A forest grassland fire danger monitoring system

Abstract

The utility model discloses a forest grassland fire danger monitoring system, it includes many energy power module, power management module, environmental monitoring module and communication module. Many energy power module supplies power through solar energy, wind energy and battery cooperation, ensures energy supply stability, power management module includes voltage regulation unit, current distribution unit and energy storage protection unit, realizes the fine management and protection of power supply, environmental monitoring module integrates temperature, humidity and smoke sensor, and real -time collection environmental parameter and generates early warning signal, communication module sends data to remote monitoring center through wireless transmission unit. The utility model has solved the energy supply instability, utilization efficiency low and power management not optimization problem of single power supply mode, has promoted the reliability and environmental adaptability of system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of safety monitoring technology, specifically, it relates to a forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system. Background Technology

[0002] Forest and grassland fire risk monitoring systems are crucial devices for real-time monitoring and early warning of fire risks. Through the coordinated operation of sensors, communication modules, and power supply systems, they collect and analyze key parameters such as ambient temperature, humidity, and smoke concentration, thereby effectively preventing fires. In practical applications, the stable operation of fire risk monitoring systems relies on a continuous and reliable energy supply, while traditional single-power supply methods often struggle to meet the demands of complex environments.

[0003] Currently, most fire monitoring systems on the market use solar energy or batteries as their primary power source, but these methods have certain limitations. For example, solar power is greatly affected by weather conditions, and power outages may occur during prolonged periods of cloudy or rainy weather or insufficient sunlight; while relying solely on batteries requires frequent replacement or maintenance, increasing operating costs and management complexity. Furthermore, the circuit design of existing systems often fails to adequately consider the synergistic use of multiple energy sources, resulting in low energy efficiency and failing to fully utilize the potential of other renewable energy sources such as wind power. Simultaneously, existing systems lack optimized design in power management and distribution, which may affect the long-term stable operation of equipment in extreme environments. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this utility model is to provide a forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system, which mainly solves the problems of unstable energy supply, low energy utilization efficiency and unoptimized power management caused by the single power supply method in the existing fire risk monitoring system.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by this utility model is as follows:

[0006] A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system includes a multi-energy power supply module, a power management module, an environmental monitoring module, and a communication module; the multi-energy power supply module is connected to the power management module, and the power management module is connected to both the environmental monitoring module and the communication module; the power management module includes a voltage regulation unit, a current distribution unit, and an energy storage protection unit.

[0007] Furthermore, in this utility model, the multi-energy power supply module includes a solar power supply unit, a wind power supply unit, and a battery power supply unit.

[0008] Furthermore, in this invention, the environmental monitoring module includes a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a smoke sensor; the temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and smoke sensor are all connected to the output terminal of the voltage regulation unit via a fuse FU.

[0009] Furthermore, in this invention, the voltage regulation unit comprises a step-down chip IC1, a filter capacitor C1, a voltage divider resistor R1, anti-reverse charging diodes D1-D3, MOSFETs Q2 and Q3, a transistor Q6, driver chips A1 and A2, and a relay K3. The anode of the anti-reverse charging diode D1 is connected to the output terminal of the solar power supply unit, and the cathode of the anti-reverse charging diode D1 is connected to the drain of the MOSFET Q3. The source of the MOSFET Q3 is connected to the input terminal of the step-down chip IC1, and the gate of the MOSFET Q3 is connected to the communication module via the driver chip A1. The anode of the anti-reverse charging diode D2 is connected to the output terminal of the wind power supply unit, and the cathode of the anti-reverse charging diode D2 is connected to the drain of the MOSFET Q2. The source of MOSFET Q2 is connected to the input of buck converter IC1, and the gate of MOSFET Q2 is connected to the communication module via driver chip A2. The anode of reverse charging diode D3 is connected to the output of the battery power supply unit, and the cathode of reverse charging diode D3 is connected to the normally closed contact input of relay K3. The normally closed contact output of relay K3 is connected to the input of buck converter IC1. One end of the coil of relay K3 is connected to the collector of transistor Q6, and the other end of the coil of relay K3 is connected to a 5V voltage. The output of buck converter IC1 is connected to one end of filter capacitor C1, and the other end of filter capacitor C1 is grounded. One end of voltage divider resistor R1 is connected to the feedback pin of buck converter IC1, and the other end is grounded.

[0010] Furthermore, in this utility model, the current distribution unit includes a current detection chip IC2, a shunt resistor R2, a voltage comparator U3, a reference voltage source Vref3, a resistor R6, a capacitor C2, and a switching transistor Q1; the input terminal of the current detection chip IC2 is connected to the output terminal of the voltage regulation unit, the shunt resistor R2 is connected in series between the input terminal of the current detection chip IC2 and the total load input terminal of the system, and one end of it is connected to the VIN+ pin of the current detection chip IC2, and the other end is connected to the VIN- pin of the current detection chip IC2; the non-inverting input terminal of the voltage comparator U3 is connected to the output terminal of the current detection chip IC2, and the inverting input terminal is connected to the reference voltage source Vref3; the base of the switching transistor Q1 is connected to the output terminal of the voltage comparator U3, the collector is connected to the power supply terminal PA of the power amplifier, and the emitter is grounded; one end of the resistor R6 is connected to the output terminal of the current detection chip IC2, and the other end of the resistor R6 is connected to the communication module; one end of the capacitor C2 is connected to the other end of the resistor R6, and the other end is grounded.

[0011] Furthermore, in this utility model, the energy storage protection unit includes an overvoltage protection circuit, an undervoltage protection circuit, and voltage sensors B1 and B2; the overvoltage protection circuit includes a comparator U1, a reference voltage source Vref1, and a relay K1; the non-inverting input of the comparator U1 is connected to the output of the power detection circuit of the battery power supply unit, the inverting input is connected to the output of the reference voltage source Vref1, and the output is connected to one end of the coil of the relay K1; the normally closed contact of the relay K1 is connected in series to the positive output terminal of the lithium battery pack of the battery power supply unit; the undervoltage protection circuit includes a comparator U2, a reference voltage source Vref2, and a relay. Comparator K2; the non-inverting input of the comparator U2 is connected to the output of the power detection circuit of the battery power supply unit, the inverting input is connected to the output of the reference voltage source Vref2, and the output is connected to one end of the coil of relay K2. The normally closed contact of relay K2 is connected in series to the positive output of the lithium battery pack of the battery power supply unit; voltage sensor B1 is connected in parallel to the output of the solar power supply unit and is connected to the communication module through an RC filter circuit to monitor the output voltage of the solar power supply unit in real time; voltage sensor B2 is connected in parallel to the output of the wind power supply unit and is connected to the communication module through an RC filter circuit to monitor the output voltage of the wind power supply unit in real time.

[0012] Furthermore, in this utility model, the communication module includes a wireless transmission unit and a signal processing unit; the wireless transmission unit includes an RF chip IC3, an antenna ANT, and a power amplifier PA; the input terminal of the RF chip IC3 is connected to the output terminal of the signal processing unit, the output terminal is connected to the input terminal of the power amplifier PA, and the output terminal of the power amplifier PA is connected to the input terminal of the antenna ANT; wherein, the power supply terminal of the power amplifier PA is connected to the collector of the transistor Q1.

[0013] Furthermore, in this invention, the signal processing unit includes a microcontroller (MCU), a memory, and a clock circuit; the GPIO pins of the microcontroller (MCU) are respectively connected to the output terminals of the temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and smoke sensor, and the other ends of the current-limiting resistors R3, R4, and R5; the SPI interface is connected to the input terminal of the wireless transmission unit; the I2C interface is connected to the output terminal of the current detection chip IC2; and the two ADC interfaces are connected to the output terminals of voltage sensors B1 and B2; the other end of resistor R6 is connected to the PA interface of the microcontroller (MCU).

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0015] (1) This utility model effectively solves the problem of power outages caused by environmental factors such as weather and sunlight in traditional single power supply methods by prioritizing the switching design of the multi-energy power supply module (solar, wind, and battery power supply) and the power management module (solar → wind → battery). For example, the voltage regulation unit realizes intelligent switching of multiple energy inputs through anti-reverse charging diodes D1-D3, MOSFETs Q2 / Q3 and relay K3, ensuring that the battery power supply unit can automatically intervene in continuous rainy days or low wind speed scenarios to ensure continuous system operation. This design significantly improves the stability of energy supply in complex outdoor environments such as forests and grasslands and reduces the risk of monitoring failure due to power outages.

[0016] (2) This utility model achieves real-time acquisition and remote transmission of fire hazard parameters through deep integration of an environmental monitoring module (temperature, humidity, and smoke sensors) and a communication module. The environmental monitoring module uses industrial-grade sensors (supporting a wide operating temperature range of -40℃ to +125℃), enabling stable data acquisition under extreme climate conditions. The communication module forms a long-distance transmission link (transmission distance exceeding 5km) with an SI4463 RF chip and a power amplifier PA, combined with data packaging via the SPI interface of the microcontroller MCU (including device ID, timestamp, and data value), ensuring that fire hazard warning signals (such as excessive smoke concentration or sudden temperature rise) are transmitted to the remote monitoring center within 3 seconds. Compared to traditional systems, this design has a wider environmental adaptability (operating temperature range of -40℃ to +105℃) and effectively improves the early warning response speed, providing key technical support for early intervention in forest and grassland fire hazards. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall circuit principle of this utility model. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. The embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following embodiments.

[0019] Example

[0020] like Figure 1As shown, this utility model discloses a forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system. The overall system structure includes a multi-energy power supply module, a power management module, an environmental monitoring module, and a communication module. The multi-energy power supply module consists of a solar power supply unit, a wind power supply unit, and a battery power supply unit. The solar power supply unit converts solar energy into electrical energy through photovoltaic panels and outputs it to the power management module. The wind power supply unit converts wind energy into electrical energy through a wind turbine and also connects to the power management module. The battery power supply unit serves as a backup energy storage device, providing power support to the system when other energy sources are insufficient. The coordinated operation of these three energy sources ensures the system's continuous and stable power supply capability in complex environments. When there is sufficient sunlight or high wind speed, the solar power supply unit and the wind power supply unit prioritize powering the system and simultaneously charging the battery power supply unit. When the above two energy sources cannot meet the demand, the battery power supply unit automatically switches to the main power supply. This multi-energy coordinated design not only improves energy utilization efficiency but also significantly enhances the system's reliability in harsh environments.

[0021] The power management module is the core of the entire system, responsible for processing and distributing the electrical energy provided by the multi-energy power supply modules. This module includes a voltage regulation unit, a current distribution unit, and an energy storage protection unit.

[0022] The voltage regulation unit consists of a step-down chip IC1, a filter capacitor C1, a voltage divider resistor R1, anti-reverse charging diodes D1 to D3, MOSFETs Q2 and Q3, a transistor Q6, driver chips A1 and A2, and a relay K3. A reverse-charging diode D1 (model 1N5822) is connected in series at the output of the solar power unit; a reverse-charging diode D2 (model 1N5822) is connected in series at the output of the wind power unit; and a reverse-charging diode D3 (model 1N5822) is connected in series at the output of the battery power unit. The anode of the reverse-charging diode D1 is connected to the output of the solar power unit, and the cathode of the reverse-charging diode D1 is connected to the drain of MOSFET Q3. The source of MOSFET Q3 is connected to the input of the step-down chip IC1, and the gate of MOSFET Q3 is connected to the communication module via driver chip A1. The anode of the reverse-charging diode D2 is connected to the output of the wind power unit, and the cathode of the reverse-charging diode D2 is connected to the drain of MOSFET Q2. The source of MOSFET Q2 is connected to the input of the step-down chip IC1. The gate of MOSFET Q2 is connected to the communication module via driver chip A2; the positive terminal of anti-reverse charging diode D3 is connected to the output terminal of the battery power supply unit, and the negative terminal of anti-reverse charging diode D3 is connected to the normally closed contact input terminal of relay K3. One end of the coil of relay K3 is connected to a 5V voltage, and the other end of the coil of relay K3 is connected to the collector of transistor Q6. The base of transistor Q6 is connected to the communication module via current-limiting resistor R4. The normally closed contact output terminal of relay K3 only conducts when both solar and wind power are insufficient. The normally closed contact output terminal of relay K3 is connected to the input terminal of buck converter IC1; the output terminal of buck converter IC1 is connected to one end of filter capacitor C1, and the other end of filter capacitor C1 is grounded. One end of voltage divider resistor R1 is connected to the feedback pin of buck converter IC1, and the other end is grounded. Priority switching (solar power → wind power → battery) is achieved through MOSFETs Q2 and Q3 (model IRF3205) and relay K3.

[0023] In this embodiment, the driver chips A1 and A2 are selected from the high-side driver chip IR2110. This chip is used to convert the low-level logic signal output by the communication module into a drive voltage that matches the source voltage. The VCC pin of IR2110 is connected to a 15V auxiliary power supply, the HIN pin is connected to the control signal of the communication module, the HO pin is connected to the gate of the MOS transistor, and the VB pin is connected to the source of the MOS transistor (VS pin) through the bootstrap diode Dboot (model 1N4148, positive terminal connected to VCC) and the bootstrap capacitor Cboot (220nF, withstand voltage 50V). The high-side MOS transistor is floated through the bootstrap circuit (Dboot+Cboot): when the HIN input is a high-level signal, the HO pin outputs a drive signal of 15V + bootstrap capacitor voltage, ensuring that the gate-source voltage Vgs of the MOS transistor is greater than 4V, which meets the conduction condition of the high-side MOS transistors (Q2, Q3).

[0024] The step-down chip IC1 is model MP2307, an industrial-grade wide-voltage DC-DC step-down chip supporting 4.5-28VDC input. It integrates short-circuit protection and overheat protection, making it suitable for complex outdoor power environments. This design allows the voltage regulation unit to output a stable voltage according to system requirements, preventing equipment damage or performance degradation due to voltage fluctuations.

[0025] The current distribution unit is responsible for dynamically distributing current according to the actual needs of the environmental monitoring module and the communication module. The current distribution unit consists of a current detection chip IC2, a shunt resistor R2, a voltage comparator U3, a reference voltage source Vref3, and a switching transistor Q1. The current detection chip IC2 is an INA240, and its input is connected to the output of the voltage regulation unit to monitor the input current in real time. The INA240 is a high-precision industrial-grade current detection chip, supporting a wide operating temperature range of -40℃ to +125℃, with a gain error of ±0.5% and a bandwidth of 1.5MHz, enabling accurate monitoring of current fluctuations in multi-energy power supply systems. The input terminal of the current sensing chip IC2 is connected to the output terminal of the voltage regulation unit. The shunt resistor R2 is connected in series between the input terminal of the current sensing chip IC2 and the total load input terminal of the system. One end of R2 is connected to the VIN+ pin of the current sensing chip IC2, and the other end is connected to the VIN- pin of the current sensing chip IC2. The non-inverting input terminal of the voltage comparator U3 is connected to the output terminal of the current sensing chip IC2, and the inverting input terminal is connected to the reference voltage source Vref3 (Vref3 is the preset overload threshold voltage, corresponding to the safe threshold of the total current of the system). The base of the switching transistor Q1 is connected to the output terminal of the voltage comparator U3, the collector is connected to the power supply terminal PA of the power amplifier of the communication module, and the emitter is grounded. One end of the resistor R6 is connected to the output terminal of the current sensing chip IC2, and the other end of the resistor R6 is connected to the communication module. One end of the capacitor C2 is connected to the other end of the resistor R6, and the other end is grounded.

[0026] When the total system current flows through the shunt resistor R2, the current detection chip IC2 collects the voltage difference across R2 through the VIN+ and VIN- pins and converts it into an analog voltage signal. This signal is then compared with the reference voltage Vref3 by the voltage comparator U3. If the total current is not overloaded (analog voltage < Vref3), the comparator U3 outputs a high level, the switch Q1 is turned on, and the communication module is powered normally. If the total current is overloaded (analog voltage ≥ Vref3), the comparator U3 outputs a low level, the switch Q1 is turned off, the power supply to the communication module is cut off, the monitoring center can no longer receive monitoring information, and personnel are dispatched to maintain the monitoring system.

[0027] The energy storage protection unit protects the battery power supply unit from overvoltage or undervoltage, extending its service life. The energy storage protection unit includes an overvoltage protection circuit, an undervoltage protection circuit, and voltage sensors B1 and B2. The overvoltage protection circuit consists of a comparator U1, a reference voltage source Vref1, a transistor Q4, a resistor R3, and a relay K1. The non-inverting input of comparator U1 is connected to the output of the battery power supply unit's charge detection circuit, and the inverting input is connected to the output of the reference voltage source Vref1. One end of the relay K1 coil is connected to a 5V power supply, and the other end is connected to the collector of the NPN transistor Q4 (8050). The base of transistor Q4 is connected to the output of comparator U1 via a 1kΩ resistor R3, and the emitter is grounded. The normally closed contact input of relay K1 is connected to the positive output of the lithium battery pack in the battery power supply unit, and the normally closed contact output of relay K1 is connected to the undervoltage protection circuit. When the voltage of the battery power supply unit exceeds a preset safety threshold, the output signal of comparator U1 is amplified by transistor Q4 and drives relay K1 to open its normally closed contact, thereby disconnecting the positive output terminal of the lithium battery pack in the battery power supply unit to prevent battery damage due to overvoltage. Relay K1 itself has a built-in freewheeling diode to absorb the reverse electromotive force when the coil is de-energized, protecting the output pins of the communication module.

[0028] The undervoltage protection circuit consists of comparator U2, reference voltage source Vref2, transistor Q5, resistor R5, and relay K2. Its working principle is symmetrically designed with the overvoltage protection circuit: the inverting input of comparator U2 is connected to the output of the power detection circuit of the battery power supply unit, and the non-inverting input is connected to the output of reference voltage source Vref2 (Vref2 is the preset undervoltage threshold, such as 9V when the nominal voltage of the battery is 12V). One end of the coil of relay K2 is connected to a 5V power supply, and the other end is connected to the collector of NPN transistor Q5 (8050). The base of transistor Q5 is connected to the output of comparator U2 through a 1kΩ resistor R5, and the emitter is grounded. The normally closed contact input of relay K2 is connected to the normally closed contact output of relay K1, and the normally closed contact output of relay K2 is connected to the positive terminal of anti-reverse charging diode D3. When the voltage of the battery power supply unit is detected to be lower than the safety threshold, the output level signal of comparator U2 is amplified by transistor Q5 and drives relay K2 to open its normally closed contact, preventing damage to the battery due to over-discharge caused by undervoltage. Through these two protection mechanisms, the energy storage protection unit can effectively ensure the long-term stable operation of the battery power supply unit. Voltage sensor B1 is connected in parallel to the output of the solar power supply unit and then connected to the communication module through an RC filter circuit to monitor the output voltage of the solar power supply unit in real time. Voltage sensor B2 is connected in parallel to the output of the wind power supply unit and then connected to the communication module through an RC filter circuit to monitor the output voltage of the wind power supply unit in real time. Relay K2 itself has a built-in freewheeling diode to absorb the reverse electromotive force when the coil is de-energized, protecting the output pins of the communication module. The microcontroller (MCU) controls the switching of Q3, Q2, and K3 according to the detected voltage value (e.g., sufficient solar voltage ≥ 18V, sufficient wind voltage ≥ 15V) and the priority order of "solar energy → wind energy → battery": When solar energy is sufficient, only Q3 is on, the communication module outputs a high level to the base of Q6, the K3 coil is energized, the normally closed contact opens, and the battery circuit is cut off; when solar energy is insufficient but wind energy is sufficient, Q3 is off, Q2 is on, the communication module outputs a high level to the base of Q6, the K3 coil is energized, and the battery circuit is cut off; when both are insufficient, Q3 and Q2 are off, the communication module outputs a low level to the base of Q6, Q6 is cut off, the K3 coil is de-energized, the normally closed contact closes, and the battery is powered through D3 and K3.

[0029] The environmental monitoring module is used to collect environmental parameters in forest and grassland areas in real time and generate fire early warning signals. The module includes a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a smoke sensor. These sensors are all connected to the output of the step-down chip IC1 via fuse FU. The output of the temperature sensor is connected to the GPIO pin of the microcontroller MCU to collect ambient temperature data; the output of the humidity sensor is also connected to the GPIO pin of the microcontroller MCU to collect ambient humidity data; and the output of the smoke sensor is also connected to the GPIO pin of the microcontroller MCU to detect the smoke concentration in the air and generate a fire early warning signal. The outputs of voltage sensors B1 and B2 are connected to the two ADC interfaces of the MCU to receive the output voltages of the solar power unit and the wind power unit. The microcontroller MCU is an APM32F427, an industrial-grade high-performance MCU based on... The core, with a main frequency of 240MHz, supports a wide operating temperature range of -40℃ to +105℃. It features a built-in 4Msps high-speed ADC and abundant communication interfaces, meeting the needs of multi-sensor data acquisition and real-time processing. The microcontroller (MCU) performs comprehensive analysis on the acquired data. For example, when the temperature rises abnormally and the smoke concentration exceeds a set threshold, the system determines a fire risk and triggers an alarm mechanism. Furthermore, the MCU can store the acquired data in its memory for easy retrieval and analysis later. A clock circuit provides a time reference for the MCU, ensuring that each data record has accurate timestamp information, facilitating time-series analysis of the data by the remote monitoring center.

[0030] The communication module is responsible for wirelessly transmitting data collected by the environmental monitoring module to the remote monitoring center. The communication module includes a wireless transmission module and a signal processing module, with the signal processing module sharing the same microcontroller (MCU) as the environmental monitoring module. The wireless transmission module consists of an RF chip IC3, an antenna ANT, and a power amplifier PA. The RF chip IC3, model SI4463, has its input connected to the output of the signal processing module to receive the processed data signal. The SI4463 is a Sub-GHz band industrial-grade RF chip, supporting a maximum transmit power of +20dBm and a receive sensitivity of -126dBm, with a transmission distance exceeding 5km, suitable for long-distance communication scenarios such as forests and grasslands. The output of the RF chip IC3 is connected to the input of the power amplifier PA, and the output of the power amplifier PA is connected to the input of the antenna ANT, thus enabling long-distance wireless data transmission. The power supply terminal of the power amplifier PA is connected to the collector of the switching transistor Q1. The microcontroller (MCU) packages the collected environmental data (temperature, humidity, smoke concentration) into frame format (including device ID, timestamp, and data value) via the SPI interface. Combined with system current data fed back by the current detection chip IC2, it dynamically adjusts the wireless transmission power (e.g., reducing transmission power to save energy when battery is low). Through this design, the communication module can not only reliably transmit environmental monitoring data but also provide real-time feedback on system operating status, offering comprehensive information support to the remote monitoring center.

[0031] In practical applications, this forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system is deployed in key locations within forest and grassland areas, such as mountaintops, open areas, or areas with dense flammable vegetation. Upon system startup, the multi-energy power supply module begins operation, with the solar and wind power units supplying power to the power management module according to current environmental conditions. The voltage regulation unit in the power management module stabilizes the input voltage, and then the current distribution unit dynamically allocates current according to the needs of each module. The energy storage protection unit monitors the status of the battery power supply unit in real time to ensure its safe operation. Simultaneously, the environmental monitoring module collects environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and smoke concentration, transmitting the data to the microcontroller (MCU) for analysis. Once a fire risk is detected, the system immediately triggers an alarm mechanism and sends the warning information to the remote monitoring center via the communication module. The wireless transmission module transmits the data via the antenna (ANT), allowing the remote monitoring center to quickly take countermeasures, such as dispatching firefighters to the scene.

[0032] In summary, this invention, through the collaborative design of a multi-energy power supply module, a power management module, an environmental monitoring module, and a communication module, achieves real-time monitoring and early warning of fire risks in forest and grassland areas. The system demonstrates significant advantages in energy supply stability, power management efficiency, and environmental adaptability, providing a more reliable and efficient solution for forest and grassland fire risk prevention and control.

[0033] The above embodiments are merely one of the preferred embodiments of this utility model and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this utility model. Any modifications or refinements made to the main design concept and spirit of this utility model that are not of substantial significance, but solve the same technical problem as this utility model, should be included within the scope of protection of this utility model.

Claims

1. A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system, characterized in that, It includes a multi-energy power supply module, a power management module, an environmental monitoring module, and a communication module; the multi-energy power supply module is connected to the power management module, and the power management module is connected to both the environmental monitoring module and the communication module; the power management module includes a voltage regulation unit, a current distribution unit, and an energy storage protection unit.

2. The forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-energy power supply module includes a solar power supply unit, a wind power supply unit, and a battery power supply unit.

3. A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The environmental monitoring module includes a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a smoke sensor; the temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and smoke sensor are all connected to the output terminal of the voltage regulation unit via a fuse FU.

4. A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system according to claim 3, characterized in that, The voltage regulation unit consists of a step-down chip IC1, a filter capacitor C1, a voltage divider resistor R1, anti-reverse charging diodes D1-D3, MOSFETs Q2 and Q3, a transistor Q6, driver chips A1 and A2, and a relay K3. The anode of anti-reverse charging diode D1 is connected to the output terminal of the solar power supply unit, and the cathode of anti-reverse charging diode D1 is connected to the drain of MOSFET Q3. The source of MOSFET Q3 is connected to the input terminal of the step-down chip IC1, and the gate of MOSFET Q3 is connected to the communication module via driver chip A1. The anode of anti-reverse charging diode D2 is connected to the output terminal of the wind power supply unit, and the cathode of anti-reverse charging diode D2 is connected to the drain of MOSFET Q2. The source is connected to the input of the buck converter IC1. The gate of the MOSFET Q2 is connected to the communication module via the driver chip A2. The positive terminal of the reverse charging diode D3 is connected to the output of the battery power supply unit, and the negative terminal of the reverse charging diode D3 is connected to the normally closed contact input of the relay K3. The normally closed contact output of the relay K3 is connected to the input of the buck converter IC1. One end of the coil of the relay K3 is connected to the collector of the transistor Q6, and the other end of the coil of the relay K3 is connected to a 5V voltage. The output of the buck converter IC1 is connected to one end of the filter capacitor C1, and the other end of the filter capacitor C1 is grounded. One end of the voltage divider resistor R1 is connected to the feedback pin of the buck converter IC1, and the other end is grounded.

5. A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The current distribution unit includes a current detection chip IC2, a shunt resistor R2, a voltage comparator U3, a reference voltage source Vref3, a resistor R6, a capacitor C2, and a switching transistor Q1. The input terminal of the current detection chip IC2 is connected to the output terminal of the voltage regulation unit. The shunt resistor R2 is connected in series between the input terminal of the current detection chip IC2 and the total load input terminal of the system. One end of R2 is connected to the VIN+ pin of the current detection chip IC2, and the other end is connected to the VIN- pin of the current detection chip IC2. The non-inverting input terminal of the voltage comparator U3 is connected to the output terminal of the current detection chip IC2, and the inverting input terminal is connected to the reference voltage source Vref3. The base of the switching transistor Q1 is connected to the output terminal of the voltage comparator U3, the collector is connected to the power supply terminal PA of the power amplifier, and the emitter is grounded. One end of the resistor R6 is connected to the output terminal of the current detection chip IC2, and the other end of the resistor R6 is connected to the communication module. One end of the capacitor C2 is connected to the other end of the resistor R6, and the other end is grounded.

6. A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The energy storage protection unit includes an overvoltage protection circuit, an undervoltage protection circuit, and voltage sensors B1 and B2. The overvoltage protection circuit includes a comparator U1, a reference voltage source Vref1, and a relay K1. The non-inverting input of the comparator U1 is connected to the output of the power detection circuit of the battery power supply unit, the inverting input is connected to the output of the reference voltage source Vref1, and the output is connected to one end of the coil of the relay K1. The normally closed contact of the relay K1 is connected in series with the positive output of the lithium battery pack of the battery power supply unit. The undervoltage protection circuit includes a comparator U2, a reference voltage source Vref2, and a relay K2. The non-inverting input of comparator U2 is connected to the output of the power detection circuit of the battery power supply unit, and the inverting input is connected to the output of the reference voltage source Vref2. The output is connected to one end of the coil of relay K2. The normally closed contact of relay K2 is connected in series with the positive output of the lithium battery pack of the battery power supply unit. Voltage sensor B1 is connected in parallel to the output of the solar power supply unit and is connected to the communication module through an RC filter circuit to monitor the output voltage of the solar power supply unit in real time. Voltage sensor B2 is connected in parallel to the output of the wind power supply unit and is connected to the communication module through an RC filter circuit to monitor the output voltage of the wind power supply unit in real time.

7. A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The communication module includes a wireless transmission unit and a signal processing unit; the wireless transmission unit includes an RF chip IC3, an antenna ANT, and a power amplifier PA; the input terminal of the RF chip IC3 is connected to the output terminal of the signal processing unit, the output terminal is connected to the input terminal of the power amplifier PA, and the output terminal of the power amplifier PA is connected to the input terminal of the antenna ANT; wherein, the power supply terminal of the power amplifier PA is connected to the collector of the transistor Q1.

8. A forest and grassland fire risk monitoring system according to claim 7, characterized in that, The signal processing unit includes a microcontroller (MCU), a memory, and a clock circuit. The GPIO pins of the MCU are connected to the outputs of the temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and smoke sensor, and the other ends of the current-limiting resistors R3, R4, and R5, respectively. The SPI interface is connected to the input of the wireless transmission unit, the I2C interface is connected to the output of the current detection chip IC2, and the two ADC interfaces are connected to the outputs of voltage sensors B1 and B2. The other end of resistor R6 is connected to the PA interface of the MCU.

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