Cold plasma fluid treatment delivery system

Abstract

A system for generating and delivering plasma-treated fluid can include a plasma introduction chamber to retain fluid, a plasma discharge apparatus coupled with the chamber, and one or more fluid conduits. The plasma discharge apparatus can generate cold plasma containing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) that infiltrate the fluid. The system can include a fluid reservoir, a plasma-treated fluid reservoir, and a fluid pump. Methods of forming the system and delivering the plasma-treated fluid can include monitoring fluid characteristics and controlling RONS concentration for medical treatments.

Description

COLD PLASMA FLUID TREATMENT DELIVERY SYSTEMPRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 664,569, filed une 26, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] The application of cold plasma energy can have many positive effects on human tissue. In some examples, cold plasma technology, or the use of cold plasma energy, can be used in treatments for wounds, hemostasis, and treatment of medical conditions, such as cancers. Cold plasma technology can also be used to reduce microbial loads while not affecting healthy surrounding tissue. For example, cold plasma energy can be used in disinfection or sterilization of thermosensitive materials and tissues.

[0003] The application of cold atmospheric plasma can operate under atmospheric or body temperature conditions, for example below approximately 40 Celsius. Further, cold plasma can be formed using a weakly ionized gas. In this process, a small fraction of gas atoms and molecules can collide with highly energetic electrons that are electrically generated. These gas atoms and molecules are the main carriers of heat. The collisions result in excitation, ionization, and dissociation, yet the plasma overall remains cold. This can result in further excitation, ionization, and dissociation, while the plasma remains cold.

[0004] In some cancer treatment systems and procedures, a cancer cell can migrate away from a treatment site. For example, during a treatment procedure cancerous or unhealthy tissue can be resected and small pieces of the cancerous tissue or cancerous cells can be retained in the body cavity. At times, the cancerous cells can spread further than the original source.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a plasma application method according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0006] Figures 2A-2D illustrate an example of a plasma application method according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0007] Figure 3 A illustrates an example of an identification unhealthy tissue according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0008] Figure 3B illustrates an example of a digital image of a target site within a body cavity according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0009] Figure 3C illustrates an example of a close-up view of a target site including target tissue according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0010] Figure 3D illustrates an example of a target site as a polyp according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figures 4 A - 4F illustrate schematics of examples of applications of plasma into a fluid to form a plasma-treated fluid according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a fluid pump system for delivering plasma- treated fluid according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a computer-based clinical decision support system according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 7 illustrates a schematic of a medical treatment system including a fluid system according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 8 illustrates a schematic of a medical treatment system including a fluid system according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 9 illustrates a schematic of a medical treatment system including a fluid system according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 10 illustrates a schematic of a medical treatment system that includes a fluid system according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 11 illustrates an example of a method for forming a medical treatment system according to at least one example of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 12 illustrates an example of a method of delivering a plasma-treated fluid to a target site according to at least one example of the present disclosure.SUMMARY

[0020] Medical devices such as mechanical (e.g., scalpel, shaver, or the like) devices or electrical devices (e.g., electrosurgical, ultrasonic, or the like) can be used to remove unhealthy or cancerous tissue from (e.g., cancerous mass, tissue, or the like) from healthy tissue. In some instances, the unhealthy or cancerous tissue can be first reduced in size to assist in removal of unhealthy or cancerous tissue from a patient’s body. In other examples, the unhealthy or cancerous tissue can be removed in whole. During removal of unhealthy orcancerous tissue, or during procedures to reduce the size of the tissue, errant tissue or cells can remain in the body cavity.

[0021] Optionally, a fluid such as water, saline or the like can be introduced into a target site (e.g., surgical site) during a surgical procedure. For example, saline can be used to disinfect, clean, can be beneficial for some surgical device modality (such as saline environment radiofrequency (RF) resection of vaporization devices, or can be used to more readily identify surgical treatment areas. At times, fluids can be introduced to a surgical site during removal of unhealthy or cancerous tissue within a body cavity. During removal of unhealthy or cancerous tissue, fluids can be introduced to the surgical site. These fluids can retain and transport unhealthy cells to other locations within the body cavity instead of removing them from the body. The retained unhealthy cells can adhere to adjacent tissue. This adherence can form a new reseeding point for cancer growth.

[0022] Plasma technology, such as cold plasma, can be used to treat some types of unhealthy tissue or cancers. Plasma can include Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) that can assist in treating unhealthy tissue or cancerous cells. High exposure to RONS can result in cell death of these unhealthy tissues or cancerous cells. RONS are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen and nitrogen that can interact with and damage cancer cells. These molecules can treat the tissue and surrounding area where unhealthy, or cancerous, tissue was removed. For example, application of RONS through cold plasma application can reduce a likelihood of cancerous cells or tissue reattaching to otherwise healthy tissue. In some examples, a fluid can be exposed to RONS through plasma energy, such as cold plasma. The plasma-treated fluid can treat or clean the area of treatment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Unhealthy tissue can be treated with plasma technology. Treatment with plasma can be a subsequent procedure to a surgical removal of a targeted area of tissue. At times, plasma can be used as an initial treatment to remove unhealthy tissue. The unhealthy tissue, or targeted tissue, can be a tumor or an area of cancerous cells. Such targeted tissues can be present at a target site that can include colorectal, skin, ovaries, bladder, etc. The plasma can introduce ionized gas, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) to the target tissue or the target site.

[0024] In some examples, plasma can include a cold plasma. Application of cold plasma energy can have positive effects on unhealthy or cancerous tissue. Cold plasma is a type of ionized gas that exists at temperatures below 40°C (104°F), which is low enough intemperature to use on living tissue without causing damage to the tissue. Cold plasma can contain a small amount of ionized gas particles. These particles can form when regular gas molecules come into contact with an electric field, causing them to lose or gain electrons and become charged. Unlike hot plasma (such as in stars or fusion reactors), cold plasma remains at a low temperature that is safe for medical applications. This can result in further excitation, ionization, and dissociation, while the plasma remains “cold.”

[0025] Cold plasma specifications can encourage disinfection or sterilization of thermosensitive materials and tissues. For instance, cold plasma can encourage a sterilization effect of injured or unhealthy tissue. The sterilization effect can be coupled to a second effect of cold plasma, such as speeding up hemostasis. Hemostasis is the body's natural process of stopping bleeding by forming blood clots at the site of an injury. In some examples, the sterilization effect and an increase in hemostasis can improve wound healing outcomes. In other examples, cold plasma can be beneficial in wound healing.

[0026] Figure 1 is an illustration of RONS interaction when applied to target tissue. For example, target tissue 10 (such as a group of target cells) can be embedded amongst healthy cells 20 or tissue. The healthy cells 20 can have a healthy cell baseline 22 RONS level and the target tissue 10 can have a target tissue baseline 12 RONS level. The healthy cell baseline 22 RONS level can be a level associated with the type of healthy tissue. The target tissue baseline 12 can have a higher RONS level and greater oxidative stress level than the healthy cell baseline 22 RONS level and oxidative stress. Energy such as plasma can be applied to a treatment site. This application process is illustrated in Figures 2A-2D. The plasma can add a specified quantity of RONS to the target tissue. The amount can be sufficient to surpass the specific threshold 40. The specified quantity of RONS added can cause apoptosis (programmed cell death) to the target tissue 10. Apoptosis is a natural process where cells self-destruct in a controlled manner, unlike necrosis which is uncontrolled cell death that can damage surrounding tissues. However, the specified quantity of RONS from the plasma can be a specified quantity that when combined with the RONS level for the healthy cells 20 the RONS from the plasma does not reach an apoptosis level for the healthy cell. In such an example, the specified quantity of plasma and RONS delivered can cause apoptosis (death) of the unhealthy cells, such as a cancer cell while the healthy cells remain undamaged.

[0027] Figures 2A - 2D is an example of a portion of a method for treating a target tissue 65, such as cancer cells. The portion of the method illustrated in Figures 2A-2D includes a cross section of an example of a target site 60 including cancer cells, as the target tissue 65, penetrating the target site 60. Figure 2A illustrates an example of a specified quantity ofplasma 50 that can be applied to a target site 60. For example, the quantity of plasma 50 emitted toward the target site 60 cannot extend to the full perimeter of the target site 60. For example, only a portion of the target site 60 receives direct application of plasma 50. The area that receives a direct application of RONS in some examples can be less than the full area (e.g., does not reach the perimeter) of the target site 60.

[0028] In some examples, the plasma can be emitted for a specified or desired period. The emission of plasma can be dependent on one or more of the target tissue or the life of the RONS emitted. For example, the time the target site 60 can be exposed to the plasma and RONS can be between approximately a few seconds to over a minute.

[0029] In some examples, the depth that the plasma and RONS penetrate the target tissue can be related to the diffusion radius of the species, or in other words, the lifetime of the RONS. In some examples, the RONS emitted with the plasma can have a short life. For example, the longer the lifetime of the RONS the higher the diffusion radius and the greater the penetration depth in the tissue. In some examples, the lifetime depends on the chemical reactivity and stability of the RONS.

[0030] Figures 2B and 2C illustrate a secondary effect that can be caused by application of plasma 50 to at least a portion of the target site 60. In some examples, the secondary effect is referred to as a bystander effect. The bystander effect occurs when cells that have not been directly treated still show a response because nearby cells were treated. The bystander effect can occur when treated cells send signals to their neighbors, causing those untreated cells to react as if they were directly treated themselves. For example, if a cell 70 is treated with an application of RONS, the effect on that cell 70 can be communicated to adjacent or neighboring healthy cells 72. In an example, the effect on the cell 70 can be apoptosis since the dose of RONS applied to the cell 70 can exceed the threshold for apoptosis for that type of cell. In such an example, apoptosis can be communicated to the same type of adjacent cells 72 and cause apoptosis to those adjacent healthy cells 72.

[0031] Figure 2D illustrates an example of an abscopal effect. The abscopal effect can occur when treatment at one location in the body causes benefits at distant, untreated areas. This can happen because the treatment triggers immunogenetic cell death (ICD), which activates the body's immune system. Once activated, the immune system can recognize and attack similar unhealthy cells throughout the entire body, not just at the treatment site. The abscopal effect can be less controllable compared to direct treatment, such as an application of energy (e.g., plasma, ablation, electroporation, or the like). The quantity of target tissue 80 in Figure 2D can be remote from the cells 70 in the target site 60. The effect on the cells 70 inthe target site 60, such as apoptosis, can be communicated via an immune response to similar target tissue 80 in a remote location of a body.

[0032] In another example, another secondary effect in cell communication includes transmitting stress signals to untreated neighboring cells that can lead to cell death. This process can be mediated by the generation of secondary dioxygen (02) and inactivation of membrane-bound catalase. In some examples, gap junctions can propagate cell death signals by passing calcium ions (Ca2+) from apoptotic to non-apoptotic cancer cells.

[0033] Illustrated in Figures 3A - 3D, are examples of cancerous tissue in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), as just one example of a location of unhealthy tissue. The unhealthy, or cancerous, tissue can be identified before removing at least a portion of the unhealthy tissue. For example, a scope, as in Figure 3A can be used to identify the unhealthy tissue. The identification of unhealthy, or cancerous, cells or tissue can be by a user, from experience and training. The unhealthy tissue can be identified by a user with specialized equipment. This equipment can include Narrow Band imaging, algorithms, machine learning, or Al. Any of these techniques, or combinations thereof, can support the identification of unhealthy tissues.

[0034] Illustrated in Figure 3B is an example of an image, or video, of a target site 67 within a body cavity, such as a bladder. While a bladder is illustrated in Figures 3 A and 3B, any portion of the body in which unhealthy tissue can be found is contemplated. Figure 3C illustrates a close-up view of the target site 67 including target tissue 68. The target site 67 can include unhealthy tissue and healthy tissue, including healthy and unhealthy cells. The target tissue 68 can include unhealthy cells. As will be discussed later, a plasma treatment method can be applied to the target tissue 68 or the target site 67.

[0035] Illustrated in Figure 3D is an example of a target site 69 as a polyp. The target site 69 can include target tissue 64 that can include unhealthy tissue and / or unhealthy cells and portions within tissue that are not easily accessible. The target tissue 64 can be removed surgically or electrosurgically along portions of known or suspected unhealthy target tissue 64, as indicated by line 63. As illustrated in Figure 3D, a remaining portion 66 of the target site 69 can remain with unhealthy tissue, or cells. The target site 69 including the unhealthy remaining tissue 64 can be subjected to vaporization to remove the remaining portion 66 of unhealthy tissue from the surrounding tissue. At times, removal of unhealthy tissue, whether through a surgical method, vaporization, or the like, can result in small sections or cells, being released from the bulk of the unhealthy tissue during resection. These released smallsections or cells can float around in within the body cavity where the target site 69 was located.

[0036] In some examples, a liquid fluid such as saline or other biocompatible disinfecting, sterilizing, or cleaning fluid can be introduced into the body cavity containing the target site 69. The fluid can be introduced before, during or after removal of the target tissue 64. Small segments or cells of the unhealthy tissue not removed during the surgical procedure can be released into the fluid introduced into the body cavity. In some situations, the small sections or cells of the unhealthy tissue can potentially reattach at a distant site within the patient, potentially becoming a hypothesized location for ‘reseeding.’

[0037] Apparatuses, devices, and procedures described herein can address situations associated with unhealthy tissue remaining at or proximate to a target site. For example, the apparatus, device, and procedures can reduce the presence of unhealthy tissue or cells in or proximate to a target site.

[0038] Fluid systems can prepare treatment fluids by introducing plasma into the fluid, which can reduce unhealthy tissues or cells. Fluid systems can include medical treatment systems and treatment devices that can introduce plasma into a fluid, such as a solution, water, or the like thereby forming a plasma-treated fluid. The plasma-treated fluid can assist in reducing the quantity of remaining unhealthy tissue at or proximate to a target site.

[0039] Illustrated in Figure 4A-4F are examples of applications of plasma, such as cold plasma, to a fluid to form a plasma-treated fluid. The fluid can include one or more of water, saline, a medicated solution, or the like. A plasma application apparatus can be placed proximate to a fluid. A discharge (or dispense) end of the plasma application apparatus can be positioned proximate to or within the fluid. Plasma can be emitted from the discharge end toward or into the fluid. While Figures 4A-4F are discussed as separate applications, any combination of these applications can be used to apply plasma in a fluidic environment.

[0040] Illustrated in Figure 4A is an example of a discharge of plasma 72, such as a cold plasma, into a fluid 71a. In this example, a plasma discharge apparatus 81a including a plasma discharge portion 82 can be positioned within the fluid 71a. The plasma 72 can be discharged directly into the fluid 71a. In this example, substantially all of the plasma 72 discharged from the plasma discharge portion 82 can be received and infiltrate the fluid 71a. For instance, the fluid 71a surrounds the plasma 72 emitted from the plasma discharge apparatus 81a.

[0041] Figures 4B-4D illustrate examples of gas phase discharge of plasma toward a fluid, such as water, a saline solution (e.g., saline), or a medicated solution. The plasmadischarged from a plasma discharge apparatus can be directed toward the fluid. In these examples, the plasma discharge apparatus and the plasma discharge end can be positioned proximate to the fluid so the fluid can receive and be infiltrated by the ionized gases of the plasma.

[0042] Illustrated in 4B is an example of plasma 74 discharged from a plasma discharge apparatus 83. The plasma discharge apparatus 83 includes a ground 86 coupled with the plasma discharge apparatus 83. In the example of Figure 4B, the plasma 74 can be emitted from the plasma discharge apparatus 83 toward the fluid 73 without portions of the plasma discharge apparatus 83 located in contact with the fluid 73. The fluid 73 can receive ionized gas from the plasma 74 discharged or emitted from the plasma discharge apparatus 83.

[0043] Illustrated in Figure 4C is an example of a plasma 76 with a liquid acting as an electrode and ground. For example, a plasma discharge apparatus 85 can supply a discharge of plasma 76 toward a fluid 75, such as a saline solution (e.g., saline). In this example, the fluid 75, such as a saline solution, can act as a ground 84 for the plasma discharge apparatus 85.

[0044] Illustrated in Figure 4D is an example of a plasma discharge 78 on a surface of a fluid 77. For example, a plasma application apparatus 87 can be substantially in direct contact (e.g., millimeters or less away from the surface of the fluid) with the fluid 77. The plasma application apparatus 87 can be in contact with the surface of the fluid 77. In another example, the plasma application apparatus 87 can be located with a portion of the plasma application apparatus 87 submerged or located in the fluid 77. In yet another example, the plasma application apparatus 87 can be located or positioned away from the surface of the fluid 77. For example, a tip of the plasma application apparatus 87 can be located or positioned away from the fluid 77.

[0045] Illustrated in Figure 4E is an example of a plasma discharge apparatus 89 that can discharge or emit a gas phase plasma 92 within a dispersed fluid 79. For instance, the dispersed fluid 79 can include aerosols or a spray of a fluid (e.g., water, saline, medicated solution). The dispersed fluid 79 can be subjected to the gas phase plasma 92 upon dispersion.

[0046] Illustrated in Figure 4F is an example of the plasma discharge apparatus 81b that can discharge plasma 94 within a fluid 71b. For instance, the plasma discharge apparatus 81b can discharge plasma 94 as bubbles instead of as a stream, jet, or the like. The plasma 94 as bubbles can be dispersed within the fluid 71b.

[0047] In some examples, the plasma introduced into the fluid can include cold plasma. Cold plasma can cause ionized gas to infiltrate the fluid when the plasma is emitted into a saline, such as illustrated in Figures 4A-4F. The ionized gas can include reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The displaced but not harvested cells or tissues, can be exposed to the Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) that are contained within the plasma- treated fluid. An exposure of RONS in a saline can form a plasma-treated saline solution (PTSa). The introduction of plasma into a fluid, such as water, saline solution (saline) or a medicated solution, can cause apoptosis to these stray cells or tissues and reduce the reseeding possibilities.

[0048] The breakaway or uncollected cells or tissue can receive greater amounts of RONS within a PTSa as compared to situations where RONS are applied to a surface of a tissue. For example, the breakaway cells or tissue can be affected from all sides or areas that include unhealthy cells. The PTSa included RONS can expose multiple sides of the breakaway cells or tissue to the RONS. In some examples, RONS applied to breakaway cells or tissue can be affected from all sides, whereas the tissues at the surface of the patient will only be exposed to RONS from a single direction, diluting its effect.

[0049] PTSa can have a limited shelf life. In some examples, PTSa can be stored at room temperature for approximately around 20hrs. In some situations, this shelf life can be extended in periods of days, if stored at suitable temperatures, such as -20°C. In some examples, this shelf-life limitation can be extended slightly with more severe storage temperatures of around -80°C. The lower the temperature can reduce the RONS content over extended periods of time.

[0050] Applying a plasma-treated fluid can be used in situations in which various concentrations of RONS are desired due to the exposure time of the patient tissues. In some examples, the concentration of RONS can be increased or reduced during a procedure to tailor the RONS exposure to healthy tissue, increasing apoptosis.

[0051] As illustrated in Figure 5, a medical treatment system can include a fluid system 100, a fluid source 130, a plasma introduction chamber (as a fluid modification system) that can include a plasma source 103, and a discharge outlet 110. The discharge outlet 110 can include a nozzle, pump, opening or other apparatus or mechanism that can dispense fluid toward or to the target site. The medical treatment system including the fluid system 100 can include a control system 140. The control system 140 can provide instructions to one or more component of the fluid system 100. The control system 140 can receive communications (e.g., instructions, measurements, signals, or the like) from one or more components of thefluid system 100. The control system 140 can be in communication with a user interface 141. The user interface 141 can include an external computer system including one or more of visual, auditory, or tactile systems. A user can input information related to a medical procedure into the user interface 141. A user can receive communications about the medical procedure from the user interface 141.

[0052] The control system 140 can be in communication with one or more of a control circuitry 160, pressure monitor 150, inflow pump 158, outflow pump 159 and power source 180. For example, the control system 140 can provide communication to components of the fluid system 100 to control one or more systems such as one or more fluid regulators 107 (e.g., pumps, valves or the like) or characteristics of a fluid (e.g., fluid retained within the fluid source 130 or fluid dispensed from the plasma introduction chamber, the discharge outlet 110, or the like).

[0053] The fluid source 130 can retain a fluid such as water, saline (e.g., saline solution), medicated solution, or other fluid as dictated by the purpose. The fluid source 130 can be fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber 102 with a first fluid conduit 104. While illustrated in Figure 5 as remotely located from the plasma introduction chamber 102, the fluid source 130 can be housed within the plasma introduction chamber 102. The fluid source 130 can retain a fluid that can be dispensed into the plasma introduction chamber 102 at desired times. The fluid within the fluid source 130 can be automatically dispensed such as controlled by the control system 140. The fluid retained by the fluid source 130 can be dispensed according to communications received from an external system, such as an indication from the discharge outlet 110. For example, the discharge outlet 110 can include a sensor that can detect or sense state of the discharge outlet 110 (e.g., open, closed or positions therebetween, flow rate or flow pressure). Optionally, the discharge outlet 110 can include an actuator or regulator to control fluid from the discharge outlet 110; for example, the actuator / regulator can adjust the flow rate of fluid dispense from the outlet 110 based on the sensed flow rate / pressure. The fluid within the fluid source 130 can be continuously supplied fluid to the plasma introduction chamber 102, such as by a gravity feed system, as will be discussed later. The fluid within the fluid source 130 can be dispensed in a regulated or controlled manner, such as with a pump, valve, or the like.

[0054] One or more fluid regulators 107 can be located relative to the fluid source 130, the first fluid conduit 104, or between the two. The one or more fluid regulators 107 can include one or more pumps, valves, or a combination of systems, located between the fluid source 130 and the plasma source 103. The one or more pumps or valves can regulate orcontrol one or more of flow rate, flow pressure, or the like dispensed from the fluid source 130 toward the plasma introduction chamber 102. For example, the one or more fluid regulators 107 can include a flow meter, valve, control a quantity of fluid dispensed from the fluid source 130. The one or more fluid regulators 107 can control a rate the fluid within the fluid source 130 is dispensed into or through the first fluid conduit 104 toward the plasma introduction chamber 102. The one or more fluid regulators 107 can control the pressure of the fluid dispensed from the fluid source 130 through the first fluid conduit 104 toward the plasma introduction chamber 102, such as an inline fluid regulator.

[0055] The fluid system 100 can include a plasma source 103. The plasma source 103 can be housed within or coupled with a portion of the plasma introduction chamber 102. The plasma source 103 can include both a gas source and an electricity source. Gas can flow from the gas source into a region where it interacts with an electric field or discharge. This interaction can ionize the gas, forming plasma — a mixture of ions and electrons. In some examples, the plasma source 103 can emit cold plasma. Cold plasma can be formed using a weakly ionized gas where a small fraction of gas atoms and molecules, which are the main carriers of heat, collide with electrically generated highly energetic electrons. This can result in further excitation, ionization, and dissociation, while the plasma remains cold. As will be discussed later related to Figures 6 - 9, the plasma source 103 can emit plasma into, or toward a fluid within the plasma introduction chamber 102. The plasma source 103 can emit plasma into or toward a fluid as indicated in any of Figures 4 A - 4F, or other method of introducing plasma into a fluid as dictated by the purpose.

[0056] The plasma introduction chamber 102 can include one or more fluid regulators 105. The one or more fluid regulators 105 can control the fluid dispensed from the plasma introduction chamber 102 toward the discharge outlet 110. The one or more chamber fluid regulators can regulate a flow of fluid within the plasma introduction chamber 102. The one or more fluid regulators 105 can include one or more of pumps or valves. The one or more fluid regulators 105 can be in communication with the control system 140. The one or more fluid regulators 105 can regulate or control the fluid received from the fluid source 130 into the plasma introduction chamber 102. The one or more fluid regulators 105 can control the fluid dispensed from the plasma introduction chamber 102 toward the discharge outlet 110.

[0057] In an example, the plasma introduction chamber 102 retains a quantity of a fluid, such as a fluid dispensed from the fluid source 130. The quantity of fluid retained within the plasma introduction chamber 102 can be dictated by the purpose. The quantity of fluid retained within the plasma introduction chamber 102 can be subjected to plasma energy. Forexample, the plasma source 103 the plasma source can include a plasma discharge apparatus 131 that can emit plasma toward or into the fluid. The plasma discharge apparatus 131 can emit plasma similar to the examples illustrated and discussed related to any of Figures 4A-4F, or the like. The plasma discharge apparatus 131 can selectively discharge plasma into the plasma introduction chamber 102. For example, the plasma discharge apparatus 131 can discharge plasma according to specifications of the system.

[0058] The plasma discharge apparatus 131 can emit plasma toward or into the fluid retained in the plasma introduction chamber 102. The introduction of plasma into a fluid, such as a saline solution (salt water similar to body fluids), can form a plasma-treated saline (PTSa). PTSa can include a modified saline solution that can be infiltrated with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by the plasma. Unlike regular saline, PTSa can have therapeutic properties that can help eliminate unhealthy cells. Plasma-treated saline (PTSa) can be formed by applying plasma, for example cold plasma, to a saline solution. The plasma introduced into the saline can infiltrate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in the fluid. The PTSa can be made before or during a procedure. Producing the PTSa at a procedure site (e.g., operating room, treatment center or the like) can reduce expensive and challenging storage requirements. In other examples, producing PTSa at the procedure site can more directly control the concentration of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in the fluid. The RONS can reduce the quantity of unhealthy tissue including cancerous tissue or cells. For example, the plasma discharge apparatus 131 can selectively discharge plasma including a desired quantity of RONS into either a saline solution retained in the plasma introduction chamber 102 or a previously treated PTSa retained within the plasma introduction chamber 102 according to the specifications of the system or the unhealthy tissue of the target site. This allows adjustment of the RONS concentration in the generated PTSa. In an example, a concentration (or quantity) of RONS can be adjusted based at least in part of a procedure progress. In another example, the concentration (or quantity) of RONS in a later time during a procedure can be less than a concentration of RONS earlier in a procedure.

[0059] The fluid source 130 can be in communication with to the control system 140 via the first fluid conduit 104. Illustrated in Figure 5 is an example of the control system 140 as a fluid pump system including the fluid source 130 that feeds into plasma introduction chamber 102 that can include a fluid control system, such as a pump system. The control system 140 can control modification of the fluid to add RONS, via the plasma source 103. The modified fluid can be transferred to the patient according to a target tissue (e.g., cancerous cells,cancerous tissue, unhealthy cells, or tissue). For example, a section of tissue or an environment within an internal cavity, can be subjected to a fluid containing RONS, formed from the fluid within the plasma introduction chamber 102 being subjected to plasma. The RONS within the modified fluid, such as PTSa, that can contact the target tissue can be a low quantity or low intensity such that the RONS cannot affect the surrounding tissue because of the exposure rate. In some examples, cells or tissue floating, suspended, or otherwise immersed in the fluid containing RONS can be more exposed to the RONS than the cells or tissue that have not been removed from the remaining tissue.

[0060] In some instances, producing PTSa at or proximate to the target site (e.g., procedure site) can change how PTSa can be included during surgical procedures. The fluid system 100, or other fluid systems discussed herein, can allow medical professionals, and not just specialists, the ability to administer a plasma treatment. In some examples, the fluid system 100 can be a relatively inexpensive addition to surgical procedures as compared to other plasma treatment systems. At times, the fluid system 100 can be implemented in surgical procedures where unhealthy tissue, such as cancer, is not suspected. The fluid system 100 can be used to potentially reduce the risk of unhealthy tissue from reseeding after a resection of unhealthy tissue.

[0061] The PTSa can be introduced to the target site in the manufactured form, such as exposure of the fluid within the plasma introduction chamber 102 to the plasma source 103. In examples, the RONS content within the fluid retained in the plasma introduction chamber 102 can be directly controlled proximate to the target site, such as in a surgical suite. In some examples, the plasma-treated fluid can be formed as a concentrated solution. The fluid source 130 can then dispense additional fluid into the plasma introduction chamber 102. This can form the PTSa with the desired concentration. The concentration can be adjusted as the procedure progresses.

[0062] In some examples, the fluid system 100 can dispense or discharge PTSa or other plasma-treated fluid to lavage areas of tissue in other procedures such as during endoscopic procedures. The PTSa can also be used during gross removal procedures such as large intestine resection and joining. In procedures such as gross removal procedures, washing target sites, or areas proximate to target sites, during and or post procedurally, can allow any dislodged unhealthy tissue to potentially be exposed to RONS and drive apoptosis. In other examples, washes after procedures such as polypectomy in bowel procedures can also benefit from applications of PTSa.

[0063] The PTSa can be delivered toward the target site with the discharge outlet 110. The discharge outlet 110 can be a component of an endoscopic system. An example endoscopic system can include delivery tube including a lumen 111 that can extend from a distal portion of a control section 112 (e.g., hub, handle, user engagement portion, or the like) of the endoscope. The control section 112 can terminate at a proximal end. The lumen 111 can extend from a distal portion of the control section 112 and toward and, optionally, into a body. The lumen 111 can extend within a body and toward the target site (e.g., the unhealthy target tissue). The lumen 111 can include one or more working channels 115 (e.g., a suction channel or an irrigation channel) that can be located inside and extend along a length of the lumen 111. In an example, the fluid discharge outlet 110 is insertable into one of the one or more working channels 115 of the endoscope.

[0064] The discharge outlet 110 can include one or more ports 113. At least one of the one or more ports 113 can be fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber 102. The plasma introduction chamber 102 can include components that can assist in dispensing the fluid from the plasma introduction chamber 102. For instance, first fluid conduit 104 can include a first conduit portion 104a. The first conduit portion 104a can include an inflow lumen that can provide a flow path from the fluid source 130 to the plasma introduction chamber 102. The flow path can continue through the plasma introduction chamber 102 and out of the plasma introduction chamber 102 through a second conduit portion 104b. The second conduit portion 104b can couple with the control section 112 through an inflow port 113 A of one or more ports 113.

[0065] In some examples, the one or more ports 113 can include an outflow port 113B fluidly coupled with an outflow fluid conduit 106. The outflow fluid conduit 106 can be connected at a common fitting, which can be coupled to a common line for supplying the fluid or suction to the discharge outlet 110 via the one or more ports 113. The outflow fluid conduit 106 can include a first outflow tubing portion 106a that extends from the control section 112, such as outflow port 113B, toward the plasma introduction chamber 102. The plasma introduction chamber 102, in such an example, can include a fluid pathway 121 that couples the control section 112 with a suction source 120 (e.g., low pressure or negative pressure source). The first outflow tubing portion 106a can be fluidly coupled with the fluid pathway 121 of the plasma introduction chamber 102 and the first outflow tubing portion 106a can be fluidly coupled with the suction source 120. For example, the outflow fluid conduit 106 can include a second outflow tubing portion 106b that can fluidly couple the suction source 120 with the fluid pathway 121 of the plasma introduction chamber 102.Optionally, an outflow fluid control 122 can be in line with the outflow fluid conduit 106. For instance, the outflow fluid control 122 can include a valve, pump, or the like that can be regulated by the control section 112 or the control system 140.

[0066] For example, the control system 140 can include the control circuitry 160 that can control the operation of the discharge outlet 110 in response to user commands from the user interface 141, detected parameters of either the first fluid conduit 104 or the outflow fluid conduit 106, detected characteristics of the inflow pump 158 or the outflow pump 159, or any other status of any of the components of the endoscopic system 100. The control circuitry 160 can automatically adjust one or more flow parameters during the application of a fluid from the fluid source 130 toward the target site.

[0067] The inflow pump 158 and the control circuitry 160 can each be included in or controlled by the control system 140 to dispense fluid before entering the plasma introduction chamber 102 via the first fluid conduit 104. The control system 140 can also include an inflow sensor 142, such as an inflow sensor. The inflow sensor can include one or more of a flow meter, optical sensor, pressure sensor, thermometer or thermocouple, viscometer, chemical composition sensor, or the like. The inflow sensor be located along a flow path relative to the first fluid conduit 104 or in fluidic communication with the first fluid conduit 104, to sense or detect a fluid characteristic such as an inflow parameter of the fluid, such as the PTSa. The inflow sensor can be configured to generate an inflow signal, which can be indicative of the inflow parameter of the fluid within the first fluid conduit 104.

[0068] The one or more fluid regulators 105 can be in communication with the first fluid conduit 104 to control a fluid flow rate of the fluid through the first fluid conduit 104. For example, the one or more fluid regulators 105 can be in communication with the inflow pump158 of the control system 140. The inflow pump 158 can be controlled by adjusting an inflow pump voltage. In examples, the inflow parameter can be either the inflow pump voltage, the fluid flow rate, any other parameter of the fluid within the first fluid conduit 104 (e.g., temperature, viscosity, clarity, or the like), or the like.

[0069] The one or more fluid regulators 105 can be in communication with the outflow fluid conduit 106 to control a fluid flow rate of fluid, debris, or the like, from a region including the target site toward a fluid receiving portion of the plasma introduction chamber 102. For example, the suction source 120 can be in communication with the outflow pump159 via the control system 140. The outflow pump 159 can be controlled by adjusting an outflow parameter. The outflow parameter can be measured or detected by an outflow sensor 144. The outflow sensor 144 can detect or measure a fluid characteristic such as one or moreof flowrate, pressure, composition, or the like. The outflow sensor 144 can include one or more of a flow meter, pressure sensor, thermometer, thermocouple, viscometer, optical sensors, chemical composition sensors or the like.

[0070] In some examples the one or more fluid regulators 105 can be in communication with a pressure monitor 150. The pressure monitor 150 can at least one of monitor, detect, or control the pressure of one of the one or more fluid regulators 105 associated with the plasma introduction chamber 102, the first fluid conduit 104 or the outflow fluid conduit 106.

[0071] In some examples, fluid system 100 can include a visualization system as a component of the user interface 141. The visualization system can be used to see indications of the target site. For example, the control section 112 can be coupled with a light source or a camera. For instance, the light source or camera can be coupled with the control section 112 through a visualization port 114. The visualization port 114 can allow a light, camera, sensor or the like to pass through the control section 112, and into at least one of the one or more working channels 115. The visualization port 114 can function to provide illumination toward a feature of interest in the anatomical environment (e.g., resected tissue or calculi and matter). The visualization port 114 can also be in communication with the control circuitry 160 of the control system 140 to control, regulate or direct a visualization mechanism, such as a light, camera, sensor, or the like.

[0072] The control circuitry 160 also include a memory 145 and processing circuitry 146. The control circuitry 160, such as with the processing circuitry 146, can be receive or transmit at least one signals (e.g., inflow signal, outflow signal, or the like) from at least one of the inflow sensor 142 or the outflow sensor 144 and detect or measure a flow of fluid (e.g., saline, PTSa or the like) within the fluid system 100.

[0073] FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary computer-based clinical decision support system (CDSS) 152 that can be configured to determine the quantity of fluid to be applied to a target tissue or to control a characteristic of the fluid, such a quantity of RONS, amount of fluid in one or more of the fluid source, plasma introduction chamber, fluid dispensed through the fluid dispense apparatus, the application of the fluid, such as a PTSa, applied to a target tissue based on one or more of the target tissue, distance from the target tissue, environment surrounding the target tissue, or the like. In various embodiments, the CDSS 152 includes an input interface 153 through which a characteristic of the fluid, such a quantity of RONS, amount of fluid in one or more of the fluid source or plasma introduction chamber, fluid dispensed through the fluid dispense apparatus, the application of the fluid, such as a PTSa, applied to a target tissue based on one or more of the target tissue, distancefrom the target tissue, environment surrounding the target tissue, or the like relative to a patient are provided as input features to an artificial intelligence (Al) model 155, a processor 157 which performs an inference operation can be communicated to a user, e.g., a clinician.

[0074] In some embodiments, the input interface 153 can be a direct data link between the CDSS 152 and one or more medical devices that generate at least some of the input features. For example, the input interface 153 can transmit one or more of a characteristic of the fluid, such a quantity of RONS, amount of fluid in one or more of the fluid source, plasma introduction chamber, fluid dispensed through the fluid dispense apparatus, the application of the fluid, such as a PTSa, applied to a target tissue based on one or more of the target tissue, distance from the target tissue, environment surrounding the target tissue, or the like directly to the CDSS during a therapeutic and / or diagnostic medical procedure. Additionally, or alternatively, the input interface 153 can be a classical user interface that facilitates interaction between a user and the CDSS 152. For example, the input interface 153 can facilitate a user interface through which the user can manually enter specifics related to one or more of a characteristic of the fluid, such a quantity of RONS, amount of fluid in one or more of the fluid source, plasma introduction chamber, fluid dispensed through the fluid dispense apparatus, the application of the fluid, such as a PTSa, applied to a target tissue based on one or more of the target tissue, distance from the target tissue, environment surrounding the target tissue, or the like. Additionally, or alternatively, the input interface 153 can provide the CDSS 152 with access to an electronic patient record from which one or more input features can be extracted. In any of these cases, the input interface 153 can be configured to collect one or more of the following input features in association with a specific patient on or before a time at which the CDSS 152 can be used to assess how much fluid or RONS have been delivered to the patient, the length of time the fluid has been applied, a determination if a target site has been treated, partially treated or completely treated, and areas of target tissue that remain to be treated.

[0075] Based on one or more of the above input features, the processor 157 performs an inference operation using the Al model to generate a specific plasma or quantity of RONS to be applied to the target site. For example, input interface 153 can deliver information related to the treatment of the target site, such as the quantity of plasma or RONS, discharge outlet 110 parameters, or information related to the patient or the target site into an input layer of the Al model which propagates these input features through the Al model to an output layer. The Al model can give a computer system the ability to perform tasks without being specifically programmed for each situation. Instead, the Al can study patterns in existing dataand uses what it leams to make decisions about new situations. Al models can explore the study and construction of algorithms (e.g., machine-learning algorithms) that can learn from existing data and make predictions about new data. Such algorithms operate by building an Al model from example training data in order to make data-driven predictions or decisions expressed as outputs or assessments.

[0076] There are two common modes for machine learning (ML): supervised ML and unsupervised ML. Supervised ML uses prior knowledge (e.g., examples that correlate inputs to outputs or outcomes) to learn the relationships between the inputs and the outputs. The goal of supervised ML is to learn a function that, given some training data, best approximates the relationship between the training inputs and outputs so that the ML model can implement the same relationships when given inputs to generate the corresponding outputs.Unsupervised ML is the training of an ML algorithm using information that is neither classified nor labeled and allowing the algorithm to act on that information without guidance. Unsupervised ML can be useful in exploratory analysis because it can automatically identify structure in data.

[0077] Common tasks for supervised ML are classification problems and regression problems. Classification problems, also referred to as categorization problems, aim at classifying items into one of several category values. Regression algorithms aim at quantifying some items (for example, by providing a score to the value of some input). Some examples of commonly used supervised-ML algorithms are Logistic Regression (LR), Naive- Bayes, Random Forest (RF), neural networks (NN), deep neural networks (DNN), matrix factorization, and Support Vector Machines (SVM).

[0078] Some common tasks for unsupervised ML include clustering, representation learning, and density estimation. Some examples of commonly used unsupervised-ML algorithms are K-means clustering, principal component analysis, and autoencoders.

[0079] Another type of ML is federated learning (also known as collaborative learning) that trains an algorithm across multiple decentralized devices holding local data, without exchanging the data. This approach stands in contrast to traditional centralized machinelearning techniques where all the local datasets are uploaded to one server, as well as to more classical decentralized approaches which often assume that local data samples are identically distributed. Federated learning enables multiple actors to build a common, robust machine learning model without sharing data, thus allowing to address critical issues such as data privacy, data security, data access rights and access to heterogeneous data.

[0080] In some examples, the Al model can be trained continuously or periodically prior to performance of the inference operation by the processor 157. Then, during the inference operation, the patient specific input features provided to the Al model can be propagated from an input layer, through one or more hidden layers, and ultimately to an output layer that corresponds to generate a specific fluid, quantity of fluid, or quantity of RONS to be applied to the target site. For example, the control system 250 can be used to receive patient specific information from a database 154, such as the type of tissue and the quantity of RONS that can be used to treat the target tissue. The type of plasma, a characteristic of the fluid, such a quantity of RONS, amount of fluid in one or more of the fluid source, plasma introduction chamber, fluid dispensed through the fluid dispense apparatus, the application of the fluid, such as a PTSa, applied to a target tissue based on one or more of the target tissue, distance from the target tissue, environment surrounding the target tissue, or the like are optionally stored in the control system 250 as an input 156 that can be received from a clinician, medical professional or the like, for the input to, for example, a computer system 258. The control system 250 through the use of the CDSS 152 can be configured to output one or more characteristics of the fluid system, such as the fluid system 100.

[0081] During and / or subsequent to the inference operation, the plasma application can be communicated to the user via the user interface (UI) and / or automatically cause the fluid system 100 to apply the specific quantity of fluid or RONS for performing treatment.

[0082] In examples, processing circuitry can generate a controlling signal. The controlling signal can be transmitted to any component of the system such as to change an operating parameter of that component to adjust either of the inflow parameter, fluid flow rate, or the debris flow rate based on characteristics of the fluid dispensed from the system (e.g., fluid source 130 or inflow pump 158). For example, the controlling signal can be configured to alter a voltage supplied to the inflow pump to alter their pumping rates of the fluid.

[0083] Illustrated in Figures 7 -10 are schematic of examples of arrangements of a fluid system, such as fluid system 100 discussed related to Figure 5. The fluid system in each of Figures 7 - 10 can include a plasma introduction chamber, such as plasma introduction chamber 102 discussed related to Figure 5.

[0084] Figure 7 illustrates an example medical apparatus 700 that can include a fluid system 701. The fluid system 701 can include a fluid modification system 702. The medical apparatus 700 can include a fluid reservoir 710. The fluid reservoir 710 can retain (e.g., store, hold, or the like) a fluid 712. The fluid 712 can include saline, water, a medicated fluid, or thelike. The fluid reservoir 710 can releasably retain the fluid 712. For example, the fluid reservoir 710 can be fluidly coupled with a plasma introduction chamber 720. The fluid reservoir 710 can dispense (e.g., release) the fluid 712 from the fluid reservoir 710 toward the plasma introduction chamber 720. The fluid 712 can be dispensed from the fluid reservoir 710 through a dispense outlet 711.

[0085] The fluid reservoir 710 can be fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber 720 with one or more fluid conduits 715, as an example of the fluid modification system 702. The one or more fluid conduits 715 can include a lumen through which the fluid 712 flow pass when released from the fluid reservoir 710. In some examples, a fluid control mechanism 716 can be located along the flow path. The fluid control mechanism 716 can include a pump, valve, throttle or other mechanism or device that can regulate the flow of the fluid 712 from the fluid reservoir 710 toward or to the plasma introduction chamber 720.

[0086] The fluid system 701 (e.g., fluid modification system) can include the one or more fluid conduits 715 that can fluidly couple the fluid reservoir 710 with the plasma introduction chamber 720 and a modified fluid conduit 726 that can fluidly couple the plasma introduction chamber 720 with a discharge outlet 740. The discharge outlet 740 can include one or more of a nozzle, pump, opening, valve, or other apparatus or mechanism that can dispense fluid toward or to the target site.

[0087] In some examples, the fluid reservoir 710 can be positioned above the plasma introduction chamber 720 to promote the fluid to flow downward assisted by gravity. For example, gravity can induce the flow of the fluid from the fluid reservoir 710 to the plasma introduction chamber 720. The fluid reservoir 710 can be positioned at a higher position relative to the plasma introduction chamber 720. The one or more fluid conduits 715 can be positioned along a location such that the fluid 712 flows in a downward direction relative to the fluid reservoir 710. Gravity can be used to induce (e.g., draw, carry, or the like) the fluid 712 to the plasma introduction chamber 720. The plasma introduction chamber 720 can retain (e.g., hold, store, or the like) the fluid 712 released from the fluid reservoir 710.

[0088] The plasma introduction chamber 720 can include one or more compartments 727 to retain the fluid 712. The one or more compartments 727 can be coupled with a plasma discharge apparatus 730. The plasma discharge apparatus 730 can be arranged to emit plasma into the one or more compartments 727. The plasma discharge apparatus 730 can be arranged to emit plasma through a discharge end 732 toward the fluid 712 initially retained in the one or more compartments 727. The plasma discharge apparatus 730 can include a gas source 731 and an electricity source 733. When in operation, the gas source 731 can emit a specified, ordesired, gas into the plasma discharge apparatus 730 toward an electrode or other electrical element within the plasma discharge apparatus 730. The gas emitted can be converted into plasma including a specified, or desired, quantity of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RONS). The ionized gas emitted from the 530 can infiltrate the fluid 712 received into the plasma introduction chamber 720 from the fluid reservoir 710.

[0089] The fluid 712 that receives the ionized gas can be referred to as a modified fluid 722. The modified fluid 722 can include a specified, or desired, quantity of RONS. The modified fluid 722 can be a plasma-treated saline (PTSa). The modified fluid can be other plasma-treated fluids according to the purpose or specifications. The modified fluid 722 can be retained (e.g., kept, stored) or the like, at least one of the one or more compartments 727 of the plasma introduction chamber 720 until the modified fluid 722 can be dispensed from the plasma introduction chamber 720. The modified fluid 722 can be releasable retained within the plasma introduction chamber 720.

[0090] A modified fluid conduit 726 can fluidly couple the plasma introduction chamber 720 with a discharge outlet 740. The modified fluid conduit 726 can be positioned to promote a flow of the modified fluid 722 induced by gravity from the plasma introduction chamber 720 to the discharge outlet 740. For instance, the plasma introduction chamber 720 can be located at a position higher than the discharge outlet 740 such that gravity can induce (e.g., draw, carry, or the like) the modified fluid 722 from the plasma introduction chamber 720. The discharge outlet 740 can be similar to the fluid discharge outlet 110 discussed related to Figure 5. The discharge outlet 740 can include one or more components, devices, or the like that can fluidly distribute or dispense the modified fluid 722 proximate to a target site 550. The discharge outlet 740 can be a component of an endoscopic system, a fluid control mechanism (such as a pump, valve, throttle, or the like), nozzle, irrigation system or the like. The discharge outlet 740 can dispense or distribute the modified fluid 722 within a cavity of a body according to the purpose.

[0091] Illustrated in Figure 8 is a schematic of a fluid system 800 including a fluid reservoir 810, similar to the fluid reservoir 710 discussed related to Figure 7. The fluid reservoir 810 can retain a saline solution 812. The fluid reservoir 810 can be a source of saline (e.g., saline solution) for the plasma introduction chamber 820. The fluid reservoir 810 can be fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber 820, similar to plasma introduction chamber 720, discussed related to Figure 7. A fluid conduit 815 can fluidly couple (e.g., connect) the fluid reservoir 810 with the plasma introduction chamber 820. One or more fluid regulators 816 can be positioned along the flow path from the fluid reservoir810 to the plasma introduction chamber 720. For example, the one or more fluid regulators 816 can be positioned closer to the fluid reservoir 810 than the plasma introduction chamber 820. In an example, the one or more fluid regulators 816 can be positioned closer to the plasma introduction chamber 820 than the fluid reservoir 810.

[0092] The one or more fluid regulators 816 can include one or more of a pump, valve, throttle or the like that can control an amount of saline distributed or dispensed from the fluid reservoir 810 to the plasma introduction chamber 820. For example, the one or more fluid regulators 816, as a pump, can control a distribution of saline from the fluid reservoir 810 to the plasma introduction chamber 820 at a flow rate according to specifications of the fluid system 800.

[0093] The one or more fluid regulators 816, as a pump or valve, can control a specified quantity of saline into one or more compartments of the plasma introduction chamber 820. The saline dispensed into the plasma introduction chamber 820 can be subjected to a plasma, or ionized gas, as described related to Figure 7. The plasma discharged into the saline can include a desired quantity of RONS. The plasma or ionized gas introduced into the saline can form a modified fluid 836, such as a plasma-treated saline (PTSa). The PTSa can include a quantity of RONS according to the purpose. The plasma introduction chamber 720 can be fluidly coupled with a fluid discharge outlet 840. The discharge outlet 840 can include a nozzle, pump, opening or other apparatus or mechanism that can dispense fluid toward or to the target site.

[0094] Interposed between the plasma introduction chamber 820 and the discharge outlet 840 can be a plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835. The plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 can be designed to retain (e.g., store, hold, contain or the like) the modified fluid 836. The modified fluid 836 can include the plasma-treated fluid prepared in the plasma introduction chamber. The plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 can retain a quantity of modified fluid 836 according to the purpose.

[0095] The fluid system 800 can include an optional secondary plasma introduction chamber. In an example, the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 can be the optional secondary plasma introduction chamber. In another example, the secondary plasma introduction chamber can be a separate chamber, container, receptacle or the like that is fluidly coupled with the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835. In one embodiment, the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835, as the secondary plasma introduction chamber, can receive plasma-treated fluid from the plasma-introduction chamber 820 and fluid from a secondary fluid reservoir 810a. The secondary fluid reservoir 810a can retain a secondary fluid 812a such as a plasma-treated fluid, a saline solution, water, or the like. The secondary fluid reservoir 810a can include the fluid 812a that is the same, similar, or different from the plasma-treated fluid retained in the plasma introduction chamber 820. The secondary fluid reservoir 810a can dispense or deliver a desired quantity of the fluid 812a to the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 as the secondary plasma introduction chamber.

[0096] In an example including the secondary fluid reservoir 810a, a secondary fluid control mechanism 828 can be located between the secondary fluid reservoir 810a and the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835. For example, the secondary fluid control mechanism 828 can control, adjust, modify or the like, an amount of fluid 812a dispensed from the secondary fluid reservoir 810a to the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835, as a secondary plasma introduction chamber. The secondary fluid control mechanism 828 can adjust the amount of fluid (e.g., saline) dispensed and delivered to the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835, which can then adjust a concentration of RONS contained in the plasma-treated fluid (e.g., via dilution), as the modified fluid 836.

[0097] While the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 is illustrated as a separated from the plasma introduction chamber 820, in some examples the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 (including in examples with the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 as a secondary plasma introduction chamber) can be a component or compartment of the plasma introduction chamber 820. Optionally, the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 can include both a reservoir for retaining fluid delivered from the plasma introduction chamber 820 and a reservoir for retaining an adjusted plasma treated fluid prepared from the addition of fluid dispensed from the secondary fluid reservoir 810a. In some examples, there can be multiple plasma-treated fluid reservoirs, multiple plasma introduction chambers, multiple fluid reservoirs, or associated fluid control mechanism. Optionally, the additional multiple plasma-treated fluid reservoirs, multiple plasma introduction chambers, multiple fluid reservoirs can be arranged in parallel, in series, or a combination according to the purpose. In some examples, there can be multiple discharge outlets according to a desired plasma-treated fluid to be delivered to target site 550.

[0098] In some examples, the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 can retain the modified fluid 836 until the modified fluid can be dispensed from the discharge outlet 740. The discharge outlet 740 can be similar to the discharge outlet 740 discussed related to Figure 7.

[0099] Optionally, one or more modified fluid control mechanism 826, 838 can be positioned along the flow path along a modified fluid conduit 825 between a dispense port 821 of the plasma introduction chamber 820 the discharge outlet 740. In an example, at leastone of the one or more modified fluid control mechanisms 838 can be positioned between a plasma-treated fluid reservoir dispense port 833 of the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 and the discharge outlet 740.

[0100] Each of the one or more modified fluid control mechanism 826 and the modified fluid 836 can control a flow of the modified fluid 836 between plasma introduction chamber 820 and the discharge outlet 740. For example, the one or more modified fluid control mechanism 826 can control flow with a pump, valve, throttle or the like between the plasma introduction chamber 720 and the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 and the modified fluid 836 can control flow with a pump, valve, throttle or the like between the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 and the discharge outlet 740. The amount of fluid delivered, whether a plasma- treated saline as a modified fluid, can be controlled before being dispended toward a target site 550.

[0101] Illustrated in Figure 9 is a schematic of a medical apparatus 900, as a fluid system, that can include a fluid reservoir 710, plasma introduction chamber 920, a plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 and a discharge outlet 840. The fluid reservoir 710 can be similar to the fluid reservoir 710 discussed related to Figure 7 or the fluid reservoir 810 discussed related to Figure 8. The fluid reservoir 710, 810 can be fluidly coupled with at least one of the one or more fluid conduits 715, 815 as discussed related to Figure 7 or Figure 8. One or more fluid regulators 816 can be located along a flow path between the fluid reservoir 710 (fluid reservoir 810) and the plasma introduction chamber 920.

[0102] The plasma introduction chamber 920 can include a plasma discharge apparatus 930 located, or positioned, within the plasma introduction chamber 920. For example, the plasma introduction chamber 920 can house substantially all of the plasma discharge apparatus 930. Each of a gas source and an electric source used for forming plasma can be housed within the plasma introduction chamber 920. With the plasma discharge apparatus 930 positioned within the plasma introduction chamber 920 a discharge end portion 932 of the plasma discharge apparatus 930 can be closer to the fluid (such as saline) before introduction plasma (e.g., ionized gas) into the fluid (e.g., saline). With the plasma discharge apparatus 930 positioned within the plasma introduction chamber 920, plasma can be more directly emitted into the fluid forming the modified fluid 722 (or modified fluid 836).

[0103] Optionally, a plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835 can be fluidly located between the plasma introduction chamber 920 and the fluid discharge outlet 840. The fluid discharge outlet 840 can be similar to the discharge outlet 740 or fluid discharge outlet 840 as discussed related to Figures 7 and 8. The modified fluid 722, 836 can be dispensed from the dischargeoutlet 740, fluid discharge outlet 840 as discussed previously related to Figures 7 and 8 and toward the target site 550.

[0104] Illustrated in Figure 10 is an example of a medical system 1000 that can include the fluid reservoir 710, the fluid system 701 such as a fluid modification system, the plasma- treated fluid reservoir 835, and the discharge outlet 740. The fluid reservoir 710 can be similar to the fluid reservoir 810 discussed related to Figure 8. The fluid reservoir 710 can include a fluid such as water, saline, a medicated solution, or the like. Optionally, the fluid reservoir 710 can include one or more sensors 1061. The one or more sensors 1061 can be located or positioned along any portion of the fluid reservoir 710 suitable for the purpose. The one or more sensors 1061 can include optical sensors, pressure sensors, flow rate sensors, thermometers, chemical composition sensors, or other sensor suitable for the purpose.

[0105] In an example, at least one of the one or more sensors 1061 can be located within the fluid reservoir 810 to measure or detect a fluid characteristic such as a fluid level or the quantity of fluid remaining in the fluid reservoir 810. In another example, at least one of the one or more sensors 1061 can be positioned relative to the dispense outlet 711 of the fluid reservoir 710. The one or more sensors 1061 can measure or detect a fluid characteristic such as at least one of flow rate, temperature, pressure, fluid composition or the like. At least one of the one or more sensors 1061 can measure or detect a fluid characteristic while retaining the fluid within the fluid reservoir 710. At least one of the one or more sensors 1061 can measure or detect a fluid characteristic of the fluid as it is dispensed from the fluid reservoir 710 through the dispense outlet 711.

[0106] The fluid system 701 (e.g., fluid modification system) can be similar to the fluid systems illustrated in Figures 8 and 9. The fluid system 701 can include the one or more fluid conduits 715 that can fluidly couple the fluid reservoir 710 with the plasma introduction chamber 720 and the modified fluid conduit 726 that can fluidly couple the plasma introduction chamber 720 with the discharge outlet 740.

[0107] One or more fluid modification sensors 1062 can be positioned within or proximate to one or more locations of the plasma introduction chamber 720. The one or more fluid modification sensors 1062 can be located proximate to one or more of the plasma introduction chamber port 723, the modified fluid dispense outlet 721, the plasma discharge apparatus 730, proximate to the fluid introduced into the plasma introduction chamber 720 or proximate to the modified fluid 836 (e.g., plasma-treated fluid). The one or more fluid modification sensors 1062 can measure or detect one or more of the fluid flows from the fluidreservoir 710, the modified fluid flow to the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835, or within the plasma introduction chamber 720. The one or more fluid modification sensors 1062 can measure or detect a fluid characteristic of the fluid introduced into the plasma introduction chamber 720 or the modified fluid 836 (e.g., plasma-treated fluid). The one or more fluid modification sensors 1062 can measure or detect a plasma characteristic. For example, the plasma characteristic can include the quantity of RONS, a characteristic of the gas released into the plasma discharge apparatus 730, a characteristic of the electricity of the plasma discharge apparatus 730, or other components or characteristics of the plasma discharge apparatus 730. The plasma discharge apparatus 730 can be similar to one of the plasma discharge apparatuses 830, 930 as described related to Figures 8 and 9.

[0108] One or more modified fluid reservoir sensors 1064 can be located in or relative to the plasma-treated fluid reservoir 835. The one or more modified fluid reservoir sensors can measure or detect at least one of flow rate, temperature, pressure, fluid composition or the like. The one or more modified fluid reservoir sensors 1064 can measure or detect a fluid characteristic of the modified fluid 836 (e.g., plasma-treated fluid). The one or more modified fluid reservoir sensors 1064 can measure one or more of a flow rate, pressure, temperature, or the like of the modified fluid 836 (e.g., plasma-treated fluid, modified saline, plasma-treated saline, or the like).

[0109] One or more discharge sensors 1065 can be located along one or more positions of the discharge outlet 740. For example, the one or more discharge sensors 1065 can be located proximate to an inflow portion of the modified fluid 836 into the discharge outlet 740 or a dispense portion of the discharge outlet 740. Optionally, the one or more discharge sensors 1065 can be located along one or more positions within the discharge outlet 740 to measure one or more characteristics of the fluid or fluid flow of the modified fluid 836. The discharge outlet 740 can be similar the fluid discharge outlet 840 discussed related to Figure 8 and 9. The one or more discharge sensors 1065 can measure or detect at least one of flow rate, temperature, pressure, fluid composition or the like of the modified fluid (e.g., plasma-treated fluid, modified saline, plasma-treated saline or the like) into or out of the discharge outlet 740.

[0110] Illustrated in Figure 11 is an example of a method for forming a medical treatment system 1100, such as those described related to Figures 6 - 10. The medical treatment system can be formed to include at least a plasma introduction chamber, such as those described related to any of Figure 6 - 10, and a plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet, such as those describe related to any of Figures 6 - 10. A plasma introduction chamber can be provided, asin 1110. The plasma introduction chamber can be formed to retain a fluid as well as to provide an environment to form a modified fluid, such as a plasma-treated fluid.

[0111] A plasma-discharge apparatus can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, as in 1120. The plasma-discharge apparatus can be oriented relative to the plasma introduction chamber, as in 1130. The plasma-discharge apparatus can be located and coupled with the plasma introduction chamber to emit a plasma toward the fluid retained within the plasma introduction chamber. For example, the plasma discharge apparatus can be coupled such that substantially all, or at least a portion, of a discharge end of the plasma discharge apparatus can be located within the plasma introduction chamber.

[0112] One or more fluid conduits can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, as in 1140. The one or more fluid conduits can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber to fluidly couple a fluid source with the plasma introduction chamber. The one or more fluid conduits can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber to fluidly couple a modified fluid reservoir with the plasma introduction chamber. The one or more fluid conduits can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber to fluidly couple a plasma- treated fluid (e.g., modified fluid, modified saline) discharge outlet with the plasma introduction chamber, as in 1150.

[0113] The plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber along a location to dispense the plasma-treated fluid (e.g., modified fluid, modified saline) toward a target site. In an example, the plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet can be a component of an endoscopic system. The endoscopic system can be arranged relative to the plasma introduction chamber to deliver endoscopic treatment in or at an in- vivo site of a patient.

[0114] Optionally, a modified fluid (e.g., plasma-treated fluid, plasma-treated saline, - modified saline) can be retained within a modified fluid reservoir. The modified fluid reservoir can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, as indicated in 1115. The modified fluid reservoir can be coupled with the plasma introduction chamber with a fluid conduit, as describe related to 1140.

[0115] In an example, one or more fluid regulators can be located in line with the plasma introduction chamber, as in 1145. The one or more fluid regulators can include a pump, valve, throttle, or the like. The one or more fluid regulators can control the quantity, flow rate, pressure, or fluid characteristic of the fluid. The one or more fluid regulators can be located along a fluid conduit coupling a fluid reservoir with the plasma introduction chamber.The one or more fluid regulators can be located along a fluid conduit coupling the plasma introduction chamber with a modified fluid reservoir.

[0116] One or more sensors can be located relative to the fluid system, as in 1147. The one or more sensors can include one or more of a flow meter, pressure sensor, thermometer, thermocouple, viscometer, optical sensors, chemical composition sensors or the like. The one or more sensors can be located relative to one or more of the fluid reservoir, the plasmaintroduction chamber, the modified fluid reservoir, the fluid discharge outlet, one or more of the conduits or any other component of the medical treatment system.

[0117] Illustrated in the flow chart of Figure 12 is an example of a method of delivering a plasma-treated fluid to a target site, as in 1200. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid can include preparing a plasma-treated fluid, as in 1210. The plasma-treated fluid can be prepared by providing a supply of a fluid, such as saline to a plasma introduction chamber, as in 1220. The plasma introduction chamber can include one or more compartments to retain the fluid within the plasma introduction chamber, as in 1230. The one or more compartments can include one compartment that can be used to retain an introductory amount of the fluid and a second compartment that can be used to form the plasma-treated fluid. Optionally, there can be one chamber that can retain the fluid and can be used to form the plasma-treated fluid.

[0118] The plasma introduction chamber can include a plasma discharge apparatus. The plasma discharge apparatus can generate plasma, as in 1240. At least a portion of the plasma discharge apparatus can be located in communication with the saline. For example, the plasma discharge apparatus can be oriented to emit plasma into the saline, as in 1250. The plasma discharge apparatus can discharge a cold plasma into the fluid (e.g., saline)

[0119] The saline can be infiltrated with the plasma, such as the ionized gas from the plasma, as in 1260. The saline can be infiltrated with a specified or desired quantity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The quantity of RONS, or concentration of RONS, can be according to the purpose such as the type of tissue or cells to be treated. Infiltrating the saline, or fluid, with the plasma (e.g., ionized gas, RONS or the like) can form the plasma-treated fluid.

[0120] The quantity of plasma (e.g., ionized gas, RONS or the like) can be detected or monitored during the process of forming the plasma-treated fluid. In another example, the quantity, or concentration, of plasma in the fluid can be monitored or detected during the delivery of the plasma-treated fluid toward the target site. The quantity, or concentration, of plasma (e.g., ionized gas, RONS or the like) can be modified during the process of forming the plasma-treated fluid or during the delivery of the plasma-treated fluid. In an example, theplasma-treated fluid can be modified by adding more fluid to the plasma-treated fluid or by adding more plasma (e.g., ionized gas, RONS or the like) to the plasma-treated fluid.A fluid characteristic of the plasma-treated fluid can be monitored or detected with one or more sensors located along one or more portions of the medical treatment system. The one or more sensors can detect or measure one or more of flow rate, pressure, composition, or temperature. The measured or detected characteristics can be communicated to a control system (e.g., control circuitry). The control system can provide instructions to one or more components of the medical treatment system, medical treatment apparatus, or the like to generate and deliver the desired or specified plasma-treated fluid.

[0121] The plasma-treated fluid can be delivered via a dispense mechanism toward a target location, as in 1270. The target location can be an in-vivo location. The target location can be an external location of a body. In examples, the plasma-treated fluid can be delivered as an adjunct procedure to a primary treatment modality. For example, the plasma-treated fluid can be delivered to a target site before, during or after performance of another medical procedure.

[0122] Similar concepts of treatment with PTSa can also be applied to open procedures, such as wound healing, skin cancer treatments etc. The PTSa treatment described previously can also be similarly applied in, for example, a polypectomy, where polyps are removed from tissues such as colonic tissues, as illustrated in Figure 6. This cold plasma treatment described previously can be implemented to assist therapeutically treating cells or tissue that remain after resection of the polyp.ASPECTS

[0123] Aspect 1 can include subject matter such as medical treatment system for dispensing a plasma-treated fluid to a target site, the medical treatment system comprising: a plasma introduction chamber, fluidly coupled to receive a fluid from a reservoir; a plasma discharge apparatus, in communication with the plasma introduction chamber to introduce a plasma into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber to produce the plasma- treated fluid; and at least one fluid discharge outlet, coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, the at least one fluid discharge outlet configured to deliver the plasma-treated fluid to the target site.

[0124] Aspect 2 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 1, to optionally include the fluid includes a saline solution, and wherein the plasma includes a cold plasma that includes reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

[0125] Aspect 3 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspects 1 or 2, to optionally include an endoscope configured to dispense the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber to the target site.

[0126] Aspect 4 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 3, to optionally include the plasma introduction chamber includes or is coupled to a plasma discharge portion of the plasma discharge apparatus, wherein the plasma discharge portion is located within the plasma introduction chamber proximate to the fluid located in the plasma introduction chamber.

[0127] Aspect 5 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 4, to optionally include a pump located in fluid communication with the reservoir and with the plasma introduction chamber, the pump configured to regulate the fluid dispensed from the reservoir to the plasma introduction chamber.

[0128] Aspect 6 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 5, to optionally include a plasma-treated fluid reservoir that is fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber to receive the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber.

[0129] Aspect 7 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 8, to optionally include the plasma-treated fluid reservoir is fluidly coupled with the fluid discharge outlet.

[0130] Aspect 8 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 7, to optionally include at least one of a first pump configured to control dispensing of the fluid from the reservoir to the plasma introduction chamber or a second pump configured to control dispensing the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber to the target site.

[0131] Aspect 9 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 8, to optionally the fluid discharge outlet includes a control mechanism having a pump.

[0132] Aspect 10 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 9 to optionally the reservoir is located relative to the plasma introduction chamber to promote a gravity induced flow of the fluid from the reservoir.

[0133] Aspect 11 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 10, to optionally an endoscope, wherein the fluid discharge outlet is insertable into a working channel of an endoscope.

[0134] Aspect 12 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 11, to optionally a secondary reservoir for storing the fluid and a secondary plasma introduction chamber for receiving (i) the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber and (ii) the fluid from the secondary reservoir.

[0135] Aspect 13 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 12 to optionally a mechanism for adjusting an amount of the fluid from the secondary reservoir delivered to the secondary plasma introduction chamber so as to adjust a concentration of RONS contained in the plasma-treated fluid, wherein the at least one fluid discharge outlet comprises a fluid conduit for delivering the plasma-treated fluid with the adjusted concentration of RONS from the secondary plasma introduction chamber to the target site.

[0136] Aspect 14 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 15, to optionally the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to adjust a concentration or an amount of RONS introduced into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber.

[0137] Aspect 15 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 14, to optionally the concentration of RONS in the plasma-treated fluid is adjusted based at least in part on a procedure progress.

[0138] Aspect 16 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 1 to 15, to optionally the concentration of RONS in a later procedure time is smaller than the concentration of RONS in an earlier procedure time.

[0139] Aspect 17 can include subject matter such as a medical treatment apparatus for dispensing a plasma-treated saline to a target site, the medical treatment apparatus comprising: a fluid modification system including: a plasma introduction chamber fluidly coupled with a saline source; wherein the plasma introduction chamber is configured to retain a quantity of a saline solution; and a plasma discharge apparatus, operationally coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, and the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to introduce a quantity of a plasma into the plasma introduction chamber; a modified fluid reservoir fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the modified fluid reservoir is configured to retain plasma-treated saline solution; wherein the plasma-treated saline solution includes the saline solution including ionized gas from the quantity of plasma; and a fluid discharge outlet coupled with the modified fluid reservoir, the fluid discharge outlet is configured to control and deliver a quantity of the plasma-treated saline solution from the modified fluid reservoir to the target site.

[0140] Aspect 18 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 17, to optionally include the plasma includes a cold plasma.

[0141] Aspect 19 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 17 to 18 to optionally include a fluid pump in communication with the modified fluid reservoir and the fluid discharge outlet; wherein the fluid pump is configured to control a quantity of the plasma-treated saline solution delivered to the fluid discharge outlet.

[0142] Aspect 20 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 17 to 19, to optionally include wherein at least a portion of the plasma discharge apparatus located in the quantity of the saline solution.

[0143] Aspect 21 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 17 to 20, to optionally include the plasma discharge apparatus includes a discharge end located proximate to the saline solution.

[0144] Aspect 22 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 17 to 21, to optionally include the plasma introduction chamber is configured to retain the quantity of the saline solution and dispense the plasma-treated saline solution.

[0145] Aspect 23 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 17 to 22 to optionally include the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to dispense plasma including a desired quantity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

[0146] Aspect 24 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 17 to 23 to optionally include a pump coupled with the saline source and the plasma introduction chamber; where the pump controls the quantity of saline solution dispense from the saline source to the plasma introduction chamber.

[0147] Aspect 25 can include a method of delivering a plasma-treated fluid comprising: receiving a supply of saline from a fluid reservoir; introducing a plasma into the received fluid to produce the plasma-treated fluid; and delivering a desired quantity of the plasma- treated fluid toward a target location.

[0148] Aspect 26 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 25 to optionally include the plasma includes a cold plasma.

[0149] Aspect 27 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 or 26 to optionally include retaining the saline within a plasma introduction chamber.

[0150] Aspect 28 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 27 to optionally include generating plasma with a plasma dischargeapparatus; wherein at least a portion of the plasma discharge apparatus is located in communication with the saline.

[0151] Aspect 29 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 28 to optionally include, emitting plasma from a plasma discharge apparatus into the saline; and forming a plasma treated fluid by infiltrating the supply of saline with a desired quantity of ionized gas from the plasma.

[0152] Aspect 30 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 29 to optionally include, controlling, via a pump, at least one of a quantity or a flow rate of the saline from the fluid reservoir to a plasma introduction chamber for producing the plasma-treated fluid.

[0153] Aspect 31 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 30 to optionally include, controlling, via a pump, at least one of a quantity or a flow rate of the plasma-treated fluid dispensed to the target location.

[0154] Aspect 32 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 30 to 31 to optionally include, one or more fluid conduits coupling the fluid reservoir with a dispense mechanism; wherein the one or more fluid conduits are a component of an endoscopic system.

[0155] Aspect 33 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 32 to optionally include, detecting a characteristic of one or more of the saline or the plasma-treated fluid with one or more sensors; receiving a communication from the one or more sensors related to a detected fluid characteristic; and communicating the detected fluid characteristic to a medical treatment system.

[0156] Aspect 34 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 33 to optionally include, wherein delivering the quantity of the plasma- treated fluid toward the target location is adjunct to a primary treatment modality.

[0157] Aspect 35 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 34 to optionally include, modifying a plasma-treated fluid characteristic according to a detected fluid characteristic; wherein the detected fluid characteristic includes one or more of one or more of flow rate, pressure, composition, or temperature.

[0158] Aspect 36 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 35 to optionally include, wherein modifying the plasma-treated fluid characteristic includes at least one of altering a dispensed quantity of saline or modifying a flow rate of saline into the plasma-treated fluid.

[0159] Aspect 37 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 or 36 to optionally include, wherein delivering the desired quantity of the plasma-treated fluid toward a target location includes: sensing a fluid characteristic of the plasma-treated fluid delivered through a dispense mechanism toward the target location; communicating the sensed fluid characteristic to control circuitry; and modifying the fluid characteristic to a desired fluid characteristic; wherein the desired fluid characteristic includes one or more of one or more of flow rate, pressure, composition, or temperature.

[0160] Aspect 38 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 25 to 37 to optionally include, detecting with a sensor a fluid characteristic; Wherein the fluid characteristic includes at least one of flow rate, temperature, pressure, or fluid composition of at least one of the saline or the plasma-treated fluid dispensed from the fluid reservoir through a dispense outlet; and modifying the detected fluid characteristic according to a specified quantity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the plasma- treated fluid.

[0161] Aspect 39 can include subject matter such as a method of forming a medical treatment system for generating a plasma-treated fluid comprising: providing a plasma introduction chamber configured to retain a supply of a fluid; coupling a plasma discharge apparatus with the plasma introduction chamber; orienting the plasma discharge apparatus relative to the fluid retained in the plasma introduction chamber relative to the plasma introduction chamber; coupling one or more fluid conduits with the plasma introduction chamber; and coupling a plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet with the plasma introduction chamber via the one or more fluid conduits; wherein the plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet is configured to deliver a desired quantity the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber toward a target site.

[0162] Aspect 40 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspect 39 to optionally include, wherein the plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet includes an endoscopic system, the method includes: coupling an endoscopic treatment system with the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the endoscopic treatment system delivers endoscopic treatment at an in-vivo site.

[0163] Aspect 41 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 39 or 40 to optionally include, including locating a pump fluidly in line with a reservoir retaining the fluid and the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the fluid includes a saline solution.

[0164] Aspect 42 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspect 39 to 41 to optionally include wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to dispense a cold plasma.

[0165] Aspect 43 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 39 to 42 to optionally include, including coupling a modified fluid reservoir with the plasma introduction chamber and the one or more fluid conduits.

[0166] Aspect 44 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 39 to 43 to optionally include, including arranging a fluid regulator in fluid communication with the plasma introduction chamber and the one or more fluid conduits.

[0167] Aspect 45 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 39 to 44 to optionally include, including arranging a fluid reservoir in line with the plasma introduction chamber.

[0168] Aspect 46 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 39 to 45 to optionally include, wherein a reservoir is arranged in line with the plasma introduction chamber to receive a gravity induced dispensed flow of the fluid.

[0169] Aspect 47 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 39 to 46 to optionally include , including locating one or more sensors with at least one of the plasma introduction chamber, a saline solution reservoir, a plasma-treated fluid reservoir, or one or more fluid conduits; wherein the one or more sensors are arranged to detect one or more of a fluid characteristic of the fluid; wherein the fluid characteristic includes one or more of flow rate, pressure, composition, and temperature.

[0170] Aspect 48 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 39 to 47 to optionally include, including coupling a control system with at least one of a saline solution reservoir, a plasma-treated saline solution reservoir, the plasma introduction chamber, the plasma discharge apparatus, and the one or more fluid conduits.

[0171] Aspect 49 can include, a medical treatment system for dispensing a plasma-treated fluid to a target site, the medical treatment system comprising: a fluid reservoir configured to contain a fluid; a plasma introduction chamber, fluidly coupled to receive a fluid from the fluid reservoir; wherein the fluid reservoir and the plasma introduction chamber are fluidly coupled with a gravity feed system; wherein the fluid reservoir is located above the plasma introduction chamber; a plasma discharge apparatus, in communication with the plasma introduction chamber to introduce a plasma into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber to produce the plasma-treated fluid; and a fluid discharge control mechanism,coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, the fluid discharge control mechanism configured to deliver the plasma-treated fluid to the target site.

[0172] Aspect 50 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 49 to optionally include one or more fluid conduits fluidly coupling the fluid reservoir with the plasma introduction chamber; wherein gravity promotes fluid flow through the one or more fluid conduits.

[0173] Aspect 51 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 49 to 50 to optionally include wherein the fluid includes a saline solution.

[0174] Aspect 52 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 49 to 51 to optionally include the plasma introduction chamber is located above the fluid discharge control mechanism, the medical treatment system including: one or more fluid conduits fluidly coupling the plasma introduction chamber with the fluid discharge control mechanism; wherein the one or more fluid conduits is configured to induce with gravity a fluid flow toward the fluid discharge control mechanism.

[0175] Aspect 53 can include a medical treatment system for forming a plasma-treated fluid, the medical treatment system comprising: a fluid reservoir configured to contain a fluid; a plasma introduction chamber, fluidly coupled to the fluid reservoir; wherein the plasma introduction chamber retains the fluid received from the fluid reservoir; a fluid discharge outlet, coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, the fluid discharge outlet configured to deliver the plasma-treated fluid to a target site.

[0176] Aspect 54 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspect 53 to optionally include a plasma discharge apparatus, in communication with the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to introduce a plasma into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber to produce a plasma-treated fluid.

[0177] Aspect 55 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 53 or 54 to optionally include the fluid reservoir contains one of a plasma treated saline or a saline solution.

[0178] Aspect 56 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 53 or 55 to optionally include the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to selectively discharge plasma into the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to discharge a specified quantity of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species into the fluid.

[0179] Aspect 57 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 53 to 56 to optionally include the fluid reservoir is configured to dispense the fluid alter a fluid characteristic of the fluid retained in the plasma introduction chamber.

[0180] Aspect 58 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 53 to 57 to optionally include one or more pumps coupled with one of the fluid reservoir and the plasma introduction chamber, the one or more pumps configured to control fluid flow to the plasma introduction chamber.

[0181] Aspect 59 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 53 to 58 to optionally include a plasma treated fluid reservoir fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber and the fluid discharge outlet; wherein the plasma treated fluid reservoir retains the plasma-treated fluid.

[0182] Aspect 60 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 53 to 59 to optionally include a control circuitry; wherein the controlled circuitry is configured to be in communication with one or more of the fluid reservoir, plasma introduction chamber or the fluid discharge outlet.

[0183] Aspect 61 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of any of Aspects 53 to 60 to optionally include the fluid discharge outlet includes an endoscopic system.

[0184] The above description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “aspects” or “examples.” Such aspects or example can include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate aspects or examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided.Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate aspects or examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more features thereof), either with respect to a particular aspects or examples (or one or more features thereof), or with respect to other Aspects (or one or more features thereof) shown or described herein.

[0185] In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and any documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in this document controls.

[0186] In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to anonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

[0187] Geometric terms, such as “parallel,” “perpendicular,” “round,” or “square,” are not intended to require absolute mathematical precision, unless the context indicates otherwise. Instead, such geometric terms allow for variations due to manufacturing or equivalent functions. For example, if an element is described as “round” or “generally round,” a component that is not precisely circular (e.g., one that is slightly oblong or is a many-sided polygon) is still encompassed by this description.

[0188] The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described aspects or examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as aspects, examples, or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A medical treatment system for dispensing a plasma-treated fluid to a target site, the medical treatment system comprising: a plasma introduction chamber, fluidly coupled to receive a fluid from a reservoir; a plasma discharge apparatus, in communication with the plasma introduction chamber to introduce a plasma into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber to produce the plasma-treated fluid; and at least one fluid discharge outlet, coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, the at least one fluid discharge outlet configured to deliver the plasma- treated fluid to the target site.

2. The medical treatment system of claim 1, wherein the fluid includes a saline solution, and wherein the plasma includes a cold plasma that includes reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

3. The medical treatment system of any of claims 1 or 2, comprising an endoscope configured to dispense the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber to the target site.

4. The medical treatment system of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the plasma introduction chamber includes or is coupled to a plasma discharge portion of the plasma discharge apparatus, wherein the plasma discharge portion is located within the plasma introduction chamber proximate to the fluid located in the plasma introduction chamber.

5. The medical treatment system of any of claims 1 to 4, including a pump located in fluid communication with the reservoir and with the plasma introduction chamber, the pump configured to regulate the fluid dispensed from the reservoir to the plasma introduction chamber.

6. The medical treatment system of any of claims 1 to 5, including a plasma-treated fluid reservoir that is fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber to receive the plasma- treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber.

7. The medical treatment system of claim 6, wherein the plasma-treated fluid reservoir is fluidly coupled with the fluid discharge outlet.

8. The medical treatment system of claim 7, including at least one of a first pump configured to control dispensing of the fluid from the reservoir to the plasma introduction chamber or a second pump configured to control dispensing the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber to the target site.

9. The medical treatment system of claim 1, wherein the fluid discharge outlet includes a control mechanism having a pump.

10. The medical treatment system of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the reservoir is located relative to the plasma introduction chamber to promote a gravity induced flow of the fluid from the reservoir.

11. The medical treatment system of any of claims 1 to 10, further comprising an endoscope, wherein the fluid discharge outlet is insertable into a working channel of an endoscope.

12. The medical treatment system of any of claims 1 to 11, further comprising a secondary reservoir for storing the fluid and a secondary plasma introduction chamber for receiving (i) the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber and (ii) the fluid from the secondary reservoir.

13. The medical treatment system of claim 12, further comprising a mechanism for adjusting an amount of the fluid from the secondary reservoir delivered to the secondary plasma introduction chamber so as to adjust a concentration of RONS contained in the plasma-treated fluid, wherein the at least one fluid discharge outlet comprises a fluid conduit for delivering the plasma-treated fluid with the adjusted concentration of RONS from the secondary plasma introduction chamber to the target site.

14. The medical treatment system of claim 1, wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to adjust a concentration or an amount of RONS introduced into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber.

15. The medical treatment system of claims 13 to 14, wherein the concentration of RONS in the plasma-treated fluid is adjusted based at least in part on a procedure progress.

16. The medical treatment system of claim 15, wherein the concentration of RONS in a later procedure time is smaller than the concentration of RONS in an earlier procedure time.

17. A medical treatment apparatus for dispensing a plasma-treated saline to a target site, the medical treatment apparatus comprising: a fluid modification system including: a plasma introduction chamber fluidly coupled with a saline source; wherein the plasma introduction chamber is configured to retain a quantity of a saline solution; and a plasma discharge apparatus, operationally coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, and the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to introduce a quantity of a plasma into the plasma introduction chamber; a modified fluid reservoir fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the modified fluid reservoir is configured to retain plasma-treated saline solution; wherein the plasma-treated saline solution includes the saline solution including ionized gas from the quantity of plasma; and a fluid discharge outlet coupled with the modified fluid reservoir, the fluid discharge outlet is configured to control and deliver a quantity of the plasma-treated saline solution from the modified fluid reservoir to the target site.

18. The medical treatment apparatus for dispensing the plasma-treated saline of claim 17, wherein the plasma includes a cold plasma.

19. The medical treatment apparatus for dispensing the plasma-treated saline of claims 17 or 18, including a fluid pump in communication with the modified fluid reservoir and the fluid discharge outlet; wherein the fluid pump is configured to control a quantity of the plasma- treated saline solution delivered to the fluid discharge outlet.

20. The medical treatment apparatus for dispensing the plasma-treated saline of any of claims 17 to 19, wherein at least a portion of the plasma discharge apparatus located in the quantity of the saline solution.

21. The medical treatment apparatus for dispensing the plasma-treated saline of any of claims 17 to 20, wherein the plasma discharge apparatus includes a discharge end located proximate to the saline solution.

22. The medical treatment apparatus for dispensing the plasma-treated saline of any of claims 17 to 21, wherein the plasma introduction chamber is configured to retain the quantity of the saline solution and dispense the plasma-treated saline solution.

23. The medical treatment apparatus for dispensing the plasma-treated saline of any of claims 17 to 22, wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to dispense plasma including a desired quantity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

24. The medical treatment apparatus for dispensing the plasma-treated saline of any of claims 17 to 23, including a pump coupled with the saline source and the plasma introduction chamber; where the pump controls the quantity of saline solution dispense from the saline source to the plasma introduction chamber.

25. A method of delivering a plasma-treated fluid comprising: receiving a supply of saline from a fluid reservoir; introducing a plasma into the received fluid to produce the plasma-treated fluid; and delivering a desired quantity of the plasma-treated fluid toward a target location.

26. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of claim 25, wherein the plasma includes a cold plasma.

27. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 or 26, including retaining the saline within a plasma introduction chamber.

28. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 27, including generating plasma with a plasma discharge apparatus; wherein at least a portion of the plasma discharge apparatus is located in communication with the saline.

29. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 28, including: emitting plasma from a plasma discharge apparatus into the saline; and forming a plasma treated fluid by infiltrating the supply of saline with a desired quantity of ionized gas from the plasma.

30. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 29, including controlling, via a pump, at least one of a quantity or a flow rate of the saline from the fluid reservoir to a plasma introduction chamber for producing the plasma-treated fluid.

31. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 30, including controlling, via a pump, at least one of a quantity or a flow rate of the plasma-treated fluid dispensed to the target location.

32. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 30 to 31, including one or more fluid conduits coupling the fluid reservoir with a dispense mechanism; wherein the one or more fluid conduits are a component of an endoscopic system.

33. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 32, including: detecting a characteristic of one or more of the saline or the plasma-treated fluid with one or more sensors;receiving a communication from the one or more sensors related to a detected fluid characteristic; and communicating the detected fluid characteristic to a medical treatment system.

34. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 33, wherein delivering the quantity of the plasma-treated fluid toward the target location is adjunct to a primary treatment modality.

35. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 34, including modifying a plasma-treated fluid characteristic according to a detected fluid characteristic; wherein the detected fluid characteristic includes one or more of one or more of flow rate, pressure, composition, or temperature.

36. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of claim 35, wherein modifying the plasma-treated fluid characteristic includes at least one of altering a dispensed quantity of saline or modifying a flow rate of saline into the plasma-treated fluid.

37. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of claim 35 or 36, wherein delivering the desired quantity of the plasma-treated fluid toward a target location includes: sensing a fluid characteristic of the plasma-treated fluid delivered through a dispense mechanism toward the target location; communicating the sensed fluid characteristic to control circuitry; and modifying the fluid characteristic to a desired fluid characteristic; wherein the desired fluid characteristic includes one or more of one or more of flow rate, pressure, composition, or temperature.

38. The method of delivering the plasma-treated fluid of any of claims 25 to 37, including detecting with a sensor a fluid characteristic;Wherein the fluid characteristic includes at least one of flow rate, temperature, pressure, or fluid composition of at least one of the saline or the plasma-treated fluid dispensed from the fluid reservoir through a dispense outlet; and modifying the detected fluid characteristic according to a specified quantity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the plasma-treated fluid.

39. A method of forming a medical treatment system for generating a plasma-treated fluid comprising: providing a plasma introduction chamber configured to retain a supply of a fluid; coupling a plasma discharge apparatus with the plasma introduction chamber; orienting the plasma discharge apparatus relative to the fluid retained in the plasma introduction chamber relative to the plasma introduction chamber; coupling one or more fluid conduits with the plasma introduction chamber; and coupling a plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet with the plasma introduction chamber via the one or more fluid conduits; wherein the plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet is configured to deliver a desired quantity the plasma-treated fluid from the plasma introduction chamber toward a target site.

40. The method of forming the medical treatment system of claim 39, wherein the plasma-treated fluid discharge outlet includes an endoscopic system, the method includes: coupling an endoscopic treatment system with the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the endoscopic treatment system delivers endoscopic treatment at an in-vivo site.

41. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 or 40, including locating a pump fluidly in line with a reservoir retaining the fluid and the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the fluid includes a saline solution.

42. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 to 41, wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to dispense a cold plasma.

43. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 to 42, including coupling a modified fluid reservoir with the plasma introduction chamber and the one or more fluid conduits.

44. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 to 43, including arranging a fluid regulator in fluid communication with the plasma introduction chamber and the one or more fluid conduits.

45. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 to 44, including arranging a fluid reservoir in line with the plasma introduction chamber.

46. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 to 45, wherein a reservoir is arranged in line with the plasma introduction chamber to receive a gravity induced dispensed flow of the fluid.

47. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 to 46, including locating one or more sensors with at least one of the plasma introduction chamber, a saline solution reservoir, a plasma-treated fluid reservoir, or one or more fluid conduits; wherein the one or more sensors are arranged to detect one or more of a fluid characteristic of the fluid; wherein the fluid characteristic includes one or more of flow rate, pressure, composition, and temperature.

48. The method of forming the medical treatment system of any of claims 39 to 47, including coupling a control system with at least one of a saline solution reservoir, a plasma- treated saline solution reservoir, the plasma introduction chamber, the plasma discharge apparatus, and the one or more fluid conduits.

49. A medical treatment system for dispensing a plasma-treated fluid to a target site, the medical treatment system comprising: a fluid reservoir configured to contain a fluid; a plasma introduction chamber, fluidly coupled to receive a fluid from the fluid reservoir; wherein the fluid reservoir and the plasma introduction chamber are fluidly coupled with a gravity feed system; wherein the fluid reservoir is located above the plasma introduction chamber;a plasma discharge apparatus, in communication with the plasma introduction chamber to introduce a plasma into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber to produce the plasma-treated fluid; and a fluid discharge control mechanism, coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, the fluid discharge control mechanism configured to deliver the plasma- treated fluid to the target site.

50. The medical treatment system of claim 49, including one or more fluid conduits fluidly coupling the fluid reservoir with the plasma introduction chamber; wherein gravity promotes fluid flow through the one or more fluid conduits.

51. The medical treatment system of claim 49, wherein the fluid includes a saline solution.

52. The medical treatment system of claim of claim 49, wherein the plasma introduction chamber is located above the fluid discharge control mechanism, the medical treatment system including: one or more fluid conduits fluidly coupling the plasma introduction chamber with the fluid discharge control mechanism; wherein the one or more fluid conduits is configured to induce with gravity a fluid flow toward the fluid discharge control mechanism.

53. A medical treatment system for forming a plasma-treated fluid, the medical treatment system comprising: a fluid reservoir configured to contain a fluid; a plasma introduction chamber, fluidly coupled to the fluid reservoir; wherein the plasma introduction chamber retains the fluid received from the fluid reservoir; and a fluid discharge outlet, coupled with the plasma introduction chamber, the fluid discharge outlet configured to deliver the plasma-treated fluid to a target site.

54. The medical treatment system of claim 53, including a plasma discharge apparatus, in communication with the plasma introduction chamber;wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to introduce a plasma into the fluid received in the plasma introduction chamber to produce a plasma-treated fluid.

55. The medical treatment system of any of claims 53 to 54, wherein the fluid reservoir contains one of a plasma treated saline or a saline solution.

56. The medical treatment system of any of claims 54 to 55, wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to selectively discharge plasma into the plasma introduction chamber; wherein the plasma discharge apparatus is configured to discharge a specified quantity of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species into the fluid.

57. The medical treatment system of any of claims 54 to 56, wherein the fluid reservoir is configured to dispense the fluid alter a fluid characteristic of the fluid retained in the plasma introduction chamber.

58. The medical treatment system of any of claims 53 to 57, including one or more pumps coupled with one of the fluid reservoir and the plasma introduction chamber, the one or more pumps configured to control fluid flow to the plasma introduction chamber.

59. The medical treatment system of any of claims 53 to 58, including a plasma treated fluid reservoir fluidly coupled with the plasma introduction chamber and the fluid discharge outlet; wherein the plasma treated fluid reservoir retains the plasma-treated fluid.

60. The medical treatment system of any of claims 53 to 59, including a control circuitry; wherein the controlled circuitry is configured to be in communication with one or more of the fluid reservoir, plasma introduction chamber or the fluid discharge outlet.

61. The medical treatment system of any of claims 53 to 60, wherein the fluid discharge outlet includes an endoscopic system.

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