A wearable terminal surface structure forming method and a wearable terminal

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of wearable terminal surface microstructure and tactile interaction, and discloses a wearable terminal surface structure forming method and a wearable terminal, the method comprising: obtaining target surface information of the wearable terminal, the target surface comprising at least one of an interaction area and a wearing contact area; establishing a microtexture database, storing texture parameters, friction characteristics and tactile distinguishability indexes of candidate microtexture structures under dry, aqueous wetting and oily wetting working conditions; dividing functional partitions according to the functional attributes of the target surface, and determining corresponding microtexture structures for each functional partition based on the microtexture database, so that the target surface forms a tactile resistance distribution and / or a friction regulation distribution; the microtexture database and texture layout rules are updated through prototype verification data backflow, so that the tactile resistance gradient corresponds to the continuous parameter risk interval, and the synergistic optimization of wearing stability, comfort and continuous parameter adjustment safety prompt is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of wearable terminal surface microstructure and tactile interaction technology, and more specifically, it relates to a method for forming a wearable terminal surface structure and a wearable terminal. Background Technology

[0002] Wearable devices, such as semi-in-ear headphones, in-ear headphones, smart glasses, smartwatches, and smart bracelets, typically need to maintain stable contact with human skin while being worn, and receive user touch, swipe, or press operations through a small area of ​​their outer surface. Therefore, the frictional characteristics of the device's outer surface, tactile perceptibility, and the distribution of the contact area with the human body directly affect wearing stability, wearing comfort, and the reliability of blind operation interaction.

[0003] Taking semi-in-ear headphones as an example, their wearing position is mainly maintained by the geometric fit and contact friction between the concha, the area near the ear canal entrance, and the headphone shell. During activities such as running, jumping, and turning the head, or in environments with sweat, moisture, or sebum, a water-based, oil-based, or mixed dielectric layer can easily form between the headphone shell and the ear skin. This changes the frictional state of the contact interface, leading to problems such as micro-slippage, displacement, or even detachment of the headphones. Existing solutions to improve wearing stability typically rely on ear tips, ear hooks, support wings, anti-slip pads, silicone sleeves, or rubber coatings to reinforce the fit. However, these solutions tend to increase structural complexity and assembly costs, and may cause problems such as pressure, foreign body sensation, difficulty in cleaning, material aging, or a decrease in aesthetic integrity. At the same time, existing surface texture designs mostly focus on single texture parameters or localized rough areas, lacking quantitative friction data for multiple operating conditions such as dryness, water-based humidity, and oil-based humidity. They also lack methods for correspondingly zoning the texture friction characteristics with the actual contact area, making it difficult to optimize wearing stability and comfort in a coordinated manner. Therefore, existing solutions still lack a quantifiable and iterative path for co-optimizing stability and comfort, and it is difficult to correlate texture friction characteristics with the actual contact area of ​​the headphone's curved surface.

[0004] On the other hand, wearable devices typically require users to perform operations such as volume adjustment, playback control, call control, noise reduction intensity adjustment, ambient sound pass-through adjustment, or mode switching while being worn. Due to the small interactive area and the difficulty for users to directly observe the device's surface while wearing it, problems such as difficulty locating the interaction entry point, incorrect swiping direction judgment, accidental touches, reverse operations, or overshooting can easily occur. Existing interactive prompts mostly rely on visual symbols, audio-visual feedback, vibration feedback, or macroscopic structures such as protrusions, grooves, and steps. However, visual symbols offer limited assistance for blind operation, while active feedback increases device complexity, power consumption, and control complexity. Furthermore, macroscopic structures may affect the product's aesthetic integrity and the feel of clean hands.

[0005] For continuous parameter adjustments such as volume, noise reduction intensity, call gain, and ambient sound transmission intensity, existing solutions often employ software limiting, pop-up prompts, phased adjustments, audio-visual feedback, or active vibration feedback for reminders or restrictions. For example, existing active vibration and audio-visual feedback solutions are mostly used for "operation confirmation," but they cannot fully address the issues of "discoverability" of the interaction entry point and "guidedness" of the sliding direction. These solutions primarily operate at the system output layer or operation confirmation stage, making it difficult to provide continuous and predictable physical tactile guidance as the user's finger slides along the adjustment path. Furthermore, active feedback solutions typically rely on additional feedback devices, electronic control modules, or software logic, potentially increasing power consumption, structural complexity, and failure risks. Therefore, existing solutions still struggle to simultaneously address the discoverability of the interaction entry point for small-curved wearable terminals, the guidedness of the sliding direction, and safety prompts during continuous parameter adjustments.

[0006] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a surface structure formation method that does not significantly alter the macroscopic appearance and main structure of wearable terminals, and can achieve friction control, tactile recognition, blind operation guidance, and safety prompts through surface micron-level texture. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This invention provides a method for forming a surface structure of a wearable terminal and a wearable terminal, which overcomes the above-mentioned defects in the prior art.

[0008] The present invention discloses a method for forming a surface structure of a wearable terminal, which is achieved by the following specific technical means, including: Acquire target surface information of a wearable terminal, wherein the target surface includes at least one of an interactive area for receiving user operations and a wearing contact area for contact with the human body; A microtexture database is established, which stores the texture parameters, friction characteristics and tactile distinguishability indexes of candidate microtexture structures under different working conditions. The different working conditions include dry working conditions, as well as at least one of water-based media working conditions, oil-based media working conditions and water-oil mixed media working conditions. Based on the functional attributes of the target surface, the target surface is divided into multiple functional zones, including interactive functional zones and / or wearable functional zones; Based on the microtexture database, corresponding microtexture structures are determined for the multiple functional zones, so that the target surface forms a tactile resistance distribution and / or friction control distribution corresponding to the functional zones; The mapping relationship between the microtexture structure and the functional partition is calibrated using test data and / or user experimental data, and texture layout rules are formed based on the calibration results; Receive verification data after a prototype is formed according to the texture layout rules, and update the microtexture database and / or the texture layout rules according to the verification data; According to the updated texture layout rules, a micron-level tactile texture is formed on the target surface to obtain the surface structure of the wearable terminal.

[0009] A further technical solution is that when the target surface includes a continuously adjustable interactive area for receiving user sliding input, the continuously adjustable interactive area is divided into multiple interactive functional partitions along the adjustment path according to the adjustable functional parameters corresponding to the continuously adjustable interactive area, including at least a low-risk interval and a high-risk interval. The adjustable function parameters include at least one of volume, brightness, noise reduction intensity, call gain, playback progress, and mode switching intensity. The high-risk range refers to the range of parameters where the adjustable function parameters may cause user discomfort, increased risk of misoperation, or increased safety risks when they exceed the preset threshold.

[0010] A further technical solution is that the continuously adjustable interaction area is not only used to receive the user's sliding input along the adjustment path, but also used to form a tactile resistance gradient that changes with the risk level of the adjustable function parameters during the user's sliding process; determining the corresponding microtexture structure for the multiple interactive function zones includes: setting a first microtexture structure in the low-risk zone; setting a second microtexture structure in the high-risk zone; setting a transition zone between the low-risk zone and the high-risk zone, and setting a third microtexture structure in the transition zone; making the tactile resistance generated by the second microtexture structure when the user's finger slides greater than the tactile resistance generated by the first microtexture structure when the user's finger slides, and making the third microtexture structure form a tactile resistance gradient that gradually increases or increases in segments from the low-risk zone to the high-risk zone; The tactile resistance gradient corresponds to the risk level of the adjustable functional parameter, so that the user can perceive the resistance change generated by the microtexture structure through the touch of the finger before approaching the high-risk zone, and adjust the sliding speed or sliding distance accordingly, thereby reducing the probability of overshooting or accidentally entering the high-risk zone.

[0011] In this solution, the risk level is determined based on the parameter values ​​of the adjustable function parameters, the rate of parameter change, the user-preset threshold, the device safety threshold, historical misoperation data, and / or user experimental data; wherein, when the volume, brightness, noise reduction intensity, call gain, or playback progress jump exceeds the corresponding threshold, the corresponding parameter range is determined as a high-risk range.

[0012] A further technical solution, which calibrates the mapping relationship between the micro-texture structure and the interactive functional partitions using user experimental data, includes: At least two candidate mapping schemes are formed, one of which is that the tactile resistance increases with the increase of the adjustable functional parameter, and the other is that the tactile resistance decreases with the increase of the adjustable functional parameter. Under blind operation or weak vision conditions, the user's error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time and subjective sense of security evaluation for each candidate mapping scheme are collected. Based on the error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time and subjective sense of security evaluation, the target mapping scheme is determined from the candidate mapping schemes.

[0013] In a further technical solution, the texture layout rules include friction window control targets and / or tactile semantic targets; The friction window control objectives include: under aqueous medium conditions, oily medium conditions, or water-oil mixed medium conditions, ensuring that the friction level in the high stability demand area is not lower than a preset lower limit, or that the friction drop amplitude does not exceed a preset amplitude; under dry conditions, ensuring that the friction stimulation, shear stimulation, or foreign body sensation in the comfort sensitive area does not exceed a preset upper limit. The tactile semantic target includes representing at least one of the following: the boundary of the interaction area, the sliding direction, the functional range, or the risk range, through tactile differences between textured and untextured areas, areas with different roughness, anisotropic textured areas, or gradient textured areas.

[0014] A further technical solution involves dividing the target surface into multiple wearing functional zones based on the contact state between the wearing contact area and the human body when the target surface includes a wearing contact area for contact with the human body. Obtain a 3D model of the human body contact area and a 3D model of the wearable terminal; Geometric interference analysis, minimum gap analysis, or finite element contact analysis are performed on the human body contact area and the wearable terminal under the wearing posture. Based on the analysis results, determine the contact probability, pressure distribution, shear risk, or slip risk. Based on the contact probability, the pressure distribution, the shear risk, or the slippage risk, the wearing contact area is divided into multiple wearing functional zones, including at least a high stability requirement zone and a comfort-sensitive zone.

[0015] A further technical solution is to determine the microtexture structure for the high stability requirement region to meet the friction enhancement target under humid conditions; The microtexture structure determined for the comfort-sensitive zone meets the upper limit of friction target under dry conditions; A wearing transition zone is provided between the high stability requirement zone and the comfort sensitive zone. The texture parameters of the microtexture structure in the wearing transition zone gradually or segmentally change along the spatial position to reduce tactile abruptness and / or frictional abruptness between adjacent wearing functional zones.

[0016] In a further technical solution, the microtexture structure includes at least one of the following: a protrusion array, a recess array, a groove structure, a strip structure, a mesh structure, a honeycomb structure, an anisotropic tilt structure, and a combination of the above structures. The unit equivalent size of the micron-scale tactile texture is 20μm to 400μm, the height or depth is 5μm to 80μm, the edge spacing between adjacent units is 10μm to 400μm, and the coverage is 5% to 60%.

[0017] The present invention also provides a wearable terminal, comprising: a terminal housing; and a functional module disposed within the terminal housing for performing preset functions of the wearable terminal; wherein the outer surface of the terminal housing includes at least one of an interactive area for receiving user operations and a wearing contact area for contacting the human body. The outer surface is divided into multiple functional zones, and each functional zone is provided with a tactilely distinguishable micron-level tactile texture to form a tactile resistance distribution and / or friction control distribution corresponding to the functional zone on the outer surface; the micron-level tactile texture is a texture structure determined according to texture parameters, friction characteristics and tactile distinguishability indicators under different working conditions.

[0018] In a further technical solution, when the outer surface includes a continuously adjustable interactive area, the continuously adjustable interactive area is divided along the adjustment path into multiple interactive functional zones, including at least a low-risk zone, a transition zone, and a high-risk zone. The tactile resistance corresponding to the high-risk zone is greater than that corresponding to the low-risk zone. The transition zone forms a tactile resistance gradient that gradually increases or increases in segments from the low-risk zone to the high-risk zone, so that the user can perceive the approach of the high-risk zone through tactile sensation of their fingers while sliding along the adjustment path.

[0019] And / or, when the outer surface includes a wearing contact area, the wearing contact area includes a high stability requirement area and a comfort sensitive area, the high stability requirement area is provided with a first wearing microtexture for improving anti-slip capability under humid conditions, and the comfort sensitive area is provided with a second wearing microtexture for controlling friction stimulation under dry conditions; The wearable terminal can be a semi-in-ear headphone, an in-ear headphone, smart glasses, a head-mounted display device, a smart bracelet, a smartwatch, or a sticker-mounted sensing terminal.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: First, this invention establishes a microtexture database, which associates and stores the texture parameters, friction characteristics, and tactile distinguishability indicators of candidate microtexture structures under dry, water-based, and oil-based wet conditions. This makes microtexture selection no longer dependent on experience-based judgment, but can determine microtexture structures suitable for different functional zones based on multi-condition friction data and tactile recognition data, thereby improving the reproducibility and transferability of texture layout.

[0021] Second, this invention partitions the target surface according to its functional attributes and determines microtexture structures for the interactive functional partitions and / or wearable functional partitions respectively, enabling the wearable terminal surface to form tactile resistance distributions and / or friction control distributions corresponding to the functional partitions. This not only enhances anti-slip capability in the wearing contact area under humid conditions but also controls frictional stimulation under dry conditions, reducing the risk of pressure, shearing stimulation, or foreign body sensation caused by excessive local friction.

[0022] Third, in the continuously adjustable interactive area, this invention sets low-risk and high-risk zones corresponding to micro-texture structures with different tactile resistances, so that the tactile resistance gradually increases towards the high-risk zone, or the tactile resistance corresponding to the high-risk zone is greater than that corresponding to the low-risk zone. In this way, when users blindly operate or quickly slide to adjust continuous parameters such as volume, brightness, noise reduction intensity, and call gain, they can perceive the approach of the risk zone in advance through tactile sensation, thereby reducing the error rate and adjustment overshoot rate. Its core is not simply setting one end to a rough surface, but rather establishing a mapping between high-risk parameter zones and tactile resistance enhancement zones, and determining the layout direction through user experiments. This invention sets a tactile resistance gradient corresponding to the functional risk level on the continuous adjustment path, allowing users to perceive the approach of the high-risk zone during sliding. Compared to software limiting, pop-up prompts, audio-visual prompts, or active vibration feedback, the prompting effect of this invention is formed by the surface micron-level tactile texture itself, without relying on additional active feedback devices. It can provide continuous and predictable physical tactile guidance during operation, which is beneficial for reducing the error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, power consumption, and structural complexity.

[0023] Fourth, this invention calibrates the mapping relationship between the micro-texture structure and functional zones using user experimental data and / or test data, and forms texture layout rules based on the calibration results. This allows the texture layout to be continuously optimized based on data such as error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time, subjective sense of security, wearing displacement, drop events, and comfort evaluation, thus forming a closed-loop optimization process of "zone layout—verification—update". This process can adapt to different terminal models, different human contact parts, and different usage conditions, improving the consistency, reliability, and engineering feasibility of wearable terminal surface structure design.

[0024] Fifth, the micron-level tactile texture described in this invention can be directly formed on the surface of the terminal housing, or it can be formed on the cover layer, outer layer, decorative cover, touch cover, replaceable surface component or film, which is convenient to connect with injection molding, embossing, laser etching, micro-blasting, micro-milling, photolithography, transfer and other processes. Without significantly increasing additional structural components and hardware stacking, it can achieve comprehensive improvement in wearing stability, blind operation positioning, directional guidance and continuous parameter adjustment safety prompts. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall process of the method for forming the surface structure of a wearable terminal in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the micro-texture partitioning arrangement and optimization process for wearing stability in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the process of forming the texture layout and semantic mapping rules of the interactive area in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the transition area, high stability requirement area, and comfort sensitive area on the outer surface of the earphone in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0029] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 A three-dimensional diagram from another perspective.

[0030] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the gradient distribution of the combined texture on the outer surface of the earphone in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the candidate microtexture structure of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 8 These are scanning electron microscope images, three-dimensional confocal images, and three-dimensional surface morphology reconstruction images of the candidate microtexture circular micropillar samples of this invention.

[0033] Figure 9 These are scanning electron microscope images, three-dimensional confocal images, and three-dimensional surface morphology reconstruction images of the candidate hexagonal columnar sample of the present invention.

[0034] Figure 10 These are scanning electron microscope images, three-dimensional confocal images, and three-dimensional surface morphology reconstruction images of the candidate microtexture sample with circular holes in this invention.

[0035] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the model of the earphone and ear obtained by three-dimensional scanning according to the present invention.

[0036] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the contact area between the earphone and the ear in this invention.

[0037] Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of the simulation analysis results of the contact state between the earphone and the ear in this invention.

[0038] Figure 14 This is a comparative diagram of friction coefficients under different textured dry and wet conditions in this invention.

[0039] Figure 15 This is a comparative diagram of friction coefficients under different textures and viscosities of silicone oil in this invention.

[0040] Figure 16 This is a magnified view of a portion of the continuously adjustable interactive area in this invention.

[0041] Figure 17 This is a side sectional view of the continuously adjustable interactive area in this invention.

[0042] Figure 18 This is a magnified three-dimensional view of the continuously adjustable interactive area in this invention.

[0043] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 1. Transition zone, 2. High stability requirement zone, 3. Comfort sensitive zone, 4. Combined texture gradient zone. Detailed Implementation

[0044] The following description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, further illustrates exemplary embodiments of the present invention, including various details to aid understanding. These descriptions should be considered merely exemplary. Therefore, those skilled in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Similarly, for clarity and brevity, detailed descriptions of well-known functions, general control circuits, and conventional manufacturing processes are omitted in the following description.

[0045] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely some examples or embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, these drawings can be used to apply the present invention to other similar scenarios without creative effort. Unless obvious from the context or otherwise stated, the same reference numerals in the drawings represent the same or similar structures, steps, or areas.

[0046] In this application, the reference to "embodiment" means that a specific feature, structure, step, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it an independent or alternative embodiment that is mutually exclusive with other embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand that the embodiments described in this application can be combined with other embodiments.

[0047] It should be noted that the "wearable terminal" described in this invention can be a semi-in-ear headphone, an in-ear headphone, smart glasses, a head-mounted display device, a smart bracelet, a smartwatch, an adhesive sensing terminal, or other terminal products that can come into contact with human skin or require blind operation by the user. In the following embodiments, a semi-in-ear headphone is used as a preferred example to facilitate understanding of the application of this invention in terms of wearing stability and blind operation interaction, and does not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention.

[0048] Existing wearable devices, especially semi-in-ear headphones, typically need to balance wearing stability, wearing comfort, and reliable blind operation in scenarios such as sports, commuting, and office work. Regarding wearing stability, semi-in-ear headphones primarily rely on the geometric fit and contact friction between the concha, the area near the ear canal entrance, and the headphone shell to maintain position. When users run, jump, turn their heads, or are in sweaty, humid, or oily conditions, an aqueous, oily, or mixed dielectric layer may form between the headphones and the outer ear skin. The interface friction state may change from dry friction to boundary lubrication or mixed lubrication, leading to a decrease in friction or increased fluctuations, thus creating a risk of micro-slippage, loosening, or even detachment.

[0049] Existing solutions for improving wearing stability typically employ structures or materials such as ear tips, ear hooks, support wings, clips, anti-slip pads, silicone sleeves, or rubber coatings for reinforcement and fixation. While these solutions can improve stability to some extent, they tend to increase the number of parts and assembly complexity, and may also lead to problems such as pressure, foreign body sensation, stickiness due to aging, dust accumulation, difficulty in cleaning, or a decrease in aesthetic integrity. Furthermore, simply using high-friction materials or rough areas often lacks quantitative data on real-world usage conditions such as dryness, sweat, water-based media, and oil-based media, and it is also difficult to differentiate designs for different ear shapes, different contact areas, and different comfort-sensitive areas.

[0050] For blind operation interaction, wearable terminals such as headphones and smart glasses typically have small interaction areas, and users cannot directly observe these areas while wearing them. When users perform playback control, call control, volume adjustment, noise reduction intensity adjustment, ambient sound pass-through adjustment, or mode switching, they often need to use their fingers to find the interaction entry point, which can easily lead to accidental touches, reverse swipes, over-swipes, or hesitation. Existing solutions often use icons, printed labels, audio-visual feedback, vibration feedback, raised areas, grooves, or steps to assist in prompting, but visual labels have limited help for blind operation, and macroscopic raised areas, grooves, or steps may affect the appearance and feel of the device, while active feedback solutions may increase the complexity of components, power consumption, and control.

[0051] Based on this, this invention proposes a method for forming a surface structure of a wearable terminal and a wearable terminal. By forming a micron-level tactile texture on the target surface of the terminal, the microtexture structure serves as a carrier for the distribution of tactile resistance and friction regulation. This enables the wearable terminal to achieve synergistic improvements in wearing stability, wearing comfort, blind operation positioning, directional guidance, and continuous parameter adjustment safety prompts without significantly altering the macroscopic appearance and main structure.

[0052] like Figures 1-18 As shown in the figure, this embodiment provides a method for forming a surface structure of a wearable terminal, which includes the following steps.

[0053] S101. Obtain target surface information of wearable terminal. Acquire target surface information of the wearable terminal. The target surface includes at least one of an interactive area for receiving user operations and a wearing contact area for contact with the human body.

[0054] In one embodiment, the wearable terminal is a semi-in-ear earphone, and the target surface includes the outer surface of the earphone shell. The outer surface of the earphone shell may include a continuously adjustable interactive area on the outside of the earphone stem, and may also include a wearing contact area where the earphone head contacts the skin near the outer ear, concha, and ear canal entrance. Alternatively, it may include both the continuously adjustable interactive area and the wearing contact area.

[0055] In another embodiment, the wearable terminal is smart glasses, and the target surface may include a sliding interaction area on the outer side of the temple, a contact area on the inner side of the temple that contacts the skin of the head, a nose pad area, or an ear hook area. In yet another embodiment, the wearable terminal is a smart bracelet or smartwatch, and the target surface may include an interaction area on the case or strap for the user to slide, and may also include a wearing contact area on the inner side of the strap that contacts the skin of the wrist.

[0056] Target surface information may include the target surface's three-dimensional morphology, curvature distribution, material type, surface treatment method, functional holes, assembly seams, acoustic holes, sensor windows, touch detection range, permissible texture processing range, user-accessible range, and the distribution of areas in contact with the human body. For semi-in-ear headphones, target surface information may also include the spatial relative relationship between the headphone shell and the three-dimensional model of the ear in the wearing posture.

[0057] S102. Establish a micro-texture database A microtexture database is established, which stores the texture parameters, friction characteristics, and tactile distinguishability indices of candidate microtexture structures under different operating conditions. The different operating conditions include dry conditions, as well as at least one of aqueous medium conditions, oily medium conditions, and water-oil mixed medium conditions. In one embodiment, the candidate microtexture structure includes a protrusion array, a recess array, a groove structure, a strip structure, a mesh structure, a honeycomb structure, an anisotropic tilted structure, and combinations thereof. Specifically, the candidate microtexture structure can be a cylindrical micropillar, a hexagonal micropillar, a cylindrical micropore, a micro-pit, a tilted column, a striped groove, a corrugated structure, a lattice structure, or a multi-scale composite structure.

[0058] The texture parameters may include at least one of the following: equivalent size, height or depth, spacing, coverage, edge density, arrangement direction, anisotropic features, combination method, and transition boundary form of the microtexture units. The equivalent size of a microtexture unit can be from 20 μm to 400 μm, the height or depth can be from 5 μm to 80 μm, the edge spacing between adjacent units can be from 10 μm to 400 μm, and the coverage can be from 5% to 60%. In a preferred embodiment, the equivalent size of a microtexture unit is from 50 μm to 150 μm, the height or depth is from 10 μm to 50 μm, the edge spacing between adjacent units is from 30 μm to 120 μm, and the coverage is from 10% to 40%.

[0059] The friction characteristics may include at least one of the following: average coefficient of friction, friction fluctuation characteristics, stick-slip characteristics, friction change amplitude before and after switching between dry and wet conditions, friction directionality, initial sliding resistance, steady-state sliding resistance, and tactile resistance change gradient. The tactile distinguishability indicators may include at least one of the following: user recognition accuracy, recognition time, direction judgment accuracy, false touch rate, adjustment overshoot rate, subjective matching degree, subjective sense of security evaluation, and comfort score.

[0060] In one specific embodiment, multiple microtextured samples are first prepared on a substrate similar in material to the headphone shell or that represents the surface contact characteristics of the headphone shell. The substrate can be engineering plastic, resin, elastomer, or a composite material thereof. The microtextured samples can be prepared by methods such as micro-machining followed by injection molding, embossing, laser etching, micro-blasting, micro-milling, photolithography, 3D printing, transfer printing, or attaching a textured thin film. After the samples are prepared, their dimensions are characterized using a scanning electron microscope, a three-dimensional confocal microscope, a profilometer, or a surface morphology measurement device to confirm the diameter, height, depth, edge spacing, coverage, and morphological consistency of the microtextured structure.

[0061] In a specific example, the candidate microtexture structures include cylindrical micropillars, hexagonal micropillars, cylindrical micropores, and inclined cylinders. Specifically, the cylindrical micropillars may have a diameter of approximately 75 μm, a height of approximately 40 μm, and an edge spacing of approximately 40 μm; the hexagonal micropillars may have a circumcircle diameter of approximately 100 μm, a height of approximately 25 μm, and an edge spacing of approximately 60 μm; and the cylindrical micropores may have a diameter of approximately 75 μm, a depth of approximately 65 μm, and an edge spacing of approximately 45 μm. The above dimensions are for illustrative purposes only and do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention.

[0062] like Figure 7 As shown, in one specific embodiment, the candidate microtexture structure may include a circular micropillar structure, a hexagonal prism structure, a circular hole structure, and a textureless reference surface. Figure 7 (a) shows a circular micropillar structure, which includes multiple cylindrical protrusions arranged in an array along the surface of the substrate. The diameter of the cylindrical protrusions can be 75 μm, the height can be 40 μm, and the edge spacing between adjacent cylindrical protrusions can be 40 μm. Figure 7 (b) shows a hexagonal columnar structure, which includes multiple hexagonal columnar protrusions arranged in an array along the surface of the substrate. The equivalent diameter of the hexagonal columnar protrusions can be 100 μm, the height can be 25 μm, and the edge spacing between adjacent hexagonal columnar protrusions can be 60 μm. Figure 7 (c) shows a circular hole structure, which includes multiple circular recesses or circular holes distributed in an array along the surface of the substrate. The diameter of the circular holes can be 75 μm, the depth can be 65 μm, and the edge spacing between adjacent circular holes can be 45 μm. Figure 7 (d) shows a textureless reference surface, which can be used as a control sample in friction tests, tactile distinguishability tests, or user experiments. It should be noted that... Figure 7The candidate microtexture structures shown are merely exemplary structures in the microtexture database and do not limit the type of microtexture structure of this invention. In practical applications, the shape, size, height or depth, spacing, coverage, and arrangement of the microtexture units can be adjusted according to the target surface material, processing technology, contact area, friction control target, and tactile recognition target of the wearable terminal. By storing the friction characteristics of the above candidate microtexture structures under dry, aqueous, and oily conditions, as well as the tactile distinguishability indicators when touched by the user, in the microtexture database, a data foundation can be provided for the subsequent selection of textures for different functional areas and the formation of texture layout rules.

[0063] like Figures 8 to 10 As shown, in one specific embodiment, surface microscopic characterization and three-dimensional morphology characterization can be performed on different types of candidate microtexture samples.

[0064] Specifically, Figure 8 The characterization results of the candidate microtexture as circular micropillar samples are shown, where, Figure 8 (a) shows a scanning electron microscope image of a candidate micropillar sample with circular microtexture. Figure 8 (b) shows a 3D confocal image of a candidate microtexture sample with circular micropillars. Figure 8 (c) shows the three-dimensional surface morphology reconstruction of the candidate microtexture circular micropillar sample.

[0065] Figure 9 The characterization results of the candidate microtexture as hexagonal prisms are shown: where, Figure 9 (a) is a scanning electron microscope image. Figure 9 (b) is a three-dimensional confocal plot. Figure 9 (c) is a three-dimensional surface topography reconstruction diagram.

[0066] Figure 10 The characterization results of the candidate microtexture with circular pores are shown: where, Figure 10 (a) is a scanning electron microscope image. Figure 10 (b) is a three-dimensional confocal plot. Figure 10 (c) is a three-dimensional surface topography reconstruction diagram.

[0067] Scanning electron microscopy allows observation of the local surface morphology, array distribution, and presence of collapses, burrs, or processing abnormalities at the edges of microtexture units in each candidate microtexture sample. Three-dimensional confocal microscopy provides the height, depth, edge spacing, surface undulations, and spatial distribution of the microtexture samples. Optical scanning of the candidate microtexture samples using a three-dimensional optical microscope yields a reconstructed three-dimensional surface morphology map and a height distribution map, which characterize the height, depth, spacing, edge morphology, and surface undulations of the microtexture units.

[0068] Furthermore, based on scanning electron microscope images and / or three-dimensional confocal images, the diameter, height or depth, edge spacing, coverage, and morphological consistency of candidate microtexture structures can be measured and recorded, and these measurement results can be used as texture parameters in the microtexture database. This ensures that the selected microtexture structure has a quantifiable and reproducible structural basis in subsequent friction testing, tactile distinguishability testing, and functional partition matching processes.

[0069] It should be noted that, Figures 8 to 10 The circular micropillar samples, hexagonal column samples, and circular hole samples shown are merely exemplary characterization results of candidate microtexture structures and do not limit the specific type of candidate microtexture structures of the present invention. In practical applications, other protrusion arrays, recessed arrays, groove structures, strip structures, mesh structures, honeycomb structures, or composite microtexture structures can be selected according to the material, curvature, processing method, and tactile control requirements of the target surface of the wearable terminal.

[0070] When conducting friction tests, a reciprocating ball-plane friction test frame can be used, with PDMS balls or other materials that can simulate skin contact characteristics as the friction pair, and the test conditions such as ambient temperature and humidity, normal load, stroke, frequency, and sliding speed controlled. The test conditions should include at least dry, aqueous, and oily conditions. Aqueous conditions can be simulated using deionized water, artificial sweat, or other aqueous media; oily conditions can be simulated using silicone oil of different viscosities, sebum simulation liquid, or equivalent oil film media; a water-oil mixture condition can also be added if necessary.

[0071] The above tests allow us to obtain the average coefficient of friction, friction fluctuations, stick-slip characteristics, and dry-wet switching stability of different microtexture structures under various operating conditions. For applications related to wearing stability, the selection principle is not necessarily that the higher the friction, the better. Instead, it requires enhanced anti-slip capability or suppressed friction drop under wet conditions, while maintaining adequate friction under dry conditions to reduce insertion / removal resistance, shearing irritation, and the risk of foreign body sensation. For interactive guidance and safety prompts, the selection principle is that different textures can form a stable and perceptible tactile difference during finger swiping, and that this difference does not excessively hinder the user from completing the operation.

[0072] S103. Divide functional zones according to the functional attributes of the target surface. Based on the functional attributes of the target surface, the target surface is divided into multiple functional zones, including interactive functional zones and / or wearable functional zones.

[0073] In one embodiment, when the target surface includes a continuously adjustable interactive area for receiving user swipe input, the continuously adjustable interactive area is divided along the adjustment path into multiple interactive function zones, including at least low-risk and high-risk zones, based on adjustable function parameters corresponding to the continuously adjustable interactive area. The adjustable function parameters may include at least one of volume, brightness, noise reduction intensity, call gain, playback progress, ambient sound pass-through intensity, and mode switching intensity. The high-risk zone refers to a parameter range where exceeding a preset threshold may lead to user discomfort, increased risk of misoperation, or increased safety risks.

[0074] For example, when the wearable terminal is headphones and the adjustable function parameter is volume, the low-risk range can correspond to a lower volume or a commonly used comfortable volume range, while the high-risk range can correspond to a higher volume range. When a user adjusts the volume by sliding along the headphone stem in a blind operation state, if the volume is directly and quickly pushed into the high-risk range, it may result in excessively high instantaneous sound pressure, listening discomfort, or hearing risk. Therefore, this embodiment sets a tactile resistance distribution along the adjustment path in the continuous adjustment interaction area, corresponding to the parameter risk range, so that the user can feel the increased tactile resistance with their fingers when approaching the high-risk range, thereby obtaining physical tactile cues in advance during operation. See also Figures 16-18 In this embodiment, a continuously adjustable interactive area is shown at the base of the earphone. Specifically, from... Figure 16 As can be seen, the diameter of the circular micropillars gradually increases from bottom to top, while their distribution density gradually decreases. From... Figure 17 It can be seen that, along the interaction direction, the height of the circular micropillars generally increases gradually. From Figure 18 As can be seen, based on the height, diameter and density distribution of the circular micropillars, the interaction area is divided into four regions, with the first region on the left being the low-risk area, the two middle regions being the transition areas, and the region on the right being the high-risk area.

[0075] It should be noted that the tactile resistance gradient in this embodiment does not achieve general anti-slip simply by increasing local surface roughness. Instead, it spatially maps the risk range of continuously adjustable functional parameters, so that the area of ​​increased tactile resistance corresponds to the parameter range where the user may experience discomfort, increased risk of misoperation, or increased safety risk. Therefore, before the user completes the swipe input, they can perceive the approach of the risk range through their fingertips, thus forming a physical warning during the operation.

[0076] In this embodiment, the tactile resistance gradient corresponds to the risk level of continuous parameters. The risk level can be determined based on parameters such as excessively high volume, excessively high noise reduction intensity, excessively high call gain, excessively high brightness, accidental skipping of playback progress, or risk of mode switching. By mapping high-risk parameter ranges to texture areas with higher tactile resistance or more obvious tactile differences, users can obtain safety prompts during operation through tactile feedback without needing to observe the display interface or rely on active vibration or software pop-ups.

[0077] In another embodiment, when the target surface includes a wearing contact area for contact with the human body, the wearing contact area is divided into multiple wearing functional zones based on the contact state between the wearing contact area and the human body. Specifically, a three-dimensional model of the human body contact area and a three-dimensional model of the wearable terminal can be obtained, and geometric interference analysis, minimum gap analysis, or finite element contact analysis can be performed on the human body contact area and the wearable terminal under wearing posture. Based on the analysis results, the contact probability, pressure distribution, shear risk, or slippage risk is determined, and based on the above results, the wearing contact area is divided into multiple wearing functional zones, including at least a high stability requirement zone and a comfort-sensitive zone.

[0078] Taking semi-in-ear headphones as an example, a three-dimensional model of the ear and a three-dimensional model of the headphones can be obtained through high-precision 3D scanning or reverse engineering. The three-dimensional model of the ear can include the three-dimensional geometric information of areas such as the entrance to the external auditory canal, the concha, the tragus, the antitragus, and the crus of the helix. After placing the three-dimensional model of the headphones in a typical wearing posture, the contact area between the headphones and the ear, pressure contour maps, shear stress distribution, and potential slippage risk areas can be obtained through methods such as virtual simulation, interference analysis, deformation simulation, and finite element contact analysis.

[0079] In a specific example, simulation analysis revealed that the contact area between the semi-in-ear headphones and the ear is mainly concentrated in three areas: the top two sides of the headphone and below the sound outlet. These three areas can be considered as the main texture design areas. Specifically, areas prone to slippage under wet conditions can be designated as high-stability zones; areas with higher pressure, sensitive skin, or those prone to a foreign body sensation can be designated as comfort-sensitive zones; and transition zones can be established between the high-stability zones and the comfort-sensitive zones to reduce abrupt changes in tactile and frictional sensations between different texture areas.

[0080] like Figure 11 As shown, in one specific embodiment, such as Figure 11 As shown in (a), a 3D model of a wearable terminal can be obtained through high-precision 3D scanning or reverse engineering, such as... Figure 11As shown in (b), the above methods can also be used to obtain a three-dimensional model of the human contact area. Taking a semi-in-ear headphone as an example, the headphone model and the ear model can be obtained separately, and then imported into the same spatial coordinate system to simulate the relative positional relationship between the headphone and the ear under typical wearing postures. Through the above model building process, a geometric basis can be provided for subsequent contact area identification, interference analysis, pressure analysis, and slippage risk analysis.

[0081] like Figure 12 As shown, after matching the wearing posture of the headphone model and the ear model, the actual or potential contact area between the headphone and the ear can be further determined. Figure 12 As shown in (a), the headphone contact area is illustrated, as follows: Figure 12 As shown in (b), the ear contact area is illustrated. Specifically, the main contact area on the outer surface of the earphone can be determined based on the minimum gap between the outer surface of the earphone and the ear model, the amount of local interference, the contact area, and the contact position. This main contact area is then used as the target area for subsequent micro-texture partitioning. For semi-in-ear earphones, the main contact area may include the top two sides of the earphone, below the sound outlet, and other areas that form stable contact with the skin near the concha and ear canal entrance.

[0082] like Figure 13 As shown, in one specific embodiment, virtual simulation, geometric interference analysis, deformation simulation, or finite element contact analysis can be performed based on the headphone model and ear model to obtain the contact area, pressure distribution, pressure cloud map, shear stress distribution, or slip risk distribution between the headphone and the ear. Based on the above analysis results, areas with high pressure and prone to slippage under humid conditions can be classified as high stability requirement areas, while areas with sensitive skin, concentrated pressure, or prone to foreign body sensation can be classified as comfort-sensitive areas. A transition zone is then set between the high stability requirement areas and the comfort-sensitive areas. Therefore, the microtexture structure is not randomly arranged on the headphone surface, but rather zoned and matched according to the actual contact relationship between the headphone and the ear, thereby improving the synergistic optimization effect of wearing stability and wearing comfort.

[0083] S104. Determine the microtexture structure corresponding to each functional partition based on the microtexture database. Based on the microtexture database, corresponding microtexture structures are determined for the multiple functional zones, so that the target surface forms a tactile resistance distribution and / or friction control distribution corresponding to the functional zones.

[0084] In the implementation of interactive functional partitioning, a first micro-texture structure can be set in the low-risk area, and a second micro-texture structure can be set in the high-risk area. The tactile resistance generated by the second micro-texture structure when the user slides their finger is greater than that generated by the first micro-texture structure. Alternatively, the tactile resistance of the continuously adjustable interactive area can gradually increase towards the high-risk area. In this way, when the user slides along the adjustment path, they can perceive that their operation is approaching a high-risk parameter range based on changes in tactile resistance, thereby reducing the possibility of unintentionally and quickly sliding into the high-risk range.

[0085] In one implementation, a transition zone is established between the low-risk and high-risk zones. Within the transition zone, the texture parameters of the microtexture structures change continuously or segmentally along the adjustment path. For example, the height, coverage, and edge density of the microtexture units can gradually increase, or the texture can gradually transition from a smoother concave structure to a more convex structure with higher resistance, thus creating a gradual change in tactile resistance. This transition zone provides the user with advance notice before entering the high-risk zone, rather than a sudden abrupt change in resistance at the boundary of the high-risk zone.

[0086] In a specific example, the volume adjustment area on the earphone stem forms an adjustment path along its length. A low-volume side features an array of cylindrical micro-holes or shallow recesses with low tactile resistance, while a high-volume side features a high-volume side featuring cylindrical micro-pillars, hexagonal micro-pillars, or a high-coverage protrusion array with high tactile resistance. The intermediate transition area can use a segmented texture with progressively increasing micro-pillar height or coverage, or a gradient texture with gradually decreasing micro-pillar spacing. Thus, when the user slides towards the volume increase direction, the tactile resistance felt by the finger gradually increases, creating a tactile safety warning of approaching a high-volume risk zone.

[0087] In the implementation of the wearable functional zoning, the microtexture structure determined for the high stability requirement zone meets the friction enhancement target under humid conditions. This microtexture structure can be selected from raised arrays, honeycomb structures, anisotropic tilted structures, or composite texture structures that maintain a high friction level or low risk of friction drop under aqueous or oily humid conditions. The microtexture structure determined for the comfort-sensitive zone meets the friction upper limit target under dry conditions. This microtexture structure can be selected from texture structures with lower height, smaller coverage, smoother edges, or a softer feel; alternatively, no texture or a smoother surface treatment area can be provided in the comfort-sensitive zone.

[0088] In one implementation, a wearing transition zone is provided between the high stability requirement zone and the comfort sensitive zone. The texture parameters of the microtexture structure in the wearing transition zone gradually or segmentally change along the spatial location to reduce tactile and / or frictional abrupt changes between adjacent wearing functional zones. For example, from the high stability requirement zone to the comfort sensitive zone, the micropillar height can gradually decrease, the coverage can gradually decrease, the edge density can gradually decrease, or the raised array can gradually transition to a shallow recessed array or a smooth area.

[0089] It should be noted that functionally sensitive areas such as acoustic holes, assembly seams, charging contacts, sensor windows, microphone holes, and sound outlets can be set to have no texture or to be set to smoother surface treatment areas in order to avoid the adverse effects of micro-texture structures on acoustic performance, electrical connection performance, sensor detection performance, or assembly reliability.

[0090] S105. Calibrate the mapping relationship using test data and / or user experimental data. The mapping relationship between the microtexture structure and the functional partitions is calibrated using test data and / or user experimental data, and texture layout rules are formed based on the calibration results.

[0091] In the implementation of interactive safety prompts, at least two candidate mapping schemes can be formed. For example, one candidate mapping scheme is that the tactile resistance increases with the increase of the adjustable functional parameter, and another candidate mapping scheme is that the tactile resistance decreases with the increase of the adjustable functional parameter. For the volume adjustment task, scheme A can be that the tactile resistance increases with the volume; scheme B can be that the tactile resistance decreases with the volume. By conducting user experiments under blind operation or low visual conditions, the user's error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time, and subjective sense of security evaluation for each candidate mapping scheme are collected, and the target mapping scheme is determined based on the above indicators.

[0092] In one implementation, user experiments can employ a cross-sequence or balanced grouping approach to reduce the impact of learning effects on experimental results. Users can wear headphones under conditions of occluded or impaired vision and perform sliding operations such as increasing or decreasing volume, adjusting noise reduction intensity, or adjusting ambient sound pass-through according to experimental instructions. The testing system records the user's positioning time, completion time, orientation error rate, false touch rate, adjustment overshoot rate, number of slides required to reach the target parameters, as well as subjective matching degree and subjective sense of security scores. If a candidate mapping scheme performs better in terms of adjustment overshoot rate, false touch rate, and completion time, and the user subjectively perceives the change in tactile resistance as more intuitive, then that candidate mapping scheme is determined as the target mapping scheme.

[0093] In implementations that optimize wearing stability and comfort, the mapping relationship between microtexture structures and wearing functional zones can be calibrated through a combination of mechanical friction testing and user wearing experiments. Mechanical friction testing is used to evaluate the frictional characteristics of different microtexture structures under dry, aqueous, oily, and mixed media conditions; user wearing experiments are used to evaluate the stability and comfort of the texture layout under actual wearing conditions.

[0094] For example, in user wearing experiments, metrics such as headphone displacement, loosening events, detachment events, number of times the headphones need to be realigned, pressure sensation scores, foreign body sensation scores, and redness or indentation scores can be collected during exercise. Exercise activities can include static wearing, walking, running, jumping, head turning, head looking down, or simulated commuting movements. Based on the aforementioned mechanical test data and user wearing experiment data, the recommended levels, applicable zones, comfort limitations, and friction windows of each texture structure in the micro-texture database under different operating conditions can be updated, thereby forming more stable texture layout rules.

[0095] S106. Form a micron-level tactile texture on the target surface according to the texture layout rules. According to the texture layout rules, a micron-level tactile texture is formed on the target surface to obtain the surface structure of the wearable terminal. The micron-level tactile texture can be formed directly on the surface of the terminal housing, or it can be formed on a cover layer, outer layer, decorative cover, touch cover, replaceable surface component, or film, and then connected to the terminal housing.

[0096] In one implementation, micron-level tactile textures can be formed directly on the material of the terminal housing. For example, a mold surface structure corresponding to the target microtexture can be formed on the injection mold of the earphone housing through micromachining, and the microtexture can be replicated onto the outer surface of the earphone housing during the injection molding process. This method is suitable for mass production and can maintain the integrity of the appearance and the stability of the structure.

[0097] In another embodiment, after the terminal housing is formed, micron-level tactile textures can be created in the target area using laser etching, micro-blasting, micro-milling, or photolithography. This method is suitable for post-processing of existing products or small-batch verification.

[0098] In another embodiment, microtextures can be formed on a cover layer, outer layer, decorative cover, touch cover, replaceable surface component, or film, and then the cover layer, outer layer, or film can be attached, transferred, or assembled onto the target surface of the terminal housing. This method facilitates rapid iteration during the research and development phase and also makes it easier to conduct comparative testing of different texture schemes.

[0099] In one specific embodiment, the target surface is the outer surface of the shell of a semi-in-ear headphone. The outer surface of the shell includes a continuously adjustable interactive area on the headphone stem and a wearing contact area on the headphone head. The continuously adjustable interactive area on the headphone stem is provided with a tactile resistance gradient that gradually increases along the direction of increasing volume; the high stability requirement area where the headphone head contacts the outer ear is provided with raised microtextures that have high frictional stability under water-based and oil-based wet conditions; the comfort sensitive area of ​​the headphone head is provided with microtextures of lower height or lower coverage, or is set as a relatively smooth area. A transition area with gradually changing texture parameters is provided between the high stability requirement area and the comfort sensitive area.

[0100] With the above structure, when the user wears the headphones, the high stability requirement area can improve the anti-slip capability in the presence of sweat, moisture or oily media, reducing the risk of the headphones slipping, loosening and falling off; the comfort sensitive area can avoid shearing irritation and foreign body sensation caused by excessive friction in dry conditions; when the user adjusts the volume, the continuous adjustment interaction area can prompt the user to approach the high volume range through enhanced tactile resistance, thereby reducing accidental touches and adjustment overshoot in blind operation.

[0101] When the target surface includes a wearing contact area, it can be further employing methods such as... Figure 2 The microtexture zoning and optimization process for wearing stability shown determines the microtexture structure of the wearing contact area; when the target surface includes a continuously adjustable interaction area, further methods such as... Figure 3 The process of forming the texture layout and semantic mapping rules of the interactive area shown determines the micro-texture structure of the continuously adjustable interactive area.

[0102] like Figure 2 As shown, in one embodiment, for the wearing contact area of ​​a wearable terminal, a microtexture structure can be determined using a microtexture partitioning and optimization process for wearing stability. Specifically, in step S201, a candidate texture library is established. This step may include: conducting a literature search to collect microtexture structure types and their known frictional characteristics related to wearing stability; screening available textures and eliminating texture types that are obviously unsuitable for manufacturing the surface of wearable terminals or unsuitable for human contact; establishing a candidate texture library and incorporating the retained texture types into the candidate set; and further determining a feasible parameter range, which may include the equivalent size, height or depth, spacing, coverage, edge density, arrangement direction, and anisotropic characteristics of the texture units. The candidate microtexture structure may include at least one of the following: a raised array, a recessed array, a groove structure, a strip structure, a mesh structure, a honeycomb structure, anisotropic tilted structures, and combinations thereof.

[0103] In step S202, candidate texture structures are prepared and characterized. This step may include: processing texture samples, such as preparing texture samples by laser etching, molding, injection molding, micro / nano imprinting, sandblasting, etching, or machining; performing characterization measurement and analysis on the samples to obtain texture parameters such as equivalent size, height or depth, spacing, coverage, edge density, and arrangement direction of the candidate microtexture structures; and judging whether the samples are qualified. If the processing accuracy, surface morphology consistency, or parameter deviation of the samples meet the preset requirements, then proceed to step S203; if the processing accuracy, surface morphology consistency, or parameter deviation of the samples do not meet the preset requirements, then proceed to the step of adjusting design parameters, adjusting texture parameters, processing parameters, screening conditions, or candidate texture types, and returning to step S201 to re-establish or update the candidate texture library for the next round of preparation and characterization. The step of adjusting design parameters may also be combined with the prototype processing and verification data obtained in step S206 and / or the data feedback results in step S207, so that the candidate texture library and subsequent sample preparation process can be continuously corrected with the verification results.

[0104] In step S203, candidate microtexture structures are screened under multiple operating conditions, including dry, water-based, and oil-based conditions. This step may include: conducting multi-condition friction tests; collecting friction data under simulated usage environments such as dry, sweaty, and oily conditions; analyzing the friction coefficient and its fluctuations; and further evaluating the friction stability, anti-slip capability, and comfort-related characteristics of the microtexture under different operating conditions, thereby screening out candidate microtexture structures suitable for the wearing contact area. The test results may include the average friction coefficient, friction fluctuation characteristics, stick-slip characteristics, and the magnitude of friction changes before and after switching between dry and wet conditions.

[0105] In step S204, the contact relationship between the earphone and the ear is analyzed. This step may include: obtaining a 3D model of the earphone and a 3D model of the ear through reverse engineering and / or 3D scanning; establishing a contact analysis model under wearing conditions based on the earphone model and the ear model; and further performing simulation analysis, such as geometric interference analysis, minimum gap analysis, or finite element contact analysis, to initially obtain information such as the contact area, pressure distribution, shear force distribution, and potential slippage area between the earphone and the ear.

[0106] In step S205, region selection and zoning design are performed based on the contact analysis results from step S204. Specifically, the target region on the earphone surface can be determined based on the simulation analysis results, and the zoning method and parameters of the microtexture can be preliminarily designed. Further, the wearing contact area on the earphone surface can be divided into a high stability requirement region, a comfort-sensitive region, and / or a wearing transition region, and a corresponding microtexture layout scheme is determined for each region based on the candidate microtexture structures screened in step S203. Preferably, the high stability requirement region is configured with a microtexture structure that has high frictional stability under humid conditions, the comfort-sensitive region is configured with a microtexture structure that has low frictional stimulation under dry conditions, and the wearing transition region is configured with a microtexture structure with gradually changing or segmented texture parameters.

[0107] In step S206, a prototype is fabricated and verified according to the partition design scheme determined in step S205. This step may include: fabricating a prototype for verifying wearing stability; organizing user wearing tests and / or mechanical friction tests; recording quantitative and qualitative data; and analyzing the collected data to verify the improvement effect of the micro-texture partition design on wearing stability and comfort. The user wearing tests may collect at least one of the following: wearing displacement, loosening events, number of times the device needs to be adjusted, dislodgement events, pressure sensation score, foreign body sensation score, and comfort score.

[0108] In one implementation, prototype verification can include a no-texture control group, a uniform texture control group, a zoned texture experimental group, a zoned gradient texture experimental group, and experimental groups with different texture directions or different coverage rates. The no-texture control group is used to evaluate the wearing stability and interaction performance of the base shell surface; the uniform texture control group is used to evaluate the effect of the overall roughening scheme; the zoned texture experimental group is used to evaluate the effect of configuring different micro-texture structures in different functional zones; the zoned gradient texture experimental group is used to evaluate the effect of gradient tactile resistance in transition zones or continuous adjustment paths; and the experimental groups with different texture directions or different coverage rates are used to evaluate the impact of texture orientation and coverage rate on the friction window, tactile distinguishability, and comfort.

[0109] In step S207, the verification data obtained in step S206 is fed back and iterated. Specifically, the design parameters can be adjusted according to the verification results, and the candidate texture library in step S201, the headphone and ear contact analysis parameters in step S204, and the target area selection, micro-texture partitioning method and parameter scheme in step S205 are corrected and optimized according to the user wearing test and prototype verification results, thereby forming a closed-loop optimization process for the micro-texture partitioning arrangement for wearing stability.

[0110] Furthermore, such as Figure 3As shown, when the target surface includes a continuously adjustable interactive area, the micro-texture structure and semantic mapping relationship of the interactive area can be determined by the interactive area texture layout and semantic mapping rule formation process.

[0111] In step S301, a candidate interactive texture library is established. This step may include: conducting a literature search to collect microtexture structures that can generate differences in tactile sensation, friction, or directional resistance; screening available textures and eliminating texture types that are unsuitable for finger sliding operations, unsuitable for terminal surface manufacturing, or do not meet appearance constraints; establishing a candidate interactive texture library and incorporating the retained texture types into the candidate set; and further determining feasible parameter ranges, which may include the equivalent size, height or depth, spacing, coverage, edge density, arrangement direction, anisotropic characteristics, and texture gradient variation range of texture units.

[0112] In step S302, candidate interactive texture structures are prepared and characterized. This step may include: processing interactive texture samples; performing characterization measurements on the interactive texture samples to obtain the size parameters, morphology parameters, and consistency parameters of the candidate interactive texture structures; and judging whether the interactive texture samples are qualified. If the processing accuracy, surface morphology consistency, touch safety, or parameter deviation of the interactive texture samples meet the preset requirements, then proceed to step S303; if the processing accuracy, surface morphology consistency, touch safety, or parameter deviation of the interactive texture samples do not meet the preset requirements, then proceed to the step of adjusting design parameters, adjusting the texture parameters, processing parameters, layout parameters, orientation mapping candidate schemes, or experimental conditions, and returning to step S301 to re-establish or update the candidate interactive texture library to enter the next round of preparation and characterization. The step of adjusting design parameters may also be combined with the statistical analysis results of step S306 and / or the data feedback results of step S307, so that the candidate interactive texture library, texture layout scheme, and orientation mapping scheme can be continuously corrected according to the user's experimental results.

[0113] In step S303, candidate interactive texture structures are screened under multiple operating conditions. This step may include: conducting friction tests and tactile distinguishability tests under dry, wet, and oily operating conditions; collecting friction data and tactile feedback data during finger sliding under simulated usage environments such as dry, sweat, and oil; and evaluating the tactile distinguishability, damping, friction fluctuation characteristics, and tactile consistency of candidate interactive texture structures under different operating conditions, thereby selecting candidate interactive texture structures suitable for continuously adjustable interactive areas.

[0114] In step S304, the layout and direction mapping scheme of the interaction area are set. Specifically, the operable area can be delineated first, determining the terminal surface area that the user's fingers can reach and use for sliding, clicking, or pressing operations; then, the continuous parameter range is divided according to the adjustable function parameters corresponding to the continuous adjustment function, such as dividing parameters such as volume, brightness, noise reduction intensity, ambient sound transmission intensity, or call gain into low-risk range, transition range, and high-risk range; subsequently, at least two candidate mapping schemes are formed, for example, the first candidate mapping scheme is that the tactile resistance increases as the adjustable function parameter increases, and the second candidate mapping scheme is that the tactile resistance decreases as the adjustable function parameter increases; and further, the correspondence between interaction semantics and tactile gradient is defined so that the tactile resistance distribution can be used to represent direction prompts, boundary prompts, function confirmations, or risk range prompts.

[0115] In step S305, a blind user operation experiment is designed and implemented. This step may include: designing user experience tasks that allow users to complete sliding, clicking, pressing, or continuous parameter adjustment tasks under blind or weak visual conditions; recording the user's error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, direction error rate, completion time, and number of operations required to reach the target parameter under different candidate mapping schemes; and collecting the user's subjective feedback on different candidate mapping schemes, wherein the subjective feedback may include at least one of subjective matching degree, tactile clarity, operational safety, and preference evaluation.

[0116] In step S306, statistical analysis and direction decision-making are performed. Specifically, the experimental data obtained in step S305 can be statistically compared to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different candidate mapping schemes in terms of misoperation rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time, direction error rate, and subjective sense of security. Based on the comparison results, the tactile resistance enhancement direction, risk boundary position, tactile gradient intensity, and functional parameter mapping relationship are optimized to form the final direction design and semantic mapping rules.

[0117] In step S307, the statistical analysis results and directional decision results obtained in step S306 are subjected to data feedback iteration and finalization. Specifically, based on the results of user blind operation experiments and statistical analysis, the candidate interactive texture library in step S301, the interactive area layout and directional mapping scheme in step S304, and the user experiment design in step S305 are revised. When the revised texture layout scheme meets the preset requirements for error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time, and subjective sense of safety, the final interactive area texture layout rule is formed. Thus, the micro-texture structure of the interactive area can not only provide blind operation positioning and directional prompts, but also provide tactile safety prompts to the user when approaching high-risk parameter ranges.

[0118] Further explanation regarding the microtexture database: In this embodiment, the microtexture database can be a local database, a cloud database, an experimental data table, a rule base, a parameter matrix, or other data structures capable of recording the correspondence between texture parameters and friction / tactile performance. The microtexture database is not limited to a specific software database format, as long as it can store, retrieve, and update the performance information of candidate microtexture structures under different operating conditions.

[0119] In one implementation, the microtexture database includes at least the following fields: Texture ID, texture type, unit equivalent size, height or depth, spacing, coverage, edge density, arrangement direction, anisotropy, manufacturing process, substrate type, average friction coefficient under dry conditions, average friction coefficient under water-based wet conditions, average friction coefficient under oil-based wet conditions, friction change before and after dry / wet switching, friction fluctuation value, stickiness / slippery rating, tactile recognition accuracy, direction judgment accuracy, false touch rate, adjustment overshoot rate, comfort score, recommended application zones and recommendation level.

[0120] In one example, if a raised array exhibits a higher coefficient of friction in deionized water than in dry conditions, and shows approximately a 2-3 times increase in coefficient of friction compared to a non-textured surface in silicone oil environments of varying viscosities, then this raised array can be designated as a high-stability area suitable for slippery conditions. Conversely, if a textured structure exhibits a high coefficient of friction in dry conditions but a low user comfort score, this textured structure can be restricted to smaller areas, transitional areas, or interactive safety warning areas, rather than being prioritized for large, comfort-sensitive areas.

[0121] like Figure 14 As shown, in one specific embodiment, the friction coefficients of different candidate microtexture structures can be compared under dry and wet conditions. The test results can serve as an important basis for determining whether a microtexture structure is suitable for the wearing contact area. For example, when the friction coefficient of a sample with raised textures on its surface is higher in deionized water than in dry conditions, it indicates that such raised textures can enhance interfacial friction or suppress friction drop under wet conditions to a certain extent, and are therefore suitable for areas requiring high stability, reducing the risk of earphones slipping, loosening, or falling off when sweating, dampness, or a water film is present.

[0122] like Figure 15As shown, the friction coefficients of different candidate microtexture structures under different viscosity oily media conditions can also be compared. The test results can be used to evaluate the friction regulation ability of microtexture structures under conditions of sebum, oily contamination, or oil film presence. For example, when hexagonal columnar textures or circular microcolumn textures exhibit a higher friction coefficient than untextured surfaces under different viscosity silicone oil conditions, such texture structures can be marked as high-stability areas suitable for oily and humid conditions. Correspondingly, if a texture structure has an excessively high friction coefficient or a low user comfort score under dry conditions, its application area can be limited, or it can be used in smaller interactive prompt areas, transition areas, or local anti-slip areas, rather than being prioritized for large-area comfort-sensitive areas.

[0123] By Figure 14 and Figure 15 The friction test data shown are consistent with Figures 11 to 13 The analysis results of the contact areas shown can be combined to form a design path of "contact area identification - friction performance testing - texture structure selection - functional area layout". In other words, the target areas that need to be enhanced in terms of stability or comfort control are first determined based on the contact relationship between the headphones and the ear. Then, based on the friction performance of different candidate microtexture structures under dry, water-based, and oil-based wet conditions, corresponding microtexture structures are matched for different target areas, thereby improving the scientific nature and repeatability of the texture layout rules.

[0124] Further explanation regarding contact area recognition: In this embodiment, the identification of the wearing contact area can be achieved through geometric analysis, simulation analysis, experimental measurement, or a combination thereof.

[0125] In one implementation, a 3D scan of the user's ear is first performed to obtain a 3D model of the ear; simultaneously, a 3D model of the earphone shell is acquired. The 3D model of the earphone shell is placed into the typical wearing position of the 3D model of the ear, and a minimum gap analysis is performed. Areas with gaps smaller than a preset threshold are identified as potential contact areas; areas with geometric interference or high contact pressure are identified as pressure concentration areas; and areas with a relatively high tendency to slip during wearing are identified as slip risk areas.

[0126] In another embodiment, finite element modeling can be performed on the earphone shell and the soft tissue of the ear, taking into account the elastic deformation characteristics of the skin or soft tissue, to obtain the pressure distribution, shear stress distribution, and contact area distribution. For example... Figures 4-5 Based on the pressure distribution and shear stress distribution, the area can be further divided into a transition zone 1, a high stability requirement zone 2, and a comfort-sensitive zone 3. In this embodiment, a combined texture gradient zone 4 is also provided at the base of the earphone in the volume adjustment area.

[0127] In another embodiment, the actual contact area can be determined by coating a color-developing medium, a pressure film, contact imprints, observation of wear marks, or subjective feedback from the user, and the actual contact area data can be combined with simulation results to correct the contact area identification model.

[0128] Further explanation regarding interactive security prompts: In this embodiment, the interactive safety prompts do not rely solely on software limiting, pop-up prompts, or audio-visual prompts. Instead, during the user's finger sliding adjustment process, the tactile resistance changes formed by the surface micro-texture structure itself, allowing the user to perceive the approach of the risk zone during operation.

[0129] In a specific example, the adjustable parameter is volume. The low-risk zone corresponds to the commonly used comfortable volume range, while the high-risk zone corresponds to a higher volume range. The continuously adjustable interaction area, along the direction of increasing volume, sequentially includes the low-risk zone, the transition zone, and the high-risk zone. The low-risk zone uses micro-textures with low tactile resistance, the high-risk zone uses micro-textures with higher tactile resistance, and the transition zone uses a gradient micro-texture with gradually increasing tactile resistance. When a user blindly slides their finger in the direction of increasing volume, the tactile resistance gradually increases, allowing the user to perceive at a tactile level that their operation is approaching the high-risk zone, thereby reducing the probability of quickly sliding into the high-volume zone.

[0130] In another specific example, the adjustable parameter is noise reduction intensity. Excessively high noise reduction intensity may reduce the user's perception of ambient sound. In this case, a high-risk zone can correspond to a high noise reduction intensity zone. By setting a stronger tactile resistance texture at the corresponding location in the high noise reduction intensity zone, the user can be alerted that they are approaching a high noise reduction state, reducing accidental adjustments made by blind operation.

[0131] In another specific example, the adjustable functional parameters are ambient sound pass-through intensity, call gain, or brightness. Accordingly, the high-risk range can be preset according to the product's safety, comfort, or user experience requirements, and a mapping relationship can be established with the range of stronger tactile resistance.

[0132] It should be noted that in some embodiments, the direction of tactile resistance enhancement does not necessarily have to coincide with the direction of functional parameter increase. For example, for certain products or user groups, it may be more intuitive for the direction of tactile resistance enhancement to correspond to the direction of functional parameter decrease. Therefore, this embodiment compares different candidate mapping schemes through user experiments and determines the final mapping rule based on the error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time, and subjective sense of security evaluation, rather than having the designer subjectively preset a fixed mapping.

[0133] Further explanation regarding blind operation interactive guidance: The micron-level tactile texture in this embodiment is not only used to change interface friction, but also serves as a tactile semantic encoding method. By leveraging the differences between textured and untextured areas, areas with different roughness, anisotropic textured areas, or gradient textured areas, users can identify the boundaries of interactive areas, sliding directions, functional meanings, or risk zones without visual observation, thereby improving the discoverability of the interactive entry point and the guidance of the operation direction of the small curved wearable terminal.

[0134] In addition to safety prompts for continuous parameter adjustment, the micron-level tactile texture in this embodiment can also be used for blind operation positioning, boundary prompts, direction prompts, and function confirmation.

[0135] In one implementation, a tactilely distinguishable boundary is set between the interactive area and the surrounding area. For example, the interactive area has a microtexture, while the surrounding area is a smooth surface; or the interactive area has a first microtexture, while the surrounding area has a second microtexture. Users can determine whether they have entered the interactive area by touching it with their fingers while wearing the device, thereby reducing the time spent searching for the touch input.

[0136] In another implementation, the interactive area is provided with a friction gradient or tactile gradient along a preset direction. For example, friction gradually increases along the direction of increasing volume and gradually decreases along the direction of decreasing volume; or a segmented texture from fine to coarse is provided along the direction of mode switching, allowing the user to judge the sliding direction and function meaning by the change in resistance when sliding their finger.

[0137] In another implementation, the interactive area can be given a directional texture. For example, tilted columns, diagonal grooves, or anisotropic stripes can allow users to feel different resistance when sliding in different directions, thereby providing a tactile basis for determining the sliding direction.

[0138] Explanation of product structure: Corresponding to the above method, this embodiment also provides a wearable terminal, which includes a terminal housing and a functional module. The functional module is disposed in the terminal housing and is used to perform preset functions of the wearable terminal. The preset functions may include at least one of audio playback, call, noise reduction, ambient sound transmission, motion detection, physiological signal detection, display, communication or interactive control.

[0139] In one embodiment, the functional module may include at least one of an audio playback module, a call module, a noise reduction module, an ambient sound pass-through module, a touch detection module, a communication module, a processor, and a power module; when the wearable terminal is an earphone, the functional module includes at least an audio playback module, a touch detection module, and a control module.

[0140] The outer surface of the terminal housing includes at least one of an interactive area for receiving user operations and a wearable contact area for contact with the human body. The outer surface is divided into multiple functional zones, each with a tactilely distinguishable micron-level tactile texture to form a tactile resistance distribution and / or friction modulation distribution on the outer surface corresponding to the functional zone. The micron-level tactile texture is a texture structure determined based on texture parameters, friction characteristics, and tactile distinguishability indices under different operating conditions.

[0141] In one embodiment, the wearable terminal is a semi-in-ear earphone. The terminal housing includes an earphone head and an earphone stem. A continuously adjustable interactive area is provided on the outer side of the earphone stem. A touch detection module can be provided below or inside the continuously adjustable interactive area. The touch detection module can be a capacitive touch module, a pressure touch module, an optical touch module, a mechanical touch module, or a combination thereof. A control module is electrically connected to the touch detection module and is used to adjust adjustable functional parameters based on the user's sliding input on the continuously adjustable interactive area.

[0142] In this embodiment, the continuously adjustable interaction area is divided into a low-risk zone, a transition zone, and a high-risk zone along the adjustment path. Each of the low-risk, high-risk, and transition zones is equipped with tactilely distinguishable micron-level tactile textures, such that the tactile resistance in the high-risk zone is greater than that in the low-risk zone, or that the tactile resistance gradually increases towards the high-risk zone. This provides tactile safety prompts when the user blindly adjusts the adjustable function parameters.

[0143] In another embodiment, the outer surface of the earphone head includes a wearing contact area, which comprises a high stability requirement area, a comfort sensitive area, and a wearing transition area. The high stability requirement area is provided with a first wearing microtexture for improving anti-slip capability under humid conditions, and the comfort sensitive area is provided with a second wearing microtexture for controlling frictional stimulation under dry conditions. The first and second wearing microtextures differ in at least one of the following: texture type, equivalent size, height or depth, spacing, coverage, and arrangement direction. The microtexture parameters in the wearing transition area gradually or segmentally change along spatial position to reduce tactile and frictional abrupt changes.

[0144] In another embodiment, the wearable terminal includes both the aforementioned continuously adjustable interactive area and the wearing contact area. In this case, the earphone stem provides a safety prompt for continuous parameter adjustment through tactile resistance gradient, and the earphone head achieves coordinated optimization of wearing stability and comfort through zoned friction control. The two can share a microtexture database or select microtexture structures separately according to different objective functions.

[0145] Explanation regarding data reflux and iterative updates: The method in this embodiment may also include data backflow and iterative update steps.

[0146] Specifically, after the prototype is formed, mechanical friction test data and user usage test data are collected. The test data may include at least one of mechanical friction test data, surface morphology test data, wearing posture simulation data, contact pressure simulation data, and shear risk simulation data.

[0147] Mechanical friction test data includes friction coefficient data, friction fluctuation data, and dry-wet switching stability data under dry, water-wet, and oil-wet conditions.

[0148] User test data includes at least one of the following: wearing displacement, loosening events, number of times the device needs to be straightened, falling off events, positioning time, orientation error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, accidental touch rate, comfort evaluation, and subjective sense of security assessment.

[0149] The above data is written back to the micro-texture database to update the texture recommendation level, tactile distinguishability index, applicable zones, layout rules, and applicable operating conditions. Based on the updated micro-texture database, texture layout rules can be regenerated and proceed to the next round of prototype manufacturing and verification. This reduces the risk of uncontrollable effects due to reliance on experience-based layout and improves the transferability of the solution across different product models, user groups, and operating conditions.

[0150] In this embodiment, the wearable terminal surface structure formation method can form a closed-loop optimized process of "micro-texture database - target surface contact recognition - functional partitioning - texture mapping - prototype verification - data feedback".

[0151] Specifically, a microtexture database is first established to store the texture parameters, friction characteristics, tactile distinguishability indicators, and comfort evaluation results of candidate microtexture structures under dry, aqueous, oily, and mixed water-oil conditions. Then, target surface information of the wearable terminal is acquired, and contact and interaction areas on the target surface are identified based on geometric interference analysis, minimum gap analysis, finite element contact analysis, or user wearing data. Next, the target surface is divided into multiple functional zones according to the contact area, interaction area, friction window control target, and tactile semantic target. Then, corresponding microtexture structures are selected for each functional zone from the microtexture database to generate a texture layout scheme. Afterward, a prototype is fabricated based on the texture layout scheme, and verification data is obtained through mechanical friction testing, user wearing experiments, and blind operation experiments. Finally, the verification data is written back to the microtexture database to update the recommended level, applicable zones, friction window parameters, tactile distinguishability indicators, and texture layout rules of the candidate microtexture structures, thus forming an iteratively optimized surface structure design process.

[0152] In one embodiment, the method of the present invention can be performed by a design system for arranging micron-level tactile texture partitions on the surface of a wearable terminal.

[0153] The design system includes a texture database module, a target surface acquisition module, a contact recognition and functional partitioning module, a texture mapping and layout generation module, a verification data receiving module, and a rule update module.

[0154] The texture database module is used to store the texture parameters, friction characteristics, tactile distinguishability index, and comfort evaluation results of candidate microtexture structures under different working conditions.

[0155] The target surface acquisition module is used to acquire the three-dimensional morphology, material, curvature, contact area, interaction area, and machinable area of ​​the target surface of the wearable terminal.

[0156] The contact recognition and functional zoning module is used to identify the contact area and / or interaction area of ​​the target surface based on geometric interference analysis, minimum gap analysis, finite element contact analysis or user wearing data, and to divide the target surface into a high stability requirement area, a comfort sensitive area, a transition area and / or an interactive functional area.

[0157] The texture mapping and layout generation module is used to select the corresponding micro-texture structure from the texture database module according to the friction window control target, tactile semantic target and processing constraints of each functional partition, and generate a texture layout scheme for the target surface.

[0158] The verification data receiving module is used to receive mechanical friction test data, user wearing test data, and / or blind operation test data after the prototype is formed according to the texture layout scheme.

[0159] The rule update module is used to update the texture recommendation level, applicable partition, friction window parameters, tactile distinguishability index and texture layout rules in the texture database module according to the verification data.

[0160] Alternative implementation methods: In other embodiments of the present invention, the geometry of the microtexture structure is not limited to cylinders, hexagons, circular holes, or inclined cylinders, but can also be elliptical, striped, wavy, grid, honeycomb, micro-pits, holes, grooves, combinations of protrusions and depressions, or multi-scale composite structures. Any microstructure that can create a distinguishable difference in tactile resistance or friction modulation effect upon contact with a finger or skin can be used as an equivalent substitute for the present invention.

[0161] In other embodiments of the invention, the microtexture size is not limited to the range of 20 μm to 400 μm described above, and can be adjusted according to product size, processing capabilities, material properties, and tactile perceptibility requirements. For example, in some applications, the microtexture feature size can vary in the range of 10 μm to 1000 μm.

[0162] In other embodiments of the invention, the microtexture arrangement can be a regular array, orthogonal array, hexagonal array, irregular array, random arrangement, or pseudo-random arrangement with statistical characteristics. The microtexture can also have a directional orientation to create anisotropic frictional differences, used to control the slip direction, enhance local stability, or provide directional tactile cues.

[0163] In other embodiments of the invention, the microtexture can be formed directly on the terminal housing body material, or it can be formed on a cover layer, outer layer, replaceable component, touch cover, decorative cover, or film. The material can be resin, engineering plastic, elastomer, metal, ceramic, composite material, or a combination thereof.

[0164] In other embodiments of the invention, microtextures can be achieved through 3D printing, injection molding, laser processing, photolithography, molding, embossing, etching, sandblasting, or transfer processes.

[0165] In other embodiments of the invention, interactive guidance can be achieved primarily based on differences in friction coefficients, or based on differences in tactile sensation, differences in micro-vibration sensation, differences in boundary tactile sensation, or a combination thereof. Directional cues are not limited to continuous friction gradients; they can also be segmented friction differences, anisotropic textures with directional damping differences, or periodic textures exhibiting resistance differences in a specific direction.

[0166] In other embodiments of the present invention, auxiliary means such as slight elasticity differences, micro-vibrations, sound prompts, or software limiting can be superimposed without changing the core technical concept of the present invention to enhance the sense of operation confirmation or the effect of safety prompts. However, it should be understood that the core of the present invention lies in forming a tactile resistance distribution or friction control distribution through the surface microtexture structure itself, and the aforementioned auxiliary means are not necessary.

[0167] In other embodiments of the present invention, the microtexture database can be constructed through physical experiments, simulation analysis, or a combination of both; user verification can be completed through real-person experiments, human body model experiments, simulation models, or a hybrid approach; data updates and optimizations can be achieved through rule-driven, statistical analysis, or other data processing methods, but are not limited to a specific algorithm.

[0168] It should be understood that the various forms of processes shown above can be used to reorder, add, or delete steps. For example, the steps described in this invention can be executed sequentially, in parallel, or in different orders as needed, as long as the desired result of the technical solution of this invention can be achieved. This embodiment does not impose any limitations on this.

[0169] It should be understood that the terms "system," "device," "module," and "unit" used in this embodiment are expressions used to distinguish different components, elements, parts, sections, or assemblies at different levels. If other words can achieve the same purpose, they can also be replaced by other expressions. The terms "comprising," "including," or "having" only indicate that explicitly identified steps or elements are included, and these steps or elements do not constitute an exclusive list; the method or device may also include other steps or elements.

[0170] The terms "first" and "second" used in this embodiment are only used to distinguish different objects and do not indicate any order, importance, or quantity limitation. For example, the first microtexture structure can be referred to as the second microtexture structure, and the second microtexture structure can be referred to as the first microtexture structure, as long as it does not depart from the scope of this invention.

[0171] While specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above, those skilled in the art should understand that these are merely illustrative examples, and the scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the scope defined in the claims. Those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications to these embodiments without departing from the principles and essence of the present invention, but all such changes and modifications should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for forming a surface structure of a wearable terminal, characterized in that, include: Acquire target surface information of a wearable terminal, wherein the target surface includes at least one of an interactive area for receiving user operations and a wearing contact area for contact with the human body; A microtexture database is established, which stores the texture parameters, friction characteristics and tactile distinguishability indexes of candidate microtexture structures under different working conditions. The different working conditions include dry working conditions, as well as at least one of water-based media working conditions, oil-based media working conditions and water-oil mixed media working conditions. Based on the functional attributes of the target surface, the target surface is divided into multiple functional zones, including interactive functional zones and / or wearable functional zones; Based on the microtexture database, corresponding microtexture structures are determined for the multiple functional zones, so that the target surface forms a tactile resistance distribution and / or friction control distribution corresponding to the functional zones; The mapping relationship between the microtexture structure and the functional partition is calibrated using test data and / or user experimental data, and texture layout rules are formed based on the calibration results; Receive verification data after a prototype is formed according to the texture layout rules, and update the microtexture database and / or the texture layout rules according to the verification data; According to the updated texture layout rules, a micron-level tactile texture is formed on the target surface to obtain the surface structure of the wearable terminal.

2. The method for forming the surface structure of a wearable terminal according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the target surface includes a continuously adjustable interactive area for receiving user sliding input, the continuously adjustable interactive area is divided into multiple interactive functional partitions along the adjustment path, including at least a low-risk interval and a high-risk interval, according to the adjustable functional parameters corresponding to the continuously adjustable interactive area. The adjustable function parameters include at least one of volume, brightness, noise reduction intensity, call gain, playback progress, and mode switching intensity. The high-risk range refers to the range of parameters where the adjustable function parameters may cause user discomfort, increased risk of misoperation, or increased safety risks when they exceed the preset threshold.

3. The method for forming the surface structure of a wearable terminal according to claim 2, characterized in that, The continuously adjustable interactive area is used not only to receive the user's sliding input along the adjustment path, but also to form a tactile resistance gradient that changes with the risk level of the adjustable function parameters during the user's sliding process. Determining the corresponding microtexture structure for the multiple interactive function partitions includes: setting a first microtexture structure in the low-risk interval; setting a second microtexture structure in the high-risk interval; setting a transition interval between the low-risk interval and the high-risk interval; and setting a third microtexture structure in the transition interval. The second microtexture structure generates greater tactile resistance when the user slides their finger than the first microtexture structure generates when the user slides their finger, and the third microtexture structure forms a tactile resistance gradient that gradually or segmentally increases from the low-risk zone to the high-risk zone. The tactile resistance gradient corresponds to the risk level of the adjustable functional parameter, so that the user can perceive the resistance change generated by the microtexture structure through the touch of the finger before approaching the high-risk zone, and adjust the sliding speed or sliding distance accordingly, thereby reducing the probability of overshooting or accidentally entering the high-risk zone.

4. The method for forming the surface structure of a wearable terminal according to claim 2, characterized in that, The mapping relationship between the micro-texture structure and the interactive functional partitions is calibrated using user experimental data, including: At least two candidate mapping schemes are formed, one of which is that the tactile resistance increases as the adjustable functional parameter increases, and the other is that the tactile resistance decreases as the adjustable functional parameter increases. Under blind operation or poor visual conditions, the user's error rate, adjustment overshoot rate, completion time and subjective sense of security evaluation for each candidate mapping scheme were collected. The target mapping scheme is determined from the candidate mapping schemes based on the error rate, the adjustment overshoot rate, the completion time, and the subjective sense of security evaluation.

5. The method for forming the surface structure of a wearable terminal according to claim 1, characterized in that, The texture layout rules include friction window control targets and / or tactile semantic targets; The friction window control objectives include: under aqueous medium conditions, oily medium conditions, or water-oil mixed medium conditions, ensuring that the friction level in the high stability demand area is not lower than a preset lower limit, or that the friction drop amplitude does not exceed a preset amplitude; under dry conditions, ensuring that the friction stimulation, shear stimulation, or foreign body sensation in the comfort sensitive area does not exceed a preset upper limit. The tactile semantic target includes representing at least one of the following: the boundary of the interaction area, the sliding direction, the functional range, or the risk range, through tactile differences between textured and untextured areas, areas with different roughness, anisotropic textured areas, or gradient textured areas.

6. The method for forming a wearable terminal surface structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the target surface includes a wearing contact area for contact with the human body, the wearing contact area is divided into multiple wearing functional zones according to the contact state between the wearing contact area and the human body, including: Obtain a 3D model of the human body contact area and a 3D model of the wearable terminal; Geometric interference analysis, minimum gap analysis, or finite element contact analysis are performed on the human body contact area and the wearable terminal under the wearing posture. Based on the analysis results, determine the contact probability, pressure distribution, shear risk, or slip risk. Based on the contact probability, the pressure distribution, the shear risk, or the slippage risk, the wearing contact area is divided into multiple wearing functional zones, including at least a high stability requirement zone and a comfort-sensitive zone.

7. The method for forming a wearable terminal surface structure according to claim 6, characterized in that, The microtexture structure determined for the high stability requirement region satisfies the friction enhancement target under humid conditions; The microtexture structure determined for the comfort-sensitive zone meets the upper limit of friction target under dry conditions; A wearing transition zone is provided between the high stability requirement zone and the comfort sensitive zone. The texture parameters of the microtexture structure in the wearing transition zone gradually or segmentally change along the spatial position to reduce tactile abruptness and / or frictional abruptness between adjacent wearing functional zones.

8. The method for forming a wearable terminal surface structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The microtexture structure includes at least one of the following: a raised array, a recessed array, a groove structure, a strip structure, a grid structure, a honeycomb structure, an anisotropic tilt structure, and a combination of the above structures. The unit equivalent size of the micron-scale tactile texture is 20μm to 400μm, the height or depth is 5μm to 80μm, the edge spacing between adjacent units is 10μm to 400μm, and the coverage is 5% to 60%.

9. A wearable terminal, characterized in that, include: Terminal casing; A functional module, located inside the terminal housing, is used to execute the preset functions of the wearable terminal; The outer surface of the terminal housing includes at least one of an interactive area for receiving user operations and a wearable contact area for contact with the human body. The outer surface is divided into multiple functional zones, and each functional zone is provided with a micron-level tactile texture that is distinguishable by touch, so as to form a tactile resistance distribution and / or friction control distribution corresponding to the functional zone on the outer surface; The micron-level tactile texture is a texture structure determined based on texture parameters, friction characteristics, and tactile distinguishability indices under different working conditions.

10. The wearable terminal according to claim 9, characterized in that, When the outer surface includes a continuously adjustable interactive area, the continuously adjustable interactive area is divided along the adjustment path into multiple interactive functional partitions, including at least a low-risk zone, a transition zone, and a high-risk zone. The tactile resistance corresponding to the high-risk zone is greater than that corresponding to the low-risk zone. The transition zone forms a tactile resistance gradient that gradually increases or increases in segments from the low-risk zone to the high-risk zone, so that the user can perceive the approach of the high-risk zone through tactile sensation of the fingers while sliding along the adjustment path. And / or, when the outer surface includes a wearing contact area, the wearing contact area includes a high stability requirement area and a comfort sensitive area, the high stability requirement area is provided with a first wearing microtexture for improving anti-slip capability under humid conditions, and the comfort sensitive area is provided with a second wearing microtexture for controlling friction stimulation under dry conditions; The wearable terminal can be a semi-in-ear headphone, an in-ear headphone, smart glasses, a head-mounted display device, a smart bracelet, a smartwatch, or a sticker-mounted sensing terminal.

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