. The operation strategy includes the system purchase price and the system sales price. Step S3: Perform net load calculation. Calculate the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on the operating strategy output in step S2. Compare the net load with the net electricity purchase threshold and the net electricity sales threshold, and adjust the operating strategy accordingly. Step S4: Perform convergence determination on the running strategy output in step S3. The convergence determination includes profit convergence determination and electricity price convergence determination. If the convergence determination is satisfied, the loop ends and the running strategy is output. If the convergence determination is not satisfied, return to step S2 and optimize the running strategy. If the number of iterations reaches the iteration threshold, the iteration is terminated and the running strategy is output.

[0018] The objective function for the total revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is: ; ; in, X represents the revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system; X represents the operating strategy of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system; T=24 represents the number of hours in a day. The revenue from hydrogen sales during period t; The revenue from electricity sales by the photovoltaic power generation unit during time period t; The cost of purchasing electricity from the grid during time period t; The operation and maintenance cost of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t; The operating power of the electrolytic cell unit during time period t; The system purchase price of electricity from the grid operator during time period t; The system electricity price for selling electricity to the grid during time period t; This represents the sales volume of hydrogen produced by the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t.

[0019] in, ; ; ; ; In the formula, This represents the price of hydrogen during time period t; The hydrogen sales volume of the electrolyzer unit during time period t; The electricity purchase price charged by the power grid operator during time period t; The electricity sold by the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t; The electricity price sold by the power grid operator during time period t; The power purchased by the grid operator during time period t; The operation and maintenance cost of the photovoltaic power generation unit during time period t; The operation and maintenance cost of the electrolytic cell unit during time period t; The operation and maintenance cost of the hydrogen storage unit during time period t is given.

[0020] In this embodiment, the photovoltaic power generation unit uses a hybrid prediction method based on historical data and weather forecasts to construct a power generation model for the photovoltaic power generation unit according to the influence of photovoltaic power and meteorological factors: ; In the formula, The power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation unit is expressed in kilowatts; K is a meteorological factor. This is a photovoltaic power generation function based on sunrise and sunset times, used to simulate irradiance at different times of the day; This refers to the rated power output of the photovoltaic power generation unit, expressed in kilowatts.

[0021] The power constraint of the electrolytic cell unit is: ; In the formula, The minimum power required for the operation of an electrolytic cell, measured in kilowatts; This is the maximum power output of the electrolytic cell, measured in kilowatts. The actual operating power of the electrolytic cell during time period t is expressed in kilowatts. The value is 0 or 1, used to indicate whether the electrolytic cell is in an operating or stopped state. A value of 0 indicates that the electrolytic cell is in a stopped state. A value of 1 indicates that the electrolytic cell is in operation; The minimum operating time constraint for the electrolytic cell unit is: ; In the formula, For time step index, ∈ (t, t+M-1); M represents the minimum running time in hours; This indicates that the electrolytic cell is in operation; The hydrogen production function of the electrolyzer unit is: ; In the formula, The hydrogen production of the electrolyzer unit during time period t is expressed in kilograms. This represents the average power of the electrolytic cell during time period t, in kilowatts. This indicates the electrolysis efficiency of the electrolytic cell unit, with a value ranging from 45 to 55. This indicates a time interval, typically 1 hour.

[0022] The hydrogen storage model for the hydrogen storage unit is as follows: ; In the formula, This represents the amount of hydrogen stored during time period t, expressed in kilograms. This indicates the amount of hydrogen stored at time t+1, in kilograms. This represents the hydrogen production during time period t, in kilograms. This represents the sales volume of hydrogen during time period t, in kilograms.

[0023] The power balance formula for the power grid interaction unit is: ; In the formula, This represents the power of abandoned solar power during time period t, in kilowatts. This represents the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic power generation unit during time period t, expressed in kilowatts.

[0024] In this embodiment, the Stackelberg game model, which is constructed with the grid operator as the leader and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system as the follower, covers the start-up and shutdown costs and operation and maintenance costs of the electrolyzer unit. Based on the grid operator's electricity sales price and purchase price, the model adjusts the hydrogen production strategy and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system's electricity purchase price strategy and electricity sales price strategy. The photovoltaic hydrogen production system's strategy can be generated by playing a game with the grid operator's pricing, thereby maximizing the total revenue.

[0025] In step S3, the formula for calculating the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is: ; in, Let t be the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system. A positive value indicates net electricity purchase. A negative value indicates net electricity sales.

[0026] The specific adjustments to the operating strategy are as follows: When the average net load over a period of time exceeds the preset net electricity purchase threshold, the system electricity purchase price is set to (1+) times the system electricity purchase price output in step S2. ) times, of which, To adjust the ratio upwards, the value range is 0.01-0.05; When the average net load over a period of time is less than the preset net electricity sales threshold, the system electricity purchase price is set to (1-) times the system electricity sales price output in step S2. ) times, of which, The reduction ratio is within the range of 0.01-0.05; The system purchase price for electricity sold from the photovoltaic hydrogen production system to the grid adopts a pricing model linked to the grid's electricity sales price; specifically, the system purchase price is equal to the grid's electricity sales price at the same moment. times, of which, This is the discount factor, with a value ranging from 0.8 to 0.9.

[0027] By adjusting the system's electricity purchase price and electricity sales price through comparison of net load, the impact on the power grid caused by excessive net electricity purchase and / or excessive net electricity sales of photovoltaic hydrogen production systems can be avoided.

[0028] In step S4, the criteria for determining electricity price convergence are as follows: ; in, The system purchase price of electricity during time period t in the (k+1)th iteration; The system purchase price of electricity during time period t in the k-th iteration; This is the electricity price convergence threshold, with a value ranging from 0.01 to 0.05. The criteria for determining return convergence are as follows: ; in, The revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t in the (k+1)th iteration; The revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t in the k-th iteration; The benchmark return value; The threshold for profit convergence is 0.01-0.03.

[0029] It should be noted that in this embodiment, the iteration threshold is 5. If the electricity price and / or revenue determination fails to converge after 5 iterations, the system purchase price and system sales price of the last iteration are output. In some other embodiments, the electricity price convergence threshold and revenue convergence threshold can be adjusted according to actual needs, which will not be limited or elaborated here.

[0030] The implementation principle of the Stackelberg game-based photovoltaic hydrogen production system operation optimization method in this application embodiment is as follows: By establishing a Stackelberg game model with the grid operator as the leader and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system as the follower, the interests of both parties are balanced through iterative optimization, achieving optimal energy management of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system. Considering photovoltaic output prediction, electrolyzer operating characteristics, hydrogen storage system constraints, and dynamic changes in grid electricity prices, the optimal operating strategy is solved through iterative optimization algorithms. This can effectively improve the economic benefits of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system, enabling the purchase of electricity for hydrogen production during off-peak hours, and the joint adjustment and optimization strategy of photovoltaic power generation and hydrogen production during peak hours. The photovoltaic absorption rate is significantly improved, the curtailment of solar power is reduced, and the utilization rate of electrolyzers is increased.

[0031] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step S1: Construct a Stackelberg game model with the grid operator as the leader and the photovoltaic hydrogen production system as the follower. The photovoltaic hydrogen production system includes a photovoltaic power generation unit, an electrolyzer unit, a hydrogen storage unit, and a grid interaction unit. Step S2: Input the current grid purchase price and grid sales price into the Stackelberg game model in step S1 to obtain the photovoltaic hydrogen production system operation strategy. The operation strategy includes the system purchase price and the system sales price. Step S3: Perform net load calculation. Calculate the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on the operating strategy output in step S2. Compare the net load with the net electricity purchase threshold and the net electricity sales threshold, and adjust the operating strategy accordingly. Step S4: Perform a convergence determination on the operating strategy output in step S3. The convergence determination includes profit convergence determination and electricity price convergence determination. If the convergence determination is satisfied, the loop ends and the operating strategy is output. If the convergence criteria are not met, return to step S2 to optimize the running strategy; If the number of iterations reaches the iteration threshold, the iteration is terminated and the running strategy is output.

2. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 1, characterized in that, The objective function for the total revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is: ； ； in, X represents the revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system; X represents the operating strategy of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system; T=24 represents the number of hours in a day. The revenue from hydrogen sales during period t; The revenue from electricity sales by the photovoltaic power generation unit during time period t; The cost of purchasing electricity from the grid during time period t; The operation and maintenance cost of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t; The operating power of the electrolytic cell unit during time period t; The system purchase price of electricity from the grid operator during time period t; The system electricity price for selling electricity to the grid during time period t; This represents the sales volume of hydrogen produced by the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t.

3. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 2, characterized in that, The photovoltaic power generation unit uses a hybrid forecasting method based on historical data and weather forecasts to construct a power generation model for the photovoltaic power generation unit based on the influence of photovoltaic power and meteorological factors: ； In the formula, The power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation unit is expressed in kilowatts; K is a meteorological factor. This is a photovoltaic power generation function based on sunrise and sunset times, used to simulate irradiance at different times of the day; This refers to the rated power output of the photovoltaic power generation unit, expressed in kilowatts.

4. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 2, characterized in that, The power constraint of the electrolytic cell unit is: ； In the formula, The minimum power required for the operation of an electrolytic cell, measured in kilowatts; This is the maximum power output of the electrolytic cell, measured in kilowatts. The actual operating power of the electrolytic cell during time period t is expressed in kilowatts. The value is 0 or 1, used to indicate whether the electrolytic cell is in an operating or stopped state. A value of 0 indicates that the electrolytic cell is in a stopped state. A value of 1 indicates that the electrolytic cell is in operation; The minimum operating time constraint for the electrolytic cell unit is: ； In the formula, For time step index, ∈ (t, t+M-1); M represents the minimum running time in hours; This indicates that the electrolytic cell is in operation; The hydrogen production function of the electrolyzer unit is: ； In the formula, The hydrogen production of the electrolyzer unit during time period t is expressed in kilograms. This represents the average power of the electrolytic cell during time period t, in kilowatts. This indicates the electrolysis efficiency of the electrolytic cell unit, with a value ranging from 45 to 55. This indicates a time interval, typically 1 hour.

5. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 2, characterized in that, The hydrogen storage model for the hydrogen storage unit is as follows: ； In the formula, This represents the amount of hydrogen stored during time period t, expressed in kilograms. This indicates the amount of hydrogen stored at time t+1, in kilograms. This represents the hydrogen production during time period t, in kilograms. This represents the sales volume of hydrogen during time period t, in kilograms.

6. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 2, characterized in that, The power balance formula for the power grid interaction unit is: ； In the formula, This represents the power of abandoned solar power during time period t, in kilowatts. This represents the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic power generation unit during time period t, expressed in kilowatts.

7. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the formula for calculating the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is: ； in, Let t be the net load of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system. A positive value indicates net electricity purchase. A negative value indicates net electricity sales.

8. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S3, the specific steps for adjusting the operating strategy are as follows: When the average net load over a period of time exceeds the preset net electricity purchase threshold, the system electricity purchase price is set to (1+) times the system electricity purchase price output in step S2. ) times, of which, To adjust the ratio upwards, the value range is 0.01-0.05; When the average net load over a period of time is less than the preset net electricity sales threshold, the system electricity purchase price is set to (1-) times the system electricity sales price output in step S2. ) times, of which, The reduction ratio is within the range of 0.01-0.05; The system purchase price for electricity sold from the photovoltaic hydrogen production system to the grid adopts a pricing model linked to the grid's electricity sales price; specifically, the system purchase price is equal to the grid's electricity sales price at the same moment. times, of which, This is the discount factor, with a value ranging from 0.8 to 0.

9.

9. The method for optimizing the operation of a photovoltaic hydrogen production system based on Stackelberg game theory according to claim 1, characterized in that, The criteria for determining electricity price convergence are as follows: ； in, The system purchase price of electricity during time period t in the (k+1)th iteration; The system purchase price of electricity during time period t in the k-th iteration; This is the electricity price convergence threshold, with a value ranging from 0.01 to 0.

05. The criteria for determining return convergence are as follows: ； in, The revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t in the (k+1)th iteration; The revenue of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system during time period t in the k-th iteration; The benchmark return value; The threshold for profit convergence is 0.01-0.03.

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