Non-therapeutic use of hydroxycinnamic acid and derivatives

Abstract

This invention generally relates to the use of hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives, such as alginate, in cosmetic or therapeutic settings. The invention further relates to compositions comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the use of hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives (such as zosteric acid) in cosmetic or therapeutic settings. The invention further relates to compositions comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives. Background Technology

[0002] As a primary barrier against external environmental factors, the skin and scalp of humans and animals are prone to various cosmetic and therapeutic conditions. These conditions can seriously affect an individual's physical health and, due to their conspicuousness, often bring psychological and emotional burdens.

[0003] In the realm of cosmetic issues, problems such as acne, wrinkles, and rosacea have long plagued many individuals, leading to a constant search for effective solutions to prevent or alleviate these localized conditions. For instance, acne, manifesting as papules, blackheads, and cysts, affects a significant portion of the population and is typically caused by a combination of factors, including microbial activity. Similarly, conditions such as wrinkles, often considered an inevitable sign of aging, can be exacerbated by external factors such as UV radiation, pollution, and certain lifestyle choices.

[0004] Conditions on the scalp, such as dandruff, dryness, oiliness, and scalp acne, can significantly impact an individual's self-confidence and overall comfort. Dandruff, characterized by flaking of the scalp, can usually be attributed to a combination of factors, including the presence of specific microorganisms.

[0005] Beyond cosmetic concerns, many skin conditions also have therapeutic implications. Conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, folliculitis of the scalp, and alopecia areata not only cause significant discomfort but can also lead to complications in severe cases. Notably, many of these conditions are directly or indirectly linked to microbial infections.

[0006] While current treatments and preventative methods are extensive, they often present challenges such as side effects, drug resistance, limited efficacy, or targeting only specific symptoms rather than the underlying cause. There is a clear and unresolved need for compositions and solutions that can address one or both of cosmetic and therapeutic skin and scalp problems. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The inventors have surprisingly discovered that a class of compounds, namely hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives, particularly sulfated variants such as alginate, can reduce antimicrobial adhesion, thereby enabling the prevention or relief of cosmetic conditions. In some respects, hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives are also suitable for therapeutic use.

[0008] Therefore, in one aspect, this disclosure provides cosmetic use of compositions comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or derivatives thereof for the prevention and / or relief of local conditions in a subject.

[0009] In one aspect, this disclosure provides a composition comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof according to the following formula:

[0010] or its salt,

[0011] R1, R2, and R3 are independently chosen from hydrogen (H), hydroxyl (OH), and carbon. 1-6 -alkyl and C 1-6 The group consisting of -alkoxy, -O-SO2-OR5, where R5 is selected from hydrogen and C. 1-6 The group consisting of alkyl groups;

[0012] The condition is that at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is a hydroxyl group (OH) or -O-SO2-OR5, and R4 is selected from hydrogen (H) and C. 1-6 The group consisting of -alkyl groups.

[0013] In one aspect, this disclosure provides a cosmetic product comprising a composition as defined herein.

[0014] In one aspect, this disclosure provides a composition comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof for treating skin conditions. Attached Figure Description

[0015] For clarity, the accompanying drawings are illustrative and simplified, and they show only details essential for understanding the invention, while other details may have been omitted. Throughout the specification, claims, and drawings, the same reference numerals are used for the same or corresponding parts. In the figures and drawings included herein:

[0016] - Figure 1 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. *Malassezia furfur* was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of alginate (left panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the right panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are expressed as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted as follows: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0017] - Figure 2 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. *Malassezia restricta* (M. restricta) was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of alginate (left panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the right panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are expressed as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted as follows: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0018] - Figure 3 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) CECT239 was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of alginate (left panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the right panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are expressed as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted as follows: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0019] - Figure 4 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. Staphylococcus aureus V329 was grown in liquid medium in the presence of alginate at a specified concentration (left panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the right panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are expressed as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted as follows: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0020] - Figure 5Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. Staphylococcus epidermidis was grown in liquid medium in the presence of alginate at a specified concentration (left panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the right panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are expressed as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted as follows: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0021] - Figure 6 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. *Propionibacterium acnes* (C. acnes) was grown in liquid medium in the presence of alginate, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration (measured by OD600) to completely inhibit growth. Liquid cultures from the MIC experiments were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are expressed as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted as follows: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0022] - Figure 7 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 1 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, *** indicating p < 0.001.

[0023] - Figure 8 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 24 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including inoculated untreated controls. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM).

[0024] - Figure 9The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 1 h of treatment with the specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, ** indicating p < 0.01, and **** indicating p < 0.0001.

[0025] - Figure 10 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 24 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, ** indicating p < 0.01, and *** indicating p < 0.001.

[0026] - Figure 11 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 1 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * representing p < 0.05.

[0027] - Figure 12 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 24 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, ** indicating p < 0.01.

[0028] - Figure 13 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 1 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as **** representing p < 0.0001.

[0029] - Figure 14The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 24 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, ** indicating p < 0.01.

[0030] - Figure 15 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 1 h of treatment with the specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, ** indicating p < 0.01.

[0031] - Figure 16 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 24 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, ** indicating p < 0.01, and *** indicating p < 0.001.

[0032] - Figure 17 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 1 h of treatment with the specified concentration of alginate, including the inoculated untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as * indicating p < 0.05, ** indicating p < 0.01.

[0033] - Figure 18 The results are presented graphically, showing the original number (ufc / ml, left panel) and normalized number (right panel) of adherent cells in porcine skin explants after 24 h of treatment with a specified concentration of alginate, including inoculated untreated controls. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of median (SEM). Statistical significance is depicted as ** representing p < 0.01.

[0034] - Figure 19 This image shows a representative image of sebum measurement performed on the scalp using Sebumeter®.

[0035] - Figure 20 A dandruff scale is shown. Scores range from Level 1 (no dandruff) to Level 5 (severe).

[0036] - Figure 21 A graphical representation of sebum levels is shown. The mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) are displayed. An asterisk indicates statistical significance, where **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0037] - Figure 22 A graphical representation of the dandruff scale is shown. The mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) are displayed. An asterisk indicates statistical significance, where **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0038] - Figure 23 The Bio Blue Light Scanner is shown, which includes a high-resolution camera (Dalsa TS, 5 Mpixel) and a diffuse indirect illumination system that emits light at a wavelength of 470 nm (blue light).

[0039] - Figure 24 The scale used in the study is shown. Scale levels increase from left to right (black to white). The greater the number of keratinocytes adhering to Corneofix®, the higher the scale level.

[0040] - Figure 25 The acne (whitehead) scale used in Example 3 is shown.

[0041] - Figure 26 Graphical representations of acne area, volume, height, and count are shown. Mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) are presented. Statistical significance is depicted as: * represents a p-value < 0.05.

[0042] - Figure 27 A graphical representation of skin scaling is shown. The mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) are shown.

[0043] - Figure 28 and Figure 29 Example 2 is shown. Figure 29 ) and Example 3 ( Figure 28 A graphical representation of the results of the self-assessment questionnaire.

[0044] - Figure 30Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of p-coumaric acid (top panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the bottom panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are presented as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted below: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0045] - Figure 31 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. Staphylococcus aureus V329 was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of p-coumaric acid (top panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the bottom panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are presented as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted below: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0046] - Figure 32 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. Staphylococcus epidermidis was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of p-coumaric acid (top panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the bottom panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are presented as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted below: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0047] - Figure 33Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. *Propionibacterium acnes* was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of p-coumaric acid (top figure), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the bottom figure, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are presented as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted as follows: ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.

[0048] - Figure 34 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. *Malassezia furfur* was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of p-coumaric acid (top panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the bottom panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are presented as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted below: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0049] - Figure 35 Microbial growth in liquid and solid media is shown. *Malassezia repens* was grown in liquid medium in the presence of a specified concentration of p-coumaric acid (top panel), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth (measured by OD600). In the bottom panel, liquid cultures from the MIC experiment were plated to examine microbial growth in solid medium, and the minimum microbial-killing concentration (MMC) was determined as the lowest product concentration that inhibited growth (determined by the absence of visible colonies). Data are presented as mean ± Std, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and plotted below: **** p-value < 0.0001.

[0050] Figure 36 shows the viability of human cells after treatment with the following products: alginate (A); azelaic acid (B); benzoyl peroxide (C); selenium sulfide (D); and zinc pyridone (E). The graphical representation of the results shows the cell viability of human keratinocytes 24 hours after treatment with the products at the specified dose range, compared to the untreated control. An asterisk indicates statistical significance, such as * representing p < 0.05 and **** representing p < 0.0001.

[0051] Figure 37 shows the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of alginate in *Propionibacterium acnes* (A), benzoyl peroxide in *Propionibacterium acnes* (B), azelaic acid in *Propionibacterium acnes* (C); alginate in *Malassezia furfur* (D); zinc pyridone in *Malassezia furfur* (E); and selenium sulfide in *Malassezia furfur* (F). The MICs of the tested products in *Propionibacterium acnes* and *Malassezia furfur* were determined. MICs were determined as the lowest product concentration that completely inhibited growth in liquid culture medium (measured by OD600). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was calculated compared to the untreated control and depicted below: * represents p < 0.05, **** represents p < 0.0001.

[0052] By incorporating references

[0053] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent that each individual publication, patent, or patent application is specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In the event of any conflict between the terminology used herein and the terminology in the incorporated references, the terminology used herein shall prevail. Detailed Implementation

[0054] Features and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of embodiments and examples of the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings and illustrations.

[0055] definition

[0056] As used in this article in the context of preventing cosmetic conditions, the term "prevention" refers to the active application or use of a composition to inhibit, prevent, or stop the onset or occurrence of a specified local condition before it manifests on a subject. This means that the composition can be applied to areas that may be susceptible to the condition, even if there are no visible or obvious symptoms, to reduce the likelihood or potential for the condition to develop or occur.

[0057] As used herein in the context of alleviating a local condition with the specified composition, the term "alleviation" means the application or use of the composition to reduce, lessen, or alleviate the severity, intensity, or discomfort associated with a local condition that has manifested in the subject. This means that the composition may be applied to areas showing signs or symptoms of the condition with the aim of improving the appearance, symptoms, or associated discomfort of the condition, and does not necessarily mean a complete cure or elimination of the condition.

[0058] As used in this article, the term "bio-based" is used to characterize bio-based products, where:

[0059] The total carbon content of the product is at least 30%, and

[0060] The carbon content of renewable raw materials (bio-based) is at least 20%.

[0061] As recognized by the Circular Bio-based European Joint Undertaking (CBE Joint Undertaking) established in 2021, the development of bio-based materials is crucial if the EU is to achieve climate targets such as those set forth in the European Green Deal.

[0062] Both fossil fuels and renewable resources are primarily composed of carbon (C). Carbon exists in several isotopes. The isotope 14C is radioactive and naturally present in all living organisms (plants, animals, etc.) at a fixed relative concentration almost identical to that in the atmosphere. At this concentration, the radioactivity level of 14C is 100%. Once the organism ceases to exist, this concentration, and therefore the radioactivity, decays with a half-life of approximately 5700 years. Therefore, the radioactivity level of 14C in an unknown substance can help determine the age of the carbon contained within that substance.

[0063] "Young" carbon (0 to 10 years old) derived from renewable raw materials such as plants or animals has a relative 14C concentration that is almost identical to that in the atmosphere, and therefore the radioactive 14C level of such young carbon is about 100%.

[0064] “Ancient” carbon (millions of years old) from synthetic or fossil (petrochemical) sources is severely depleted of its isotopic 14C content because the ages of such synthetic and fossil sources far exceed the half-life of isotopic 14C (approximately 5700 years). Therefore, carbon derived from synthetic or fossil sources has a relative isotopic 14C concentration of approximately 0%, and the radioactive 14C level of such ancient carbon is therefore approximately 0%.

[0065] In one implementation, the term "radioactive 14C level" refers to the total radioactive 14C level of a given substance, product, or composition as defined above.

[0066] The 14C isotope method can be used to determine the concentration of carbon in young (renewable) materials compared to that in ancient (fossil) resources. The carbon content of renewable feedstocks is referred to as "bio-based carbon content." The carbon content of renewable feedstocks, or "bio-based carbon content," can be determined as described below.

[0067] When measuring bio-based carbon content, the result can be reported as "Bio-based Carbon %". This represents the percentage of carbon from "natural" (plant or animal by-product) sources relative to "synthetic" or "fossil" (petrochemical) sources. For reference, 100% bio-based carbon means the material is entirely derived from plant or animal by-products, while 0% bio-based carbon means the material contains no carbon from plant or animal by-products. Values ​​in between represent a mixture of natural and fossil sources.

[0068] Example: If a product has an 80% radioactive 14C level, it means that the product is composed of 80% renewable carbon and 20% fossil carbon (C). In other words, the product is 80% bio-based.

[0069] This analytical measurement can be referred to as "modern carbon percentage (pMC)". It is the percentage of 14C measured in a sample relative to a modern reference standard (NIST 4990C). Bio-based carbon content % is calculated from pMC by applying a small adjustment factor to 14C in today's atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is important to note that all internationally recognized standards using 14C assume that the plant or biomass feedstock is derived from the natural environment. pMC can be analyzed using standard test methods such as "ASTM D6866".

[0070] Beauty Uses

[0071] In one embodiment, a composition comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is provided for cosmetic use in preventing and / or alleviating a local condition in a subject. The utility of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof in a cosmetic setting is supported by the findings of Example 1 of this disclosure.

[0072] An important aspect of this disclosure relates to the cosmetic use of the hydroxycinnamic acid disclosed herein. Specifically, the cosmetic use can be achieved, such as, but not limited to, at specific concentrations where the hydroxycinnamic acid is not bactericidal but inhibits the proliferation and / or adhesion of microbial organisms. In one embodiment, this use inhibits the adhesion and / or proliferation of microbial organisms on the skin of a subject without affecting the microbial growth of the microbial organisms.

[0073] In one implementation, local condition refers to the condition of the skin and / or scalp.

[0074] In one implementation, the skin condition is selected from the group consisting of: acne, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, and wrinkles.

[0075] In one implementation, the skin condition is acne.

[0076] In one implementation, the use relieves and / or prevents one or more of the following: papules, blackheads, and cysts.

[0077] In one implementation, the scalp condition is selected from the group consisting of: dandruff, dry scalp, oily or greasy scalp, folliculitis of the scalp, alopecia areata, and acne of the scalp.

[0078] In one implementation, the scalp condition is dandruff.

[0079] concentration

[0080] In one embodiment, the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.1% or less, such as 0.009% or less, such as 0.009% or less, such as 0.008% or less, such as 0.007% or less, such as 0.006% or less, such as 0.005% or less, such as 0.004% or less, such as 0.003% or less, such as 0.002% or less, such as 0.001% or less. In the context of this disclosure, unless otherwise stated, concentrations are provided in weight percent, i.e., % w / w.

[0081] In one embodiment, the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

[0082] In one embodiment, the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof (such as alginate) at a concentration of 0.5% to 1.5% (e.g., 1%). As shown in Examples 2 and 3, the use of 1% alginate, for example in a shampoo or serum, has significant advantages in alleviating localized conditions such as acne and / or dandruff. In some embodiments, the cosmetic use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof (such as alginate) at a concentration of 0.5% to 1.5% (e.g., 1.0%), wherein the skin condition is acne or dandruff, such as acne or, for example, dandruff.

[0083] In some embodiments, the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.05% to 10%, such as 0.05% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%. In a preferred embodiment, the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof applied at these concentrations is alginate.

[0084] In some implementations, the concentration is 0.5% to 2%, such as 1%.

[0085] In some embodiments, the microbial organism is *Malassezia repens*, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof (e.g., coumaric acid, such as p-coumaric acid) to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

[0086] In some embodiments, the microbial organism is Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.05%, such as 0.001% to 0.002%, such as 0.002% to 0.003%, such as 0.003% to 0.004%, such as 0.004% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.006%, such as 0.006% to 0.007%, such as 0.007% to 0.008%, such as 0.008% to 0.009%, such as 0.009% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%.

[0087] Microbial organisms

[0088] Microorganisms such as Malassezia furfur (M. furfur), Malassezia restricta (M. restricta), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Propionibacterium acnes (C. acnes), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) are known to play key roles in a range of skin conditions or cosmetic issues.

[0089] In one embodiment, the above concentration is applied, wherein the microbial organism is selected from the group consisting of: Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, Staphylococcus aureus, such as Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 or V329, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes.

[0090] In some implementations, a microbial organism is part of a microbial community that includes a variety of microbial organisms.

[0091] In one embodiment, the microbial organism is Malassezia furfur, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

[0092] In one embodiment, the microbial organism is *Malassezia repens*, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.05%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%.

[0093] In one embodiment, the microbial organism is Staphylococcus aureus, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

[0094] In one embodiment, the microbial organism is Propionibacterium acnes, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.01%, such as 0.001% to 0.002%, such as 0.002% to 0.003%, such as 0.003% to 0.004%, such as 0.004% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.006%, such as 0.006% to 0.007%, such as 0.007% to 0.008%, such as 0.008% to 0.009%, such as 0.009% to 0.01%.

[0095] Hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives

[0096] In one embodiment, the cosmetic or therapeutic use according to this disclosure comprises hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, including any salt thereof. Specifically, hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof may be in salt form, such as an alkali metal salt. In one embodiment, hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is a sodium or potassium salt.

[0097] In some embodiments, hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is alginate, and the salt is a sodium or potassium salt, such as a monosodium or monopotassium salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a dipotassium or disodium salt.

[0098] In some embodiments, the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is:

[0099] or its salt,

[0100] R1, R2, and R3 are independently chosen from hydrogen (H), hydroxyl (OH), and carbon. 1-6 -alkyl and C 1-6 The group consisting of -alkoxy, -O-SO2-OR5, where R5 is selected from hydrogen and C. 1-6 The group consists of alkyl groups; the condition being that at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is a hydroxyl group (OH) or -O-SO2-OR5, and R4 is selected from hydrogen (H) and C. 1-6 The group consisting of -alkyl groups.

[0101] In some implementations, R2 is -O-SO2-OR5. In some implementations, R2 is -O-SO2-OR5, and R5 is hydrogen.

[0102] In some implementations, R2 is -OH.

[0103] In some implementations, hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives are alginic acid.

[0104] In some embodiments, hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives are coumaric acids, such as p-coumaric acid.

[0105] Composition

[0106] In some embodiments, the composition comprises hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof at a concentration of about 0.1% w / w to about 10% w / w, water, and a preservative.

[0107] In some embodiments, the composition comprises hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof with a trans / cis ratio of at least 90:10, such as at least 91:9, such as at least 92:8, such as at least 93:7, such as at least 94:6, such as at least 95:5, such as at least 96:4, such as at least 97:3, such as at least 98:2, such as at least 99:1, such as 100:0.

[0108] In some embodiments, the composition is a bio-based composition.

[0109] In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 20% bio-based carbon, such as at least 30% bio-based carbon, such as at least 40% bio-based carbon, such as at least 50% bio-based carbon, such as at least 60% bio-based carbon, such as at least 70% bio-based carbon, such as at least 75% bio-based carbon, such as at least 80% bio-based carbon, such as at least 85% bio-based carbon, such as at least 90% bio-based carbon, such as at least 95% bio-based carbon, such as 100% bio-based carbon.

[0110] In some embodiments, the composition comprises 20% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 30% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 40% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 50% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 60% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 70% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 75% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 80% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 85% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 90% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 95% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 100% bio-based carbon.

[0111] In some embodiments, a composition is provided comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof according to the following formula:

[0112] or its salt,

[0113] R1, R2, and R3 are independently chosen from hydrogen (H), hydroxyl (OH), and carbon. 1-6 -alkyl and C 1-6 The group consisting of -alkoxy, -O-SO2-OR5, where R5 is selected from hydrogen and C. 1-6 The group consisting of alkyl groups;

[0114] The condition is that at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is a hydroxyl group (OH) or -O-SO2-OR5, and R4 is selected from hydrogen (H) and C. 1-6 The group consisting of -alkyl groups. In some embodiments, R2 is -OH.

[0115] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for topical application. In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a serum, shampoo, cream, lotion, gel, ointment, foam, spray, patch, oil, balm, mask, soap, or medicated wipe. In some embodiments, the composition contains 1% alginic acid and is in the form of a serum, shampoo, cream, lotion, gel, ointment, foam, spray, patch, oil, balm, mask, soap, or medicated wipe. In a specific embodiment, the composition is in the form of a serum or shampoo. In a specific embodiment, the composition contains 0.5% to 1.5% alginic acid and is in the form of a serum or shampoo.

[0116] In some embodiments, a formulation for topical application is provided comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, as defined herein, such as alginate, at a concentration of 0.5% to 1.5%, such as 1%, wherein the formulation is in the form of a serum or shampoo.

[0117] Beauty products

[0118] In some embodiments, a beauty product is provided that comprises the composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a beauty product is provided wherein the beauty product is selected from the group consisting of: shampoos, conditioning agents (such as hair conditioners), serums, creams, pads (such as topical treatment pads), lotions, gels, soaps, deodorants, bodywash products, and sprays (such as scalp or skin sprays).

[0119] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a shampoo containing 1% to 5% concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5%.

[0120] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a conditioning agent comprising 1% to 5% of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5%.

[0121] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides an essence containing 1% to 10% of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%.

[0122] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a cream containing 1% to 10% concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, in concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%.

[0123] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a lotion containing 1% to 10% concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, in concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%.

[0124] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a gel containing 1% to 5% concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5%.

[0125] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a gel containing 1% to 5% concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5%.

[0126] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a spray containing 1% to 15% of hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginic acid or p-coumaric acid, for example, at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15%.

[0127] In some implementations, the cosmetic product further comprises one or more additional cosmetic agents selected from the group consisting of: benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, fruit acid, retinoids, ketoconazole, arbutin, kojic acid, vitamin C, and licorice extract.

[0128] Any of these implementation schemes can be used in the formulations mentioned herein for topical application.

[0129] treat

[0130] As disclosed herein, whether the use is cosmetic or therapeutic may depend on factors such as the concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid or its derivatives applied, or on whether the condition is considered cosmetic or pathological in a particular sociocultural context. In some respects, this disclosure provides for cosmetic uses, and in others, it provides for therapeutic uses.

[0131] In some embodiments, a composition comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is provided for treating skin conditions.

[0132] In some implementations, the skin condition is caused by a skin and / or scalp condition.

[0133] In some implementations, the skin condition is selected from the group consisting of: acne vulgaris, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, aging skin, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema.

[0134] In some implementations, the skin condition is acne vulgaris.

[0135] In some implementations, the treatment relieves and / or reduces one or more symptoms selected from the group consisting of: papules, blackheads, cysts, inflammation, erythema, and scars.

[0136] In some implementation schemes, scalp conditions are selected from the group consisting of: seborrheic dermatitis, scalp psoriasis, folliculitis, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, and scalp acne.

[0137] In some implementations, the scalp condition is seborrheic dermatitis. In other implementations, the scalp condition is alopecia areata.

[0138] In some implementations, the skin condition is caused by a microbial infection.

[0139] In some implementations, the microbial infection is caused by one or more microorganisms selected from the group consisting of: Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

[0140] In some implementations, the skin condition is, for example, tinea versicolor or seborrheic dermatitis caused by Malassezia furfur.

[0141] In some embodiments, the skin condition is, for example, acne vulgaris or folliculitis caused by Propionibacterium acnes. In some embodiments, the skin condition is, for example, atopic dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. In some embodiments, the skin condition is, for example, impetigo or folliculitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus strains CECT239 or V329.

[0142] In some embodiments, the microbial organism is Malassezia furfur, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.5% to 10%, such as 0.5% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

[0143] In some embodiments, the microbial organism is a restricted Malassezia, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.1% to 10%, such as 0.1% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

[0144] In some embodiments, the microbial organism is Staphylococcus aureus, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.5% to 10%, such as 0.5% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

[0145] In some embodiments, the microbial organism is Propionibacterium acnes, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.05% to 10%, such as 0.05% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

[0146] In some embodiments, the microbial organism is Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the use includes applying hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.05% to 10%, such as 0.05% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

[0147] Example

[0148] Materials and methods

[0149] The chemicals used in the examples herein (e.g., chemicals used for buffers and substrates) are at least reagent-grade commercial products.

[0150] Example 1: In vitro assessment of microbial adhesion on porcine skin explants

[0151] This embodiment evaluated the effect of alginate on microbial adhesion. Specifically, this embodiment investigated the dependence of alginate concentration on its cosmetic applicability.

[0152] Materials and Methods

[0153] In vitro viability and in vitro adhesion assays were performed on porcine skin explants using different strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Malassezia furfur, and Malassezia restriction.

[0154] Microscopes, incubators, statistical analysis software, laminar flow hoods for microorganisms, micropipettes, pipettes, aspirators, supports, puncture biopsy instruments, vortex mixers, temperature-controlled orbital oscillators, spectrophotometers, and consumables.

[0155] Distilled water (Braun), phosphate-buffered saline (Sigma-Aldrich), DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich), ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich), Oxoid CM0149 medium (fortified Clostridium tumefaciens medium), nutrient broth / agar I medium, OXOID CM0920 medium, porcine skin explants, anaerobic tanks, and anaerobic atmosphere generator.

[0156] Procedure: The list of strains used in this embodiment is as follows:

[0157] • Malassezia furfur (ATCC 44344), a dandruff-related species.

[0158] • Malassezia restricta (ATCC MYA-4611), a dandruff-related species.

[0159] • Staphylococcus aureus CECT 239 (clinical isolate), atopic dermatitis-associated species.

[0160] • Staphylococcus aureus V329 (high biofilm-producing strain), an atopic dermatitis-associated species.

[0161] • Staphylococcus epidermidis (CECT231), a commensal species of the skin microbiome.

[0162] • Propionibacterium acnes (CECT5684), an acne-related species.

[0163] • Staphylococcus species (Staphylococcus spp.) were grown in broth / agar nutrient broth I medium at 37°C for 24 h. Propionibacterium acnes was grown under anaerobic conditions in broth / agar-enhanced Clostridium medium at 37°C for 48 h to 72 h using an anaerobic chamber and anaerobic atmosphere generator. Malassezia species (Malasssezia spp.) were grown in broth / agar OXOID CM0920 medium at 30°C for 96 h.

[0164] For MIC determination, the strains were grown as described above and diluted to an initial OD600 of 0.01 in 96-well plates containing different concentrations (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, and 0.0005%) of alginate. Microbial growth was measured by OD600 in a spectrophotometer after 24 h (Staphylococcus species), 48 h (Propionibacterium acnes), or 96 h (Malassezia species) to determine the minimum concentration (MIC) required to inhibit growth in the liquid medium. To establish MMC, 10 µl of medium was removed from each well and plated onto appropriate agar medium; after incubation for 24 h (Staphylococcus species), 48 h (Propionibacterium acnes), or 96 h (Malassezia species), colonies on the plates were examined, and the MMC was determined as the minimum product concentration required to completely inhibit microbial growth (no visible colonies) on the agar plate.

[0165] In vitro adhesion assay

[0166] Porcine skin explants were obtained from meat processing facilities and then cleaned and sterilized. A series of dilutions of the product (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, and 0.0005%) were prepared and aseptically applied to the surface of the skin explants, followed by incubation at room temperature for 1 hour (h) to allow product penetration into the skin. For microbial cell preparation, Staphylococcus species were grown in broth / agar nutrient broth I medium at 37°C for 24 h; Propionibacterium acnes was grown in anaerobic conditions using an anaerobic chamber and anaerobic atmosphere generator in broth / agar-enhanced Clostridium medium at 37°C for 48 h to 72 h; and Malassezia species were grown in broth / agar OXOID CM0920 medium at 30°C for 96 h.

[0167] The strains were grown on agar plates, and single colonies from pure cultures were inoculated onto appropriate liquid media, which were then diluted to a density of 10⁹ CFU / ml and applied to the surface of treated skin explants. Conditions involving inoculation of microbial cells onto untreated skin explants were included as negative controls. After 1 h (to assess adhesion to skin explants) or 24 h (to assess proliferation on skin explants), the skin explants were thoroughly washed with sterile PBS, and puncture biopsies were performed using a dedicated device. Microbial cells adhering to the biopsy samples were quantified using a dropper method. Statistical analysis was performed on the data.

[0168] For MIC assays, eight technical replicates were performed. For MMC assays, at least three technical replicates were performed. For adhesion assays, three technical replicates were performed for each condition. All data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, 95% confidence level. Graphical results are presented as mean ± SEM (mean standard error).

[0169] result

[0170] Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbial killing concentration (MMC) results: For each microbial strain, the results of the MIC and MMC determinations for alginate are summarized below:

[0171] - Alginic acid has a MIC of 1% in Malassezia furfur, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.5%. Figure 1 ).

[0172] - Alginic acid has a MMC content of 1% in Malassezia furfur ( Figure 1 ).

[0173] - Alginic acid has a MIC of 1% in Malassezia, although growth decreased when the product was used at 0.5% and 0.1%. Figure 2 ).

[0174] - Alginic acid has a MMC of 1% in Malassezia (a type of bacteria). Figure 2 ).

[0175] - Alginic acid had a MIC of 1% in Staphylococcus aureus CECT239, although growth decreased when the product was used at 0.5% and 0.1%. Figure 3 ).

[0176] - Alginic acid has a MMC of 1% in Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 ( Figure 3 ).

[0177] - Alginic acid had a MIC of 1% in Staphylococcus aureus V329, although growth decreased when the product was used at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01%. Figure 4 ).

[0178] - Alginic acid has a MMC of 1% in Staphylococcus aureus V329 ( Figure 4 ).

[0179] - Alginic acid has a MIC of 1% in Staphylococcus epidermidis, although growth decreased when the product was used at 0.5% and 0.1%. Figure 5 ).

[0180] - Alginic acid has a MMC content of 1% in Staphylococcus epidermidis ( Figure 5 ).

[0181] - Alginic acid has a MIC of 0.5% in Propionibacterium acnes, although growth decreased when the product was used at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.05%. Figure 6 ).

[0182] - Alginate has a 1% MMC in Propionibacterium acnes. Interestingly, alginate used at 0.5% inhibited growth in liquid medium, but the bacteria still survived at this concentration, as evidenced by growth on solid medium. Figure 6 ).

[0183] In vitro adhesion assay: The results of the antimicrobial adhesion effect of alginate in an in vitro porcine skin model for each microbial strain are summarized below.

[0184] - Malassezia furfur cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 1 hour to allow adhesion to the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.05%, alginate reduced the adhesion of Malassezia furfur to porcine skin explants. Figure 7 Of all these concentrations, 0.1% or 0.05% alginate inhibited adhesion without affecting microbial growth. Figure 7 ).

[0185] - Malassezia furfur cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 24 hours to allow proliferation on the skin surface. Under these conditions, no concentration of alginate reduced the proliferation of Malassezia furfur on porcine skin explants. Figure 8 ).

[0186] - Restrictive Malassezia cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 1 hour to allow adhesion to the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.01%, alginate reduced the adhesion of restrictive Malassezia to porcine skin explants. Figure 9 Of all these concentrations, 0.05% or 0.01% alginate inhibited adhesion without affecting microbial growth. Figure 9 ).

[0187] - Restrictive Malassezia cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 24 hours to allow proliferation on the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.01%, alginate reduced the proliferation of restrictive Malassezia on porcine skin explants. Figure 10 Of all these concentrations, 0.05% or 0.01% alginate inhibited proliferation without affecting microbial growth. Figure 10 ).

[0188] - Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 1 hour to allow adhesion to the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.1%, alginate reduced the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 to porcine skin explants. Figure 11 Of all these concentrations, 0.1% alginate inhibited adhesion and had only a slight effect on microbial growth. Figure 11 ).

[0189] - Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 24 hours to allow proliferation on the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.1%, alginate reduced the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 on porcine skin explants. Figure 12 Of all these concentrations, 0.1% alginate inhibited proliferation and had only a slight effect on microbial growth. Figure 12 ).

[0190] - Staphylococcus aureus V329 cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 1 hour to allow adhesion to the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.05%, alginate reduced the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus V329 to porcine skin explants. Figure 13 However, all of these concentrations showed reduced growth of Staphylococcus aureus V329. Figure 13 ).

[0191] - Staphylococcus aureus V329 cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 24 hours to allow proliferation on the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.05%, alginate reduced the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus V329 on porcine skin explants. Figure 14 However, all of these concentrations showed reduced growth of Staphylococcus aureus V329. Figure 14 ).

[0192] - Staphylococcus epidermidis cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 1 hour to allow adhesion to the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.1%, alginate reduced the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to porcine skin explants. Figure 15 However, all of these concentrations showed a reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Figure 15 ).

[0193] - Staphylococcus epidermidis cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 24 hours to allow proliferation on the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.1%, alginate reduced the proliferation of Staphylococcus epidermidis on porcine skin explants. Figure 16 However, all of these concentrations showed a reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Figure 16 ).

[0194] - Propionibacterium acnes cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 1 hour to allow adhesion to the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.01%, alginate reduced the adhesion of Propionibacterium acnes to porcine skin explants. Figure 17 Of all these concentrations, 0.01% alginate inhibited adhesion without affecting microbial growth. Figure 17 ).

[0195] - Propionibacterium acnes cells were inoculated onto product-treated porcine skin explants and incubated for 24 hours to allow proliferation on the skin surface. When used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 0.1%, alginate reduced the proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes on porcine skin explants. Figure 18 However, all of these concentrations showed a reduction in the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Figure 18 ).

[0196] In summary, the minimum microbial concentration (MMC) of alginate was 1% for all tested strains. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 1% for most strains, except for *Propionibacterium acnes* (whose MIC was 0.5%). Regarding microbial adhesion to porcine skin explants, alginate showed varying efficacy:

[0197] For Malassezia furfur, concentrations between 1% and 0.05% reduced adhesion, with 0.1% or 0.05% optimally inhibiting adhesion without affecting microbial growth.

[0198] Restricted Malassezia showed reduced adhesion and proliferation at concentrations between 1% and 0.01%, with optimal concentrations at 0.05% or 0.01%, without impairing microbial growth.

[0199] Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 showed reduced adhesion and proliferation between 1% and 0.1%, with 0.1% being the most effective, having only a slight growth effect.

[0200] For both Staphylococcus aureus V329 and Staphylococcus epidermidis, concentrations in the range of 1% to 0.05% and 1% to 0.1%, respectively, resulted in reduced adhesion and proliferation, but they also inhibited microbial growth.

[0201] Propionibacterium acnes exhibits reduced adhesion at concentrations between 1% and 0.01%, with 0.01% showing the best results without affecting growth. However, concentrations of 1% to 0.1% show reduced growth for its proliferation.

[0202] in conclusion

[0203] This embodiment demonstrates that alginate can be applied at concentrations that effectively inhibit the adhesion and / or proliferation of microbial organisms on the skin of subjects without affecting the microbial growth of the microbial organisms. These results demonstrate the efficacy of alginate and related hydroxycinnamic acid in combating cosmetic disturbances caused by selected microbial organisms, such as Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes, for example, in the prevention or relief of acne. This embodiment further demonstrates that, at certain concentrations, alginate can also be used to inhibit the microbial growth of certain microbial organisms.

[0204] Example 2: Clinical evaluation of a shampoo containing 1% alginic acid in 20 volunteers

[0205] This embodiment evaluated the effects of a shampoo containing 1% alginate on the scalp in 20 volunteers, and examined the product's compatibility and acceptability.

[0206] Materials and Methods

[0207] Test product

[0208] The test product was a shampoo formulated with 1% alginate. The product was stored at room temperature and delivered to volunteers before the start of treatment.

[0209] Sebumeter assessment

[0210] For over 30 years, Sebumeter® has provided the world’s most widely used method for reproducibly and accurately determining sebum levels on the skin surface, as well as on the scalp and hair. This is evidenced by its extensive mention in scientific literature, where the term “sebumetry” appears alongside sebum measurement. Sebumeter functionality is based on grease spot photometry. Apply the matte tape of the Sebumeter® SM 815 to the skin or hair… Figure 19 The matte tape became transparent based on the amount of sebum on the surface of the measurement area. The tape was then inserted into a hole in the device, and its transparency was measured using a photocell. Light transmittance represents the sebum content. Five measurements were taken for each volunteer at each time point.

[0211] Expert evaluation scale

[0212] Expert assessment scales were used to subjectively evaluate the prevalence and severity of dandruff. In vivo visual assessment is widely used in various cosmetic and dermatological applications. For this study, the dandruff grading scale was performed by laboratory technicians by virtually dividing the scalp into four segments and assessing the amount of dandruff in each segment according to a reference graphic scale and under standardized lighting conditions. Each segment was graded using a scale from 0 to 5. Figure 20 The final score was obtained by averaging the scores across all four segments. In addition, one macroscopic image and three microscopic images of the scalp were taken at each time point (day 0 and day 28) using a digital microscope.

[0213] Self-assessment questionnaire

[0214] The efficacy of the treatment was subjectively assessed by each volunteer who completed the study (28 days) using a use test (self-assessment questionnaire). For the self-assessment questionnaire, volunteers rated parameters from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree). A positive impression was considered satisfactory when volunteers rated parameters from 4 to 5.

[0215] program

[0216] The product was self-administered by volunteers according to instructions. In this study, 20 volunteers received treatment with a shampoo containing 1% alginate. Sebum levels on the scalp were assessed using a sebum meter. Dandruff severity was assessed using a clinical scale. Furthermore, cosmetic efficacy and consumer opinions were evaluated using tests at the end of the study after 28 days. All data were statistically analyzed. This study was conducted under dermatological supervision.

[0217] Usage conditions

[0218] The product was administered by volunteers following client instructions:

[0219] Apply every two days. Wet hair with water and apply an appropriate amount of shampoo. Massage and leave on for 3 to 5 minutes. Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water.

[0220] Avoid contact with eyes. If contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with cold water.

[0221] Keep out of reach of children.

[0222] Store in a cool, dry place.

[0223] group

[0224] The group represents vulnerable groups who use the product.

[0225] The inclusion criteria are:

[0226] Men or women aged 18 to 70.

[0227] Oily scalp and dandruff.

[0228] The last time I participated in a clinical study was at least one month before the start of this trial.

[0229] Subjects who had washed their hair at least 48 hours before the measurement.

[0230] Understand and sign the informed consent form

[0231] On the other hand, the exclusion criteria are:

[0232] There may be an allergic reaction or allergy to some of the product’s components or to products in a similar category to the tested product.

[0233] Predict changes in daily life or related lifestyles during the study period.

[0234] Subjects suffering from hair loss.

[0235] Subjects who had used anti-dandruff shampoo during the week prior to the start of the study.

[0236] Based on self-reports from participants, they reported whether they were breastfeeding, pregnant, or planning to become pregnant during the study period.

[0237] They are currently using related medications or hormone therapy.

[0238] Acceptability check

[0239] Subjects were asked to record any observed reactions and discomfort felt daily. On the same day as the technical measurements, the experimental area was examined by the responsible technician under standard daylight. Clinical examinations were conducted throughout the treatment period, and at the end of the study, the responsible technician questioned each subject about any discomfort they might have experienced.

[0240] Consumption control

[0241] Consumption control was performed to verify that volunteers followed guidelines and administered treatment. This value was used to assess clinical adherence, depending on the client's administration protocol.

[0242] Statistical analysis

[0243] For sebum assessment, five replicate measurements were performed on the scalp and dandruff of each volunteer. For dandruff analysis, different images were used, and an experimental value was obtained from a selected region of interest (ROI) for each time point.

[0244] For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk method (Shapiro, 1965) was used to test the normality of all data collected before treatment (day 0) and after treatment (day 28). The following methods were then applied to assess the statistical significance of paired data from day 0 to day 28. All variables whose normality test results were positive (parametric variables) were analyzed using paired t-tests (David, 1997). All variables whose normality test results were not positive (nonparametric variables) were analyzed using paired Wilcoxon methods (Wilcoxon, 1959). In the report, the percentage differences of the normalized data are plotted, where the error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). For normalization, the technical values ​​obtained before treatment (day 0) and after treatment are relative to the baseline values ​​before treatment (day 0) and expressed as a percentage.

[0245] result

[0246] Acceptability assessment

[0247] 100% (n=20) of the volunteers showed acceptability and skin / eye compatibility because they did not experience any adverse symptoms or skin reactions during or after the treatment period.

[0248] Good clinical compliance

[0249] The product containers were weighed before and after treatment, and 100% (n=20) of the volunteers showed good clinical compliance.

[0250] Sebum levels

[0251] The results showed that, compared with baseline values, after 28 days of treatment, shampoo containing 1% alginate reduced sebum levels by 38.80 ± 6.01% ( Figure 21 ).

[0252] Dandruff assessment

[0253] The results showed that, compared with baseline values, after 28 days of treatment, shampoo containing 1% alginate reduced dandruff by 39.62 ± 4.99% ( Figure 22 ).

[0254] Self-assessment questionnaire

[0255] The efficacy of the treatment was subjectively assessed by each volunteer completing a use test (self-assessment questionnaire). For the self-assessment questionnaire, volunteers rated parameters from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree). A positive impression was considered satisfactory when volunteers rated parameters from 4 to 5. Results from the self-assessment questionnaires after 28 days of treatment are shown in Table 1 below. Figure 29 )middle:

[0256]

[0257] Table 1. Results of the self-assessment questionnaire after 28 days of treatment.

[0258] The relevant percentage of volunteers (≥ 80%) believed that shampoos containing 1% alginic acid were:

[0259] The product has a pleasant texture.

[0260] This product is non-irritating.

[0261] The product reduces sebum in their hair.

[0262] The product gently cleanses the scalp.

[0263] They were satisfied with the treatment they received.

[0264] They are willing to use the treatment again.

[0265] They would recommend the treatment to their friends.

[0266] Treatment outcomes showed an overall acceptance rate of 76% on average. Specifically, 7 out of the 16 parameters assessed received positive feedback (overall acceptance rate ≥80%).

[0267] in conclusion

[0268] This embodiment demonstrates that a shampoo containing 1% alginate significantly reduces sebum levels on the scalp. Since excessive sebum levels are associated with many local conditions, such as scalp conditions, the use of 1% alginate (e.g., in shampoo form) has the potential to be effective in alleviating local conditions. Examples of local conditions that would benefit from such use include dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, scalp acne, and oily scalp. Specifically, managing the cosmetic appearance of these conditions (such as dandruff) is important for subjects suffering from them.

[0269] Example 3: Clinical evaluation of the anti-acne effect of a serum containing 1% alginate in 20 volunteers.

[0270] This embodiment evaluated the efficacy of a serum containing 1% alginate against acne in 20 volunteers after topical application for 28 days, and examined the compatibility and acceptability of cosmetic products after application under normal use conditions.

[0271] Materials and Methods

[0272] Test product

[0273] The test product was a serum formulated with 1% alginate. The product was stored at room temperature and delivered to volunteers before the start of treatment.

[0274] Acne assessment

[0275] Acne analysis was performed using Visia-CR Primos technology, specifically on 3D images captured using the Visia-CRP-5 capture system. The obtained files were in .htom format. The VAM analysis program was used to analyze the 3D files from day 0 and day 28. Values ​​for height (mm), area (mm²), and volume (mm³) were obtained from each analysis. 3D analysis was performed using 3D PRIMOSCR digital stripe projection technology. During this analysis, a high-pass filter was applied, and the image was subsequently overlaid onto a flat surface to obtain the area, volume, and height values ​​of the acne.

[0276] Scale assessment

[0277] Corneofix® CF 20 is a special adhesive tape for collecting keratinocytes (sheets of dead cells). The number, size, and thickness of keratinocytes indicate the level of desquamation of the stratum corneum. At each time point, two Corneofix® samples were collected from the volunteer's cheek area. After sample collection, the samples were digitized using a bio-blue light scanner, an in-house developed device consisting of an image acquisition system (high-resolution camera Dalsa TS 5 Mp + optics Schneider APO-Xenoplan) and a diffuse indirect illumination system (domo type) emitting wavelengths of 470 nm (blue light). Figure 23 As shown. The image acquisition system allows us to capture high-resolution images at high speed, while the illumination system allows us to obtain uniform, constant illumination without brightness or reflection.

[0278] Image analysis was performed using ImageJ software and by quantifying the flakes on the tape. The software was used to assess gray levels, an indirect measure of skin scaling levels; such as... Figure 24 As shown.

[0279] The more flaking occurs, the higher the number in the grayscale will be (close to white = 255). Conversely, the less flaking occurs, the lower the number in the grayscale will be (close to black = 0). In short, when quantifying Corneofix®, the exfoliation effect can be determined by observing the decrease in grayscale values.

[0280] Standardized facial imaging

[0281] Standardized facial imaging was performed using the Visia CR-Primos. The capture system used was the Visia-CRP-5. The image type was standard. Three images were taken: one at a 45° left angle, one frontal view, and one at a 45° right angle.

[0282] Self-assessment questionnaire

[0283] The efficacy of the treatment was subjectively assessed by each volunteer who completed the study (28 days) using a use test (self-assessment questionnaire). For the self-assessment questionnaire, volunteers rated parameters from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree). A positive impression was considered satisfactory when volunteers rated parameters from 4 to 5.

[0284] program

[0285] In this study, 20 volunteers underwent 28 days of facial treatment with a serum containing 1% alginate. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by quantifying acne using the VISIA-CR and measuring skin scaling using Corneofix®. Measurements were taken before treatment (Day 0) and after 28 days of treatment (Day 28). Additionally, macroscopic images were captured before and after treatment using the Visia-CR. Volunteers also completed a self-assessment questionnaire at the end of treatment (using a test). The study was conducted under dermatological supervision.

[0286] Usage conditions

[0287] The product was administered by volunteers following client instructions:

[0288] Apply twice daily (morning and evening), massaging until fully absorbed.

[0289] If signs of irritation occur, discontinue use.

[0290] Avoid contact with eyes. If contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with cold water.

[0291] Keep out of reach of children.

[0292] Store in a cool, dry place.

[0293] group

[0294] The group represents vulnerable groups who use the product.

[0295] The inclusion criteria are:

[0296] Female and male volunteers aged between 18 and 35.

[0297] According to expert scales, the acne is graded as 3 to 5 ( Figure 25 ).

[0298] On the other hand, the exclusion criteria are:

[0299] There may be an allergic reaction or allergy to some of the product’s components or to products in a similar category to the tested product.

[0300] Surgery was recently performed in the experimental area.

[0301] Relevant skin markers (scars, sunburn, etc.) in the experimental area may interfere with the measurement.

[0302] They are currently using related medications or hormone therapy.

[0303] The patient may have a skin condition or melanoma.

[0304] Predict changes in daily life or related lifestyles during the study period.

[0305] Based on self-reports from participants, they reported whether they were breastfeeding, pregnant, or planning to become pregnant during the study period.

[0306] Acceptability check

[0307] Subjects were asked to record any observed reactions and discomfort felt daily. On the same day as the technical measurements, the experimental area was examined by the responsible technician under standard daylight. Clinical examinations were conducted throughout the treatment period, and at the end of the study, the responsible technician questioned each subject about any discomfort they might have experienced.

[0308] Consumption control

[0309] Consumption control is performed to verify that volunteers are following guidelines and administering treatment. This value is used to assess clinical adherence, which is the percentage of volunteers who follow the protocol and consume the estimated amount of product to be consumed according to the client's administration protocol.

[0310] Statistical analysis

[0311] For acne measurement, different images were used, and an experimental value was obtained from a selected region of interest (ROI) for each time point. Three samples were obtained and quantified at each time point using Corneofix. For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk method (Shapiro, 1965) was used to test the normality of all data collected before treatment (day 0) and after 28 days of treatment (day 28). The following methods were then applied to assess the statistical significance of paired data from day 0 to day 28. All variables whose normality test results were positive (parametric variables) were analyzed using paired t-tests (David, 1997). All variables whose normality test results were not positive (nonparametric variables) were analyzed using paired Wilcoxon methods (Wilcoxon, 1959). In the report, the percentage differences of the normalized data are plotted, where the error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). For normalization, the skill values ​​obtained before treatment (day 0) and after treatment will be relative to the baseline values ​​before treatment (day 0) and expressed as a percentage.

[0312] result

[0313] Acceptability assessment

[0314] 100% (n=20) of the volunteers showed acceptability and skin compatibility because they did not experience any adverse symptoms or skin reactions during or after the treatment period.

[0315] Good clinical compliance

[0316] The product containers were weighed before and after treatment, and 100% (n=20) of the volunteers showed good clinical compliance.

[0317] Acne assessment

[0318] The results showed that, compared with baseline values, after 28 days of treatment, the serum containing 1% alginate reduced acne area and acne volume by 7.28 ± 3.38% and 8.79 ± 3.63%, respectively. Figure 26 ).

[0319] Skin scaling assessment

[0320] The results showed that, compared with baseline values, after 28 days of treatment, the serum containing 1% alginate had no significant effect on the level of skin scaling. Figure 27 ).

[0321] Self-assessment questionnaire

[0322] The efficacy of the treatment was subjectively assessed by each volunteer completing a use test (self-assessment questionnaire). Results from the self-assessment questionnaires after 28 days of treatment with the serum containing 1% alginate are shown in Table 2 below (and...). Figure 28 )middle:

[0323]

[0324] Table 2: Results of the self-assessment questionnaire.

[0325] The relevant percentage of volunteers (≥ 80%) believed that the serum contained 1% alginate was:

[0326] The product is easy to apply.

[0327] The product is absorbed quickly.

[0328] This product is non-irritating.

[0329] Treatment results showed an overall average acceptance rate of 49%.

[0330] in conclusion

[0331] This embodiment demonstrates that serums containing 1% alginate effectively reduce the area and volume of acne, and such serums are very easy to apply topically. Therefore, localized conditions, especially those manifesting as acne, can be alleviated with 1% alginate (e.g., in serum form). Managing the cosmetic appearance of these conditions (such as acne) is important for subjects suffering from them.

[0332] Example 4: In vitro evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum antimicrobial concentration (MIC) of coumaric acid against cosmetic-related bacteria and fungi.

[0333] This embodiment evaluated the efficacy of coumaric acid in inhibiting the proliferation of microorganisms associated with the cosmetic field. Specifically, this embodiment evaluated the concentrations at which coumaric acid effectively prevented the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Malassezia furfur, and Malassezia restricta.

[0334] Materials and Methods

[0335] Analytical equipment

[0336] Microscopes, incubators, statistical analysis software, laminar flow hoods for microorganisms, micropipettes, pipettes, aspirators, supports, vortex mixers, temperature-controlled orbital oscillators, spectrophotometers, and consumables.

[0337] reagents

[0338] Distilled water (Braun), phosphate-buffered saline (Sigma-Aldrich), DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich), ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich), Oxoid CM0149 medium (fortified Clostridium tumefaciens medium), nutrient broth / agar I medium, OXOID CM0920 medium, anaerobic tank and anaerobic atmosphere generator.

[0339] program

[0340] Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbial concentrator (MMC):

[0341] The strains used in this study are listed below:

[0342] Malassezia furfur (ATCC 44344), a species associated with dandruff.

[0343] - Malassezia restricta (ATCC MYA-4611), a dandruff-related species.

[0344] - Staphylococcus aureus CECT 239 (clinical isolate), atopic dermatitis-associated species.

[0345] - Staphylococcus aureus V329 (high biofilm-producing strain), atopic dermatitis-associated species.

[0346] - Staphylococcus epidermidis (CECT231), a commensal species of the skin microbiome.

[0347] - Propionibacterium acnes (CECT5684), an acne-related species.

[0348] Staphylococcus species were grown in broth / agar nutrient broth I medium at 37°C for 24 h. Propionibacterium acnes was grown under anaerobic conditions in broth / agar-enhanced Clostridium medium at 37°C for 48 h to 72 h using an anaerobic chamber and anaerobic atmosphere generator. Malassezia species were grown in broth / agar OXOID CM0920 medium at 30°C for at least 96 h.

[0349] For MIC determination, the strain was grown as described above and diluted to an initial OD of 0.01 in 96-well plates containing different concentrations (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, and 0.0005%) of p-coumaric acid. 600 After 24 h (Staphylococcus species), 48 h (Propionibacterium acnes), or 96 h (Malassezia species), the OD values ​​were measured in a spectrophotometer. 600Microbial growth was measured to determine the minimum concentration (MIC) required to inhibit growth in liquid culture medium. To establish the MMC, 10 µl of medium was removed from each well and plated onto appropriate agar medium; after incubation for 24 h (Staphylococcus species), 48 h (Propionibacterium acnes), or 96 h (Malassezia species), the colonies on the plate were examined, and the MMC was determined as the minimum product concentration required to completely inhibit microbial growth (no visible colonies) on the agar plate.

[0350] Statistical analysis

[0351] For MIC measurements, eight technical replicates were performed. For MMC measurements, at least three technical replicates were performed. All data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, 95% confidence level. Graphical results are presented as mean ± SEM (mean standard error).

[0352] result

[0353] For each microbial strain, the results of the MIC and MMC determinations for coumaric acid are summarized below:

[0354] • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of p-coumaric acid in Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 is 1%, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.5%. Figure 30 ).

[0355] • The minimum microbial concentration (MMC) of p-coumaric acid in Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 is 1% ( Figure 30 ).

[0356] • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of p-coumaric acid in Staphylococcus aureus V329 is 1%, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.5% and 0.1%. Figure 31 ).

[0357] • The minimum microbial concentration (MMC) of p-coumaric acid in Staphylococcus aureus V329 is 1%. Figure 31 ).

[0358] • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of p-coumaric acid in Staphylococcus epidermidis is 1%, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.5% and 0.1%. Figure 32 ).

[0359] • The minimum microbial concentration (MMC) of p-coumaric acid in Staphylococcus epidermidis is 1% ( Figure 32 ).

[0360] • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of p-coumaric acid in Propionibacterium acnes is 1%, although growth decreased when the product was used at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, and 0.005%. Figure 33 ).

[0361] • The minimum microbial concentration (MMC) of coumaric acid in Propionibacterium acnes is 1%. Figure 33 ).

[0362] • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of p-coumaric acid in Malassezia furfur is 1%, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.5%. Figure 34 ).

[0363] • The minimum microbial concentration (MMC) of p-coumaric acid in Malassezia furfur is 1%. Figure 34 ).

[0364] • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of p-coumaric acid in Malassezia restrictive bacteria is 1%, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.5%. Figure 35 ).

[0365] • The minimum microbial concentration (MMC) of p-coumaric acid in Malassezia restrictive bacteria is 1% ( Figure 35 ).

[0366] in conclusion

[0367] This embodiment demonstrates that p-coumaric acid can be applied at concentrations that effectively inhibit the proliferation of microbial organisms associated with the cosmetic field. These results demonstrate the efficacy of p-coumaric acid and related hydroxycinnamic acid in combating cosmetic disturbances (such as acne) caused by selected microbial organisms, such as Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes.

[0368] Example 5: Effects of Alginic Acid and Currently Used Antimicrobial Agents for Acne and Dandruff on Human Cell Viability

[0369] This embodiment evaluated the toxicity of currently used antimicrobial agents for acne (benzoyl peroxide and azelaic acid), antimicrobial agents for dandruff (zinc pyridone and selenium sulfide), and alginate to human cells. Specifically, this embodiment evaluated the concentrations of different antimicrobial agents tested that inhibited human cell viability.

[0370] Materials and Methods

[0371] Analytical equipment

[0372] Inverted microscope, laminar flow hood, cell culture incubator (37℃, 5% CO2, 90% relative humidity), Burker chamber, pipettes, statistical analysis software, laminar flow hood for microorganisms, micropipettes, aspirator, support, vortex mixer, temperature-adjustable orbital oscillator, spectrophotometer and consumables.

[0373] reagents

[0374] Distilled water (Braun), cell-specific culture medium and supplements (PromoCell), PBS (Gibco), trypan blue (Bio-rad), trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich), MTT reagent [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (Invitrogen), azelaic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), benzoyl peroxide containing 25% water (Sigma-Aldrich), selenium sulfide (Sigma-Aldrich), zinc pyridone (Sigma-Aldrich), alginate (in-house produced).

[0375] program

[0376] Following the ECVAM guidelines (MTT assay protocol #17) on alternative methods for animal testing established in the ECVAM database service, cell viability of human keratinocytes treated with the product was assessed by an MTT viability assay. Cells were cultured overnight in 96-well plates at a density of 10,000 cells / well. After 24 h, the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing eight different concentrations (0.03%, 0.01%, 0.003%, 0.001%, 0.0003%, 0.0001%, 0.00003%, and 0.00001%) of the test sample. After 24 h of incubation, the medium was removed, and MTT solution was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 3 h. The MTT reactive solution was removed, and 100% DMSO was added to each well to dissolve the formazan crystals. The absorbance was then measured at 500 nm and 620 nm on a scanning porous spectrophotometer for reference. Statistical analysis was performed on the data.

[0377] Statistical analysis

[0378] For MTT assays, at least eight technical replicates were performed. All data were statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVO test. Statistical significance was defined as p > 0.05, with a 95% confidence interval. Graphical results are presented as mean ± SEM (mean standard error).

[0379] result

[0380] Cell viability assays using MTT assays showed ( Figures 36A to 36E ):

[0381] - Alginate did not reduce cell viability when used at the test concentration.

[0382] - Azelaic acid did not reduce cell viability when used at the test concentration.

[0383] - Benzoyl peroxide reduces human cell viability when used at concentrations of 0.003% or higher.

[0384] - Selenium sulfide did not reduce cell viability when used at the test concentration.

[0385] - Pyridone zinc reduces human cell viability when used at concentrations of 0.001% or higher.

[0386] in conclusion

[0387] This embodiment demonstrates that alginate is non-toxic to human keratinocytes at concentrations associated with topical application in cosmetic products. Similar results were obtained for azelaic acid and selenium sulfide, while benzoyl peroxide and zinc pyridone were found to strongly reduce human cell viability at concentrations above 0.0003% and 0.0001%, respectively. These preliminary results suggest that alginate is safe for topical application with a low risk of adverse skin reactions.

[0388] While azelaic acid and selenium sulfide do not affect cell viability, both have substantial drawbacks when compared to alginate. Selenium sulfide is considered toxic to both humans and the environment. In 2021, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Toxicology Program, based on substantial evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in laboratory animals, determined that selenium sulfide is reasonably expected to be a human carcinogen. Therefore, the use of selenium sulfide at concentrations exceeding 1% in cosmetic products is prohibited in the United States, the European Union, and Japan. Azelaic acid is considered safe for both human health and the environment, but due to its relatively low efficacy when applied topically, it requires doses higher than 10% to effectively treat acne. The combination of high doses of azelaic acid and moderate cost (approximately $23 / kg) makes each treatment expensive ($0.23 / 100 ml product). This is approximately 10 times the expected price for alginate. The price difference is primarily a result of the difference in effective concentrations usable when applied topically (azelaic acid = 10%, alginate = 1%).

[0389] Example 6: Comparison of Alginic Acid with Currently Used Antimicrobial Agents Against Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia furfur

[0390] This embodiment evaluates the overall cost and benefit of alginate compared to the most commonly used antimicrobial agents against Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia furfur.

[0391] Materials and Methods

[0392] Analytical equipment

[0393] Microscopes, incubators, statistical analysis software, laminar flow hoods for microorganisms, micropipettes, pipettes, aspirators, supports, vortex mixers, temperature-controlled orbital oscillators, spectrophotometers, and consumables.

[0394] reagents

[0395] Distilled water (Braun), phosphate-buffered saline (Sigma-Aldrich), DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich), ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich), Oxoid CM0149 medium (fortified Clostridium tumefaciens medium), OXOID CM0920 medium, anaerobic tank and anaerobic atmosphere generator.

[0396] program

[0397] The strains used in this study are listed below:

[0398] Malassezia furfur (ATCC 44344), a species associated with dandruff.

[0399] - Propionibacterium acnes (CECT5684), an acne-related species.

[0400] Propionibacterium acnes was grown in RCM OXOID CM0149 medium at 37°C in an anaerobic reactor for 48 h. Malassezia furfur was grown in OXOID CM0920 medium at 32°C for 96 h. For MIC determination, the strains were grown as described above and diluted to an initial OD of 0.04 in 96-well plates containing different concentrations (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.0005%) of the product. 600 After 48 / 96 h (for Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia furfur, respectively), the OD values ​​were measured in a spectrophotometer. 600 Measure microbial growth to determine the minimum concentration (MIC) required to inhibit growth in liquid culture medium.

[0401] Statistical analysis

[0402] For MIC determinations, four technical replicates were performed. All data were statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVO test. Statistical significance was set at p > 0.05, with a 95% confidence interval. Graphical results are presented as mean ± SEM (mean standard error).

[0403] Evaluation of existing ingredients

[0404] Selenium sulfide

[0405] Selenium sulfide is a well-known antifungal agent, believed to kill fungi by interfering with sulfur metabolism in their cells. In addition to its antifungal activity, selenium sulfide is also considered an antimitotic agent, slowing epidermal cell growth, which may contribute to its anti-dandruff activity. Selenium sulfide is an effective antifungal agent (normally used at a concentration of approximately 2% in shampoo) and has a relatively low price per treatment (approximately $0.04 / 100 ml shampoo). This is cheaper than alginate when produced on a small scale, but once alginate production scales up industrially, the price per treatment using alginate will be comparable (approximately $0.03 / 100 ml shampoo). While effective, selenium sulfide is considered toxic to both humans and the environment. In 2021, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Toxicology Program, based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in laboratory animals, determined that selenium sulfide is reasonably expected to be a human carcinogen. Therefore, the use of selenium sulfide at concentrations exceeding 1% in cosmetic products is prohibited in the United States, the European Union, and Japan. In addition to being carcinogenic, selenium sulfide is also non-biodegradable and therefore accumulates in the environment, and is produced from non-renewable resources.

[0406] Zinc pyrithione

[0407] Zinc pyrithione (or zinc pyrithione) is a zinc coordination complex. It possesses antifungal activity because it likely inhibits fungal cell division by blocking proton transport and removing proton kinetics. The combination of relatively low cost ($22 / kg) and good efficacy results in a low price per treatment ($0.02 / 100 ml product), which is $0.01 / 100 ml cheaper than alginate when produced on an industrial scale. However, several recent studies have indicated that zinc pyrithione is likely a reproductive toxin that may impair reproductive processes. Based on this, the EU banned the use of zinc pyrithione in cosmetic products from December 2021. Currently, the use of zinc pyrithione is still permitted in the US, but at a maximum concentration of only 2%. Although zinc pyrithione is considered highly toxic to aquatic organisms and has persistent effects, it is biodegradable. Zinc pyrithione from cosmetic uses does not pose a threat to the environment, but it does pose a threat to human health.

[0408] Benzoyl peroxide

[0409] Benzoyl peroxide is an organic peroxide composed of two benzoyl groups linked by a peroxide oxide. The oxygen-oxygen bond in the peroxide is weak, making benzoyl peroxide prone to homolytic cleavage, forming two free radicals. These free radicals interact non-specifically with bacterial proteins, interfering with their function and killing the bacteria, making benzoyl peroxide a potent antibacterial agent targeting Propionibacterium acnes and other bacteria. Because of its effectiveness as an antibacterial agent, benzoyl peroxide is typically used in relatively low doses (2% to 3%), which, combined with its low cost ($10 / kg), makes each treatment inexpensive ($0.02 / 100 ml product). The main drawback of benzoyl peroxide is its strong bleaching activity, causing it to bleach hair and clothing. Recently, there have also been concerns about benzoyl peroxide degrading into benzene (a known carcinogen), but these have been dismissed by the FDA. Although benzoyl peroxide is biodegradable and its toxicity to humans is not relevant, it is considered to be highly destructive to aquatic environments and has persistent effects. Finally, it is synthetically produced and therefore comes from non-renewable resources.

[0410] azelaic acid

[0411] Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid. It is a naturally occurring weak organic acid that kills bacteria by disabling their ability to maintain pH differences across the bacterial membrane, removing proton kinetics, and thus significantly reducing the efficiency of bacterial respiration. While effective in vitro (see Example 3), azelaic acid is unfortunately not very effective when applied topically and must be used at doses higher than 10% to be effective. The high dose of azelaic acid, combined with a moderate cost (approximately $23 / kg), makes each treatment expensive ($0.23 / 100 ml product). This is approximately 10 times the price expected for alginate. The price difference is primarily a result of the difference in effective concentrations available for topical application (azelaic acid = 10%, alginate = 1%).

[0412] result

[0413] Results for Propionibacterium acnes showed ( Figures 37A to 37C ):

[0414] - Alginate has a MIC of 0.5% in Propionibacterium acnes, although growth was reduced when the product was used at 0.1% and 0.05%.

[0415] - The MIC of benzoyl peroxide in Propionibacterium acnes is 0.05%, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.01%.

[0416] - The MIC of azelaic acid in Propionibacterium acnes is 0.05%, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.01% and 0.005%.

[0417] Results for Malassezia furfur showed ( Figures 37D to 37F ):

[0418] - Alginate has a MIC of 1% in Malassezia furfur, although growth is reduced when the product is used at 0.5% and 0.1%.

[0419] - The MIC of zinc pyridone in Malassezia furfur was 0.01%, although growth decreased when the product was used at 0.05% and 0.001%.

[0420] - The MIC of selenium sulfide in Malassezia furfur was 0.01%, although growth was reduced when the product was used at 0.005%.

[0421] in conclusion

[0422] Given its favorable activity and safe toxicological profile, alginate presents itself as a viable alternative to currently used antimicrobial agents, at least for cosmetic applications.

Claims

1. A composition comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof for cosmetic use in preventing and / or alleviating a local condition in a subject.

2. The cosmetic use according to claim 1, wherein the local condition is a skin and / or scalp condition.

3. The cosmetic use according to claim 2, wherein the skin condition is selected from the group consisting of: acne, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, and wrinkles.

4. The cosmetic use according to claim 3, wherein the skin condition is acne.

5. The cosmetic use according to claim 2, wherein the scalp condition is selected from the group consisting of: dandruff, dry scalp, oily or greasy scalp, folliculitis of the scalp, alopecia areata, and acne of the scalp.

6. The cosmetic use according to claim 2, wherein the scalp condition is dandruff.

7. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said use relieves and / or prevents one or more of the following: papules, blackheads, and cysts.

8. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the use inhibits the adhesion and / or proliferation of microbial organisms on the skin of the subject without affecting the microbial growth of the microbial organisms.

9. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginate, at a concentration of 0.5% to 1.5%, such as 1.0%, wherein the skin condition is acne.

10. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as alginate, at a concentration of 0.5% to 1.5%, such as 1.0%, wherein the skin condition is dandruff.

11. The cosmetic use according to claim 8, comprising applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.1% or less, such as 0.009% or less, such as 0.009% or less, such as 0.008% or less, such as 0.007% or less, such as 0.006% or less, such as 0.005% or less, such as 0.004% or less, such as 0.003% or less, such as 0.002% or less, such as 0.001% or less.

12. The cosmetic use according to claim 8, comprising applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

13. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein the microbial organism is part of a microbial community comprising a variety of microbial organisms.

14. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 8 to 13, wherein the microbial organism is selected from the group consisting of: Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, or Staphylococcus aureus, such as Staphylococcus aureus CECT239 or V329, and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes.

15. The cosmetic use according to claim 14, wherein the microbial organism is Malassezia furfur, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

16. The cosmetic use according to claim 14, wherein the microbial organism is *Malassezia repens*, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.05%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%.

17. The cosmetic use according to claim 14, wherein the microbial organism is *Malassezia repens*, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, such as coumaric acid, such as p-coumaric acid, to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

18. The cosmetic use according to claim 14, wherein the microbial organism is Staphylococcus aureus, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.1%, such as 0.001% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%, such as 0.05% to 0.06%, such as 0.06% to 0.07%, such as 0.07% to 0.08%, such as 0.08% to 0.09%, such as 0.09% to 0.1%.

19. The cosmetic use according to claim 14, wherein the microbial organism is Propionibacterium acnes, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.01%, such as 0.001% to 0.002%, such as 0.002% to 0.003%, such as 0.003% to 0.004%, such as 0.004% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.006%, such as 0.006% to 0.007%, such as 0.007% to 0.008%, such as 0.008% to 0.009%, such as 0.009% to 0.01%.

20. The cosmetic use according to claim 14, wherein the microbial organism is Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.001% to 0.05%, such as 0.001% to 0.002%, such as 0.002% to 0.003%, such as 0.003% to 0.004%, such as 0.004% to 0.005%, such as 0.005% to 0.006%, such as 0.006% to 0.007%, such as 0.007% to 0.008%, such as 0.008% to 0.009%, such as 0.009% to 0.01%, such as 0.01% to 0.02%, such as 0.02% to 0.03%, such as 0.03% to 0.04%, such as 0.04% to 0.05%.

21. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is: or its salt R1, R2, and R3 are independently chosen from hydrogen (H), hydroxyl (OH), and carbon. 1-6 -alkyl and C 1-6 The group consisting of -alkoxy, -O-SO2-OR5, where R5 is selected from hydrogen and C. 1-6 The group consisting of -alkyl groups; The condition is that at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is a hydroxyl group (OH) or -O-SO2-OR5, and R4 is selected from hydrogen (H) and C. 1-6 The group consisting of -alkyl groups.

22. The cosmetic use according to claim 21, wherein R2 is -O-SO2-OR5.

23. The cosmetic use according to claim 21, wherein R2 is -OH.

24. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 21 to 22, wherein R2 is -O-SO2-OR5 and R5 is hydrogen.

25. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is alginic acid.

26. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is coumaric acid, such as p-coumaric acid.

27. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 21 to 26, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is a salt.

28. The cosmetic use according to any one of claims 21 to 26, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or potassium salt, optionally a monosodium or monopotassium salt, or a disodium or dipotassium salt.

29. The cosmetic use according to claim 28, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is a monosodium or monopotassium salt of alginate.

30. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof in a concentration of about 0.1% w / w to about 10% w / w, water, and a preservative.

31. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof in a trans / cis ratio of at least 90:10, such as at least 91:9, such as at least 92:8, such as at least 93:7, such as at least 94:6, such as at least 95:5, such as at least 96:4, such as at least 97:3, such as at least 98:2, such as at least 99:1, such as 100:

0.

32. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a bio-based composition.

33. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least 20% bio-based carbon, such as at least 30% bio-based carbon, such as at least 40% bio-based carbon, such as at least 50% bio-based carbon, such as at least 60% bio-based carbon, such as at least 70% bio-based carbon, such as at least 75% bio-based carbon, such as at least 80% bio-based carbon, such as at least 85% bio-based carbon, such as at least 90% bio-based carbon, such as at least 95% bio-based carbon, such as 100% bio-based carbon.

34. The cosmetic use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises 20% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 30% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 40% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 50% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 60% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 70% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 75% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 80% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 85% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 90% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 95% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 100% bio-based carbon.

35. A composition comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof according to the following formula: or its salt R1, R2, and R3 are independently chosen from hydrogen (H), hydroxyl (OH), and carbon. 1-6 -alkyl and C 1-6 The group consisting of -alkoxy, -O-SO2-OR5, where R5 is selected from hydrogen and C. 1-6 The group consisting of -alkyl groups; The condition is that at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is a hydroxyl group (OH) or -O-SO2-OR5, and R4 is selected from hydrogen (H) and C. 1-6 The group consisting of -alkyl groups.

36. The composition according to claim 35, wherein R2 is -O-SO2-OR5.

37. The composition according to claim 35, wherein R2 is -OH.

38. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 36, wherein R2 is -O-SO2-OR5 and R5 is hydrogen.

39. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 38, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is alginic acid.

40. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 38, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is coumaric acid, such as p-coumaric acid.

41. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 40, wherein the composition comprises the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof in a concentration of about 0.1% w / w to about 10% w / w, water, and a preservative.

42. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein the composition comprises the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof having a trans / cis ratio of at least 90:10, such as at least 91:9, such as at least 92:8, such as at least 93:7, such as at least 94:6, such as at least 95:5, such as at least 96:4, such as at least 97:3, such as at least 98:2, such as at least 99:1, such as 100:

0.

43. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 42, wherein the composition is a bio-based composition.

44. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 43, wherein the composition comprises at least 20% bio-based carbon, such as at least 30% bio-based carbon, such as at least 40% bio-based carbon, such as at least 50% bio-based carbon, such as at least 60% bio-based carbon, such as at least 70% bio-based carbon, such as at least 75% bio-based carbon, such as at least 80% bio-based carbon, such as at least 85% bio-based carbon, such as at least 90% bio-based carbon, such as at least 95% bio-based carbon, such as 100% bio-based carbon.

45. The composition according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein the composition comprises 20% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 30% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 40% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 50% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 60% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 70% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 75% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 80% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 85% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 90% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 95% to 100% bio-based carbon, such as 100% bio-based carbon.

46. ​​A beauty product comprising a composition as defined in any one of claims 35 to 45.

47. The beauty product of claim 46, wherein the beauty product is selected from the group consisting of: shampoos; conditioning agents, such as hair conditioners; deodorants; serums; bath products; soaps; creams; lotions; gels; cotton pads, such as topical care cotton pads; and sprays, such as scalp or skin sprays.

48. The beauty product according to any one of claims 46 to 47, wherein the beauty product further comprises one or more additional beauty agents selected from the group consisting of: benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, fruit acid, retinoids, ketoconazole, arbutin, kojic acid, vitamin C, and licorice extract.

49. A composition comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof, for the treatment of skin conditions.

50. The composition used according to claim 49, wherein the skin condition is caused by a skin and / or scalp condition.

51. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 50, wherein the skin condition is selected from the group consisting of: acne vulgaris, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, aging skin, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema.

52. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 51, wherein the skin condition is acne vulgaris.

53. The composition used according to any one of claims 51 to 52, wherein the treatment relieves and / or reduces one or more symptoms selected from the group consisting of papules, blackheads, cysts, inflammation, erythema, and scars.

54. The composition used according to any one of claims 50, wherein the scalp condition is selected from the group consisting of: seborrheic dermatitis, scalp psoriasis, folliculitis, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, and scalp acne.

55. The composition used according to any one of claims 50, wherein the scalp condition is seborrheic dermatitis.

56. The composition used according to any one of claims 50, wherein the scalp condition is alopecia areata.

57. The composition according to claim 50, wherein the skin condition is caused by a microbial infection.

58. The composition according to claim 57, wherein the microbial infection is caused by one or more microorganisms selected from the group consisting of: Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

59. The composition according to claim 57, wherein the skin condition is, for example, tinea versicolor or seborrheic dermatitis caused by Malassezia furfur.

60. The composition used according to claim 57, wherein the skin condition is, for example, acne vulgaris or folliculitis caused by Propionibacterium acnes.

61. The composition according to claim 57, wherein the skin condition is, for example, atopic dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

62. The composition according to claim 57, wherein the skin condition is, for example, impetigo or folliculitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus strain CECT239 or V329.

63. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 57, wherein the microbial organism is Malassezia furfur, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.5% to 10%, such as 0.5% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

64. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 57, wherein the microbial organism is *Malassezia repens*, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.1% to 10%, such as 0.1% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

65. The composition according to any one of claims 49 to 57, wherein the microbial organism is Staphylococcus aureus, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.5% to 10%, such as 0.5% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

66. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 57, wherein the microbial organism is Propionibacterium acnes, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.05% to 10%, such as 0.05% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

67. The composition according to any one of claims 49 to 57, wherein the microbial organism is Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.05% to 10%, such as 0.05% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

68. The composition used according to any one of claims 63 to 66, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is alginate or coumaric acid, such as p-coumaric acid.

69. The composition according to claim 68, wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof is alginate.

70. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 57, wherein the use comprises applying the hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof to the skin at a concentration of 0.05% to 10%, such as 0.05% to 1%, such as 1% to 2%, such as 2% to 3%, such as 3% to 4%, such as 4% to 5%, such as 5% to 6%, such as 6% to 7%, such as 7% to 8%, such as 8% to 9%, such as 9% to 10%.

71. The composition used according to claim 70, wherein the concentration is from 0.5% to 2%, such as 1%.

72. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 71, wherein the composition is formulated for topical application.

73. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 71, wherein the composition is in the form of a serum, shampoo, cream, lotion, gel, ointment, foaming agent, spray, patch, oil, balm, mask, soap, or medicated wipe.

74. The composition used according to any one of claims 49 to 71, wherein the composition is in the form of a serum or shampoo.

75. A formulation for topical application comprising hydroxycinnamic acid or a derivative thereof as defined in any one of claims 21 to 29, such as alginate, at a concentration of 0.5% to 1.5%, such as 1%, wherein said formulation is in the form of a serum or shampoo.

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