Hybrid air conditioning system, control device, control method, and program

Abstract

The hybrid air conditioning system maintains the effectiveness of air conditioning while reducing energy procurement costs. [Solution] In the control unit 11 of the management server 10 that constitutes the hybrid air conditioning system, the first air conditioning control unit 113 causes the first air conditioning means, which uses the first energy to conditioned the air in the target space, to perform air conditioning, the second air conditioning control unit 114 causes the second air conditioning means, which uses the second energy to conditioned the air in the target space, to perform air conditioning, and the DR implementation control unit 115 controls whether or not to perform demand adjustment for the first energy by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy when demand adjustment for the first energy is performed and the procurement costs of the first and second energy when demand adjustment is not performed.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to a hybrid air conditioning system, a control device, a control method, and a program. [Background technology]

[0002] In recent years, hybrid air conditioning systems that control air conditioning (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as "air conditioning") by combining multiple energy sources have attracted attention. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a hybrid air conditioning system that combines electricity and gas. Furthermore, the introduction of demand response (DR) is progressing from the viewpoint of reducing electricity procurement costs and avoiding power shortages due to concentrated demand. Demand response is a system in which retail electricity suppliers request electricity consumers to cooperate in adjusting electricity demand during a target period according to the electricity supply and demand situation, and related technologies are also known (see, for example, Patent Document 2). [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2020-190399 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2016-081074 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0004] While demand response for air conditioning systems using only electricity is widely known, demand response for hybrid air conditioning systems that combine multiple types of energy is not yet common. Therefore, those who procure the multiple types of energy required to operate hybrid air conditioning systems want to reduce energy procurement costs while maintaining the effectiveness of the air conditioning provided by the hybrid system.

[0005] An object of the present invention is to reduce the energy procurement cost while maintaining the air conditioning effect by a hybrid air conditioning system.

Means for Solving the Problems

[0006] The invention according to claim 1 includes: a first air conditioning control means for controlling a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of an air conditioning target space using a first energy; a second air conditioning control means for controlling a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of the air conditioning target space using a second energy; a procurement cost of the first energy and the second energy when performing demand adjustment of the first energy; and based on the procurement cost of the first energy and the second energy when not performing the demand adjustment, a demand adjustment control means for controlling the operation ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means to control whether or not to perform the demand adjustment. It is a hybrid air conditioning system characterized by having In the invention according to claim 2, when the procurement cost of the first energy and the second energy when performing demand adjustment of the first energy is lower than the procurement cost of the first energy and the second energy when not performing the demand adjustment, the demand adjustment control means performs control to perform the demand adjustment by controlling the operation ratio. It is the hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 1, characterized by In the invention according to claim 3, the procurement cost of the first energy is calculated from the consumption amount and market price of the first energy, and the procurement cost of the second energy is calculated from the consumption amount and cost of the second energy. It is the hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 2, characterized by In the invention according to claim 4, the demand adjustment control means uses the market price of the first energy when the procurement cost of energy when performing the demand adjustment is lower than the procurement cost when not performing the demand adjustment as a threshold value to determine whether or not to perform the demand adjustment. It is the hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 3, characterized by The invention described in claim 5 is a hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 4, characterized in that the demand adjustment control means reduces the proportion of the first air conditioning means in the operating ratio when the market price of the first energy exceeds the threshold. The invention described in claim 6 is a hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 4, characterized in that the demand adjustment control means increases the proportion of the first air conditioning means in the operating ratio when the market price of the first energy falls below the threshold. The invention described in claim 7 is a hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 4, characterized in that the demand adjustment control means controls the operating ratio according to the air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space. The invention described in claim 8 is a hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 7, characterized in that the threshold is obtained by inputting the cost of the second energy and the air conditioning load during the time period for which the threshold is to be determined into a correlation formula calculated based on past performance of the cost of the second energy and the air conditioning load. The invention described in claim 9 is a hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 4, characterized in that the demand adjustment control means controls the operating ratio according to the energy consumption efficiency calculated from the result of converting the consumption of the first energy and the consumption of the second energy into primary energy consumption. The invention described in claim 10 is a hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 1, characterized in that the first energy is electricity, the second energy is gas, and the demand adjustment is demand response. The invention described in claim 11 is a control device characterized by comprising: a first air conditioning control means for controlling a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a first energy source; a second air conditioning control means for controlling a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of the space to be air-conditioned using a second energy source; and a demand adjustment control means for controlling whether or not to perform demand adjustment by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment of the first energy source is performed and the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment is not performed. The invention described in claim 12 is a control method characterized by comprising the steps of: controlling a first air conditioning means that uses a first energy to perform air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned; controlling a second air conditioning means that uses a second energy to perform air conditioning of the space to be air-conditioned; and controlling whether or not to perform demand adjustment by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy when demand adjustment of the first energy is performed and the procurement costs of the first and second energy when demand adjustment is not performed. The invention described in claim 13 is a program for a computer to implement: a function to control a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a first energy source; a function to control a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of the space to be air-conditioned using a second energy source; and a function to control whether or not to perform demand adjustment by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment of the first energy source is performed and the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment is not performed. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] According to the present invention, it is possible to reduce energy procurement costs while maintaining the effectiveness of air conditioning by a hybrid air conditioning system. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0008] [Figure 1] This figure shows an example of the overall configuration of a hybrid air conditioning system to which this embodiment is applied. [Figure 2] Figure 1 shows an example of the hardware configuration of the management server that makes up the hybrid air conditioning system. [Figure 3] This figure shows an example of the hardware configuration of the hybrid air conditioning equipment that makes up the hybrid air conditioning system shown in Figure 1. [Figure 4] This figure shows an example of the functional configuration of the control unit of the management server shown in Figure 2. [Figure 5] This flowchart shows an example of the various processing steps involved in the management server's processing, up to the point where it controls whether or not to perform a demand response. [Figure 6] This is an overview diagram illustrating a specific example of the service provided by the hybrid air conditioning system. [Figure 7] Figures (A) and (B) show specific examples of methods for determining whether or not to implement demand response based on predetermined thresholds. [Figure 8] This graph shows the equipment efficiency of hybrid air conditioning systems. [Figure 9] This graph shows the time course of the operating ratio, which changes along with the air conditioning load. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0009] Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings. <Configuration of Hybrid Air Conditioning System 1> Figure 1 shows an example of the overall configuration of the hybrid air conditioning system 1 to which this embodiment is applied. The hybrid air conditioning system 1 is a system that enables remote control of a hybrid air conditioning unit 30 that conditioned the air in a space by combining electricity as the primary energy source and gas as the secondary energy source. Hereinafter, the space to be air-conditioned by the hybrid air conditioning unit 30 will be referred to as the "air-conditioned space." The hybrid air conditioning system 1 provides a service (hereinafter referred to as "this service") that generates economic benefits by changing the operating ratio of electricity and gas in the hybrid air conditioning unit 30 according to the demand conditions of the electricity grid of the electricity consumer, and returns a portion of these benefits to the electricity consumer.

[0010] The hybrid air conditioning system 1 includes a management server 10, which functions as a control device managing the entire system, and a hybrid air conditioning unit 30 that provides air conditioning to a target space using a combination of electricity and gas. The hybrid air conditioning system 1 also includes a customer terminal 50 operated by the electricity consumer who manages the air-conditioned space. An "electricity consumer" is, for example, a factory or office manager. The hybrid air conditioning system 1 also includes a power supplier terminal 70 operated by the power supplier who provides the electricity necessary for the operation of the hybrid air conditioning unit 30. A "power supplier" is, for example, a retail electricity provider.

[0011] The management server 10, hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, and power supplier terminal 70 that constitute the hybrid air conditioning system 1 are connected via a network 90. ​​The network 90 is, for example, a LAN (Local Area Network) or the Internet. The following describes each of the devices that constitute the hybrid air conditioning system 1.

[0012] [Management Server 10] The management server 10 transmits various information to the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, customer terminal 50, power supplier terminal 70, and external sources, enabling them to perform various processes. Furthermore, the management server 10 acquires various information transmitted from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, customer terminal 50, power supplier terminal 70, and external sources, and performs various processes on it.

[0013] For example, the management server 10 controls the operation of the electric heat pump (EHP) 371 (see Figure 3 below) of the air conditioning unit 37, which is the first air conditioning means that uses electricity to conditioned the air in the space to be air-conditioned in the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. The management server 10 also controls the operation of the gas engine heat pump (GHP) 372 (see Figure 3 below) of the air conditioning unit 37, which is the second air conditioning means that uses gas to conditioned the air in the space to be air-conditioned in the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30.

[0014] The management server 10 acquires information regarding demand adjustment (hereinafter referred to as "demand response" or "DR") commands generated and transmitted from the power supplier terminal 70. The management server 10 calculates the procurement costs of electricity and gas when demand response is implemented (hereinafter referred to as "procurement costs when DR is implemented") according to the content of the command from the power supplier. The management server 10 also calculates the procurement costs of electricity and gas when demand response is not implemented (hereinafter referred to as "procurement costs when DR is not implemented").

[0015] Furthermore, the management server 10 obtains information regarding the actual power consumption of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 (hereinafter referred to as "power consumption information") from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. In addition, the management server 10 obtains information regarding the actual gas consumption of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 (hereinafter referred to as "gas consumption information") from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30.

[0016] Here, the cost of electricity procurement is calculated from the amount of electricity consumed, which is identified from electricity consumption information, and the electricity market price, which is obtained from an external source. Similarly, the cost of gas procurement is calculated from the amount of gas consumed, which is identified from gas consumption information, and the gas cost, which is obtained from an external source. Therefore, the procurement cost when demand response (DR) is implemented is calculated using the formula: electricity consumption × electricity market price + gas consumption × gas cost. Conversely, the procurement cost when DR is not implemented is calculated using the formula: electricity consumption × electricity market price + gas consumption × gas cost, for example, when demand response is not implemented.

[0017] The management server 10 controls whether or not to implement demand response by controlling the operating ratio of EHP371 and GHP372 (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as the "operating ratio") based on procurement costs when DR is implemented and procurement costs when DR is not implemented. The management server 10 can record information regarding the actual operation ratio control (hereinafter referred to as "operating ratio information") itself or obtain it from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. The method for controlling the operating ratio based on procurement costs when DR is implemented and procurement costs when DR is not implemented will be described later.

[0018] Furthermore, the management server 10 acquires information regarding the actual air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space (hereinafter referred to as "air conditioning load information") from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. The management server 10 enables control of the operating ratio according to the acquired air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space and the procurement costs when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented.

[0019] "Air conditioning load" refers to the amount of heat or energy that a hybrid air conditioning system 1 must process in order to maintain a comfortable air-conditioned environment in the space being air-conditioned. Specifically, the air conditioning load is the amount of heat load that needs to be removed or added through various operations such as cooling, heating, dehumidification, and humidification in order to maintain the temperature, humidity, etc., of the space being air-conditioned at predetermined target values. The air conditioning load is expressed in units such as kilowatts (kW) or kilocalories per hour (kcal / h). The air conditioning load can be classified into cooling load and heating load. The cooling load is the amount of heat load that needs to be removed in order to cool the space being air-conditioned, such as in summer. The heating load is the amount of heat load that needs to be added in order to heat the space being air-conditioned, such as in winter.

[0020] Furthermore, the management server 10 is capable of controlling the operating ratio according to the energy efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, which is calculated from the result of converting the power consumption into primary energy, and the procurement costs when demand response (DR) is implemented and when DR is not implemented. Here, "primary energy" refers to energy that exists in nature in its original form and before it is converted into electricity or fuel. Examples of primary energy include renewable energy such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass, as well as fossil fuels such as gas, oil, and coal.

[0021] Energy produced by processing or converting primary energy is called "secondary energy." Secondary energy includes electricity generated by burning primary energy sources such as gas and coal, as well as hydrogen produced from gas and gasoline refined from primary energy sources such as crude oil. In other words, the management server 10 enables control of the operating ratio that takes into account the energy consumption efficiency calculated from the result of converting the amount of secondary energy consumed, which is electricity consumption, into primary energy. Details of the configuration and processing of the management server 10 will be described later.

[0022] [Hybrid air conditioning equipment 30] The hybrid air conditioning unit 30 is an air conditioning unit that performs air conditioning of a target space by combining electricity and gas based on control information from the management server 10. Specifically, the hybrid air conditioning unit 30 performs air conditioning of the target space by controlling the operation of the GHP372 and EHP371 based on control information from the management server 10. Here, the control information from the management server 10 includes control information regarding whether or not the hybrid air conditioning unit 30 will perform demand response.

[0023] Furthermore, the hybrid air conditioning unit 30 transmits various types of information to the management server 10. For example, the hybrid air conditioning unit 30 transmits air conditioning load information, power consumption information, gas consumption information, and operating ratio information to the management server 10.

[0024] [Customer terminal 50] The customer terminal 50 is capable of receiving information transmitted from the management server 10 regarding whether or not a demand response has been implemented, and displaying it on a display or the like. The information transmitted from the management server 10 regarding whether or not a demand response has been implemented may include, for example, the reasons for deciding to implement the demand response and the details of the demand response if one is to be implemented. If a demand response is not to be implemented, it may also include the reasons for deciding not to implement the demand response.

[0025] [Power supplier terminal 70] The power supplier terminal 70 generates information regarding the command to implement demand response and transmits it to the management server 10.

[0026] <Hardware Configuration> [Hardware configuration of management server 10] Figure 2 shows an example of the hardware configuration of the management server 10 that constitutes the hybrid air conditioning system 1 in Figure 1. The management server 10 includes a control unit 11, a memory 12, a storage unit 13, a communication unit 14, an operation unit 15, and a display unit 16. These units are connected by a data bus, an address bus, a PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus, etc.

[0027] The control unit 11 is a processor that controls the functions of the management server 10 through the execution of various software such as the OS (operating system) and application software. The control unit 11 is composed of, for example, a CPU (Central Processing Unit). The memory 12 is a storage area that stores various software and data used for its execution, and is used as a work area during calculations. The memory 12 is composed of, for example, RAM (Random Access Memory).

[0028] The storage unit 13 is a storage area that stores input data for various software and output data from various software. The storage unit 13 is composed of, for example, an HDD (Hard Disk Drive), an SSD (Solid State Drive), or semiconductor memory used to store programs and various setting data. The storage unit 13 is provided with a database for storing various information. Examples of databases provided in the storage unit 13 include databases that store air conditioning load information, power consumption information, gas consumption information, and operating ratio information transmitted from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30.

[0029] The communication unit 14 transmits and receives data between the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, the customer terminal 50, the power supplier terminal 70, and the outside world via the network 90. ​​The operation unit 15 consists of, for example, a keyboard, mouse, mechanical buttons, and switches, and accepts input operations. The operation unit 15 also includes a touch sensor that forms a touch panel integrally with the display unit 16. The display unit 16 consists of, for example, a liquid crystal display or an organic EL (Electro-Luminescence) display used for displaying information, and displays image and text data. The display unit 16 displays a user interface, etc.

[0030] [Hardware configuration of hybrid air conditioning equipment 30] Figure 3 shows an example of the hardware configuration of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 that constitutes the hybrid air conditioning system 1 in Figure 1. The hybrid air conditioning unit 30 comprises a control unit 31, memory 32, storage unit 33, communication unit 34, operation unit 35, and display unit 36, corresponding to the control unit 11, memory 12, storage unit 13, communication unit 14, operation unit 15, and display unit 16 shown in Figure 2. In addition to these components, the hybrid air conditioning unit 30 also includes an air conditioning unit 37 that performs air conditioning on the target space. The air conditioning unit 37 includes an EHP 371 and a GHP 372. The EHP 371 performs air conditioning on the target space by driving a compressor with electricity and circulating a refrigerant. The GHP 372 performs air conditioning on the target space by driving a compressor with a gas engine and circulating a refrigerant. Furthermore, the GHP 372 makes it possible to reuse the waste heat from the gas engine for heating.

[0031] [Hardware configuration of customer terminal 50 and power supplier terminal 70] The customer terminal 50 and the power supplier terminal 70 each include a control unit, memory, storage unit, communication unit, operation unit, and display unit, respectively, corresponding to the control unit 11, memory 12, storage unit 13, communication unit 14, operation unit 15, and display unit 16 shown in Figure 2.

[0032] <Functional configuration of the control unit 11 of the management server 10> Figure 4 shows an example of the functional configuration of the control unit 11 of the management server 10 shown in Figure 2. The control unit 11 of the management server 10 functions as an acquisition unit 111 that acquires various types of information and a management unit 112 that manages various types of information. The control unit 11 also functions as a first air conditioning control unit 113 as a first air conditioning control means, a second air conditioning control unit 114 as a second air conditioning control means, and a DR implementation control unit 115 as a demand adjustment control means. The control unit 11 also functions as a transmission control unit 116 that controls the transmission of various types of information.

[0033] The acquisition unit 111 acquires various types of information via the communication unit 14 (see Figure 2). For example, the acquisition unit 111 acquires air conditioning load information, power consumption information, gas consumption information, and operating ratio information transmitted from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. The acquisition unit 111 also acquires information related to the command to implement demand response transmitted from the power supplier terminal 70.

[0034] The management unit 112 manages various types of information. For example, the management unit 112 stores and manages each of the following information acquired by the acquisition unit 111: air conditioning load information, power consumption information, gas consumption information, operating ratio information, and information related to the command to implement demand response, in the database of the storage unit 13 (see Figure 2).

[0035] The first air conditioning control unit 113 controls the operation of the EHP371 (see Figure 3) of the air conditioning unit 37 of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. Specifically, the first air conditioning control unit 113 controls the operation of the EHP371 by transmitting control information generated according to the operating ratio determined by the DR implementation control unit 115 (described later) to the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30.

[0036] The second air conditioning control unit 114 controls the operation of the GHP372 (see Figure 3) of the air conditioning unit 37 of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. Specifically, the second air conditioning control unit 114 controls the operation of the GHP372 by transmitting control information generated according to the operating ratio determined by the DR implementation control unit 115 (described later) to the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30.

[0037] The DR implementation control unit 115 controls whether or not to implement demand response for the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. Specifically, the DR implementation control unit 115 calculates the procurement cost when DR is implemented and the procurement cost when DR is not implemented. Then, the DR implementation control unit 115 controls whether or not to implement demand response by controlling the operating ratio according to the calculated procurement cost when DR is implemented and the procurement cost when DR is not implemented.

[0038] For example, if the DR implementation control unit 115 is lower than the procurement cost when DR is not implemented, it may implement a demand response (hereinafter referred to as "reduced DR") aimed at reducing electricity demand by controlling the operating ratio. Conversely, if the procurement cost when DR is implemented is higher than the procurement cost when DR is not implemented, the DR implementation control unit 115 will not implement a demand response.

[0039] The DR implementation control unit 115 may use the electricity market price at which the procurement cost during DR implementation falls below the procurement cost during non-DR implementation as a threshold, and perform control to implement a downward DR based on this threshold. In this case, the DR implementation control unit 115 may, for example, perform control to lower the proportion of EHP371 in the operating ratio when the electricity market price exceeds the threshold, and control to raise the proportion of EHP371 in the operating ratio when the electricity market price falls below the threshold. Here, the electricity market price used as the threshold may be, for example, the electricity market price announced by the Japan Electric Power Exchange (JPEX). A specific example of a method for determining whether or not to implement a downward DR based on a threshold will be described later with reference to Figure 7(A).

[0040] Furthermore, the DR implementation control unit 115 controls whether or not to implement demand response by controlling the operating ratio according to the air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space. In this case, the DR implementation control unit 115 controls whether or not to implement demand response by controlling the operating ratio according to the procurement costs when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented, and the air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space.

[0041] Furthermore, the DR implementation control unit 115 controls whether or not to implement demand response by controlling the operating ratio according to the energy efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, which is calculated from the result of converting the power consumption to primary energy. In this case, the DR implementation control unit 115 controls whether or not to implement demand response by controlling the operating ratio according to the procurement cost when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented, the air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space, and the energy efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. A specific example of controlling the operating ratio according to the energy efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 will be described later with reference to Figure 8.

[0042] <Processing flow of management server 10> Figure 5 is a flowchart showing an example of the various processing flows in the management server 10 up to the processing that controls whether or not to implement demand response. In the example in Figure 5, the management server 10 controls the operating ratio according to the procurement cost when DR is implemented, the procurement cost when DR is not implemented, the air conditioning load, and the energy consumption efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. When the management server 10 receives information regarding a command to implement demand response from the power supplier terminal 70 (YES in step 101), it retrieves the received information (step 102) and proceeds to the process in step 103. On the other hand, if no information regarding a command to implement demand response has been received (NO in step 101), the management server 10 repeats the decision process in step 101.

[0043] The management server 10 calculates the procurement costs when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented according to the content of the demand response instruction from the power supplier (step 103), and proceeds to the decision process in step 104. For example, the management server 10 uses power consumption information, gas consumption information, and operating ratio information provided by the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 to calculate the procurement costs when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented.

[0044] When the management server 10 receives air conditioning load information from the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 (YES in step 104), it acquires the received air conditioning load information (step 105) and proceeds to the process in step 106. On the other hand, if no air conditioning load information has been received (NO in step 104), the management server 10 repeats the decision process in step 104.

[0045] In step 103, the management server 10 converts the power consumption used as the basis for calculating procurement costs when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented into primary energy (step 106), and calculates the energy efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 (step 107). For example, the management server 10 uses power consumption information, gas consumption information, and operating ratio information provided by the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 to calculate the energy efficiency.

[0046] The management server 10 controls whether or not to implement demand response (step 108) and terminates the process (END). Specifically, the management server 10 controls whether or not to implement demand response by controlling the operating ratio based on the procurement cost when DR is implemented, the procurement cost when DR is not implemented, the air conditioning load, and the energy consumption efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, and then terminates the process.

[0047] <Specific example> Figure 6 is a schematic diagram showing a specific example of the service provided by the hybrid air conditioning system 1. Figure 6 shows the power supply side (left side of the diagram), which supplies electricity, and the power demand side (right side of the diagram), which demands electricity. On the power supply side, there is a power supplier terminal 70 operated by a representative of a retail electricity company, which supplies electricity to consumers and issues commands for the implementation of demand response. On the power demand side, there is a factory equipped with hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 that operates using electricity supplied from the power supply side, and a consumer terminal 50.

[0048] Furthermore, on the power demand side, a graph is shown representing power demand with "time" on the horizontal axis and "power consumption" (unit: kWh) on the vertical axis. Although not shown in the diagram, the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30, the customer terminal 50, and the power supplier terminal 70 shown in Figure 6 are each connected to the management server 10 via the network 90 (see Figure 1).

[0049] In this service, "1. Command" is when a command to implement demand response is remotely transmitted from the power supply side to the power demand side. Then, "2. DR Implementation" is when the power demand side controls whether or not to implement demand response. If demand response is implemented on the power demand side, "3. Reward" is when the power supply side provides a reward to the power demand side.

[0050] As described above, the control of whether or not demand response (DR) is implemented on the electricity demand side is carried out by controlling the operating ratio according to the procurement costs when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented, the air conditioning load, and the energy consumption efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. Specific examples of this will be explained below with reference to Figures 7 to 9.

[0051] Figures 7(A) and (B) illustrate specific examples of methods for determining whether or not to implement demand response based on predetermined thresholds. In the upper section of each of Figures 7(A) and (B), the horizontal axis represents "time" and the vertical axis represents "electricity market price C," which is the electricity market price C. E A graph showing the time progression of [the electricity consumption] is shown. In addition, the lower part of each of Figures 7(A) and (B) shows a graph showing the time progression of electricity consumption E, with the horizontal axis being "time" and the vertical axis being "electricity consumption". Note that the electricity market price fluctuates every 30 minutes.

[0052] In this service, the implementation of demand response is controlled by controlling the operating ratio according to the procurement costs when DR is implemented and when DR is not implemented, the air conditioning load, and the energy consumption efficiency of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30. Here, the procurement cost when DR is implemented is set to "C DR", the procurement cost when DR is not implemented as "C", and the electricity market price as "C E ", and the gas cost as "C G ". Also, the electricity consumption when demand response is implemented is "E DR ", the electricity consumption when demand response is not implemented is "E", the gas consumption when demand response is implemented is "G DR ", and the gas consumption when demand response is not implemented is "G". In this case, C DR = E DR × C E + G DR × C G The calculation formula of and C = E × C E + G × C G Since the calculation formula of holds, the difference between the procurement cost when DR is not implemented and the procurement cost when DR is implemented is C - C DR = (E - E DR ) × C E + (G - G DR ) × C G It is calculated by the calculation formula of.

[0053] In this service, when the procurement cost when DR is implemented is lower than the procurement cost when DR is not implemented, control is performed to implement DR by controlling the operation ratio. That is, when C - C DR > 0, control is performed to implement DR by controlling the operation ratio, and when C - C DR < 0, control is performed not to implement DR.

[0054] Here, for example, assume that the electricity consumption E when DR is not implemented is 40 kW, the gas consumption G is 30 kW, and the gas cost C G is 30 yen / kWh. Also, assume that the electricity consumption E DR when DR is implemented is 30 kW, the gas consumption G DR is 40 kW, and the gas cost C G is 30 yen / kWh. In this case, the operation ratio is controlled so that the gas consumption increases by the amount by which the electricity consumption is reduced due to the implementation of demand response. At this time, the difference between the procurement cost when DR is not implemented and the procurement cost when DR is implemented is C - C DR = (40 kW - 30 kW) × CE The calculation is based on the formula +(30kW-40kW)×30 yen / kWh, so the electricity market price C E If it exceeds 30 yen / kWh, CC DR It becomes >0.

[0055] For example, electricity market price C E If the price is 35 yen / kWh, the procurement cost when DR is not implemented will be 40kW × 35 yen / kWh + 30kW × 30 yen / kWh = 2300 yen. The procurement cost when DR is implemented will be 30kW × 35 yen / kWh + 40kW × 30 yen / kWh = 2250 yen. In other words, the procurement cost when DR is implemented (2250 yen) is lower than the procurement cost when DR is not implemented (2300 yen), so control will be implemented to implement a reduced DR.

[0056] In contrast, the electricity market price C E If the price is 25 yen / kWh, the procurement cost when DR is not implemented is 40kW × 25 yen / kWh + 30kW × 30 yen / kWh = 1900 yen. Also, the procurement cost when DR is implemented is 30kW × 25 yen / kWh + 40kW × 30 yen / kWh = 1950 yen. In other words, the procurement cost when DR is implemented (1950 yen) exceeds the procurement cost when DR is not implemented (1900 yen), so control is implemented to not implement downward DR.

[0057] In this service, a threshold for the electricity market price that minimizes energy procurement costs is predetermined when controlling whether or not to implement demand response. The threshold for the electricity market price is predetermined for both downward demand response (DR) and demand response aimed at increasing electricity demand (hereinafter referred to as "upward DR"). As a specific example, Figure 7(A) shows the threshold for the electricity market price used to control whether or not to implement downward DR with a dotted line. Figure 7(B) also shows the threshold for the electricity market price used to control whether or not to implement upward DR with a dotted line.

[0058] In other words, as shown in Figure 7(A), the electricity market price C EDuring the time period when the electricity market price C exceeds the threshold for downward demand response (the time period shown in hatching in Figure 7(A)), control is implemented to implement downward demand response. E During periods when the electricity market price C falls below the threshold for downward demand response (times other than those hatched in Figure 7(A)), downward demand response is not implemented. Downward demand response is implemented, for example, when the supply and demand of electricity is tight, by controlling the electricity market price C E The order to implement the measure is issued when the level is high.

[0059] Furthermore, as shown in Figure 7(B), the electricity market price C E During the time period when the electricity market price C falls below the threshold for upward demand response (the time period that is hatched in Figure 7(B)), control is implemented to carry out upward demand response. E During periods when the electricity market price C exceeds the threshold for upward DR (periods other than those hatched in Figure 7(B)), control is implemented to prevent upward DR. Upward DR is implemented, for example, when the amount of renewable energy generated exceeds the amount of electricity demand and the power grid cannot use it all, by adjusting the electricity market price C E The order to implement the measure is issued when the price is low.

[0060] Since the air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space fluctuates, the effectiveness of implementing demand response varies depending on the air conditioning load. In other words, the threshold for electricity market price fluctuates not only with the cost of gas, but also with the air conditioning load. Furthermore, the operating ratio of EHP371 (see Figure 3) and GHP372 (see Figure 3) changes depending on the air conditioning load ratio, which will be discussed later, so the respective equipment efficiencies η of EHP371 and GHP372 also differ depending on the operating ratio. Here, if we define electricity consumption as "E", gas consumption as "G", and air conditioning load as "Q", and define the demand-side thermal efficiency when converting electricity consumption to primary energy as "36.9%", then the equipment efficiency η can be expressed by the following formula 1. "Demand-side thermal efficiency" refers to the efficiency of the thermal energy actually used on the electricity demand side.

[0061]

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[0062] Figure 8 is a graph showing the equipment efficiency η of the hybrid air conditioning unit 30. The graph shown in Figure 8 has "Air Conditioning Load Q" on the horizontal axis and "Equipment Efficiency η" on the vertical axis. The graph in Figure 8 shows the relationship between Air Conditioning Load Q and Equipment Efficiency η for both EHP371 (see Figure 3) and GHP372 (see Figure 3). As shown in Figure 8, when the Air Conditioning Load Q is low (low load), the Equipment Efficiency η is higher for EHP371 than for GHP372, and at other times (medium or high load), the Equipment Efficiency η is higher for GHP372 than for EHP371.

[0063] The equipment efficiency η changes according to the air conditioning load ratio, which indicates how much of the rated capacity of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 is being air-conditioned. Here, the air conditioning load ratio is "L", the air conditioning load is "Q", and the rated capacity of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 is "Q". rat If so, the air conditioning load factor L can be expressed by the following formula 2.

[0064]

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[0065] The operating ratio of EHP371 and GHP372 is controlled to change according to the air conditioning load factor L. Specifically, when the air conditioning load Q is low (low load), the operating ratio is controlled to prioritize the operation of EHP371, which has a higher equipment efficiency η at low loads than GHP372. When the air conditioning load Q is medium to high load, the operating ratio is controlled to prioritize the operation of GHP372, which has a higher equipment efficiency η at medium to high loads than EHP371.

[0066] Figure 9 is a graph showing the time course of the operating ratio as it changes with the air conditioning load Q. The graph shown in Figure 9 has "time" on the horizontal axis and "air conditioning load Q" (unit: MJ (megajoules)) on the vertical axis. Figure 9 shows an example when an upward demand response (DR) was implemented during the time period from 11:00 to 16:00. As shown in Figure 9, the air conditioning load Q during the time period from 8:00 to 19:30 generally remained within the range of 1,000 to 2,000 MJ, with no significant changes observed. However, the operating ratio differs significantly between the time period from 11:00 to 16:00 when the upward demand response was implemented and the other time periods. Specifically, during the time period from 11:00 to 16:00 when the upward demand response was implemented, the operating ratio of EHP371 (see Figure 3) was higher. In contrast, during the time periods other than when the upward demand response was implemented, the operating ratio of GHP372 (see Figure 3) was higher.

[0067] The following provides specific examples of the various calculation formulas used in this service. The threshold for electricity market prices is "C line ", electricity consumption is "ΔE", gas consumption is "ΔG", and the gas cost at the threshold of the electricity market price is "C G Therefore, the threshold C for the electricity market price line This can be expressed by the following equation 3.

[0068]

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[0069] While the overall air conditioning load remains unchanged when demand response is implemented, the operating ratio of EHP371 and GHP372 changes. For example, in the case of upward demand response, the amount of air conditioning load handled by the GHP372 decreases, and the amount of air conditioning load handled by the EHP371 increases. Also, assuming the same equipment efficiency, the primary energy consumption remains unchanged, but the equipment efficiency of EHP371 and GHP372 differs. Here, the change in air conditioning load is denoted as "ΔQ", and the equipment efficiency of EHP371 is denoted as "η". E ", the instrument efficiency of the GHP372 is "η GAssuming this, the power consumption ΔE can be expressed by the following equation 4. Also, the gas consumption ΔG can be expressed by the following equation 5.

[0070]

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[0071]

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[0072] Since the air conditioning load is constant, the change in power consumption and gas consumption is equal to the equipment efficiency η of the EHP371. E And the instrument efficiency η of the GHP372 G This is a function of the EHP371. E and the instrument efficiency η of GHP372 G This changes depending on the air conditioning load. Here, if we let the air conditioning load be "Q", then the following equations 6 to 8 hold true. In energy-saving operation, which reduces primary energy consumption, and in increased DR operation, which is performed, the operating ratio is uniquely determined according to the air conditioning load Q. Therefore, once the air conditioning load Q is determined, the equipment efficiency η of the EHP371 E And the instrument efficiency η of the GHP372 G Once these conditions are met, the operating ratio is controlled accordingly. Specifically, during energy-saving operation, the operating ratio is controlled to minimize primary energy consumption, and during increased demand response (DR), the operating ratio is controlled to maximize the air conditioning load of the EHP371.

[0073]

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[0074]

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[0075]

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[0076] This service uses the electricity market price threshold C in economic DR, which is a demand response for electricity retailers. line The threshold C of the economic DR is also calculated. line It is calculated as follows: The threshold C of the economic DR line The calculation involves past gas costs C G And the instrument efficiency η of the EHP371 E And the instrument efficiency η of the GHP372 G A correlation formula calculated based on past performance values ​​is used. Equipment efficiency η E Function of and instrument efficiency η G When the air conditioning load Q is input to each of the functions, the equipment efficiency η E and equipment efficiency η G The threshold C of the economic DR is calculated. line If you input the gas cost and air conditioning load for the time period you want to calculate, the threshold C of the economic DR can be calculated using the function in formula 9. line This is calculated.

[0077]

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[0078] <Other Embodiments> Although this embodiment has been described above, the present invention is not limited to this embodiment. Furthermore, the effects of the present invention are not limited to those described in this embodiment. For example, the overall configuration of the hybrid air conditioning system 1 shown in Figure 1, the hardware configuration of the management server 10 shown in Figure 2, and the hardware configuration of the hybrid air conditioning equipment 30 shown in Figure 3 are merely examples for achieving the objectives of the present invention and are not particularly limited. Similarly, the functional configuration of the management server 10 shown in Figure 4 is also merely an example for achieving the objectives of the present invention and is not particularly limited. In other words, it is sufficient that the hybrid air conditioning system 1 in Figure 1 has the functionality to execute the above-described process as a whole, and the hardware configuration and functional configuration used to realize this functionality are not limited to the examples described above.

[0079] Furthermore, the order of the processing steps of the management server 10 shown in the flowchart of Figure 5 is merely illustrative and not particularly limiting. The processing does not necessarily have to be performed chronologically according to the illustrated step order; it may also be performed in parallel or individually. Also, the specific examples shown in Figures 6 to 9 are merely examples and not particularly limiting.

[0080] Furthermore, although the above-described embodiment described the case where the second energy source is gas, the second energy source in the present invention is not limited to gas. For example, it may be energy other than gas, such as renewable energy sources like solar power, wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy, or biomass. Also, the first energy source in the present invention is not limited to electricity.

[0081] In summary, the hybrid air conditioning system 1 of the present invention only needs to have the following configuration and can take on various embodiments. In other words, the hybrid air conditioning system 1 is a hybrid air conditioning system characterized by having: a first air conditioning control means (for example, a first air conditioning control unit 113 in Figure 4) that controls a first air conditioning means (for example, an EHP371 in Figure 3) that uses a first energy source (for example, electricity) to provide air conditioning for a space to be air-conditioned; a second air conditioning control means (for example, a second air conditioning control unit 114 in Figure 4) that controls a second air conditioning means (for example, a GHP372 in Figure 3) that uses a second energy source (for example, gas) to provide air conditioning for a space to be air-conditioned; and a demand adjustment control means (for example, a DR implementation control unit 115 in Figure 4) that controls whether or not to implement demand adjustment by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment (for example, demand response) for the first energy source is implemented and the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment is not implemented. This makes it possible to reduce energy procurement costs while maintaining the effectiveness of the air conditioning provided by the hybrid air conditioning system 1.

[0082] Furthermore, the demand adjustment control means may be characterized by performing control to adjust the demand for the first energy by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means when the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment for the first energy is implemented are lower than the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment for the first energy is not implemented. This makes it possible to reduce energy procurement costs while maintaining the effectiveness of the air conditioning provided by the hybrid air conditioning system 1, even when adjusting the demand for the first energy source.

[0083] Furthermore, the procurement cost of the first energy source may be characterized by being calculated from the consumption and market price of the first energy source, and the procurement cost of the second energy source may be characterized by being calculated from the consumption and cost of the second energy source. This makes it possible to maintain the effectiveness of the air conditioning provided by the hybrid air conditioning system 1 while reducing energy consumption, market prices, and energy procurement costs calculated from production costs.

[0084] Furthermore, the demand adjustment control means may be characterized by determining whether or not to implement demand adjustment for the first energy, using the market price of the first energy as a threshold, where the energy procurement cost when demand adjustment for the first energy is implemented is lower than the energy procurement cost when demand adjustment for the first energy is not implemented. This makes it possible to determine whether or not to implement demand response based on the market price of primary energy sources.

[0085] Furthermore, the demand adjustment control means may be characterized by reducing the proportion of the first air conditioning means in the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means when the market price of the first energy exceeds a threshold. This will make it possible to determine whether or not to implement downward demand response (DR) based on the market price of primary energy sources.

[0086] Furthermore, the demand adjustment control means may be characterized by increasing the proportion of the first air conditioning means in the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means when the market price of the first energy falls below a threshold. This will make it possible to determine whether or not to implement upward demand response (DR) based on the market price of primary energy sources.

[0087] Furthermore, the demand adjustment control means may be characterized by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means according to the air conditioning load of the space to be air-conditioned. This makes it possible to adjust the demand for the first energy source while taking into account the air conditioning load of the space being air-conditioned.

[0088] Furthermore, the threshold may be characterized by being determined by inputting the cost of the second energy source and the air conditioning load for the time period for which the threshold is to be determined into a correlation formula calculated based on past performance of the cost of the second energy source and the air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space. This allows us to calculate the threshold for electricity market prices in economic demand response (DR), which is a demand response strategy for electricity retailers.

[0089] Furthermore, the demand adjustment control means may be characterized by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means according to the energy consumption efficiency calculated from the result of converting the consumption of the first energy and the consumption of the second energy into primary energy consumption. This makes it possible to adjust the demand for the first energy while taking into account the energy consumption efficiency of the first and second air conditioning means.

[0090] Furthermore, the system may be characterized by the fact that the first energy source is electricity, the second energy source is gas, and the adjustment of the demand for the first energy source is through demand response. This makes it possible to reduce energy procurement costs while maintaining the effectiveness of the hybrid air conditioning system 1 that uses electricity and gas.

[0091] Furthermore, the control device of the present invention only needs to have the following configuration, and can take on various embodiments. In other words, the control device of the present invention (for example, the management server 10 in Figure 1) is a control device characterized by comprising: a first air conditioning control means for controlling a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a first energy source; a second air conditioning control means for controlling a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a second energy source; and a demand adjustment control means for controlling whether or not to perform demand adjustment of the first energy source by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment of the first energy source is performed and the procurement costs of the first and second energy source when demand adjustment of the first energy source is not performed.

[0092] Furthermore, the control method of the present invention only requires the following configuration, and various embodiments can be adopted. In other words, the control method of the present invention is characterized by comprising the steps of: controlling a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a first energy source; controlling a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a second energy source; and controlling whether or not to perform demand adjustment for the first energy source by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment for the first energy source is performed and the procurement costs of the first and second energy source when demand adjustment for the first energy source is not performed.

[0093] Furthermore, the program of the present invention only needs to have the following configuration, and can take on various embodiments. In other words, the program of the present invention is a program for a computer to implement the following functions: a function to control a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a first energy source; a function to control a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using a second energy source; and a function to control whether or not to perform demand adjustment for the first energy source by controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy sources when demand adjustment for the first energy source is implemented and the procurement costs of the first and second energy source when demand adjustment is not implemented. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0094] 1…Hybrid air conditioning system, 10…Management server, 11,31…Control unit, 30…Hybrid air conditioning equipment, 37…Air conditioning unit, 50…Customer terminal, 70…Power supplier terminal, 90…Network, 111…Acquisition unit, 112…Management unit, 113…First air conditioning control unit, 114…Second air conditioning control unit, 115…DR implementation control unit, 116…Transmission control unit, 371…EHP, 372…GHP

Claims

1. A first air conditioning control means that controls a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using first energy, which is secondary energy produced from primary energy present in nature, A second air conditioning control means that controls a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of the air-conditioned space using the second energy which is the primary energy, A demand adjustment control means controls whether or not to implement the demand adjustment by switching between controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment of the first energy is implemented and the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment is not implemented, and controlling the operating ratio based on the energy consumption efficiency calculated from the result of converting the consumption of the secondary energy to the consumption of the primary energy, to have A hybrid air conditioning system characterized by the following:

2. The demand adjustment control means is characterized by performing demand adjustment by controlling the operating ratio when the procurement costs of the first energy and the second energy when demand adjustment for the first energy are performed are lower than the procurement costs of the first energy and the second energy when demand adjustment is not performed. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 1.

3. The procurement cost of the first energy is calculated from the amount of the first energy consumed and its market price, and the procurement cost of the second energy is calculated from the amount of the second energy consumed and its cost. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 2.

4. The demand adjustment control means is characterized in that it determines whether or not to implement the demand adjustment, using the market price of the first energy at which the energy procurement cost when the demand adjustment is implemented is lower than the procurement cost when the demand adjustment is not implemented as a threshold. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 3.

5. The demand adjustment control means is characterized in that when the market price of the first energy exceeds the threshold, it reduces the proportion of the first air conditioning means in the operating ratio. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 4.

6. The demand adjustment control means is characterized in that when the market price of the first energy falls below the threshold, it increases the proportion of the first air conditioning means in the operating ratio. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 4.

7. The demand adjustment control means is further characterized in that it controls the operating ratio according to the air conditioning load of the air-conditioned space. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 4.

8. The threshold is characterized by being determined by inputting the cost of the second energy and the air conditioning load during the time period for which the threshold is to be determined into a correlation formula calculated based on past performance of the cost of the second energy and the air conditioning load. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 7.

9. The first energy source is electricity, the second energy source is gas, and the demand adjustment is demand response. The hybrid air conditioning system according to claim 1.

10. A first air conditioning control means that controls a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using first energy, which is secondary energy produced from primary energy present in nature, A second air conditioning control means that controls a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of the air-conditioned space using the second energy which is the primary energy, A demand adjustment control means controls whether or not to implement the demand adjustment by switching between controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment of the first energy is implemented and the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment is not implemented, and controlling the operating ratio based on the energy consumption efficiency calculated from the result of converting the consumption of the secondary energy to the consumption of the primary energy, A control device characterized by having the following features.

11. A step of controlling a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using first energy, which is secondary energy produced from primary energy present in nature, The steps include controlling a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of the space to be air-conditioned using the second energy which is the primary energy, A step of controlling whether or not to implement the demand adjustment by switching between controlling the operating ratio of the first air conditioning means and the second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment of the first energy is implemented and the procurement costs of the first and second energy when the demand adjustment is not implemented, and controlling the operating ratio based on the energy consumption efficiency calculated from the result of converting the consumption of the secondary energy to the consumption of the primary energy, A control method characterized by including

12. On the computer, A function to control a first air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of a space to be air-conditioned using first energy, which is secondary energy produced from primary energy existing in nature, A function for controlling a second air conditioning means that performs air conditioning of the air-conditioned space using the second energy, which is the primary energy, A function to control whether or not to implement demand adjustment by switching between controlling the operating ratio of the first and second air conditioning means based on the procurement costs of the first and second energy when demand adjustment of the first energy is implemented and the procurement costs of the first and second energy when demand adjustment is not implemented, and controlling the operating ratio based on the energy consumption efficiency calculated from the result of converting the consumption of the secondary energy to the consumption of the primary energy, A program to achieve this.

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