Heterocyclic pyridinone compounds as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 agonists and methods of use

Abstract

The present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (I), useful for the activation of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 ("TREM2"). This disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, uses of the compounds, and compositions for treatment of, for example, a neurodegenerative disorder. Further, the disclosure provides intermediates useful in the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I).

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 609,327, filed December 12, 2023, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 609,320, filed December 12, 2023, the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure provides compounds useful for the activation of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (“TREM2”). This disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, uses of the compounds, and compositions for treatment of, for example, a neurodegenerative disorder. Further, the disclosure provides intermediates useful in the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I). BACKGROUND

[0003] Microglia are resident innate immune cells in the brain and are important for the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the central nervous system (Hickman et al. Nat Neurosci 2018, Ei and Barres, Nat Rev Immunol., 2018). These resident macrophages express a variety of receptors that allow them to sense changes in their microenvironment and alter their phenotypes to mediate responses to invading pathogens, proteotoxic stress, cellular injury, and other infarcts that can occur in health and disease. Id. Microglia reside in the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord where they interact with neuronal cell bodies (Cserep et al. Science, 2019), neuronal processes (Paolicelli et al. Science, 2011, Ikegami et al. Neruopathology, 2019) in addition to other types of glial cells (Domingues et al. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2016; Liddelow et al. Nature, 2017, Shinozaki et al. Cell Rep., 2017), playing roles in a multitude of physiological processes. With the ability to rapidly proliferate in response to stimuli, microglia characteristically exhibit myeloid cell functions such as phagocytosis, cytokine / chemokine release, antigen presentation, and migration (Colonna and Butovsky, Annu Rev Immunol, 2017). More specialized functions of microglia include the ability to prune synapses from neurons and directly communicate with their highly arborized cellular processes that survey the area surrounding the neuronal cell bodies (Hong et al. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2016; Sellgren etal. Nat Neurosci, 2019).

[0004] The plasticity of microglia and their diverse states as described through single-cells RNASeq profding are thought to arise through the integration of signaling from a diverse array of cell surface receptors (Hickman et al. Nat Neurosci 2013). Collectively known as the microglial “sensome,” these receptors are responsible for transducing activating or activation-suppressing intracellular signaling and include protein families such as Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (“SIGLEC”), Toll-like receptors (“TLR”), Fc receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (“NOD”) and purinergic G protein-coupled receptors. Doens and Fernandez 2014, Madry and Attwell 2015, Hickman and El Khoury 2019. Similar to other cells of the myeloid lineage, the composition of microglial sensomes is dynamically regulated and acts to recognize molecular pattern that direct phenotypic responses to homeostatic changes in the central nervous system (“CNS”). Id. One of the receptors selectively expressed by brain microglia is TREM2, composed of a single-pass transmembrane domain, an extracellular stalk region, and extracellular immunoglobulin variable (“IgV”)-like domain responsible for ligand interaction (Kleinberger et al. Sci TranslMed, 2014). As TREM2 does not possess intracellular signal transduction-mediating domains, biochemical analysis has illustrated that interaction with adaptor proteins DAP 10 and DAP 12 mediate downstream signal transduction following ligand recognition (Peng et al. Sci Signal 2010; Jay et al. Mol Neurodegener, 2017). TREM2 / DAP12 complexes in particular act as a signaling unit that can be characterized as pro-activation on microglial phenotypes in addition to peripheral macrophages and osteoclasts (Otero et al. J Immunol, 2012; Kobayashi et al. J Neurosci, 2016; Jaitin etal., Cell, 2019. In the CNS, signaling through TREM2 has been studied in the context of ligands such as phospholipids, cellular debris, apolipoproteins, and myelin (Wang et al. Cell, 2015; Kober and Brett, J Mol Biol, 2017; Shirotani et al., Sci Rep, 2019). In mice lacking functional TREM2 expression or expressing a mutated form of the receptor, a core observation is blunted microglial responses to insults such as oligodendrocyte demyelination, stroke-induced tissue damage in the brain, and proteotoxic inclusions in vivo (Cantoni et al., Acta Neuropathol, 2015, Wu et al., Mol Brain, 2017).

[0005] Coding variants in the TREM2 locus has been associated with late onset Alzheimer’s disease (“LOAD”) in human genome-wide association studies, linking a loss-of-receptor function to a gain in disease risk (Jonsson et al. N Engl J Med 2013, Sims et al. Nat Genet 2017). Genetic variation of other genes selectively expressed by microglia in the CNS, for example, CD33, PLCg2 and MS4A4A / 6A have reached genome-wide significance fortheir association with LOAD risk (Hollingworth et al. Nat Genet 2011, Sims et al. Nat Genet 2017, Deming et al. Sci Transl Med 2019). Together, these genetic findings link together in a putative biochemical circuit that highlights the importance of microglial innate immune function in LOAD. Additionally, increase or elevation in the soluble form of TREM2 (“sTREM2”) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human subjects is associated with disease progression and emergence of pathological hallmarks of LOAD including phosphorylated Tau (Suarez-Calvet et al. Mol Neurodegener 2019). Furthermore, natural history and human biology studies indicate that baseline sTREM2 levels in the CSF can stratify the rate of temporal lobe volume loss and episodic memory decline in longitudinally monitored cohorts (Ewers et al. Sci Transl Med 2019).

[0006] In addition to human genetic evidence supporting a role of TREM2 in LOAD, homozygous loss-of-function mutations in TREM2 are causal for an early onset dementia syndrome known as Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (“PLOSL”) or Nasu-Hakola disease (“NHD”) (Golde etal. Alzheimers Res Ther 2013, Dardiotis et al. Neurobiol Aging 2017). This progressive neurodegenerative disease typically manifests in the 3rd decade of life and is pathologically characterized by loss of myelin in the brain concomitant with gliosis, unresolved neuroinflammation, and cerebral atrophy. Typical neuropsychiatric presentations are often preceded by osseous abnormalities, such as bone cysts and loss of peripheral bone density (Bianchin et al. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004; Madry et al. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007, Bianchin et al. Nat Rev Neurol 2010). Given that osteoclasts of the myeloid lineage are also known to express TREM2, the PLOSL-related symptoms of wrist and ankle pain, swelling, and fractures indicate that TREM2 may act to regulate bone homeostasis through defined signaling pathways that parallel the microglia in the CNS (Paloneva et al. J Exp Med 2003, Otero et al. J Immunol 2012). The link between TREM2 function and PLOSL has illustrated the importance of the receptor in sustaining key physiological aspects of myeloid cell function in the human body.

[0007] Efforts have been made to model the biology of TREM2 in mice prompting the creation of TREM2 knock out (“KO”) mice in addition to the LOAD-relevant TREM2 R47H loss-of-function mutant transgenic mice (Ulland et al. Cell, 2017, Kang et al. Hum Mol Genet 2018). Although unable to recapitulate the neurological manifestations of PLOSL, TREM2 KO mice show abnormalities in bone ultrastructure (Otero et al. J Immunol 2012). When the TREM2 KO or mutant mice have been crossed onto familial Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mouse background such as the 5XFAD amyloidogenic mutation lines, marked phenotypes have been observed (Ulrich et al. Neuron, 2017). These in vivo phenotypes of TREM2 loss-of-function in the CNS include elevated the plaque burden and lower levels of secreted microglial factors SPP1 and Osteopontin that are characteristic of the microglial response to amyloid pathology (Ulland et al. Cell, 2017). Other rodent studies have demonstrated that loss of TREM2 leads to decreased microglial clustering around plaques and emergence of less compact plaque morphology in familial AD amyloid models (Parhizkar et al. Nat Neurosci 2019). With regards to the Tau protein pathology that is observed in LOAD, familial tauopathy models in mice demonstrated an enhanced spreading of pathological human Tau aggregates from point of injection into mouse brain in TREM2 KO mice (Leyns et al. Nat Neurosci 2019). Furthermore, single-cell RNASeq studies with the TREM2 KO mice in aged scenarios, 5XFAD familial Alzheimer’s disease model mice, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis SOD1 mutant mouse backgrounds indicate that TREM2 receptor function is critical for a conserved set of phenotypic transformations within microglial populations in response to CNS pathology (Keren-Shaul et al. Cell 2017).

[0008] In rodent models where TREM2 expression levels are elevated, brain amyloid pathology in the 5XFAD transgenic mice displayed reduced plaque volume and altered morphology (Lee et al. Neuron, 2018). The changes in immunohistological markers relating to brain amyloid pathology were also accompanied by an attenuated presence of dystrophic neurites when TREM2 was overexpressed. Id. Therefore, the pharmacological activation of TREM2 is a target of interest for treating or preventing neurological, neurodegenerative and other diseases. Despite many attempts to alter disease progression by targeting the pathological hallmarks of LOAD through anti-amyloid and anti-Tau therapeutics, there is a need for activators of TREM2 to address the genetics-implicated neuroimmune aspects of, for example, LOAD. Such TREM2 activators may be suitable for use as therapeutic agents and remain in view of the significant continuing societal burden that remains unmitigated for diseases. SUMMARY

[0009] First, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein: Ring A together with the 6-membered ring system to which it is fused forms a bicyclic ring system selected from one of: (1-in), R1 0 (Liv); V1 and V2 are each independently N, NR8b, or S, wherein both V1 and V2 are not S, and wherein the bonds in the ring comprising V1 and V2 are either single or double bonds, depending on the valency of V1 and V2; W1, W2, W3, and W4 are each independently C(R10), N, or NR8b, wherein the bonds connecting W3 to W4 and W4to NR8b are either single or double bonds, depending on the valency of W3andW4; Xis C(Rn) orN; Yis C(R12) orN; Zis C(R18)2 orO; R1 is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13; each R2 is independently Ci.e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; or two R2, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an oxo group; R3 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R15; R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8a is hydrogen, Ci.e alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci.e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8b is absent, hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R9a, R9b, and R9c are independently in each instance hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl or halogen; R10, R11, and R12 are each independently in each instance hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-e alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -0(Ra), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; each R13 is independently deuterium, Ci-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), -C(0)N(RB)(Rc), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each R14, R15, and R16 is independently deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-e haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17;or two R14, two R15, or two R16, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Ra is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -C(O)-alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; or Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form -N=C(RD)(RE) or a heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Rd and RE is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; or each R17 is deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, or cyano; or two R17 form an oxo; each R18 is independently H, Ci-e alkyl, or halo; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0010] Second, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0011] Third, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition as described hereinabove, for use in treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2.

[0012] Fourth, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition described hereinabove, for use in treating or preventing Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, Nasu-Hakola disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, prion disease, or stroke.

[0013] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present disclosure. While certain embodiments of the present disclosure will be described, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the embodiments of the present disclosure to those described embodiments. To the contrary, reference to embodiments of the present disclosure is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] Provided herein is a compound of Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein: Ring A together with the 6-membered ring system to which it is fused forms a bicyclic ring system selected from one of: (I-ih), R1 0         (I-iv); V1 and V2 are each independently N, NR8b, or S, wherein both V1 and V2 are not S, and wherein the bonds in the ring comprising V1 and V2 are either single or double bonds, depending on the valency of V1 and V2; W1, W2, W3, and W4 are each independently C(R10), N, or NR8b, wherein the bonds connecting W3 to W4 and W4to NR8b are either single or double bonds, depending on the valency of W3andW4; Xis C(Rn) orN; Yis C(R12) orN; Zis C(R18)2 orO; R1 is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13; each R2 is independently Ci.e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; or two R2, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an oxo group; R3 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R15; R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8a is hydrogen, Ci.e alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci.e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8b is absent, hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R9a, R9b, and R9c are independently in each instance hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl or halogen; R10, R11, and R12 are each independently in each instance hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-e alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -0(Ra), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; each R13 is independently deuterium, Ci-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), -C(0)N(RB)(Rc), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each R14, R15, and R16 is independently deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-e haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17;or two R14, two R15, or two R16, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Ra is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -C(O)-alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; or Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form -N=C(RD)(RE) or a heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Rd and RE is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; or each R17 is deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, or cyano; or two R17 form an oxo; each R18 is independently H, Ci-e alkyl, or halo; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0015] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (F): O’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Ring A, together with the 6-membered ring system to which it is fused, forms a bicyclic ring system selected from one of Wis C(R10) orN; Xis C(Rn) orN; Yis C(R12) orN; R1 is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13; each R2 is independently Ci.e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, Ci.e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; or two R2, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an oxo group; R3 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R15; R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8is hydrogen, Ci-e alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or N(RB)(RC), wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R8a is hydrogen, Ci.ealkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci.eheteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; R9aandR9bare each independently Ci-e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-e haloalkyl or halogen; R10, R11, and R12 are each independently hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16; each R13 is independently deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each R14, R15, and R16 is independently deuterium, Ci-e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Ra is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -C(O)-alkyl, wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; each R17 is deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, or cyano; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0016] In some embodiments, Ring A is (I-i1). In some embodiments, W is C(R10) (e.g., CH). R1

[0017] In some embodiments, Ring A is W1 N R7 (j.j) jn SOme embodiments, W1 is C(R10) (e.g., CH). In some embodiments, W2 is C(R10) (e.g., CH). In some embodiments, W3 is C(R10) (e.g., CH). In some embodiments, W1, W2, and W3 are each N.

[0018] In some embodiments, R1 is a 4-membered, 5-membered, or 6-membered cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13. In some embodiments, R1 is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13. In other embodiments, R1 is selected from cyclohexyl, 4,4-difluoro-cyclohexyl, 4-fluoro-cyclohexyl, 4-fluoromethyl-cyclohexyl, (spiro)-cyclopropyl-cyclopropyl-F2, bicyclo[ 1.1.1]-trifluoromethyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]-difluoromethyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]-CF-(CH3)2, bicyclofl. 1.1]-CH2-CF3, bicyclo[l. 1.1]-CH2-CHF2, bicyclo[l. 1. 1]-CF2-CH3, bicyclo[l. 1. l]-chloro, or bicyclo[2.2.1]-CF2-CH3. In some embodiments, R1 is aryl or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13 . In some embodiments, R1 is phenyl or thiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13. In some embodiments, R13 is deuterium, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, or halogen.

[0019] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from those shown below:

[0023] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13. In some embodiments, R1 is a 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered, 7-membered, or 8-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with optionally substituted with one or more R13. In some embodiments, R1 is a 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered, 7-membered, or 8-membered cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13. In some embodiments, R1 is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with

[0024] In some embodiments, R1 is -O(RA), aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more R13 . In some embodiments, R1 is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiaxolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazoleyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrazyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13. In some embodiments, R1 is phenyl or thiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13. In some

[0025] In some embodiments, R13 is deuterium, Ci-e alkyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, Ci-e haloalkyl, halogen, cyano, or -C(O)N(RB)(Rc).

[0026] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0027] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, Ci-e alkyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-e haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, or -O(RA), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are each independently Ci-6 alkyl (e.g., CH,). In some embodiments, one of R6 and R7 is independently Ci-6 alkyl (e.g., CH,) and the other of R6 and R7 is independently -O(Ra) (e.g., CHs). In some embodiments, one of R6 and R7is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0028] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, or -O(RA), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, one of R6 and R7 is independently Ci-6 alkyl (e.g., CH3) and the other of R6 and R7 is independently Ci-6 alkyl or -O(RA) (e.g., OCH3). In some embodiments, one of R6 and R7 is CH3, and the other of R6 and R7 is OCH3. In some embodiments, R6 H CH3 CD3 and R7 are each independently selected from ,      ,

[0029] In some embodiments, X is C(Rn) (e.g., CH3). In some embodiments, X is N. In some embodiments, X is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0030] In some embodiments, X is C(Rn) (e.g., CH).

[0031] In some embodiments, Y is C(R12). In some embodiments, Y is N. In some embodiments, Y is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0032] In some embodiments, R12 is hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, Ci-eheteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, R12 is C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R16 (e.g., CH3, CD3). In some embodiments, R12 is Ci-ehaloalkyl (e.g., CHF2, CF3). In some embodiments, R12 is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, R12 is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0033] In some embodiments, Z is C(R18)2. In some embodiments, R18 is hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments, R18 is F. In some embodiments, Z is O.

[0034] In some embodiments, R2 is independently C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; or two R2, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an oxo group. In some embodiments, R2 is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0035] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from those shown below:

[0036] In some embodiments, R3 is substituted with Ci-salkyl comprising one or more deuteriums. In some embodiments, R3 is substituted with 1 to 3 substitutents selected from -CDs, - CHD2, and -CH2D.

[0037] In some embodiments, R3 is hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one H CH3 CD3 or more R15. In some embodiments, R3 is selected from hydrogen, Cl, OH ,       , and —.

[0038] In some embodiments, R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen or Ci-6 alkyl.

[0039] In some embodiments, R4 is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0040] In some embodiments, R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen or Ci-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, one of R4 and R5 is selected from those depicted in Table A below.

[0041] In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1.

[0042] In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1.

[0043] In some embodiments, Ring A is R1 (I-ii’). In some embodiments, W is C(R10) orN, R8 is Ci.e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci.e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16.

[0044] In some embodiments, Ring A is (I-ii). In some embodiments, V1 is S and V2 is N. In some embodiments, V1 is NR8b and V2 is N. In some embodiments, V1 is N and V2 is NR8b. In some embodiments, W1 and W2 are each independently N. In some embodiments, R8 is Ci- ealkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C1-6heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, R8 is -N(RB)(RC). In some embodiments, RB and Rc are each indepdently C1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, RB and Rc are each indepdently CH3. In some embodiments, R8b is C1-6alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, R8b is C1-6alkyl. In some embodiments, R8b is CH3. R9a R9b J]   |[^M-R8a

[0045] In some embodiments, Ring A is R10           (I-iii’). In some embodiments, W is C(R10) orN, R8a is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C1-6heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, each R9a and R9b is hydrogen.

[0046] In some embodiments, Ring A together with the 6-membered ring system to which it is R1R9a R9b fused forms            O (I-iii)- In some embodiments, R8a is hydrogen, Ci.e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C1-6heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16. In some embodiments, R8a is Ci-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R8a is CH3. In some embodiments, each of R9a and R9b is hydrogen.

[0047] In some embodiments, Ring A together with the 6-membered ring system to which it is

[0048] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-a) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0049] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-b) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0050] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-c) R13 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0051] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-d) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0052] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-e) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0053] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-f) R13 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R2, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0054] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-g) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0055] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-h) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0056] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-j) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0057] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-k) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0058] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (1-1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0059] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-m) r a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0060] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-n) ^, / (R13)o-6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0061] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-o) R13 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0062] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-p) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0063] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-q) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0064] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-r) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R2, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0065] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-s) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0066] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-t) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0067] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-u) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0068] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-v) R2                      (i-v) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0069] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-w) R2                   (I-w) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0070] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-x): (RZ)n (I-x), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0071] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-y): stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each ofX, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, W1, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0072] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-z): stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0073] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-aa): stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0074] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-bb): (R )n                   (I-bb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each ofX, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, W3, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0075] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-cc): (I-cc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, W1, W2, W3, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0076] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-dd): (R )n                   (I-dd), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, W1, W2, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0077] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-ee): (I-ee), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R8b, R10, W3, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0078] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-ff): (I-ff), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R8b, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0079] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-gg): stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of Ring A, W1, W2, R2, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

[0080] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound provided in Table A.

[0081] Further provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the compounds of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0082] In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of any of the previous embodiments, or a pharmaceutical composition of the previous embodiments, for use in treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2.

[0083] Further provided herein is a method of treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2 in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to any one of the previous embodiments, or a pharmaceutical composition of the previous embodiments.

[0084] In some embodiments, at least one hydrogen atom of the compound is a deuterium atom. In some embodiments, at least one Ci-Cealkyl group of the compound is substituted with at least one deuterium atom. In some embodiments, R6 is-CDs. In some embodiments, R7 is-CDs. In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are both -CDs. In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from H, D, -CHs, -CDs, -CHD2, and -CH2D. In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from -CHs, -CDs, -CHD2, and -CH2D. In some embodiments, R2 is deuterium. In some embodiments, the hydrogen atom attached to the same carbon as R2 is deuterium. In some embodiments, R3 is substituted with Ci-salkyl, comprising one or more deuteriums. In some embodiments, R3 is substituted with 1 to 3 substitutents selected from -CDs, -CHD2, and -CH2D.

[0085] Exemplary compounds of the disclosure are set forth in Table A, below. In some embodiments, the compound is a compound set forth in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof. Table A. Exemplary Compounds

[0086] The foregoing merely summarizes certain aspects of this disclosure and is not intended, nor should it be construed, as limiting the disclosure in any way. FORMULATION AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

[0087] While it may be possible to administer a compound disclosed herein alone in the uses described, the compound administered normally will be present as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition. Thus, in one embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as diluents, carriers, adjuvants and the like, and, if desired, other active ingredients. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Volume I and Volume II, twenty-second edition, edited by Loyd V. Allen Jr., Philadelphia, PA, Pharmaceutical Press, 2012; Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (Vol. 1-3), Liberman et al., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 1992; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (3rd Ed.), edited by Arthur H. Kibbe, American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, 2000; Pharmaceutical Formulation: The Science and Technology of Dosage Forms (Drug Discovery), first edition, edited by GD Tovey, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.

[0088] The compound(s) disclosed herein may be administered by any suitable route in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route and in a dose effective for the treatment intended. The compounds and compositions presented herein may, for example, be administered orally, mucosally, topically, transdermally, rectally, pulmonarily, parentally, intranasally, intravascularly, intravenously, intraarterial, intraperitoneally, intrathecally, subcutaneously, sublingually, intramuscularly, intrastemally, vaginally or by infusion techniques, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

[0089] The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, chewable tablet, minitablet, caplet, pill, bead, hard capsule, soft capsule, gelatin capsule, granule, powder, lozenge, patch, cream, gel, sachet, microneedle array, syrup, flavored syrup,juice, drop, injectable solution, emulsion, microemulsion, ointment, aerosol, aqueous suspension, or oily suspension. The pharmaceutical composition is typically made in the form of a dosage unit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient.

[0090] In one aspect, the disclsoure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0091] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound, salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer therefore, for use as a medicament. Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions

[0092] According to some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a compound of this disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in compositions of this disclosure is such that it is effective to measurably activate a TREM2 protein, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount of compound in compositions of this disclosure is such that it is effective to measurably activate a TREM2 protein, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a composition of this disclosure is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In some embodiments, a composition of this disclosure is formulated for oral administration to a patient.

[0093] Compositions of the present disclosure may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrastemal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this disclosure may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.

[0094] For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their poly oxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

[0095] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and com starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

[0096] Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

[0097] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

[0098] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

[0099] For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of compounds of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

[0100] For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

[0101] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and / or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

[0102] Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be administered with or without food. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure are administered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure are administered with food.

[0103] The amount of compounds of the present disclosure that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg / kg body weight / day of the compound can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

[0104] It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present disclosure in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition. METHODS OF USE

[0105] As discussed herein (see, section entitled “Definitions”), the compounds described herein are to be understood to include all stereoisomers, tautomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing or solvates of any of the foregoing. Accordingly, the scope of the methods and uses provided in the instant disclosure is to be understood to encompass also methods and uses employing all such forms.

[0106] Besides being useful for human treatment, the compounds provided herein may be useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. For example, animals including horses, dogs, and cats may be treated with compounds provided herein.

[0107] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the following is noted: TREM2 has been implicated in several myeloid cell processes, including phagocytosis, proliferation, survival, and regulation of inflammatory cytokine production. Ulrich and Holtzman 2016. In the last few years, TREM2 has been linked to several diseases. For instance, mutations in both TREM2 and DAP12 have been linked to the autosomal recessive disorder Nasu-Hakola Disease, which is characterized by bone cysts, muscle wasting and demyelination phenotypes. Guerreiro et al. 2013. More recently, variants in the TREM2 gene have been linked to increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia including frontotemporal dementia. Jonsson et al. 2013, Guerreiro, Lohmann et al. 2013, and Jay, Miller et al. 2015. In particular, the R47H variant has been identified in genome-wide studies as being associated with increased risk for late-onset AD with an overall adjusted odds ratio (for populations of all ages) of 2.3, second only to the strong genetic association of ApoE to Alzheimer's. The R47H mutation resides on the extracellular 1g V-set domain of the TREM2 protein and has been shown to impact lipid binding and uptake of apoptotic cells and Abeta (Wang et al. 2015; Yeh et al. 2016), suggestive of a loss-of-function linked to disease. Further, postmortem comparison of AD patients' brains with and without the R47H mutation are supportive of a novel loss-of-microglial barrier function for the carriers of the mutation, with the R47H carrier microglia putatively demonstrating a reduced ability to compact plaques and limit their spread. Yuan et al. 2016. Impairment in microgliosis has been reported in animal models of prion disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, suggesting that TREM2 may play an important role in supporting microgliosis in response to pathology or damage in the central nervous system. Ulrich and Holtzman 2016. In addition, knockdown of TREM2 has been shown to aggravate a-syn-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and exacerbate dopaminergic neuron loss in response to AAV-SYN in vivo (a model of Parkinson’s disease), suggesting that impaired microglial TREM2 signaling exacerbates neurodegeneration by modulating microglial activation states. Guo et. al. 2019. A variety of animal models also suggest that Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) signaling is important in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) via persistent expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Signaling through TREM2 / DAP12 inhibits TLR responses by reducing MAPK (Erkl / 2) activation, suggesting that TREM2 activation may act as a negative regulator of TLR driven RA pathogenesis. Huang and Pope 2009.

[0108] In view of the data indicating that deficits in TREM2 activity affect macrophage and microglia function, the compounds disclosed herein are of particular use in disorders, such as those described above and in the embodiments that follow and in neurodegenerative disorders more generally.

[0109] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2.

[0110] In another aspect, the present disclosure features a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating a disease, disorder, or condition. Exemplary diseases, disorders, or conditions include proliferative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, and tissues injuries. [OlH] In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a benign condition, e.g., a benign neoplasm. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a cancer. The cancer may be a cancer of any cell or tissue in the body, for example, a cancer of the brain, eye, thyroid, breast, lung, stomach, kidney, pancreas, bladder, colon, rectum, uterus, ovaries, prostate, skin, fibrous tissues, lympathic system, bone marrow, blood, or immune system. The cancer may comprise a tumor or solid cancer (e.g., a carcinoma) or a non-mass cancer. Exemplary cancers include glioblastoma, retinoblastoma, skin cancer, ocular cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, ductal carcinoma, lungadenocarcinoma, lymphoma, endometrial cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cell cancer, ovarian cancer, fibrosarcoma, leukemia, myeloma, and polycythemia vera.

[0112] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is cardiovascular. Exemplary cardiovascular diseases, disorders, and conditions include stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia (e.g. atrial fibrillation), aortic aneurysms, and venous thrombosis.

[0113] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is metabolic disease. Exemplary metabolic diseases include diabetes (e.g., Type 1 diabetes or Type 2 diabetes), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and Gaucher’s disease.

[0114] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is an inflammatory disease. Exemplary inflammatory diseases include arthritis, acute and chronic colitis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet’s disease, and granulomatous disorders.

[0115] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is an autoimmune disease. Exemplary autoimmune diseases include diabetes (e.g., Type 1 diabetes), lupus, sarcoidosis, and multiple sclerosis.

[0116] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the neurological disease is a neurodegenerative disease. Exemplary neurodegemative diseases include dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Parkinson’s disease, demential with Lewy bodies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease, taupathy disease, Nasu-Hakola disease, dry age-related macular degeneration (dry AMD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Shy-Drager syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, cortical basal ganglionic degeneration, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and retinal degeneration, In other embodiments, the neurological condition is acute trauma, chronic trauma, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, cognitive deficit and memory loss, essential tremor, central nervous system (CNS) lupus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and seizures.

[0117] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is an infectious disease. An infectious disease may be local or systemic. Exemplary infectious diseases include eye infections, malaria, respiratory tract infections, sepsis, herpes (e.g., CNS herpes), parasitic infections, Trypanosome infection, Cruzi infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, Leishmania donovani infection, group B Streptococcus infection, Campylobacter jejuni infection, Neisseria meningitidis infection, type I HIV, and Haemophilus influenza.

[0118] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is a tissue injury. Any tissues of the body may be injuried. Exemplary injuries include ocular (e.g. hyphoma), spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, hepatocellular, and wound repair in diabetes.

[0119] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating or preventing Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, Nasu-Hakola disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, prion disease, or stroke.

[0120] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2.

[0121] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, Nasu-Hakola disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, prion disease, or stroke.

[0122] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2 in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0123] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, Nasu-Hakola disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, prion disease, or stroke in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. CSF1R

[0124] CSF1R is a cell-surface receptor primarily for the cytokine colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), also known until recently as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which regulates the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of mononuclear phagocytic cells, including microglia of the central nervous system. CSF1R is composed of a highly glycosylated extracellular ligand-binding domain, a trans-membrane domain and an intracellular tyrosine-kinase domain. Binding of CSF-1 to CSF1R results in the formation of receptor homodimers and subsequent auto-phosphorylation of several tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain, notably Syk. In the brain, CSF1R is predominantly expressed in microglial cells. It has been found that microglia in CSF1R + / - patients are depleted and show increased apoptosis (Oosterhof et al., 2018).

[0125] The present disclosure relates to the unexpected discovery that administration of a TREM2 agonist can rescue the loss of microglia in cells having mutations in CSF1R. It has been previously shown that TREM2 agonist antibody 4D9 increases ATP luminescence (a measure of cell number and activity) in a dose dependent manner when the levels of M-CSF in media are reduced to 5 ng / mL (Schlepckow et al, EMBO Mol Med., 2020) and that TREM2 agonist AL002c increases ATP luminescence when M-CSF is completely removed from the media (Wang et al, J. Exp. Med.; 2020, 217(9): e20200785). This finding suggests that TREM2 agonism can compensate for deficiency in CSF1R signaling caused by a decrease in the concentration of its ligand. In a 5xFAD murine Alzheimer’s disease model of amyloid pathology, doses of a CSF1R inhibitor that almost completely eliminate microglia in the brains of wild-type animals show surviving microglia clustered around the amyloid plaques (Spangenberg et al, Nature Communications 2019). Plaque amyloid has been demonstrated in the past to be a ligand for TREM2, and it has been shown that microglial engagement with amyloid is dependent on TREM2 (Condello et al, Nat Comm., 2015). The present dsiclosure relates to the unexpected discovery that it is activation of TREM2 that rescued the microglia in the presence of the CSF1R inhibitor, and that this effect is also observed in patients suffering from loss of microglia due to CSF1R mutation. This discovery has not been previously taught or suggested in the available art.

[0126] To date, no prior study has shown that TREM2 agonism can rescue the loss of microglia in cells where mutations in the CSF1R kinase domain reduce CSF1R activity, rather than the presence of a CSF1R inhibitor or a deficiency in CSF1R ligand. Furthermore, no prior study has taught or suggested that reversal of the loss of microglia due to a CSF1R mutation through TREM2 agonism can be used to treat a disease or disorder caused by and / or associated with a CSF1R mutation.

[0127] Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), previously recognized as hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) or pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), is an autosomal-dominant central nervous system disease that manifests in the form of variable behavioral, cognitive and motor function changes in patients suffering from the disease. ALSP is characterized by patchy cerebral white matter abnormalities visible by magnetic resonance imaging. However, the clinical symptoms and MRI changes are not specific to ALSP and are common for other neurological conditions, including Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD) and AD, making diagnosis and treatment of ALSP very difficult.

[0128] Recent studies have discovered that ALSP is a Mendelian disorder in which patients carry a heterozygous loss of function mutation in the kinase domain of CSF1R, suggesting a reduced level of signaling on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) / CSF1R axis (Rademakers et al, Nat Genet 2012; Konno et al, Neurology 2018). In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to the surprising discovery that activation of the TREM2 pathway can rescue the loss of microglia in CSF1R + / - ALSP patients, preventing microglia apoptosis, thereby treating the ALSP condition.

[0129] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating or preventing a condition associated with dysfunction of Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor / M-CSFR, or cluster of differentiation 115 / CD115).

[0130] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating or preventing adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS), pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), pediatric-onset leukoencephalopathy, congenital absence of microglia, or brain abnormalities neurodegeneration and dysosteosclerosis (BANDDOS).

[0131] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing a condition associated with dysfunction of CSF1R.

[0132] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS), pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), pediatric-onset leukoencephalopathy, congenital absence of microglia, or brain abnormalities neurodegeneration and dysosteosclerosis (BANDDOS).

[0133] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder associated with dysfunction of CSF1R in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is selected for treatment based on a diagnosis that includes the presence of a mutation in a CSF1R gene affecting the function of CSF1R. In some embodiments, the mutation in the CSF1R gene is a mutation that causes a decrease in CSF1R activity or a cessation of CSF1R activity. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a heterozygous CSF1R mutation. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a homozygous CSF1R mutation. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a splice mutation in the csflr gene. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a missense mutation in the csflr gene. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a mutation in the catalytic kinase domain of CSF1R. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a mutation in an immunoglobulin domain of CSF1R. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a mutation in the ectodomain of CSF1R. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder resulting from a change (e.g. increase, decrease or cessation) in the activity of CSF1R. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder resulting from a decrease or cessation in the activity of CSF1R. CSF1R related activities that are changed in the disease or disorder include, but are not limited to: decrease or loss of microglia function; increased microglia apoptosis; decrease in Src signaling; decrease in Syk signaling; decreased microglial proliferation; decreased microglial response to cellular debris; decreased phagocytosis; and decreased release of cytokines in response to stimuli. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in CSF1R. In some embodiments, the loss-of-function mutation results in a complete cessation of CSF1R function. In some embodiments, the loss-of-function mutation results in a partial loss of CSF1R function, or a decrease in CSF1R activity.

[0134] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS), pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), pediatric-onset leukoencephalopathy, congenital absence of microglia, or brain abnormalities neurodegeneration and dysosteosclerosis (BANDDOS) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the method treats or prevents ALSP, which is an encompassing and superseding name for both HDLS and POLD. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a homozygous mutation in CSF1R. In some embodiments, the method treats or prevents pediatric-onset leukoencephalopathy. In some embodiments, the method treats or prevents congenital absence of microglia. In some embodiments, the method treats or prevents brain abnormalities neurodegeneration and dysosteosclerosis (BANDDOS).

[0135] In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Nasu-Hakola disease, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, prion disease, stroke, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, osteosclerosis, skeletal dysplasia, dysosteoplasia, Pyle disease, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, cerebroretinal vasculopathy, or metachromatic leukodystrophy wherein any of the aforementioned diseases or disorders are present in a patient exhibiting CSF1R dysfunction, or having a mutation in a gene affecting the function of CSF1R, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. ABCD1

[0136] The ABCD1 gene provides instructions for producing the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). ABCD1 (ALDP) maps to Xq28. ABCD1 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. The superfamily contains membrane proteins that translocate a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes, including metabolic products, lipids and sterols, and drugs. ALDP is located in the membranes of cell structures called peroxisomes. Peroxisomes are small sacs within cells that process many types of molecules. ALDP brings a group of fats called very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) into peroxisomes, where they are broken down. As ABCD1 is highly expressed in microglia, it is possible that microglial dysfunction and their close interaction with other cell types actively participates in neurodegenerative processes (Gong et al.. Annals of Neurology. 2017; 82(5):813-827.). It has been shown that severe microglia loss and damage is an early feature in patients with cerebral form of x-linked ALD (cALD) carrying ABCD1 mutations (Bergner et al., Glia. 2019; 67: 1196-1209). It has also been shown that ABCD1-deficiency leads to an impaired plasticity of myeloid lineage cells that is reflected in incomplete establishment of antiinflammatory responses, thus possibly contributing to the devastating rapidly progressive demyelination in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (Weinhor et al., BRAIN 2018: 141; 2329-2342). These findings emphasize microglia / monocytes / macrophages as crucial therapeutic targets for preventing or stopping myelin destruction in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

[0137] The present disclosure relates to the unexpected discovery that administration of a TREM2 agonist can rescue the loss of microglia in cells having mutations in the ABCD1 gene. It has been previously shown that TREM2 agonist antibody 4D9 increases ATP luminescence (a measure of cell number and activity) in a dose dependent manner when the levels of M-CSF in media are reduced to 5 ng / mL (Schlepckow et al, EMBO Mol Med., 2020) and that TREM2 agonist AL002c increases ATP luminescence when M-CSF is completely removed from the media (Wang et al, J. Exp. Med.; 2020, 217(9): e20200785). This finding suggests that TREM2 agonism can compensate for deficiency in ABCD1 function leading to sustained activation, proliferation, chemotaxis of microglia, maintenance of anti-inflammatory environment and reduced astrocytosis caused by a decrease in ABCD1 and accumulation of VLCFAs. The present disclosure relates to the unexpected discovery that activation of TREM2 can rescue the microglia in the presence of the ABCD1 mutation and an increase in VLCFA, and that this effect may be also observed in patients suffering from loss of microglia due to ABCD1 mutation. This discovery has not been previously taught or suggested in the available art.

[0138] To date, no prior study has shown that TREM2 agonism can rescue the loss of microglia in cells where mutations in the ABCD1 and a VLCFA increase is present. No prior study has taught or suggested that reversal of the loss of microglia due to an ABCD 1 mutation through TREM2 agonism can be used to treat a disease or disorder caused by and / or associated with an ABCD1 mutation.

[0139] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating or preventing a condition associated with dysfunction of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCD1).

[0140] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating or preventing X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (x-ALD), Globoid cell leukodystrophy (also known as Krabbe disease), Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), Vanishing white matter disease (VWM), Alexander disease, fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD), and X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX).

[0141] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing a condition associated with dysfunction of ABCD 1.

[0142] In one aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (x-ALD), Globoid cell leukodystrophy (also known as Krabbe disease), Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), Vanishing white matter disease (VWM), Alexander disease, fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD), and X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX).

[0143] In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder associated with dysfunction of ABCD1 in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the patient is selected for treatment based on a diagnosis that includes the presence of a mutation in an ABCD1 gene affecting the function of ABCD1. In some embodiments, the mutation in the ABCD1 gene is a mutation that causes a decrease in ABCD1 activity or a cessation of ABCD1 activity. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a heterozygous ABCD1 mutation. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a homozygous ABCD1 mutation. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a splice mutation in the ABCD1 gene. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a missense mutation in the ABCD1 gene. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder resulting from a change (e.g. increase, decrease or cessation) in the activity of ABCD1. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder resulting from a decrease or cessation in the activity of ABCD1. ABCD1 related activities that are changed in the disease or disorder include, but are not limited to peroxisomal import of fatty acids and / or fatty acyl-CoAs and production of adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in ABCD1. In some embodiments, the loss-of-function mutation results in a complete cessation of ABCD1 function. In some embodiments, the loss-of-function mutation results in a partial loss of ABCD1 function, or a decrease in ABCD1 activity. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is caused by a homozygous mutation in ABCD1. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by and / or associated with an ABCD 1 dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is an immunological disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is an immunological disorder caused by and / or associated with an ABCD1 dysfunction.

[0144] In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (x-ALD), Globoid cell leukodystrophy (also known as Krabbe disease), Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), Vanishing white matter disease (VWM), Alexander disease, fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD), and X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, any of the aforementioned diseases are present in a patient exhibiting ABCD1 dysfunction or having a mutation in a gene affecting the function of ABCDf. In some embodiments, the method treats or prevents X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (x-ALD). In some embodiments, the x-ALD is a cerebral form of x-linked ALD (cALD). In some embodiments, the method treats or prevents Addison disease wherein the patient has been found to have a mutation in one or more ABCD1 genes affecting ABCD1 function. In some embodiments, the method treats or prevents Addison disease, wherein the patient has a loss-of-function mutation in ABCD 1.

[0145] In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Nasu-Hakola disease, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Parkinson’s disease, wherein any of the aforementioned diseases or disorders are present in a patient exhibiting ABCD1 dysfunction, or having a mutation in a gene affecting the function of ABCD1, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Autism Spectrum Disorders

[0146] It has been found that TREM2 deficient mice exhibit symptoms reminiscent of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) (Filipello et al., Immunity, 2018, 48, 979-991). It has also been found that microglia depletion of the autophagy Aatg7 gene results in defective synaptic pruning and results in increased dendritic spine density, and abnormal social interaction and repetitive behaviors indicative of ASDs (Kim, et al., Molecular Psychiatry, 2017, 22, 1576-1584.). Further studies have shown that increased dendritic spin density detected in post-mortem ASD brains, likely caused by defective synaptic pruning, results in circuit hypoconnectivity and behavioral defects and are a potential origin of a number of neurodevelopmental diseases (Tang, et al., Neuron, 2014, 83, 1131-1143). Without intending to be limited to any particular theory, these findings suggest that TREM2 activation can reverse microglia depletion, and therefore correct the defective synaptic pruning that is central to neurodevelopmental diseases such as ASDs. The present disclosure relates to the unexpected discovery that activation of TREM2, using a compound of the present disclosure, can rescue microglia in subjects suffering from an ASD. This discovery has not been previously taught or suggested in the available art.

[0147] In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating autism or autism spectrum disorders.

[0148] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating autism or autism spectrum disorders.

[0149] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating autism or autism spectrum disorders in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the method treats autism. In some embodiments, the method treats Asperger syndrome.

[0150] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of increasing the activity of TREM2, the method comprising contacting a compound of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer with the TREM2. In some embodiments, the contacting takes place in vitro. In some embodiments, the contacting takes place in vivo. In some embodiments, the TREM2 is human TREM2. Combination Therapies

[0151] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat that condition, may be administered in combination with compounds and compositions of this disclosure. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

[0152] In certain embodiments, a provided combination, or composition thereof, is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

[0153] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disclosed disease or condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer and co-administering simultaneously or sequentially an effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, the method includes co-administering one additional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the method includes co-administering two additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the combination of the disclosed compound and the additional therapeutic agent or agents acts synergistically.

[0154] Examples of agents the combinations of this disclosure may also be combined with include, without limitation: treatments for Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, Nasu-Hakola disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, prion disease, or stroke.

[0155] As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this disclosure. For example, a combination of the present disclosure may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form.

[0156] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this disclosure will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

[0157] One or more other therapeutic agent may be administered separately from a compound or composition of the present disclosure, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, one or more other therapeutic agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this disclosure in a single composition. If administered as a multiple dosage regime, one or more other therapeutic agent and a compound or composition of the present disclosure may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another, for example within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours from one another. In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent and a compound or composition of the present disclosure are administered as a multiple dosage regimen within greater than 24 hours a parts.

[0158] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a provided compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer and one or more additional therapeutic agents. The therapeutic agent may be administered together with a provided compound a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or may be administered prior to or following administration of a provided compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer. Suitable therapeutic agents are described in further detail below. In certain embodiments, a provided compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours before the therapeutic agent. In other embodiments, a provided compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours following the therapeutic agent. DEFINITIONS

[0159] The following definitions are provided to assist in understanding the scope of this disclosure.

[0160] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification or claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

[0161] As used herein, if any variable occurs more than one time in a chemical formula, its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. If the chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure is determinative of the identity of the compound.

[0162] As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 101st Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 2005, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions Mechanisms and Structure”, 8th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2019, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Stereoisomers

[0163] The compounds of the present disclosure may contain, for example, double bonds, one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, and bonds with a hindered rotation, and therefore, may exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers (E / Z)), enantiomers, diastereomers, and atropoisomers. Accordingly, the scope of the instant disclosure is to be understood to encompass all possible stereoisomers of the illustrated compounds, including the stereoisomerically pure form (for example, geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, diastereomerically pure, and atropoisomerically pure) and stereoisomeric mixtures (for example, mixtures of geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and atropoisomers, or mixture of any of the foregoing) of any chemical structures disclosed herein (in whole or in part), unless the stereochemistry is specifically identified.

[0164] If the stereochemistry of a structure or a portion of a structure is not indicated with, for example, bold or dashed lines, the structure or portion of the structure is to be interpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers of it. If the stereochemistry of a structure or a portion of a structure is indicated with, for example, bold or dashed lines, the structure or portion of the structure is to be interpreted as encompassing only the stereoisomer indicated. For example, (1R)-1 -methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexane is meant to encompass (lR,2R)-l-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexane and (lR,2S)-l-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexane. A bond drawn with a wavy line indicates that both stereoisomers are encompassed. This is not to be confused with a wavy line drawn perpendicular to a bond which indicates the point of attachment of a group to the rest of the molecule.

[0165] The term “stereoisomer” or “stereoisomerically pure” compound as used herein refers to one stereoisomer (for example, geometric isomer, enantiomer, diastereomer and atropoisomer) of a compound that is substantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound. For example, a stereoisomerically pure compound having one chiral center will be substantially free of the mirror image enantiomer of the compound and a stereoisomerically pure compound having two chiral centers will be substantially free of the other enantiomer and diastereomers of the compound. A typical stereoisomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and equal or less than about 20% by weight of other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 90% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and equal or less than about 10% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 95% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and equal or less than about 5% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, or greater than about 97% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and equal or less than about 3% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound.

[0166] This disclosure also encompasses the pharmaceutical compositions comprising stereoisomerically pure forms and the use of stereoisomerically pure forms of any compounds disclosed herein. Further, this disclosure also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions comprising mixtures of stereoisomers of any compounds disclosed herein and the use of said pharmaceutical compositions or mixtures of stereoisomers. These stereoisomers or mixtures thereof may be synthesized in accordance with methods well known in the art and methods disclosed herein. Mixtures of stereoisomers may be resolved using standard techniques, such as chiral columns or chiral resolving agents. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725; Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962); and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions, page 268 (Eliel, Ed., Univ, of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, 1972). Tautomers

[0167] As known by those skilled in the art, certain compounds disclosed herein may exist in one or more tautomeric forms. Because one chemical structure may only be used to represent one tautomeric form, it will be understood that for convenience, referral to a compound of a given structural formula includes other tautomers of said structural formula. For example, the following is illustrative of tautomers of the compounds of Formula (I), wherein Ring A, together with the 6- membered ring system to which it is fused, forms a bicyclic ring system of , and wherein R8a is H:

[0168] Additionally, a second tautomer is possible for compounds of Formula (I) wherein R3 is

[0169] Accordingly, the scope of the instant disclosure is to be understood to encompass all tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein. Isotopically-Labelled Compounds

[0170] Further, the scope of the present disclosure includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labelled compounds of the compounds disclosed herein, such as the compounds of Formula (I), wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds disclosed herein include isotopes of hydrogen, such as 2H and 3H, carbon, such as nC, 13C and 14C, chlorine, such as 36C1, fluorine, such as 18F, iodine, such as 123I and 125I, nitrogen, such as 13N and 15N, oxygen, such as 15O, 17O and 18O, phosphorus, such as 32P, and sulphur, such as 35S. Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula (I), for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and / or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C) are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection. Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium (2H or D) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be advantageous in some circumstances. Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as nC, 18F, 15O and 13N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies, for example, for examining target occupancy. Isotopically-labelled compounds of the compounds disclosed herein can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying General Synthetic Schemes and Examples using an appropriate isotopically-labelled reagent in place of the non-labelled reagent previously employed. Solvates

[0171] As discussed above, the compounds disclosed herein and the stereoisomers, tautomers, and isotopically-labelled forms thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing may exist in solvated or unsolvated forms.

[0172] The term “solvate” as used herein refers to a molecular complex comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein and a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules. If the solvent is water, the solvate is referred to as a “hydrate.”

[0173] Accordingly, the scope of the instant disclosure is to be understood to encompass all solvents of the compounds disclosed herein and the stereoisomers, tautomers and isotopically-labelled forms thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing. Miscellaneous Definitions

[0174] This section will define additional terms used to describe the scope of the compounds, compositions and uses disclosed herein.

[0175] The term “alkyl”, as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Unless otherwise specified, alkyl groups contain 1 to 6 alkyl carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 5 alkylcarbon atoms. In other embodiments, alkylgroups contain 1 to 4 alkylcarbon atoms. In still other embodiments, alkylgroups contain 1 to 3 alkylcarbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, alkylgroups contain 1 to 2 alkylcarbon atoms.

[0176] The term “cycloalkyl” or “carbocyclic” as used herein, means a hydrocarbon ring, substituted or unsubstituted that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. In some embodiments “cycloalkyl,” refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, or spirocyclic ring, C3-12 hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Suitable cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

[0177] As used herein, the term “bicyclic ring” or “bicyclic ring system” refers to any bicyclic ring system, i.e. carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or having one or more units of unsaturation, having one or more atoms in common between the two rings of the ring system. Thus, the term includes any permissible ring fusion, such as ort / io-fused or spirocyclic. As used herein, the term “heterobicyclic” is a subset of “bicyclic” that requires that one or more heteroatoms are present in one or both rings of the bicycle. Such heteroatoms may be present at ring junctions and are optionally substituted, and may be selected from nitrogen (including N-oxides), oxygen, sulfur (including oxidized forms such as sulfones and sulfonates), phosphorus (including oxidized forms such as phosphonates and phosphates), boron, etc. In some embodiments, a bicyclic group has 7-12 ring members and 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. As used herein, the term “bridged bicyclic” refers to any bicyclic ring system, i.e. carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated, having at least one bridge. As defined by IUPAC, a “bridge” is an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a valence bond connecting two bridgeheads, where a “bridgehead” is any skeletal atom of the ring system which is bonded to three or more skeletal atoms (excluding hydrogen). In some embodiments, a bridged bicyclic group has 7-12 ring members and 04 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Such bridged bicyclic groups are well known in the art and include those groups set forth below where each group is attached to the rest of the molecule at any substitutable carbon or nitrogen atom. Unless otherwise specified, a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as set forth for alkyl groups. Additionally or alternatively, any substitutable nitrogen of a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted. Exemplary bicyclic rings include:

[0178] Exemplary bridged bicyclics include:

[0179] The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C1-4 straight or branched alkyl group. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

[0180] The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C1-4 straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

[0181] The term “Ci-e haloalkyl” refers to a Ci-e straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

[0182] The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quatemized form of any basic nitrogen; or an oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon atom in a heterocyclic ring.

[0183] The term “unsaturated,” as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.

[0184] As used herein, the term “bivalent Ci-s (orCi-e) saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein.

[0185] The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., -(CH2)n-, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted alkyl group.

[0186] The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted alkyl group.

[0187] As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7 to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably 1 to 4, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring (having 0 to 3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

[0188] A heterocyclic ring can be attached to a provided compound at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclyl ring,” “heterocyclic group,” “heterocyclic moiety,” and “heterocyclic radical,” are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl rings, such as indolinyl, 3 / / indolyl. chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl. A heterocyclyl group may be monocyclic or bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, or spirocyclic. A heterocyclic ring may include one or more oxo (=0) or thioxo (=S) substituent. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0189] As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.

[0190] The terms “Ci-salkyl,” “Ci-salkyl,” and “Ci.ealkyl” as used herein refer to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 3, 1 to 5, and 1 to 6 carbon atoms, respectively. Representative examples of Ci-salkyl, Chalky, or Ci.ealkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl and hexyl.

[0191] The term “C2-4alkenyl” as used herein refers to a saturated hydrocarbon containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenyl groups include both straight and branched moieties. Representative examples of C2-4alkenyl include, but are not limited to, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, and butenyl.

[0192] The term “Cs-ecycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated carbocyclic molecule wherein the cyclic framework has 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Representative examples of Q.gcycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

[0193] The terms “diCi.3alkylamino” as used herein refer to -NR*R**, wherein R* and R** independently represent a Ci.3alkyl as defined herein. Representative examples of diCi.3alkylamino include, but are not limited to, -N(CH3)2, -N(CH2CH3)2, -N(CH3)(CH2CH3), -NCCThCTkCHsX, and -N(CH(CH3)2)2.

[0194] The term “Ci.3alkoxy” and “Ci-ealkoxy” as used herein refer to -OR#, wherein R# represents a Ci.3alkyl and Ci-ealkyl group, respectively, as defined herein. Representative examples of Ci.3alkoxy or Ci-galkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, iso-propoxy, and butoxy.

[0195] The term “halogen” as used herein refers to -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0196] The term “halo” as used herein as a prefix to another term for a chemical group refers to a modification of the chemical group, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted with a halogen as defined herein. The halogen is independently selected at each occurrence. For example, the term “Ci.ghaloalkyl” refers to a Ci.galkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted with a halogen. Representative examples of Ci.ghaloalkyl include, but are not limited to, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CHFC1, -CH2CF3, -CFHCF3, -CF2CF3, -CH(CF3)2, -CF(CHF2)2, and -CH(CH2F)(CF3). Further, the term “Ci.ghaloalkoxy” for example refers to a Ci-galkoxy as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted with a halogen. Representative examples of Ci.ghaloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, -OCH2F, -OCHF2, -OCF3, -OCHFC1, -OCH2CF3, -OCFHCF3, -OCF2CF3, -OCH(CF3)2, -OCF(CHF2)2, and -OCH(CH2F)(CF3).

[0197] The term “5-membered heteroaryl” or “6-membered heteroaryl” as used herein refers to a 5 or 6-membered carbon ring with two or three double bonds containing one ring heteroatom selected from N, S, and O and optionally one or two further ring N atoms instead of the one or more ring carbon atom(s). Representative examples of a 5-membered heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and oxazolyl. Representative examples of a 6-membered heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl, and pyridazyl.

[0198] The term “C3.6heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated carbocyclic molecule wherein the cyclic framework has 3 to 6 carbons and wherein one carbon atom is substituted with a heteroatom selected from N, O, and S. If the G.gheterocycloalkyl group is a Cgheterocycloalkyl, one or two carbon atoms are substituted with a heteroatom independently selected from N, O, and S. Representative examples of Q.gheterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and thiomorpholinyl.

[0199] The term “Cs-sspiroalkyl” as used herein refers a bicyclic ring system, wherein the two rings are connected through a single common carbon atom. Representative examples of Cs-sspiroalkyl include, but are not limited to, spiro[2.2]pentanyl, spiro[3.2]hexanyl, spiro[3.3]heptanyl, spiro[3.4]octanyl, and spiro[2.5]octanyl.

[0200] The term “Cs-stricycloalkyl” as used herein refers a tricyclic ring system, wherein all three cycloalkyl rings share the same two ring atoms. Representative examples of Cs-stricycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, tricyclo[1.1.1.01,3]pentanyl, i , tricyclo[2.1.1.01,4]hexanyl, tricyclo[3.1.1.01,5]hexanyl, and tricyclo[3.2.1.01,5]octanyl.

[0201] The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems having a total of 4 to 14 ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains three to seven ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

[0202] The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 n electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” in the context of “heteroaryl” particularly includes, but is not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quatemized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cyclo alkyl, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4 / / quinolizinyl. carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-l,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. A heteroaryl group may be monocyclic or bicyclic. A heteroaryl ring may include one or more oxo (=0) or thioxo (=S) substituent. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0203] As described herein, compounds of the present disclosure may contain “substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at one or more substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by the present disclosure are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

[0204] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein refers to generally recognized for use in subjects, particularly in humans.

[0205] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein refers to a salt of a compound that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, and the like; or (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, for example, an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, and the like. Additional examples of such salts can be found in Berge etal.,J. Pharm. Sci. 66(1): 1-19 (1977). See also Stahl et al.. Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, 2nd Revised Edition (2011).

[0206] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used herein refers to a broad range of ingredients that may be combined with a compound or salt disclosed herein to prepare a pharmaceutical composition or formulation. Typically, excipients include, but are not limited to, diluents, colorants, vehicles, anti-adherants, glidants, disintegrants, flavoring agents, coatings, binders, sweeteners, lubricants, sorbents, preservatives, and the like.

[0207] The term “subject” as used herein refers to humans and mammals, including, but not limited to, primates, cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, and mice. In one embodiment the subject is a human.

[0208] The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to that amount of a compound disclosed herein that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, a system, or subject that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. GENERAL SYNTHETIC PROCEDURES

[0209] The compounds provided herein can be synthesized according to the procedures described in this and the following sections. The synthetic methods described herein are merely exemplary, and the compounds disclosed herein may also be synthesized by alternate routes utilizing alternative synthetic strategies, as appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art. It should be appreciated that the general synthetic procedures and specific examples provided herein are illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure in any manner. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the above synthetic scheme and representative examples are not intended to comprise a comprehensive list of all means by which the compounds described and claimed in this application may be synthesized. Further methods will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps described above may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds.

[0210] Purification methods for the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, crystallization, chromatography (for example, liquid and gas phase), extraction, distillation, trituration, and reverse phase HPLC.

[0211] The disclosure further encompasses “intermediate” compounds, including structures produced from the synthetic procedures described, whether isolated or generated in-situ and not isolated, prior to obtaining the finally desired compound. These intermediates are included in the scope of this disclosure. Exemplary embodiments of such intermediate compounds are set forth in the Examples below. EXAMPLES

[0212] This section provides specific examples of compounds of Formula (I) and methods of making the same. List of Abbreviations AcOH acetic acid Amphos di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine aq or aq. aqueous bipy 2,2’-bipyridine Bn benzyl CAN ceric ammonium nitrate CDI 1,1’ -carbonyldiimidazole COD 1,5-cyclooctadiene C-Phos or CPhos 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-bis(A,A-dimethylamino)biphenyl CuTc copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate DAST (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride dba dibenzylidineacetone DCE 1,2-dichloroethane DCM dichloromethane dF(CF3)ppy 3,5-difluoro-2-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl-N]phenyl-C DIBAL-H diisobutylaluminum hydride DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine DMEDA N,N ’ -dimethylethylenediamine DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide dppb 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane Dppf, DPPF or dppf 1,1 '-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene dtbpf 1,1’ -bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene dtbbpy 4,4'-bis(tert-butyl)-2,2'-bipyridine eq or eq. or equiv. equivalent ESI or ES electrospray ionization Et ethyl EtOAc or EA ethyl acetate g gram(s) Grubbs II (l,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)dichloro(phenylmethylene)(tricyclohexyl phosphine)ruthenium h or hr hour(s) HATU hexafluorophosphate azabenzotriazole tetramethyl uronium HFIP 1,1,1,3,3,3 -hexafluoropropan-2-ol HMDS hexamethyldisilazide Hoveyda-Grubbs II (1,3 -bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)dichloro(o-isopropoxyphenylmethylene)ruthenium HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography iPr isopropyl iPr2NEt, DIEA, or DIPEA N-ethyl diisopropylamine (Hunig's base) LC MS, LCMS, LC-MS or LC / MS liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy m / z mass divided by charge m-CPBA 3-chloroperbenzoic acid Me methyl MeCN, ACN, or CH3CN acetonitrile MeOH methanol mg milligrams min minutes mL milliliters MS mass spectrometry MsOH methanesulfonic acid MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether n-BuLi n-butyllithium NMP N-methylpyrrolidone NMR nuclear magnetic resonance Ns (4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl OTforTfO triflate PE petroleum ether Ph phenyl phen 1,10-phenanthroline Piv or PivO pivaloyl or pivalate PyBroP bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate RT or rt or r.t. room temperature RuPhos Pd G3 (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-diisopropoxy-l,l'-biphenyl)[2-(2'-amino-1,1 '-biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate sat. saturated SFC supercritical fluid chromatography tBu or ‘Bu tert-butyl TEA or EtsN triethylamine TES N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid TFA trifluoroacetic acid TFAA trifluoroacetic anhydride THF tetrahydrofiiran TMP 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide TMS trimethylsilyl TsO or TsOH tosylate or tosic acid Xantphos Pd G3 [(4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene)-2-(2'-amino-1,1 '-biphenyl)lpalladium(II) methanesulfonate XPhos 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl PE petroleum ether General Analytical and Purification Methods

[0213] Provided in this section are descriptions of the general analytical and purification methods used to prepare the specific compounds provided herein. Chromatography:

[0214] Unless otherwise indicated, crude product-containing residues were purified by passing the crude material or concentrate through either a Biotage brand silica gel column pre-packed with flash silica (SiO2) or reverse phase flash silica (Cl 8) and eluting the product off the column with a solvent gradient as indicated. For example, a description of silica gel (0-40% EtOAc / hexane) means the product was obtained by elution from the column packed with silica using a solvent gradient of 0% to 40% EtOAc in hexanes. Preparative HPLC or Reverse Phase Flash Chromatography purification:

[0215] Where so indicated, the compounds described herein were purified via reverse phase HPLC using Waters Fractionlynx semi-preparative HPLC-MS system utilizing one of the following two HPLC columns: (a) Phenominex Gemini column (5 micron, C18, 150x30 mm) or (b) Waters X-select CSH column (5 micron, Cl8, 100x30 mm).

[0216] A typical run through the instrument included: eluting at 45 mL / min with a linear gradient of 10% (v / v) to 100% MeCN (0.1% v / v formic acid) in water (0.1% formic acid) over 10 minutes; conditions can be varied to achieve optimal separations.

[0217] prep-HPLC or reverse phase flash purification was performed using one of the following conditions:

[0218] Condition 1: Column: Phenomenex luna C18 250 *50 mm *10 pm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.225% NH3H2O(FA))]); Mobile Phase B: acetonitrile (ACN); Gradient a: 65% B to 90% B;

[0219] Condition 2: Column: Phenomenex luna C18 250 x 50 mm x 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.225% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 65% B to 90% B;

[0220] Condition 3: Column: Phenomenex luna C18 150 x 25 mm x 10gm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.225% FA]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 55% B to 85% B; Gradient b: 48% B to 78% B; Gradient c: 50% to 80%;

[0221] Condition 4: Column: YMC-Actus Triart C18 150 x 30 mm x 7 gm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.05% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN;

[0222] Condition 5: Column: Welch Xtimate C18 150 x 25 mm x 5 gm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.225% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 30% B to 60% B in 40 min; Gradient b: 55% B to 74% B in 40 min; Gradient c: 50% B to 80% B in 40 min; Gradient d: 35% B to 65% B in 40 min; Gradient e: 40% B to 70% B in 35 min; Gradient f: 35% B to 75% B in 40 min; Gradient g: 45% B to 75% B in 12 min, Mobile Phase A: [H2O(0.1% FA)];

[0223] Condition 6: Column: DAICEL CHIRALCEL OJ (250 mm x 50 mm,10 gm); Mobile Phase A: 0.1%NH3 H2O in ethanol (EtOH); Flow Rate (150 mL / min); Gradient a: 0% B in 8.5 min;

[0224] Condition 7: Column: Phenomenex luna C18 150 x 25 mm x 10 gm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.1% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow Rate: 25 mL / min; Gradient a: 38% B to 68% B in 10 min; Gradient b: 35% B to 65% B in 10 min; Gradient c: 48% B to 78% B in 7 min; Gradient d: 50% B to 80% B in 7 min;

[0225] Condition 8: Column: Phenomenex luna C18 150 x 40 mm x 15 gm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.1% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow Rate: 60 mL / min; Gradient a: 25% B to 55% B;

[0226] Condition 9: Column: 12 g C18 column; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.1% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 10% B to 90% B; Gradient b: 30% B to 95% B; Gradient c: 15% B to 100% B; Gradient d: 30% B to 80% B;

[0227] Condition 10: Column: Gemini 5 pun NX-C18 110 A, 100 x 30 mm column; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (10 mM NH4HCO2)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 40% B to 100% B; Gradient b: 60% B to 100% B; Gradient c: 35% B to 50% B; Gradient d: 45% B to 65% B; Gradient e: 30% B to 100% B; Gradient f: 55% B to 100% B;

[0228] Condition 11: Column: 12 g C18 column; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (10 mM ammonium bicarbonate)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 15% B to 80% B;

[0229] Condition 12: Column: 6 g Biotage Reverse Phase; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.1% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 5% B to 95% B;

[0230] Condition 13: Column: 18 g Biotage Reverse Phase; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.1% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 15% B to 85% B;

[0231] Condition 14: Column: Gemini 5 pim NX-C18 110 A, 100 x 30 mm column; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.1% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: MeOH; Gradient a: 25% B to 45% B; Gradient b: 60% B to 80% B; Gradient c: 50% B to 70% B;

[0232] Condition 15: Column: Gemini 5 pm NX-C18 110 A, 100 x 30 mm column; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (10 mM ammonium bicarbonate)]); Mobile Phase B: MeOH; Gradient a: 45% B to 55% B;

[0233] Condition 16: Column: Gemini 5 pm NX-C18 110 A, 100 x 30 mm column; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (10 mM NH4HCO2)]); Mobile Phase B: MeOH; Gradient a: 50% B to 70% B; Gradient b: 45% B to 100% B; Gradient c: 55% B to 75% B;

[0234] Condition 17: Column: Gemini 5 pm NX-C18 110 A, 100 x 30 mm column; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.1% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: MeCN; Gradient a: 10% B to 95% B;

[0235] Condition 18: Column: Boston Green ODS, 150 x 30 mm x 5pm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.225% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: MeCN; Gradient a: 45% B to 75% B; Gradient b: 38% B to 68% B. Gradient c: 48% B to 78% B;

[0236] Condition 19: Column: Phenomenex luna C18 250 x 70 mm x 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: [H2O] (conditions: [water (0.225% FA)]); Mobile Phase B: ACN; Gradient a: 30% B to 60% B; Preparative Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography (Prep-NPLC):

[0237] Condition 1: Column: Welch Ultimate XB-NH2 250 x 50 x 10 pm, Hexane-EtOH; Analytical HPLC Method:

[0238] Where so indicated, the compounds described herein were analyzed using an Aglilent 1100 series instrument with DAD detector. Flash Chromatography Method:

[0239] Where so indicated, flash chromatography was performed on Teledyne Isco instruments using pre-packaged disposable SiO2 stationary phase columns with eluent flow rate range of 15 to 200 mL / min, UV detection (254 and 220 nm). Preparative Chiral Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) Method:

[0240] Where so indicated, the compounds described herein were purified via chiral SFC using one of the two following chiral SFC columns: (a) Chiralpak IG 2x25 cm, 5 pm or (b) Chiralpak AD-H 2x15 cm, 5pm.

[0241] Some CP Analytical-SFC experiments were run on SFC Method Station (Thar, Waters) with the following conditions: Column temperature: 40 °C, Mobile phase: CO2 / Methanol (0.2% Methanol Ammonia) = Flow: 4.0 mL / min, Back Pressure: 120 Bar, Detection wavelength: 214 nm.

[0242] Some CP Analytical-SFC experiments were run on SFC-80 (Thar, Waters) with the following conditions: Column temperature: 35 °C, Mobile phase (example): CO2 / Methanol (0.2% Methanol Ammonia) = Flow rate: 80 g / min, Back pressure: 100 bar, Detection wavelength: 214 nm.

[0243] Preparative CP Method: Acidic reversed phase MPLC: Instrument type: Reveleris™ prep MPLC; Column: Phenomenex LUNA C18(3) (150x25 mm, lOp); Flow: 40 mL / min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 0.1% (v / v) Formic acid in water, Eluent B: 0.1% (v / v) Formic acid in acetonitrile; using the indicated gradient and wavelength.

[0244] Condition 1: Column: Chiralcel OJ-3, 50 x 4.6mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: methanol (MeOH) (0.05% diethanolamine (DEA)); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 5% B to 40% B; Gradient a-1: 5% B to 40% B, Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.05% DEA); Gradient a-2: 5% B to 40% B, Mobile Phase B: isopropyl alcohol (iPOH) (0.05% DEA);

[0245] Condition 2: Column: Chiralpak AD-3, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: MeOH (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 40% B;

[0246] Condition 3: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak IG, 250 mm x 50 mm,10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH / ACN; Flow Rate: 100 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 75% B in 8.1 min; Gradient b: 75% B in 7.5 min;

[0247] Condition 4: Column: Chiralpak AD-3, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 5% B to 40% B; b: 40% B;

[0248] Condition 5: Column: Chiralpak IG-3, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 40% B; Gradient a-1: 40% B, Mobile Phase B: MeOH (0.05% DEA); Gradient a-2: 40% B, Mobile Phase B: iPOH + ACN (0.05% DEA); Gradient b: 60% B, Mobile Phase B: iPOH + ACN (0.05% DEA); Gradient c: 50% B;

[0249] Condition 6: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak AD, 250 mm x 30 mm, 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.1%NH3H2O); Flow Rate: 150 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 23% B in 5.3 min; Gradient b: 25% B in 2.5 min; Gradient c: 3.9 min; Gradient d: 5.0 min; Gradient e: 34% B in 6.5min; Gradient f: 4.4 min, Mobile Phase B: ACN / (+) i-PrOH(0.1%NH3 H2O), Flow Rate: 120 mL / min;

[0250] Condition 7: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak AD, 250 mm x 50 mm, 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: i-PrOH (0.1%NH3H2O); Flow Rate: 150 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 35% B in 5 min;

[0251] Condition 8: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak IH, 250 mm x 50mm, 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.1% NH3 H2O); Flow Rate: 150 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 27% B in 5.5 min;

[0252] Condition 9: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak OD-3, 50 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: MeOH (0.5% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 5% B to 40% B;

[0253] Condition 10: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak AD (250 mm x 30 mm, 10 um); Mobile Phase A: MeOH (0.1%NH3-H2O); Flow Rate (100 mL / min); Gradient a: 0% B in 8.2 min;

[0254] Condition 11: Column: Chiralpak IG-3, 250 mm x 30 mm,10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: MeOH (0.1%NH3-H2O); Flow Rate: 150 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 35% B; Gradient b: 56% B, Mobile Phase B: EtOH; Gradient c: 40% B, Flow Rate: 120 mL / min; Gradient d: 40% B, Mobile Phase B: MeOH; Gradient e: 35% B, Mobile Phase B: iPrOH (0.1% NH3 H2O)

[0255] Condition 12: Column: Chiralcel OJ, 250 mm x 30 mm, 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: MeOH (0.1%NH3 H2O); Flow Rate: 120 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 30% B;

[0256] Condition 13: Column: Chiralpak AD-3, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: IPA+ACN(0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 40% B;

[0257] Condition 14: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak IE-3, 50 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: IPA+ACN (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 40% B;

[0258] Condition 15: Column: DAICEL CHIRALPAK IF, 50 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 40% B;

[0259] Condition 16: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak IG-3, 50 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: IPA+ACN (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 60% B;

[0260] Condition 17: Column: Chiralcel OD-3, 50 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: IPA (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 5% B to 40% B;

[0261] Condition 18: Column: DAICEL Chiralpak IG-3, 50 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: IPA (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 60% B;

[0262] Condition 19: Column: Chiralpak AD-3, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: IPA (0.05% DEA); Flow Rate: 3 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 5% B to 40% B;

[0263] Condition 20: Column: DAICEL Chiralcel OD, 250 x 30 mm, 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.1% NH3H2O); Flow Rate: 150 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 30% B;

[0264] Condition 21: Column: Phenomenex-Cellulose-2, 250 x 30 mm, 10 pm; Mobile Phase A: CO2; Mobile Phase B: EtOH (0.1% NH3H2O); Flow Rate: 150 mL / min; Column Temp: 35 °C; Back Pressure: 100 Bar; Gradient a: 45% B; Proton NMR Spectra:

[0265] Unless otherwise indicated, all ’H NMR spectra were collected on a Bruker NMR Instrument at 300, 400 or 500 Mhz or a Varian NMR Instrument at 400 Mhz. Where so characterized, all observed protons are reported as parts-per-million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS) using the internal solvent peak as reference. All NMR were collected at about 25 °C. Mass Spectra (MS)

[0266] Unless otherwise indicated, all mass spectral data for starting materials, intermediates and / or exemplary compounds are reported as mass / charge (m / z), having an [M+H]+ molecular ion. The molecular ion reported was obtained by electrospray detection method (commonly referred to as an ESI MS) utilizing a Waters Acquity UPEC / MS system or a Gemini-NX UPLC / MS system. Compounds having an isotopic atom, such as bromine and the like, are generally reported according to the detected isotopic pattern, as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Compound Names

[0267] The compounds disclosed and described herein have been named using the IUPAC naming function of ChemDraw Professional 17.0. Specific Examples

[0268] Provided in this section are the procedures to synthesize specific examples of the compounds provided herein. All starting materials are either commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich Inc., unless otherwise noted, or known in the art and may be synthesized by employing known procedures using ordinary skill. Example Al: Synthesis of Intermediates Method Int 1. Intermediate Int-Al 5-acetyl-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one

[0269] To a solution of 5-bromo-1-methyl-pyridin-2-one (1 equiv., 6.9 g, 36.7 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (130 mL) was added Pd(dppf)C12 (0.1 equiv., 2.7 g, 3.67 mmol), Cui (0.2 equiv., 1.4 g, 7.34 mmol) and tributyl(l-ethoxyvinyl)stannane (1.1 equiv., 14 mL, 40.4 mmol), and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 80 °C for 12 hours under nitrogen. LCMS showed 32% of desired mass. Aqueous (aq.) saturated KF (20 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (3x100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with aq saturated NaCl (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (Condition 1, Gradient a) and lyophilized to afford 5-acetyl-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-Al, 3 g, 18.9 mmol, 51% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 152.0; purity = 95% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.179 min. Method Int 2. Intermediate Int-A2: 5-(2-bromoacetyl)-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one \               Br2,33% HBr in AcOH,           \ lnt-A1                                                     lnt-A2

[0270] To a solution of 5-acetyl-1-methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-Al, 1 equiv., 700 mg, 4.6 mmol) in 33% HBr in acetic acid (AcOH) (29 equiv., 10.9 g, 136 mmol), was added Br2 (1 equiv., 0.24 mL, 4.6 mmol) / 33% HBr in AcOH (7.4 equiv., 2.7 g, 34 mmol) dropwise at 0 °C slowly, then stirred at 25 °C for 2 hours. LCMS showed 51% of desired product. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (100% EtOAc) (TLC, 100% EtOAc, Rf=0.50) to afford 5-(2-bromoacetyl)-1 -methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-A2, 1.7 g, 6.9 mmol, 99% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5: 8.25 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (dd, J = 2.6, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 3.65 (s, 3H). Method Int 3. Intermediate Int-A3: N-[(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl]-N-[2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide KI, K2CO3, acetone, 25 °C

[0271] To a solution of 5-(2-bromoacetyl)-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-A2, 1 equiv., 700 mg, 3 mmol) and N-[(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide (1 equiv., 792 mg, 3 mmol) in Acetone (15 mL) was added K2CO3 (3 equiv., 1262 mg, 9 mmol) and KI (1.1 equiv., 556 mg, 3.3 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at 25 °C for 12 hours. LCMS showed 73% desired product. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite. The filter cake was washed with EtOAc (3x5 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (3x50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10% dichloromethane (DCM) in MeOH) to afford N-[(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl]-N-[2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide (Int-A3, 400 mg, 0.87 mmol, 29% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 410.0; purity = 89% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.485 min. Method Int 4. Intermediate Int-A4: l-methyl-5-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-morpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one

[0272] To a solution of N-[(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl]-N-[2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide (Int-A3, 1 equiv., 400 mg, 0.98 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added TES (10 equiv., 1.4 mL, 9.8 mmol), then TMSOTf (10 equiv., 1.8 mL, 9.8 mmol) was added slowly at 0 °C, and the reaction was stirred at 25 °C for 12 hours. LCMS showed 61% desired product. The reaction mixture was poured into saturated 50% NaOH aqueous solution (10 mL) until pH=14, then stirred at 60 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was dissolved totally, extracted with DCM (3x20 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, fdtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1 -methyl-5-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-morpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one (Int-A4, 400 mg, 0.81 mmol, 83% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 393.9; purity = 82% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.847 min. Method Int 5. Intermediate Int-A5: l-methyl-5-[(2S,6R)-6-methylmorpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one

[0273] Under N2 atmosphere, to a solution of l-methyl-5-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-morpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one (Int-A4, 1 equiv., 350 mg, 0.71 mmol) in THF (15 mL) cooled to 0~5 °C, was charged dodecane-1-thiol (2.5 equiv., 13 mg, 0.063 mmol) dropwise at 0~5 °C. The reaction mixture was agitated at 0~5 °C for 0.5 h under N2 atmosphere, then sodium methanolate (3 equiv., 115 mg, 2.14 mmol) was added into the solution at 0~5 °C. The resulting mixture was agitated for 1 hour at 0~5 °C under N2 protection. LCMS showed 21% desired product. The reaction mixture was poured into saturated 50% NaOH aqueous solution (10 mL) until pH=14, then stirred at 25 °C for 1 hour. The mixture was dissolved totally, extracted with DCM (3 x 20 mL), then the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give l-methyl-5-[(2S,6R)-6-methylmorpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one (Int-A5, 70 mg, 0.27 mmol, 38% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 209.5; purity = 100% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.123 min. Method Int 6. Intermediate Int-A6: 2-chloro-6,7-dimethyl-4-methylsulfanyl-pteridine Cl NaSMe, THF, H2O, -10 to 25 °C, 12 h lnt-A6

[0274] To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-6,7-dimethyl-pteridine (1 equiv., 1.5 g, 6.6 mmol) in THF (15 mL), was added NaSMe (1.2 equiv., 551 mg, 7.9 mmol) (dissolved in water (5 mL)) dropwise at -10 °C, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 14 hours. LCMS showed 76% of desired product. The reaction mixture was poured into H2O (50 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 80 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EtOAc in petroleum ether (PE), Rf = 0.3) to afford 2-chloro-6,7-dimethyl-4-methylsulfanyl-pteridine (Int-A6, 800 mg, 3.3 mmol, 51% yield) as a solid. LCMS: Ret. Time = 0.504 min, [M+H]+ = 240.8 ESI+. Method Int 7. Intermediate Int-A7: 5-[(2S,6R)-4-(6,7-dimethyl-4-methylsulfanyl-pteridin-2-yl)- 6-methyl-morpholin-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one

[0275] To a solution of 2-chloro-6,7-dimethyl-4-methylsulfanyl-pteridine (Int-A6, 1 equiv., 35 mg, 0.15 mmol) and l-methyl-5-[(2S, 6R)-6-methylmorpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one (1.2 equiv., 36 mg, 0.17 mmol) in DMSO (1 mL), was added DIPEA (5 equiv., 94 mg, 0.73 mmol) at 100 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed 88% of desired product. The reaction mixture was combined with another batch for further purification. The mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (50% [water (0.1% FA)-ACN], in 5 min) to afford 5-[(2S,6R)-4-(6,7-dimethyl-4-methylsulfanyl-pteridin-2-yl)-6-methyl-morpholin-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-A7, 86 mg, 0.21 mmol, 141% yield) as an oil. LCMS: Ret. Time = 0.487 min, [M+H]+ = 413.0, ESI+, 98% purity (220 nm). Method Int 8. Intermediate Int-A8: bromo-[2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]zinc TMSCI, l2, dibromoethane, Zinc, LiCI (0.5 M in THF) THF, 55 °C, 12 h lnt-A8

[0276] The synthesis was performed at a 2.4 g scale but 2 batches of 1.2 g was performed in parallel. The 1.2 g procedure was shown as below:

[0277] To a solution of zinc (3 equiv., 865 mg, 13 mmol) suspended in LiCI (0.5 M in THF) (1 equiv., 9.0 mL, 4.4 mmol), was added 1,2-dibromoethane (0.05 equiv., 0.019 mL, 0.22 mmol) and the suspension was stirred at 55 °C for 20 min. The resulting mixture was then cooled, TMSCI (0.05 equiv., 0.028 mL, 0.22 mmol) was introduced and the mixture was stirred for another 20 mins. The resulting mixture was cooled, then iodine (0.02 equiv., 22 mg, 0.09 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was introduced and the reaction was stirred at 55 °C for another 20 mins. 5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-l-methyl-pyri din-2-one (1 equiv., 1.2 g, 4.4 mmol) in THF (9 mL) was then added to the warm suspension of activated zinc, and the reaction solution was stirred at 55 °C for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was used directly for the next step via syringe transfer. Method Int 9. Intermediate Int-AlO: chloro-[2,3-difluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]zinc, Br i-PrMgCl LiCI, THF, 25 °C ZnCI2, THF, -60 to 25 °C

[0278] A solution of l-bromo-2,3-difluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (1 equiv., 350 mg, 1.34 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added i-PrMgCl LiCl (1.1 equiv., 1.1 mL, 1.48 mmol) slowly at 25 °C under N2 and stirred for 1 h at 25 °C. The solution changed color. The mixture was cooled to -60 °C and then ZnCL (LI equiv., 3.0 mL, 1.48 mmol) was added to the mixture and stirred for 1 h at 25 °C. The solution changed color, and the mixture (Int-AlO) was used directly for next step. Method Int 10. Intermediate Int-All: 2-chloro-4-[2,3-difluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6,7-dimethyl-pteridine lnt-A11

[0279] To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-6,7-dimethyl-pteridine (0.814 equiv., 250 mg, 1.09 mmol) and Pd(Amphos)2C12 (0.0326 equiv., 31 mg, 0.0437 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added chloro-[2,3-difluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]zinc (Int-AlO, 1 equiv., 378 mg, 1.34 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 25 °C. LCMS showed the raw materials were consumed and the major peak showed the desired mass. The reaction mixture was added water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3x10 mL), the combined organic layer waswashed with 10 mL saturated brine solution, separated, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude which was then purified by prep-HPLC (FA) to give 2-chloro-4-[2,3-difluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 6,7-dimethyl-pteridine (Int-All, 180 mg, 0.480 mmol, 36% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 375.2, purity = 77%.

[0280] An analogous method was followed to obtain the following intermediate. Structure Starting Materials Characterization F F\| / F Cl^^bf^bL^ Int-B18 F FAT Zn Cl Cl ajOl The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-33% EtOAc in PE) to give 2-chloro-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclofl. 1. l]pentanyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (Int-B18, 250 mg, 0.797 mmol, 56% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 314.2; purity = 91% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.542 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL) 5 8.46 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 6H). Method Int 11. Intermediate Int-A12: 2-bromo-5-nitro-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine AgNO3, (NH4)2S2O8, MeCN, H2O, 80 °C, 2 h lnt-A12

[0281] To a solution of 2-bromo-5-nitropyrimidin-4-amine (1 equiv., 500 mg, 2.28 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added (NH4)2S20s (3 equiv., 1.56 g, 6.85 mmol), AgNOs (1.3 equiv., 501 mg, 2.97 mmol) and 3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid (1.2 equiv., 493 mg, 2.74 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed the starting materials were consumed completely, and the desired mass was detected (63%). The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2x30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous brine (3 x 40 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0% to 25% EtOAc in PE) (TLC, 25% EtOAC in PE, desired product Rf=0.5) to give 2-bromo-5-nitro-6-(3-(trifhioromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (Int-A12, 500 mg, 1.42 mmol, 62% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+= 353.0; purity = 98% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.586 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.01 - 6.14 (m, 2H), 2.44 (s, 6H).

[0282] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization CO2Me JL JI CI^N N^ Int-C46 Cl^bf'NH;, CO2Me X ho2c Modifications: The ammonium persulfate (3.3 equiv.) was added after 5 min of vigorous stirring at 80 °C. The reaction mixture was extracted three times with DCM, and the crude product was purified by normal phase chromatography (0-4% MeOH in DCM) to afford methyl 3-(6-amino-2-chloro-5-nitro-pyrimidin-4-yl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-C46, 1.06 g, 3.55 mmol, 41% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 299.1. 'H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz) 5 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 6H). Method Int 12. Intermediate Int-A13: 2-bromo-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)pyrimidine-4,5-diamine lnt-A12 Fe, NH4CI, EtOH, H2O, 60 °C, 12 h lnt-A13

[0283] To a solution of 2-bromo-5-nitro-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentan-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (Int-A12, 1 equiv., 540 mg, 1.53 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) and water (2 mL), was added Fe (powder, 5 equiv., 427 mg, 7.65 mmol) and NH4C1 (6 equiv., 491 mg, 9.18 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 12 hours. LCMS showed that desired product (85%). The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-bromo-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)pyrimidine-4,5-diamine (Int-A13, 495 mg, 1.53 mmol, 100% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 325.1; purity = 90% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.484 min.

[0284] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization O 0 Int-D29 O 0 0 Int-D28 Modifications: The reaction was stirred at 80 °C for 3 h to obtain ethyl 3-amino-l,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-pyridine-4-carboxylate (Int-D29, 9.00 g, 42.8 mmol, 93% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 211.1. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 6.66 (br s, 2H), 6.31 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 2.25 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). Method Int 13. Intermediate Int-A14: 2-bromo-6,7-dimethyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan- l-yl)pteridine lnt-A13 O CaSO4, DCE, 85 °C, 20 h lnt-A14

[0285] To a mixture of 2-bromo-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan-l-yl)pyrimidine-4,5-diamine (Int-A13, 1 equiv., 495 mg, 1.53 mmol) suspended in DCE (10 mL), was added CaSO4 (5.2 equiv., 1085 mg, 7.97 mmol), followed by biacetyl (1.05 equiv., 0.14 mL, 1.61 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 85 °C for 20 h. LCMS showed that desired product was formed (82%). The reaction mixture was combined with a second batch andfiltered. The filtrate was concentrated and the filter cake was washed by DCM (20 mL). The resulting crude was purified by flash chromatography (067% EtOAc in PE) to give 2-bromo-6,7-dimethyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)pteridine (Int-A14, 520 mg, 1.39 mmol, 91% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+= 373.2; purity = 82% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.612 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J6) 5 2.76 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 6H), 2.64 (s, 6H).

[0286] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization chf2 Br Int-A15 O A-oh f2hc The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-80% EtOAc in PE) (TLC: EtOAc, Rf=0.6) to give 2-bromo-4-[3-(difluoromethyl)-l-bicyclofl. 1.l]pentanyl]-6,7-dimethyl-pteridine (Int-A15, 500 mg, 1.41 mmol, 72% yield) as a solid. LCMS: Ret. Time = 0.570 min, [M+H]+ =357.0 , ESC. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 2.58 (s, 6H), 2.80 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 6H), 5.67 - 6.09 (m, 1H). Z   Z O \ / 10 -- co 0 Y Modifications: The last step was ran at 25 °C for 2 hours. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in PE) (TLC, 50% EtOAc in petroleum ether, desired product Rf=0.5) to give 2-bromo-7-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentan-1 -yl) pteridine (Int-A50, 600 mg, 1.67 mmol, 60% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 359.0; purity = 97% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.584 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 8.86 (s, 1H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 6H). Modification: The reaction was ran at 20 °C for 12 hours. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in PE) (TLC, 25% EtOAc in PE, new product Rf = 0.6) to give 6,8-dichloro-2,3-dimethyl-pyrido [2,3-b]pyrazine    (Int- B21, 2.2 g, 9.65 mmol, 101% yield) as a solid. LCMS: Ret. time = 0.496 min; [M+H]+ = 227.9. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CPC13) 5 7.73 (s, 1H), 2.83 (s, 6H). Modification: The reaction was ran at 80 °C for 16 hours, then cooled, filtered through Celite, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 2-chloro-6,7-bis(methyl-<73)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentan-1 -yl)pteridine (Int-C13, 298 mg, 0.89 pmol, 99%) as a solid. ESIMS: [M+H]+ = 279.1. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 2.67 (s, 6H). 19F NMR (CDC13, 376 MHz): 5-73.1 (s, 3F). Method Int 14. Intermediate Int-A16: 2-benzyloxy-5-[(2R,4S,6R)-4-bromo-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] pyridine lnt-A16

[0287] A mixture of 6-benzyloxypyridine-3-carbaldehyde (1 equiv., 10 g, 46.9 mmol) and (2R)-pent-4-en-2-ol (1 equiv., 4.8 mL, 46.9 mmol) in DCM (250 mL) was added dropwise HBr (in AcOH) (3 equiv., 25 mL, 141 mmol) at -20 °C under N2 atmosphere. Then, the mixture was stirred at -20 °C for 4 h under N2 atmosphere. LCMS showed desired product (48%). The reaction mixture was poured into NaHCOs (aq.) slowly to adjust the pH > 7, extracted with EtOAc (300 mL x 2), the organics were washed with 200 mL saturated brine solution. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC (0.5% FA condition) and lyophilized to give 2-benzyloxy-5-[(2R,4S,6R)-4-bromo-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]pyridine (Int-A16, 5.4 g, 14.9 mmol, 32% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H+2]+ = 364.0, purity = 100% (220 nm), Ret. time = 0.656 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 1.29 (dd, J=6.17, 2.6 Hz, 3H), 1.76 - 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.95-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.12 - 2.22 (m, 1H), 2.27 -2.47 (m, 1H), 3.59 -3.71 (m, 1H), 4.17 - 4.41 (m, 2H), 4.77 - 4.99 (m, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 6.81 (dd, J=8.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28 - 7.42 (m, 3H), 7.43 - 7.51 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J=8.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd, J=13.75, 1.9 Hz, 1H). Method Int 15. Intermediate Int-A17: bromo-[(2R,4S,6R)-2-methyl-6-(6-phenoxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]zinc lnt-A16                                                           lnt-A17

[0288] The synthesis was performed at a 2 g scale but 5 batches of 400 mg were performed in parallel.

[0289] Zinc (5.54 equiv., 2.0 g, 30.6 mmol) was suspended in LiCl (0.5 M in THF) (1 equiv., 20 mL, 5.52 mmol), 1,2-dibromoethane (0.05 equiv., 0.024 mL, 0.28 mmol) was added and the suspension was stirred at 55 °C for 20 min, cooled down, then TMSC1 (0.05 equiv., mg, 0.276 mmol) was introduced and the mixture was stirred at 55 °C for additional 20 min. The mixture was cooled down, then iodine (0.02 equiv., 28 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was introduced and the reaction was stirred at 55 °C for another 20 min, 2-benzyloxy-5-[(2R,4S,6R)-4-bromo-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]pyridine (Int-A16, 1 equiv., 200 mg, 0.55 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added to the warm suspension of activated zinc. The reaction mixture was stirred at 55 °C for 12 h, and the mixture was used in the next step directly.

[0290] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Ch ar acteriz ation 9 T'r Int-F15 Int-F14 The procedure afforded a mixture ofbromo-[2-(l-cyclobutyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]zinc (Int-F15) that was used directly in the next synthetic step. Method Int 16. Intermediate Int-A18: 2-[(2R,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl- tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-6,7-dimethyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]-pentanyl]pteridine

[0291] To a mixture of 2-bromo-6,7-dimethyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l. 1.1]-pentanyl]pteridine (Int-A14, 1 equiv., 100 mg, 0.268 mmol), C-Phos (0.2 equiv., 23 mg, 0.0536 mmol) and Pd(OAc)2 (0.1 equiv., 6.0 mg, 0.0268 mmol), purged with N2 for 3 times, THF (0.3 mL) was added as a solvent. Then, bromo-[(2R,4S,6R)-2-methyl-6-(6-phenoxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]zinc (Int-A17, 1.2 equiv., 5.0 mL, 0.322 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 55 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed the trace amount of desired product. The reaction mixture (combined with other 5 batches) was quenched by 100 mL H2O, extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). the organics were washed with 50 mL saturated brine solution. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-50% PE in EtOAc) (TLC, 33% EtOAc in PE, desired product Rf=0.6) to give 2-[(2R,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-6,7-dimethyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]-pentanyl]pteridine (Int-A18, 700 mg, 1.11 mmol, 413% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 576.3, purity = 91% (220 nm), Ret. time = 0.729 min. Method Int 17. Intermediate Int-A20: 2-chloro-4-(4,4-difluorocyclohex-l-en-l-yI)-6,7-dimethylpteridine lnt-A20

[0292] A mixture of 2,4-dichloro-6,7-dimethyl-pteridine (1 equiv., 1600 mg, 6.99 mmol), 2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexen-l-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (1 equiv., 1705 mg, 6.99 mmol), K3PO4 (3 equiv., 4448 mg, 21.0 mmol) and Pd(Amphos)2C12 (0.1 equiv., 495 mg, 0.699 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) and water (5 mL) was degassed and purged with N2 for 3 times, and then the mixture was stirred at 30 °C for 1 h under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (2 x 100 mL) and water (80 mL) and extracted. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in PE) (TLC, 25% EtOAc in PE, desired product Rf=0.5) to give 2-chloro-4-(4,4-difluorocyclohex-l-en-l-yl)-6,7-dimethylpteridine (Int-A20, 1050 mg, 3.38 mmol, 48% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 311.1; purity = 89% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.549 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.44 - 7.39 (m, 1H), 3.15 - 3.08 (m, 2H), 3.00 - 2.89 (m, 2H), 2.84 - 2.81 (m, 3H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 2.31 - 2.19 (m, 2H). Method Int 18. Intermediate Int-A21: 2-chloro-4-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine

[0293] To a solution of 2-chloro-4-(4,4-difluorocyclohexen-l-yl)-6,7-dimethyl-pteridine (Int-A20, 1 equiv., 1050 mg, 3.38 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added PtO2 (1 equiv., 767 mg, 3.38 mmol) under N2 atmosphere. The suspension was degassed and purged with H2 for 3 times. The mixture was stirred under H2 (15 psi) at 30 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed 39% of desired product. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue in MeOH (20 mL) was added PtO2 (1 equiv., 767 mg, 3.38 mmol) under N2 atmosphere. The suspension was degassed and purged with H2 for 3 times. The mixture was stirred under H2 (15 psi) at 25 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed 59% of desired product. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1.0 g crude product (Int-A21 / Method Int 19. Intermediate Int-A22: 2-chloro-4-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-6,7-dimethylpteridine lnt-A21                                            lnt-A22

[0294] A mixture of 2-chloro-4-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine (Int-A21, 1 equiv., 1.0 g, 3.16 mmol) in DCE (50 mL) was added Mn02 (10 equiv., 2.74 g, 31.6 mmol), then stirred at 40 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed a peak with desired mass was found. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue (about 900 mg). The residue in DCE (50 mL) was added Mn02 (10 equiv., 2.74 g, 31.6 mmol), then stirred at 40 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed 73% of desired product. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue (about 660 mg). The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in PE) (TLC, 25% EtOAc in PE, desired product Rf= 0.4) to give 300 mg (54% purity) and 2-chloro-4-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-6,7-dimethylpteridine (Int-A22, 250 mg, 0.799 mmol, 25% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 313.2; purity = 96% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.553 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 4.20 - 4.09 (m, 1H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.80 (s, 3H), 2.37 - 2.26 (m, 2H), 2.25 - 2.12 (m, 2H), 2.09 - 1.93 (m, 4H). Method Int 20. Intermediate Int-A24: 3-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid lnt-A24

[0295] To a solution of 3-methoxycarbonylbicyclo[ 1.1.1 ]pentane-l-carboxylie acid (1 equiv., 5.0 g, 29.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added methylmagnesium bromide (4 equiv., 39 mL, 118 mmol) at 0 °C, the solution was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h. TLC showed starting material was consumed completely and two new spots found. The solution was added water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) and the organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude. The crude was purified by flash column (100% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.3) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give two batches of product. Batch 1: 3-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxy lie acid (Int-A24, 2.0 g, 12.3 mmol, 42% yield) as a solid and batch 2: 3-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid (Int-A24, 2.1 g, 12.3 mmol, 40% yield) as a solid.

[0296] (Batch 1): JH NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 1.99 (s, 6H), 1.19 - 1.17 (m, 6H).

[0297] (Batch 2): 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 1.99 - 1.97 (m, 3H), 1.94 - 1.89 (m, 3H), 1.22 - 1.15 (m, 6H). Method Int 21. Intermediate Int-A25: 3-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxamide I 1)HATU, DCM, Y 0 20 °C, 1 h            II OH lnt-A24 2) NH(OMe)Me»HCI, V DIEA, 20 °C, 1 h OH lnt-A25

[0298] A solution of 3-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid (Int-A24, 1 equiv., 2.0 g, 11.8 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was purged under N2 and stirred at 20 °C. The solution was added HATU (1.5 equiv., 6702 mg, 17.6 mmol) and stirred for 1 h under N2 at 20 °C. N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2 equiv., 4.1 mL, 23.5 mmol) and N,0-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.2 equiv., 1375 mg, 14.1 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was continued to stirred at 20 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed starting material was consumed completely and a peak with desired mass was detected. The reaction was combined with a second batch. The final mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude. The crude was purified by flash column (67% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.3) to give 3-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxamide (Int-A25, 2.10 g, 7.68 mmol, 65% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 214.0; purity = 79% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.384 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.80 - 2.79 (m, 1H), 2.03 - 1.98 (m, 6H), 1.18 (s, 6H). Method Int 22. Intermediate Int-A26: methyl-3-(l-fluoro-l-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan e-l-carboxylate DAST, DCM, -78-20 °C, 12 h F lnt-A26

[0299] A mixture ofmethyl 3-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A25, 1 equiv., 170 mg, 0.923 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was cooled to -78 °C. Then DAST (3 equiv., 0.26 mL, 2.77 mmol) was added slowly at -78 °C. The mixture was warmed to 20 °C and stirred for 12 h. LCMS showed starting material consumed completely and a peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was cooled to -78 °C and added water slowly. Then the solution was added 20 mL water and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3). The combined organic layer was added silica gel and concentrated under reduced process to give the crude. The crude was purified by flash column (17% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.3) to afford methyl-3-(1-fluoro-1-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (Int-A26, 50 mg, 0.268 mmol, 29% yield) as a liquid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 216.2; purity = 86% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.453 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 6H), 1.36 - 1.32 (m, 3H), 1.31-1.26 (m, 3H). Method Int 23. Intermediate Int-A27: (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-(l-fluoro-l-methyl-ethyl)- 1-bicyclo [1.1.1] pentanyl] methanone

[0300] To a solution of 3-(l-fluoro-l-methyl-ethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-1-carboxamide (Int-A26, 1 equiv., 200 mg, 0.93 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added 5-chloro-2,3-dimethylpyrazine (1.5 equiv., 199 mg, 1.39 mmol). The flask was capped and purged under N2. The solution was cooled to -20 °C. TMPMgQ LiCl (1.5 equiv., 1.4 mL, 1.39 mmol) was added dropwise over 2 min, and the reaction mixture was stirred at -20 °C for 1 h. LCMS showed 58% starting material (SMi) and 14% SM2 remained and a peak with desired MS was detected. TMPMgCl LiCl (0.75 equiv., 0.70 mL, 0.697 mmol) was added at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. LCMS showed 56% SMi remained and a peak with desired mass was detected. The reaction mixture was diluted with water 5 mL and extracted with solvent EtOAc (10 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by reversed-phase chromatography (40% [water (FA)-ACN]) to give (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-( 1 -fluoro-1 -methyl-ethyl)-1 -bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentanyl]methanone (Int-A27, 140 mg, 0.406 mmol, 44% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 279.2; purity = 86% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.590 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 2.64 - 2.50 (m, 6H), 2.22 - 2.13 (m, 6H), 1.37 - 1.32 (m, 3H), 1.31-1.28 (m, 3H). Method Int 24. Intermediate Int-A28: methyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate HO. AD                          HO. y        BH3-Me2S (10 M),       > 1          THF, 0-20 °C, 12 h         1 O^O^              O^O^ lnt-A28

[0301] A mixture of 3-methoxycarbonylbicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid (1 equiv., 20 g, 118 mmol) in THF (800 mL) was cooled to 0 °C. BH3-Mc2S (1.2 equiv., 14 mL, 141 mmol) was added slowly at 0 °C. The mixture was then stirred at 20 °C for 12 h. TLC showed a new spot found. MeOH was added slowly until gas was produced. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue, which was purified by flash column (50% EtOAc in PE; phosphomolybdic acid; Rf = 0.3) to give methyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A28, 18.3 g, 117 mmol, 99.7% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 2.00 (s, 6H). Method Int 25. Intermediate Int-A29: methyl 3-formylbicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate HO. >          (COCI)2, DMSO, 1         TEA, DCM, -65 °C 1 lnt-A28                                   lnt-A29

[0302] A mixture of oxalyl chloride (1.3 equiv., 7.1 mL, 83.2 mmol) in DCM (160 mL) was cooled to -65 °C, then DMSO (2.6 equiv., 13.01 g, 166 mmol) in DCM (26 mL) was added slowly below -60 °C. The mixture was stirred at -65 °C for 0.5 h. Then methyl 3- (hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A28, 1 equiv., 10 g, 64.0 mmol) in DCM (180 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was stirred at -65 °C for 0.5 h. The mixture was added 50 mL TEA at -65 °C. The mixture was then warmed to 20 °C and fdtered. The fdter cake was washed with 200 mL EtOAc and the fdtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude. The crude was purified by flash column chromatography (25% EtOAc in PE; (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazine; Rf = 0.2) to give methyl 3-formylbicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A29, 8.6 g, 55.8 mmol, 87% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 9.60 (s, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 6H). Method Int 26. Intermediate Int-A30: methyl-3-(2,2-difluorovinyl)bicyclo-[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate lnt-A29

[0303] To a mixture of methyl 3-formylbicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxy late (Int-A29, 1 equiv., 5 g, 32.4 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was added PPhs (3 equiv., 26 g, 97.3 mmol) and sodium chlorodifluoroacetate (3 equiv., 14.8 g, 97.3 mmol) at 20 °C, and the mixture was degassed with N2 for 3 times. The mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 1 h. TLC showed the starting material was consumed completely. TLC showed a new spot was detected. The mixture was added to water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). To the combined organic layers were added silica gel, and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.2) to afford methyl-3-(2,2-difluorovinyl)bicyclo-[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A30, 1.4 g, 7.44 mmol, 23% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 4.34 - 4.22 (m, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 6H). Method Int 27. Intermediate Int-A31: methyl-3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate F                                         F lnt-A30                                       lnt-A31

[0304] To amixture of methyl 3-(2,2-difluorovinyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A30, 1 equiv., 700 mg, 3.72 mmol) in MeOH (16 mL) was added Palladium on carbon (1 equiv., 396 mg, 3.72 mmol) at 20 °C under N2. The mixture was degassed with H2 for 3 times and stirred at 20 °C for 2 h under H2 (15 psi) atmosphere. TLC showed the starting material was consumed completely and a new spot was detected. The mixture degassed with N2 for three times. The mixture was fdtered across Celite and the fdtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give methyl-3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A31, 560 mg, 2.94 mmol, 79% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 5.80 (tt, J = 4.5, 56.2 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.99 (m, 8H). Method Int 28. Intermediate Int-A32: 3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid F                                     F lnt-A31                                      lnt-A32

[0305] To amixture of methyl 3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A31, 1 equiv., 560 mg, 2.94 mmol) in THF (8.4 mL) and water (2.8 mL) was added LiOH (2 equiv., 141 mg, 5.89 mmol) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. TLC showed the starting material was consumed completely and a new spot was detected. The mixture was added water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, fdtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-1-carboxylic acid (Int-A32, 600 mg, 3.41 mmol, 116% yield). 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 5.91 -5.56 (m, 1H), 2.02 (s, 6H), 2.00 - 1.93 (m, 2H). Method Int 29. Intermediate Int-A33: 3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxamide (1)CDI, DIPEA          f DCM, 25 °C, 0.5 h (2) NH(OMe)Me*HCI, DIPEA, 25 °C, 1 h lnt-A33

[0306] To a solution of 3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid (Int-A32, 1 equiv., 660 mg, 3.75 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added CDI (1.3 equiv., 790 mg, 4.87 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.3 equiv., 0.85 mL, 4.87 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. The mixture was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.5 equiv., 0.98 mL, 5.62 mmol) andN,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.3 equiv., 475 mg, 4.87 mmol) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed the starting material was consumed competely and a major peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was added water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude. The crude was purified by reversed-phase chromatography (60% [water(FA)-ACN]), the solution was removed ACN and the remainder was extracted with EtOAc (3 x50mL). The combined organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxamide (Int-A33, 600 mg, 2.74 mmol, 73% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 220.2; purity = 82% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.456 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL) 5 5.81 (tt, J = 4.6, 56.3 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.13 - 2.10 (m, 6H), 2.10 - 2.00 (m, 2H).

[0307] An analogous method was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization .    O f3c—\ V N-OMe Me Int-E4 F3C-^-COOH Modification: The reaction was started from 3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentane -1 -carboxylic acid to obtain A-methoxy-A-methyl-3 -(trifluoromethy l)bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane -1 -carboxamide (Int-E4, 3.09 g, 13.8 mmol, 92% yield) as an oil, which slowly crystallizes into a solid. 'H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 3.68 (3H, s), 3.19 (3H, s), 2.29 (6H, s). 19F NMR (CDC13, 376 MHz): 5 -73.2 (3F, s). LCMS: [M+H]+ = 224.2. Method Int 30. Intermediate Int-A34: (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]methanone

[0308] To a mixture of 3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentane-1-carboxamide (Int-A33, 1 equiv., 300 mg, 1.4 mmol) and 5-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-pyrazine (1.5 equiv., 0.25 mL, 2.1 mmol) in THF (4.5 mL) was degassed with N2 for 3 times. The mixture was cooled to -20 °C and added TMPMgQ LiCl (2.2 equiv., 3.0 mL, 3 mmol) dropwise at -20 °C. The mixture was stirred at -20 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed 38% starting material remained and a peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was stirred at -20 °C for another 1 h. LCMS showed starting material consumed completely and a peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was added into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) and concentrated under reduce pressure to give a crude. The crude product was purified by reversed-phase flash chromatography (0.1% FA condition). The desired fractions were concentrated to remove CH3CN, and adjusted to pH about 9 ~ 10 using Na2CO3 solid, followed by extracted with EtOAc (3x10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]methanone (Int-A34, 190 mg, 0.632 mmol, 46% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 301.1; purity= 55% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.581 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 6.00 - 5.64 (m, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 6H), 2.08 (dt, J = 4.6, 17.6 Hz, 2H). Method Int 31. Intermediate Int-A35: prop-l-ynylcyclopropane n-BuLi, Mel, THF, -65-25 °C, 3 h lnt-A35

[0309] To a dried three-neck reaction flask was added THF (400 mL) and ethynylcyclopropane (1 equiv., 20 g, 303 mmol). The mixture was degassed with N2 for 3 times and cooled to -65 °C. n-BuLi (1.6 equiv., 194 mL, 484 mmol) was added slowly to the mixture below -60 °C, after, the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 hour. Then Mel (3 equiv., 57 mL, 908 mmol) was added slowly below -60 °C, the reaction was stirred at -60 °C for 1 h and warmed to 20 °C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was poured into saturated NH4CI aqueous solution (200 mL) and then extracted with DCM (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered. Then most of solvent was evaporated (< 25 °C, 25mmHg) to give a crude product prop-l-ynylcyclopropane (Int-A35, 53 g, 185 mmol, 61% yield) as a liquid. The crude product was used in the next step without further purification. Method Int 32. Intermediate Int-A36: 1-cyclopropylpropane-l,2-dione NalO4, RuO2 H2O, CCI4, ACN, H2O, 25 °C, 2 h lnt-A35                                            lnt-A36

[0310] To a solution of prop-l-ynylcyclopropane (Int-A35, 1 equiv., 20.0 g, 62.4 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (100 mL) and MeCN (100 mL) was added NaIO4 (2.2 equiv., 29362 mg, 137 mmol)(dissolved in water (100 mL)). Then RUO2 H2O (0.022 equiv., 207 mg, 1.37 mmol) was added (NOTE: After adding RUO2H2O, a lot of green precipitate formed). Then the reaction mixture was stirred vigorously under air for 2 h. TLC showed one new spot formed, which had fluorescence under 254 nm. The reaction mixture was fdtered through a pad of Celite. The fdter cake was washed with DCM (100 mL). The fdtrates was diluted with water (100 mL) and then extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4. Then the organic layers was combined with another batch and purified by distillation. Then crude product (9 g) was given (760 mmHg, b.p. > 90 °C) as an oil. Then it was further purified by distillation under reduced pressure. Pure 1-cyclopropylpropane-1,2-dione (Int-A36, 1650 mg, 14.7 mmol, 24% yield) (20 mmHg, b.p. = 56-60 °C) was given as an oil. 'H NMR: (400 MHz, CDC13, 299 K) 5 2.70 (tt, J = 4.9, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.10-1.00 (m, 4H). Method Int 33. Intermediate Int-A37: 2-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine, Intermediate Int-A38: 2-bromo-7-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-4-[3- (trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine

[0311] The mixture of 2-bromo-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentanyl]pyrimidine-4,5-diamine (1 equiv., 500 mg, 1.32 mmol), 1-cyclopropylpropane-1,2-dione (Int-A36, 1.6 equiv., 295 mg, 2.10 mmol) and CaSO4 (6 equiv., 1074 mg, 7.89 mmol) in DCE (10 mL) was stirred at 60 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed 39% & 49% of products. The reaction mixture was combined with another batch to work up. The combined reaction mixtures were fdtered through a pad of Celite. The fdter cake was washed with EtOAc (20 mL). The fdtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to afford a residue (700 mg). The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (12% EtOAc in Petroleum ether, TLC, 25% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.7) (50 mL / min) to give 2-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine (Int-A37, 325 mg, 0.81 mmol, 62% yield) as crystals and 2-bromo-7-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine (Int-A38, 280 mg, 0.70 mmol, 53% yield) (17% EtOAc in Petroleum ether, TLC, 25% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.65) as a solid.

[0312] Int-A37: LCMS: [M+H]+ = 401.0; purity = 99.5% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.644 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh, 301 K) 5 2.91 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 6H), 2.36 (tt, J = 4.6, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 1.56 - 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.35 - 1.29 (m, 2H).

[0313] Int-A38: LCMS: [M+H]+ = 401.0; purity = 100% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.625 min. ’H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh, 301 K) 5 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 6H), 2.44 - 2.35 (m, 1H), 1.36- 1.24 (m, 4H). Method Int 34. Intermediate Int-A39: methyl-(Z)-3-(2-fluorovinyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate lnt-A39

[0314] A mixture of fluoromethyl(triphenyl)phosphonium;tetrafluoroborate (1.5 equiv., 7.44 g, 19.5 mmol) in THF (75 mL) was degassed with N2 for 3 times and cooled to -20 °C. Then NaHMDS (1.5 equiv., 19 mL, 19.5 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at -20 °C for 15 min. Methyl 3-formylbicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxy late (1 equiv., 2.0 g, 13.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added at -20 °C. The mixture was then stirred at 20 °C for 1 h. LCMS showed the reactant was consumed but no desired mass was detected and major of triphenylphosphine oxide. TLC showed one new point was detected. The mixture was diluted with 100 mL water and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (9% EtOAc in PE, KMnO4, Rf = 0.6) to afford methyl-(Z)-3-(2-fluorovinyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A39, 500 mg, 2.23 mmol, 17% yield) as aliquid. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 6.61 - 6.30 (m, 1H), 5.52 - 4.70 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.28 - 2.21 (m, 2H), 2.12-2.05 (m, 4H). Method Int 35. Intermediate Int-A40: methyl-3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate lnt-A39                                      lnt-A40

[0315] To a mixture of methyl 3-[(Z)-2-fluorovinyl]bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A39, 1 equiv., 500 mg, 2.94 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added palladium on carbon (1 equiv., 313 mg, 2.94 mmol) at 20 °C under N2. The mixture was degassed with H2 for 3 times and stirred at 20 °C for 2 h under H2 (15 psi) atmosphere. TLC showed the starting material was consumed completely. The mixture degassed with N2 for three times. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give methyl-3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A40, 350 mg, 2.03 mmol, 69% yield) as a liquid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 4.59 - 4.37 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.05 - 2.00 (m, 6H), 1.90 - 1.85 (m, 2H). Method Int 36. Intermediate Int-A41: 3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid lnt-A40                                     lnt-A41

[0316] A mixture of methyl 3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylate (Int-A40, 1 equiv., 350 mg, 2.03 mmol) in THF (6 mL) and water (2 mL) was added LiOH (2 equiv., 98 mg, 4.07 mmol) at 20 °C. The mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 12 h. TLC showed the starting material was consumed completed and one new spot found. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The combined aqueous layers was added IM HC1 (1 mL) to adjust pH < 7, partitioned between EtOAc (2 x 40 mL) and water (30 mL) and extracted. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxylic acid (Int-A41, 270 mg, 1.71 mmol, 84% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 4.58 - 4.38 (m, 2H), 2.04 (s, 6H), 1.93 - 1.90 (m, 2H).

[0317] An analogous method was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization O H2N^N-0 Int-C30 O 0 Int-D29 Modification: The reaction was run THF / MeOH / H2O solvent mixture (1:1:1 volumetric ratio) to obtain 3-amino-1,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (7.50 g, 41.2 mmol, 96% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 183.0. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) 5 6.30 (br s, 1H), 3.45 (br s, 3H), 2.23 (br s, 3H). Method Int 37. Intermediate Int-A42: 3-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylbicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxamide lnt-A41 (1)CDI, DIPEA (2) NH(OMe)Me«HCI, DIPEA, 25 °C, 12 h lnt-A42

[0318] To a solution of 3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[ 1.1.1 ]pentane-l-carboxylic acid (Int-A41, 1 equiv., 240 mg, 1.52 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added CDI (1.3 equiv., 320 mg, 1.97 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.3 equiv., 0.34 mL, 1.97 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. The mixture was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.5 equiv., 0.40 mL, 2.28 mmol) and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.3 equiv., 192 mg, 1.97 mmol) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed 57% of desired product. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (2 x 50 mL) and water (80 mL) and extracted. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SC>4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude residue was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (0.1% FA condition) to give 3-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylbicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carboxamide (Int-A42, 150 mg, 0.745 mmol, 49% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 202.2; purity = 100% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.443 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 4.59 - 4.39 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.22 - 3.15 (m, 3H), 2.08 - 2.04 (m, 6H), 1.95 - 1.83 (m, 2H).

[0319] An analogous method was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization O Jk JDMe 1               1 Me F Int-D39 O F F Modification: The reaction was run with 4,4-difluorocyanohexanecarboxylic acid, 1.05 equiv. of N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, and 1.2 equiv. each of CDI nd DIPEA. The crude was purified by silica gel column (PE / EtOAc = 3:1, (PMA, 300 °C, 10 s, Rf = 0.6)) to afford 4,4-difluoro-N-methoxy-N-methyl-cyclohexanecarboxamide (Int-D39, 4.00 g, 19.3 mmol, 79% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCls) 5 1.69 - 1.90 (m, 6H) 2.12 - 2.26 (m, 2H) 2,66 - 2,81 (m, 1H) 3,19 (s, 3H) 3,72 (s, 3H), Method Int 38. Intermediate Int-A43: (3-chloro-5,6-dimethylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone

[0320] A mixture of 3-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-bicyclo[l. 1.l]pentane-l- carboxamide (Int-A42, 1 equiv., 120 mg, 0.596 mmol) and 5-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-pyrazine (1.5 equiv., 0.11 mL, 0.894 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was degassed with N2 (x3). The mixture was cooled to -20 °C, TMPMgCl LiCl (1.3 equiv., 0.78 mL, 0.775 mmol) was added dropwise at -20 °C, and the mixture was stirred at -20 °C for 1 h. LCMS showed most of starting material remained. TMPMgCbLiCl (1.2 equiv., 0.72 mL, 0.716 mmol) was added at -20 °C and stirred at -20 °C for 1 h. LCMS showed 29% of desired product. TLC showed the starting material was consumed completed and one new spot found. The reaction mixture was added to NH4CI (aq, 10 mL), partitioned between EtOAc (2 x 40 mL) and water (40 mL) and extracted. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-30% EtOAc in PE) (TLC, 25% EtOAc in PE, desired product Rf = 0.6) to give (3-chloro-5,6-dimethylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(2-fluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-A43, 90 mg, 0.318 mmol, 53% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 285.0; purity = 86% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.573 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 4.59 - 4.43 (m, 2H), 2.57 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 6H), 2.20-2.16 (m, 6H), 1.97 - 1.86 (m, 2H).

[0321] An analogous method was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Ch ar acteriz ation cf3 JL X Int-C20 0 s /      0 X1 G A LL? Modification: The reaction was run with N-methoxy-N -methyl-3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentane-l-carboxamide in anhydrous DME at -15 °C for 2 h. The crude mixture was purified by silica gel flash-column chromatography using an elution gradient of 2%-10% EtOAc in hexanes to yield (3 -chloro-5 -methylpyrazin-2-yl) (3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentan-1 -yl)methanone (Int-C20, 40% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 289.0; [M+Na]+= 316.1. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 8.41 (1H, s), 2.64 (3H, s), 2.44 (6H, s). 19F NMR (CDCh, 376 MHz): 5-73.4 (3F, s). cf3 ___ 1X CI^IT Int-C30 / N. / CI^IT . o f3c—O—K N-OMe Me Modification: The reaction was run with N-methoxy-N -methyl-3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentane-l-carboxamide in anhydrous DME at -15 °C for 2 h. The crude mixture was purified by silica gel flash-column chromatography using an elution gradient of 2%-10% EtOAc in hexanes to yield (3-chloro-6-methyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 - bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentanyl]methanone (Int-C30, 2.57 g, 7.79 mmol, 78% yield) as a crystalline solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 291.2. 'H NMR: (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 8.37 (1H, s), 2.61 (3H, s), 2.44 (6H, s). R F i X Int-D40 JL I CI^N^ O / \XX,,OMe r i Me F Int-D39 Modification: The reaction was run in with Int-D39 and 1.5 equiv. each of 5-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-pyrazine, and TMPMgCELiCl. The crude was then purified by reversed-phase HPLC (FA condition) to give (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)methanone (Int-D40, 4000 mg, 13.9 mmol, 72% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 289.0. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCE) 5 1.80-2.02 (m, 6H) 2.12-2.25 (m, 2H) 2.59 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 6H) 3.63 (br dd, J=5.9, 3.4 Hz, 1H). cf3 a X Int-Fl / X CI^N^ .    0 F3C-O—( N-OMe Me Modifications: The reaction was run with 2,3-dimethyl-5-chloropyrazine and N-methoxy-N-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentane-l-carboxamide, at -45 °C (dry ice / acetonitrile bath) for 1 h. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (220 g SiO2 column, 2-15% EtOAc in hexanes elution gradient) to afford (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]methanone (Int-Fl, 9.6 g, 18.3 mmol, 94% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 2.59 (3H, s), 2.58 (3H, s), 2.43 (6H, s). 19F NMR (CDCh, 376 MHz): 5 -73 3 (3F, s). Method Int 39. Intermediate Int-A44: l-cyclopropyl-6-oxo-l,6-dihydropyridine-3-carbaldehyde H T V O^bk            HO" XOH           1 I ll --------------------------------------* L 11 ^,0 Cu(OAc)2, Na2CO3,               || bipyridine, DCE, 70 °C, 12h lnt-A44

[0322] A mixture of 6-oxo-lH-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (1 equiv., 2.0 g, 16.2 mmol) in DCE (200 mL) was added cyclopropylboronic acid (1.5 equiv., 2.09 g, 24.4 mmol), Cu(OAc)2 (1.5 equiv., 4.43 g, 24.4 mmol), Na2COs (3 equiv., 5.17 g, 48.7 mmol) and bipyridine (1 equiv., 2.54 g, 16.2 mmol), then stirred at 70 °C for 12 h under O2 atmosphere. LCMS showed 62% of desired product. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH = 7 by 1 M HC1 (200 mL) and partitioned between DCM (2 x 150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% petroleum ether in EtOAc) (TLC, 50% petroleum ether in EtOAc, desired product Rf= 0.3) to give l-cyclopropyl-6-oxo-l,6-dihydropyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-A44, 1.37 g, 8.4 mmol, 52% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 164.1; purity = 95% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.315 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 9.61 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J= 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J= 2.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.48 - 3.36 (m, 1H), 1.30- 1.16 (m, 2H), 1.00 -0.88 (m, 2H). Method Int 40. Intermediate Int-A45: 5-(4-bromotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-l-cyclopropylpyridin-2(lH)-one

[0323] A mixture of l-cyclopropyl-6-oxo-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-A44, 1 equiv., 1.5 g, 9.19 mmol) and 3-Buten-l-ol (1 equiv., 0.79 mL, 9.19 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added dropwise HBr in AcOH (3 equiv., 4.9 mL, 27.6 mmol) at 0 °C under N2 atmosphere, then stirred at 25 °C for 12 h under N2 atmosphere. LCMS showed 68% of desired product. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH = 7 by NaHCOs (200 mL) and partitioned between EtOAc (2x200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% petroleum ether in EtOAc) (TLC, 100% EtOAc, desired product Rf = 0.2) to give 5-(4-bromotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-l-cyclopropylpyridin-2(lH)-one (Int-A45, 2.0 g, 6.71 mmol, 73% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 300.1; purity = 89% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0. 457 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.33 - 7.27 (m, 2H), 6.55 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.82 - 4.59 (m, 0.5H), 4.20 - 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.60 - 3.49 (m, 0.5H), 3.36 -3.25 (m, 1H), 2.17 (br dd, J= 4.8, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.14 (br d, J= 6.6 Hz, 2H), 0.91 - 0.84 (m, 2H). Method Int 41. Intermediate Int-A46: l-isopropyl-6-oxo-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde CS2CO3, DMF, 25 °C, 4 h lnt-A46

[0324] To a solution of 6-oxo-lH-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (1 equiv., 8.0 g, 65.0 mmol) and CS2CO3 (2 equiv., 42.3 g, 130 mmol) in DMF (300 mL) was added 2-iodopropane (1.1 equiv., 7.1 mL, 71.5 mmol) slowly. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 4 hours. TLC showed raw material was consumed completely, and two spots were formed. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with EtOAc (2x50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 500 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0100% EtOAc in PE) (TLC, 100% EtOAc, desired product Rf= 0.40) to afford the product 1-isopropyl-6-oxo-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-A46, 3.6 g, 20.5 mmol, 32% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 9.65 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J = 2.4, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (td, J = 6.8, 13.7 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H).

[0325] An analogous method was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization XX ll 0 Int-F13 zBr Modifications: The reaction was run with two equiv. each of bromocyclobutane and Cs2CO3 at 90 °C for 12 h. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (330 g SiO2 column, 0-58% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether gradient) to afford 1-cyclobutyl-6-oxo-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (5.70 g, 32.2 mmol, 40% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 178.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 1.88 - 1.98 (m, 2 H) 2.26 (qd, J=9.68, 2.69 Hz, 2 H) 2.53 - 2.62 (m, 2 H) 5.02 - 5.12 (m, 1 H) 6.57 (d, J=9.38 Hz, 1 H) 7.79 (dd, J=9.44, 2.31 Hz, 1 H) 8.03 (d, J=2.25 Hz, 1 H) 9.66 (s, 1 H). Method Int 42. Intermediate Int-A47: 5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-l-isopropyl-pyridin-2-one

[0326] To a solution of l-isopropyl-6-oxo-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-A46, 1 equiv., 3.5 g, 21.2 mmol) and 3-buten-l-ol (5 equiv., 9.1 mL, 106 mmol) in DCM (120 mL) was added HBr in AcOH (5 equiv., 6.3 mL, 106 mmol) dropwise at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 16 hours. LCMS showed desired product (44%). The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH = 7 with NaHCOs aqueous solution. The reaction mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 200 mL), the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The reaction was purified by reversed-phase chromatography (6590% [water(FA)-MeCN]) and concentrated to give the 5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-l-isopropyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-A47, 2.8 g, 8.4 mmol, 40% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 302.1; purity = 90% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.596 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 57.36 - 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.31 - 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.60 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (spt, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.35 - 4.04 (m, 3H), 3.65 - 3.46 (m, 1H), 2.43 (td, J = 2.1, 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.30 - 1.93 (m, 4H), 1.36 (dd, J = 2.6, 6.9 Hz, 6H).

[0327] An analogous method was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization F U^YBr Int-A48 F TfO. F Modification: The first reaction was ran using the intermediate to the left, and ran in ACN. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in Petroleum ether) (TLC, 50% EtOAc in PE, desired product Rf = 0.4) to give 1.3 g crude product, the crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Condition 8, Gradient a) and lyophilized to afford the 5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-1 -(2,2-difluoroethyl)pyridin-2-one (Int-A48, 1.0 g, 2.79 mmol, 62% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 323.9; purity = 97% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.475 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.38 (dd, J = 2.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 6.30 - 5.93 (m, 1H), 4.24 (br d, J = 4.4 Hz, 3H), 4.15 - 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.55 (dt, J = 1.8, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (td, J = 1.9, 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.29 - 2.21 (m, 1H), 2.18 - 2.07 (m, 1H), 2.05 - 1.91 (m, 1H). Modifications: The reaction was run with 1.2 equiv. 3-buten-l-ol and 3 equiv. HBr (in AcOH) for 12 h. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (120 g SiO2 column, 0-65% EtOAc in PE) and then purified by prep-HPLC (Condition 19, Gradient a) to afford 5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-1 -cyclobutyl -pyridin-2-one (Int-F14, 5.70 g, 18.3 mmol, 69% yield) as a gum. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 313.9. ’H NMR (400 MHz, CDCls) 5 1.81 - 1.91 (m, 2 H) 1.93 - 2.32 (m, 7 H) 2.39 -2.55 (m, 3H)3.56(td, 1=12.13, 2.13 Hz, 1 H) 4.00 (br dd, 1=11.94, 4.82 Hz, 1 H) 4.08 - 4.17 (m, 2 H) 4.23 (tt, 1=11.87, 4.46 Hz, 1 H) 4.65 - 4.84 (m, 1 H) 5.06-5.18 (m, 1H) 6.53 (d, 1=9.38 Hz, 1 H) 7.27 - 7.31 (m, 1 H) 7.41 - 7.46 (m, 1 H). Method Int 43. Intermediate Int-A23: (2R,4S)-N-[3-[3-(l,l-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carbonyl]-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl]-2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide lnt-A23

[0328] To a glass vial equipped with a teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was added (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-(l,l-difluoroethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]methanone (1.2 equiv., 305 mg, 1.02 mmol), (2R,4S)-2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (1 equiv., 200 mg, 0.846 mmol), CS2CO3 (1 equiv., 276 mg, 0.846 mmol) and anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). The vial was capped and degassed with Ar for 5 min. XantPhos Pd G3 (0.1 equiv., 80 mg, 0.085 mmol) was added, the reaction was stirred at 100 °C for 2 hours under N2. LCMS showed starting material was consumed completely and desired mass was detected. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EtOAc in PE, then 17% MeOH in EtOAc) (TLC, 5% MeOH in DCM, Rf = 0.4) to give (2R,4S)-N-[3-[3-(l,l-difluoroethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carbonyl]-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl]-2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-A23, 350 mg, 0.699 mmol, 83% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 501.2; purity = 98% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.520 min. 'HNMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 1.61 (t, J=18.2 Hz, 3H) 1.76 - 1.86 (m, 1H) 1.93 - 2.03 (m, 2H) 2.11 - 2.19 (m, 1H) 2.40 (s, 6H) 2.54 - 2.64 (m, 6H) 2.86 - 2.99 (m, 1H) 3.55 (s, 3H) 3.60 - 3.71 (m, 1H) 4.14-4.29 (m, 2H) 6.58 (d, J=10.1Hz, 1H) 7.32 - 7.38 (m, 2H) 11.17 (s, 1H). Method Int 44. Intermediate Int-A49: (l-methylcyclopropyl)methyl methanesulfonate OH TEA, Ms2O, DCM, 0°C, 2 h OMs lnt-A49

[0329] To a solution of (l-methylcyclopropyl)methanol (1 equiv., 0.14 mL, 2.32 mmol) and TEA (3 equiv., 0.97 mL, 6.97 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) was added methanesulfonic anhydride (1.5 equiv., 607 mg, 3.48 mmol) at 0 °C and then the mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C. The reaction solution was extracted with EtOAc (2x10 mL), then the organics were washed with 10 mL saturated brine solution. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give (l-methylcyclopropyl)methyl methane sulfonate (Int-A49, 150 mg, 0.913 mmol, 39% yield) as a liquid, which was used directly. Method Int 45. Intermediate Int-Bl: 5-[4-[4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifhioromethyl)phenyl]-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one

[0330] To a solution of 2-chloro-4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-7-methyl-pteridine (1 equiv., 800 mg, 2.33 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.1 equiv., 53 mg, 0.233 mmol) and C-Phos (0.2 equiv., 204 mg, 0.467 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was purged with N2 for 3 times, then bromo-[2-(1 -methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]zinc (Int-A8, 1.2 equiv., 946 mg, 2.80 mmol) was added, the reaction solution was stirred at 55 °C for 2 hours. LCMS showed -40% of desired product was detected. The mixture was quenched by H2O (200 mL), extracted with DCM (3 x 150 mL), the combined organic layers was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in PE, then 050% MeOH in EtOAc) (TLC, 100% EtOAc, desired product Rf=0.1) to give the 5-[4-[4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-Bl, 500 mg, 1 mmol, 43% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 500.1; purity = 92% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.526 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 8.88 - 8.83 (m, 1H), 7.92 - 7.81 (m, 1H), 7.65 (br d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 - 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.43 - 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.36 - 7.29 (m, 1H), 6.63 - 6.54 (m, 1H), 4.39-4.28 (m, 2H), 3.82 (dt, J = 2.8, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.65 -3.59 (m, 1H), 3.58 - 3.52 (m, 4H), 2.96 - 2.90 (m, 3H), 2.28 - 2.12 (m, 3H). Method Int 46. Intermediate Int-B2: methyl-3-[[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3- pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carbonyl]amino]-6-methoxy-5-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxylate lnt-B2

[0331] To a mixture of (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (1 equiv., 2.8 g, 8.96 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (45 mL) was added methyl 3-chloro-6-methoxy-5-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (1.2 equiv., 2.33 g, 10.8 mmol), CS2CO3 (2 equiv., 5.84 g, 17.9 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (0.1 equiv., 0.85 g, 0.896 mmol) at 20 °C. The mixture was degassed with N2 for 3 times. The mixture was stirred at 105 °C for 4 h. LCMS showed starting material was consumed completely and desired mass was detected. The solution (combined with another batch) was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL), and the organics were washed with 100 mL saturated brine solution. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (67% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.5) to give methyl-3-[[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carbonyl]amino]-6-methoxy-5-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (Int-B2, 3.3 g, 5.76 mmol, 64% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 493.2; Purity = 87% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.551 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL) 5 1.86 - 2.06 (m, 3H), 2.12 - 2.22 (m, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.83 - 3.00 (m, 1H), 3.64 -3.78 (m, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 6H), 4.23 - 4.31 (m, 1H), 4.40 (dd, J=11.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.29 - 7.41 (m, 3H), 7.42 - 7.50 (m, 2H), 7.66 (dd, J = 8.57, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 10.35 (s, 1H). Method Int 47. Intermediate Int-B3: 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3H-pteridin-4-one lnt-B3

[0332] To a solution of methyl 3-[[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carbonyl]amino]-6-methoxy-5-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (Int-B2, 1 equiv., 2.35 g, 4.77 mmol) in 1-Butanol (25 mL) was added ammonium acetate (20 equiv., 7.36 g, 95.4 mmol). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 130 °C for 12 h in sealed tube. LCMS showed starting material was consumed completely and desired mass was detected. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and triturated with MTBE (50 mL) to give 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3H-pteridin-4-one (Int-B3, 2.2 g, 4.79 mmol, 100% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 460.2; Purity = 96% (220 run); Ret. time = 0.513 min. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 11.07 - 10.71 (m, 1H), 8.18 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J = 2.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 - 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.41 - 7.30 (m, 3H), 6.80 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 4.56 - 4.47 (m, 1H), 4.33 (br dd, J = 3.2, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (s, 3H), 3.86 - 3.73 (m, 1H), 3.26 - 3.10 (m, 1H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.33 -2.01 (m, 4H).

[0333] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization E F BnO. ,N.         X XI XX X Int-D42 z z □. M       / P X )—'X z—« x 2—\ \ / Q )—0 .4 __ /    a yy 0 c co Modification: The reaction was run at 115 °C for 1 h to afford 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl] -4-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-6,7-dimethyl-pteridine (Int-D42, 2800 mg, 4.93 mmol, 93% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 546.3. 00 3 o fX - o—( 2-( > zZ         o \ /            co / o cf3 °AtyCF: Bn°Xl hnAn^ Int-E8 Modification: The reaction was run at 115 °C for 1 h to afford 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl] -7 -methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl) -1 -bicyclo [1.1. l]pentanyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (Int-E9, 30 mg, 0.05 mmol, 99% yield) as a solid. fYf BnCL .N. IX JDlX Int-E23 co 2 O fX s ° \ M (   / N> '—(      O         -n to    \ x \\ A / >—z / —XZ—\ O )= / V n =W Modification: The reaction was run at 115 °C for 1 h to afford 2-((2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-6-fluoro-7-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pent an-1 -yl)pyrido [2,3 -d]pyrimidine (Int-E23, 196 mg, 0.35 mmol, 96% yield) as a foam. cf3 BnO. ,N.          .X      ,Br XI jOlY Int-E30 cf3 Bn°YX hZA oY Int-E29 The procedure yielded 2-((2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-6-bromo-7-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pent an-1 -yl)pyrido [2,3 -d]pyrimidine (Int-E30). BnO. .N. Y X XiX °xY Int-E39 „YxZ^_,Br XCY Bn°TNl °xY Int-E38 The crude mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (80 g, Si02 column, 20-60% EtOAc in hexanes elution gradient) to afford 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl] -6-bromo-4-cyclohexyl-7-methyl-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (Int-E39, 780 mg, 1.36 mmol, 63% yield) as a foam. CD 3 o fx - o—( *Tl '---( / X z7         o \ /         w co 3 O fX s p \ A| \ / 00 '—( i °\ z\ \-z / —° o )--( v “ z z M The crude was purified by normal phase chromatography (0-80% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford 2-((2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-6,7 -dimethyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pent an-l-yl)pteridine (Int-F9, 2.4 g, 99% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 8.17 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.68 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz), 7.41 - 7.44 (2H, m), 7.33 - 7.37 (2H, m), 6.79 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 4.52 (1H, dd, J = 11.4,2.1 Hz), 4.28 - 4.32 (1H, m), 3.78 - 3.85 (1H, m), 3.45 -3.50 (1H, m), 2.79 (3H, s), 2.75 (3H, s), 2.63 (6H, s), 2.30 (1H, dd, J = 13.4, 3.0 Hz), 2.12 - 2.16 (2H, m), 2.06 - 2.09 (1H, m). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 562.4. Method Int 48. Intermediate Int-B4: 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridine lnt-B3 TEA, PyBroP, 40 °C, 16 h; (dtbpf)PdCI2, K2CO3,60 °C, 1 h F lnt-B4

[0334] A solution of 2-[(2R4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3H-pteridin-4-one (Int-B3, 1 equiv., 1.9 g, 4.13 mmol) and TEA (3 equiv., 1.7 mL, 12.4 mmol), PyBroP (2 equiv., 3.86 g, 8.3 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was stirred for 16 h at 40 °C. LCMS showed starting material was consumed completely and desired mass was detected (82%). Then [2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]boronic acid (1.35 equiv., 1.16 g, 5.58 mmol), (dtbpQPdCL (0.1 equiv., 269 mg, 0.413 mmol) and K2CO3 (3 equiv., 1.7 g, 12.4 mmol), water (4 mL) was added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 60 °C under N2. LCMS showed starting material was consumed completely and the desired mass was detected (69%). The reaction was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the residue. The crude product was purified with Prep-TLC (PE: EtOAc = 1:1, Rf = 0.4) to give 2-[(2R4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridine (Int-B4, 1.9 g, 3.04 mmol, 74% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 606.2; Purity = 97% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.691 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL) 5 8.19 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J = 2.3, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48 - 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.37 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.34 -7.29 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 4.61 - 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.34 (br dd, J = 3.0, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.85 (dt, J = 3.6, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.66 - 3.52 (m, 1H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.38 (brd, J= 13.5 Hz, 1H), 2.30 - 2.09 (m, 3H). Method Int 49. Intermediate Int-B5: 5-[(2R,4S)-4-[4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-lH-pyridin-2-one lnt-B4                                                                lnt-B5

[0335] To a solution of 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridine (Int-B4, 1 equiv., 1.80 g, 2.97 mmol) in DCM (9 mL) was added TFA (9.0 mL) and then the mixture was stirred for 8 h at 60 °C. LCMS showed the starting material was consumed completely and desired mass was detected (76%). The reaction solution was added to NaHCOs (aq) dropwise to adjust pH >= 7. Then the reaction solution was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 20 mL), and the organics was washed with 60 mL saturated brine solution. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude residue. The crude was used without purification and as batch 1: 5-[(2R,4S)-4-[4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-lH-pyridin-2-one (Int-B5 batch 1, 200 mg, 0.358 mmol, 12% yield) as a solid, and as batch 2: 5-[(2R,4S)-4-[4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-lH-pyridin-2-one (Int-B5 batch 2, 270 mg, Q211 mmol, 9% yield) as a solid, and as batch 3: 5-[(2R,4S)-4-[4-[2-fhioro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-lH-pyridin-2-one (Int-B5 batch 3, 900 mg, 1.59 mmol, 53% yield) as a solid.

[0336] Int-B5 batch 1: LCMS: [M+H]+ = 516.2; Purity = 92% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.536 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.87 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.66 - 7.47 (m, 3H), 7.38 (br s, 1H), 6.67 -6.53 (m, 1H), 4.67 - 4.48 (m, 2H), 4.07 - 3.97 (m, 3H), 3.86 - 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.60 - 3.44 (m, 1H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.36 (br d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 2.27 - 2.01 (m, 4H).

[0337] Int-B5 batch 2: LCMS: [M+H]+ = 516.2; Purity = 53% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.539 min.

[0338] Int-B5 batch 3: LCMS: [M+H]+ = 516.2; Purity = 91% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.527 min.

[0339] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization H CK,N. Int-ClO BnO^JXk NNs °'^ Int-Cl (2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) sulfonyl -morpholine (Int-Cl, 1 equiv., 2.0 g, 4.3 mmol) was added to a mixture of TFA (21 mL) and DCM (21 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down to r.t. and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was     purified     by     flash chromatography (80 g SiO2 column) using am elution gradient of 0-4% MeOH in DCM to yield 5-((2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)morpholin-2-yl)pyridine-2(lH)-one (Int-ClO, 1.57 g, 4.14 mmol, 97%) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+= 381.2. o - o—( Ch X cf3 BnOyX vfV Int-Cl 5 Modification: The reaction was performed at 80 °C for 3 h in a sealed MW vial. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and purified by normal phase flash chromatography (24 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 0-10% MeOH to yield 5-[(2S,6R)-4-[6,7-dimethyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl) -1 -bicyclo [1.1. l]pentanyl]pteridin-2-yl] -6-methyl-morpholin-2-yl] - 1H-pyridin-2-one (Int-C16, 64 mg, 0.13 mmol, 58% yield) as a solid. o - oX 2- ■ ( ) 6 ^Z    -n & }=\ )=\ z-z I cf3 A nX^n O^J     0 Int-D24 Modifications: The reaction was run at 80 °C for 12 h to obtain 4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] -2-[(2R,6S)-2-methyl-6-(6-oxo- 1H-pyridin-3 -yl)morpholin-4-yl] -7H-pyrimido [4,5 -d]pyridazin-8-one (Int-D25, 90 mg, 0.179 mmol, 62% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 503.1. Int-ElO Int-E9 Modification: Int-D34 was treated with 2:1 mixture of DCE / TFA at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain 4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-2-[(2R,6S)-2-methyl-6-(6-oxo-lH-pyridin-3 -yl)morpholin-4-yl]pyrido [3,4-d]pyrimidin-8-one (230 mg, 0.480 mmol, 109% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 480.2. '11 NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) 5 7.68 - 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.55 - 7.40 (m, 4H), 7.33 - 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.34 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (br t, J = 12.4 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (dd, J = 2.3, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.78 - 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 2.97 -2.86 (m, 1H), 2.77 - 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.22 (br d, J = 5.7 Hz, 3H). Modification: Int-D37 was treated with 2:1 mixture of DCE / TFA at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain crude 4-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] -6,7-dimethyl-2-[(2R,6S)-2-methyl-6-(6-oxo- lH-pyridin-3 -yl)morpholin-4-yl]pyrido [3,4-d]pyrimidin-8-one (Int-D38, 200 mg, 0.378 mmol, 156% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 530.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 11.70 - 11.49 (m, 1H), 7.93 (br d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 - 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.55 - 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.47 - 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.35 - 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.26 - 7.15 (m, 1H), 6.35 (br d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (br s, 1H), 4.72 - 4.53 (m, 2H), 4.49 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (br d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.80 - 3.68 (m, 1H), 3.53 - 3.48 (m, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.23 (brd, J = 5.1 Hz, 4H). Modification: The reaction was run at 80 °C for 1 h and purified purified by normal phase flash column chromatography (4 g SiO2 column) (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to yield 5-[(2R,4S)-4-[7-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl) -4- [3 -(trifluoromethyl) -1 -bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentanyl]pyrido [2,3 -d]pyrimidin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran- 2-yl]-lH-pyridin-2-one (Int-ElO, 20 mg, 0.04 mmol, 78% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 525.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): 5 8.91 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 9.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (dd, J = 11.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.22 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 6H), 2.27 (d, J= 13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.10-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.95 (dd, J = 24.8, 11.8 Hz, 1H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, CD3OD): 5-63.7 (s, 3F), -74.6 (s, 3F). F H          ? XI JCXX N N N O^J Int-E14 F / 7 / f CT ' BnO. ,N.           / L XI IY1 O^J Int-E13 Modification: The reaction was run at 80 °C for 5 h, and the crude was 'purified by flash chromatography (Isco RediSep® column 12 g, using ' a gradient elution of 0-10% MeOH in DCM) to obtain 5-((2S,6R)-4-(4-(3,3 -difluorocyclobutoxy)-6,7-dimethylpyrido [2,3 -d]py rimidin-2-yl)-6-methylmorpholine-2-yl)pyridine-2(lH)-one (Int-E14, 47.9 mg, 0.11 mmol, 88%) as a solid. 'H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 11.7 (br s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 6.69 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 4.75 (br s, 1H), 4.59 (br s, 1H), 4.34 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (br s, 1H), 3.19 (br s, 2H), 2.97-2.83 (m, 2H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.25 (s, 1H). ESI-MS: [M+H]+= 458.4. H                | XI JiOCX Int-E24 Xf BnO. .N.                Z XX X1X 0^ / J Int-E23 Modifications: The reaction was run with 100 equiv. of TFA in DCE solvent at 75 °C for 2 h. The crude product was purified by chromatography (40 g SiO2) using 0-15% DCM in MeOH gradient elution to afford 5-[(2R,4S)-4-[6-fluoro-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl) -1 -bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentanyl]pyrido [2,3 -d]pyrimidin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-lH-pyridin-2-one (Int-E24, 167 mg, 0.35 mmol, 99% yield) as a foam. cf3 H       T XI XYX Int-E31 cf3 BnO. ,N XI XlX O^J Int-E30 The procedure yielded 5-((2R,4S)-4-(6-bromo-7-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pent an-1 -yl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)pyridin-2(lH)-one (Int-E31). cf3 H        T XI XXX Int-E34 cf3 BnO. _N.        X XI XXX Int-E33 Modifications: The reaction was run with 100 equiv. of TFA in DCE solvent at 75 °C for 2 h. The crude mixture was purified by normal phase chromatography (0-50% MeOH in DCM elution gradient) to afford 7-methyl-2-((2R,4S)-2-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pent an-1 -yl)pyrido [2,3 -d]pyrimidine -6-carbonitrile (Int-E34, 55 mg, 73% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 482.3. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 8.81-8.84 (1H, m), 7.77 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.61 (1H, s), 7.38 (1H, s), 6.78 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz), 4.43 (1H, d, J = 11.1 Hz), 4.30 (1H, d, J= 11.3 Hz), 3.79 (lH,t, J = 12.1 Hz), 3.49 (1H, br s), 3.00 (3H, s), 2.65 (6H, s), 2.33 (1H, d, J = 13.8 Hz), 2.06-2.13 (2H, m), 1.99 (1H, t, J = 12.7 Hz). 19F NMR (CDCI3, 376 MHz): 5-73.2 (3F, s). H        I XX-JXCX Int-E41 BnO. .N. IX XXX Int-E40 Modifications: The reaction was run with 100 equiv. of TFA in DCE solvent at 75 °C for 2 h. The crude mixture was purified by normal phase chromatography (0-15% MeOH in DCM elution gradient) to afford 4-cyclohexyl-7-methyl-2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-oxo-lH-pyridin-3-yl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]pyrido [2,3 -d]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile (Int-E41, 220 mg, 0.51 mmol, 74% yield) as a solid. Method Int 50. Intermediate Int-B6: 5-methyl-6-oxo-lH-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde lnt-B6

[0340] A mixture of 5-bromo-3-methyl-lH-pyridin-2-one (1 equiv., 23 g, 122 mmol) in THF (1150 mL) was degassed with N2 for 3 times. The mixture was cooled to -78 °C and stirred for 20 min. n-Butyl lithium (3 equiv., 147 mL, 367 mmol) was added to the mixture at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 3 h. N,N-dimethylformamide (24 equiv., 227 mL, 2936 mmol) was added at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred at -70 °C for 1 h. TLC showed the starting material consumed completely and a new point (Rf = 0.2) was detected. Water (200 mL) was added to the mixture at -70 °C slowly. The mixture was warmed to 25 °C and added saturated sodium chloride solution (100 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (1 L x 5) and DCM (1 L x 10). The organic layers were added silica gel and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50% EtOAc in PE, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Rf = 0.1) to afford 5-methyl-6-oxo-lH-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-B6 batch 1, 8.4 g, 61.3 mmol, 50% yield) as a solid and 5-methyl-6-oxo-lH-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-B6 batch 2, 3.4 g, 24.8 mmol, 20% yield) as a solid.

[0341] Int-B6 batch 1: LCMS: [M+H]+ = 138.0; purity = 95% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.393 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 9.64 (s, 1H), 7.91 - 7.77 (m, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H).

[0342] Int-B6 batch 2: LCMS: [M+H]+ = 137.9; purity = 64% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.282 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 9.62 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 2H), 7.91 - 7.84 (m, 1H), 7.83 - 7.73 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, 5H), 2.88 (s, 5H), 2.18 (s, 3H). Method Int 51. Intermediate Int-B7: 6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde lnt-B6                                                 lnt'B7

[0343] To a mixture of 5-methyl-6-oxo-lH-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-B6, 1 equiv., 3400 mg, 24.8 mmol) in MeCN (68 mL) was added benzyl bromide (1.1 equiv., 9.5 mL, 27.3 mmol) and Ag2CC>3 (1.3 equiv., 8887 mg, 32.2 mmol) at 20 °C. The mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed the starting material was consumed completely and a peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was combined with another batch. The mixture was filtered and washed with EtOAc (500 mL). The filtrate was added silica gel and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE:EtOAc = 10:1; UV, Rf = 0.6) to afford 6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (Int-B7, 12200 mg, 53.7 mmol, 217% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 228.1; purity = 98% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.573 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCls) 5 9.93 (s, 1H), 8.48 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J = 1.0, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52 - 7.44 (m, 2H), 7.43 - 7.31 (m, 3H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H). Method Int 52. Intermediate Int-B8: (2R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one OBn lnt-B7 2) H2O, 30 °C, 12 h TMSO^^^O^ 1)Ti(OiPr)4, (R)-H8-BINOL, N2, Toluene, 25 °C, 1 h lnt-B8

[0344] Solution A: To a mixture of Ti(OiPr)4 (0.4 equiv., 5003 mg, 17.6 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) was added (R)-(+)-5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-octahydro-l,l-bi-naphthol (0.2 equiv., 2591 mg, 8.80 mmol) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduce pressure at 50 °C to give a solid. The solid was dissolved in toluene (30 mL). To a mixture of 6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (1 equiv., 10.0 g, 44 mmol) in toluene (90 mL) was added trans-1-methoxy-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)-l,3-butadiene (4 equiv., 34 mL, 176 mmol) and H2O (0.1 equiv., 0.079 mL, 4.4 mmol) at 25 °C. The mixture was degassed with N2 (x3) and the solution A was added at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 30 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed the starting material was consumed completely and a major peak with desired MS was detected. 200 mL water was added to the mixture and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 6). Silica gel was added to the organic layers and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.3) to afford (2R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one (Int-B8, 3.2 g, 10.1 mmol, 23% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 296.3; purity = 93% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.579 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 8.02 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.52 - 7.43 (m, 4H), 7.38 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (br d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 5.37 (dd, J = 3.2, 14.5 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (s, 1H), 2.94 (dd, J = 14.5, 16.7 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J = 3.2, 16.6 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H).

[0345] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Ch ar acteriz ation Int-F4 / =° The reaction was run with 6-benzyloxypyridine-3-carbaldehyde to produce (R)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (Int-F4, 80% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 8.19 (1H, d, J = 2.5 Hz), 7.64 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.6 Hz), 7.42 - 7.45 (3H, m), 7.29 - 7.39 (3H, m), 6.86 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 5.52 (1H, dd, J = 6.0, 1.3 Hz), 5.36 - 5.40 (3H, m), 2.91 (1H, dd, J = 16.8, 14.4 Hz), 2.62 (1H, ddd, J= 16.8,3.4, 1.3 Hz). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 282.2. Method Int 53. Intermediate Int-B9: (2R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-one lnt-B8 Pd / C, H2, TEA, EtOH, 0 °C, 1 h lnt-B9

[0346] To a mixture of (2R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one (1 equiv., 1.5 g, 5.08 mmol) in EtOH (21.5 mL) was added TEA (1 equiv., 2.2 mL, 5.08 mmol) and palladium on carbon (1 equiv., 540 mg, 5.08 mmol) at 25 °C under N2. The mixture was degassed with H2 for 3 times and cooled to 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min under H2 (15 psi) atmosphere. LCMS showed the starting material was consumed completely and a peak with desired MS was detected. The mixture was fdtered and washed with EtOH (50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude product. The crude product was purified by reversed-phase flash (0.1% FA condition) and concentrated to remove CH3CN, then adjusted pH to about 9—10 by using Na2CO2 solid, followed by extracted with EtOAc (3 x 40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (2R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-one (Int-B9, 440 mg, 1.48 mmol, 29% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 298.3; purity = 100% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.580 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 7.98 - 7.94 (m, 1H), 7.50 - 7.43 (m, 3H), 7.41 - 7.28 (m, 3H), 5.44 -5.39 (m, 2H), 4.60 (dd, J = 3.4, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 4.45 - 4.37 (m, 1H), 3.84 (dt, J = 2.9, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 2.79 - 2.57 (m, 3H), 2.49 - 2.39 (m, 1H), 2.26 (s, 3H). Method Int 54. Intermediate Int-BlO: (5R)-5-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)-l,6-di oxaspiro [2.5] octane-2-carbonitrile lnt-B9 CICH2CN , KOH , BnEt3NCI , H20 , THF, 0 °C, 12 h lnt-B10

[0347] To amixture of KOH (3 equiv., 734 mg, 13.1 mmol) in H2O (9.33 equiv., 0.73 mL, 40.8 mmol) and THF (26 mL) was added BnEtsNCl (0.05 equiv., 50 mg, 0.219 mmol) at 25 °C. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C. To the mixture was added (2R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-one (Int-B9, 1 equiv., 1300 mg, 4.37 mmol) and C1CH2CN (1.3 equiv., 429 mg, 5.68 mmol) in THF (8.5 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed 12% starting material remained and a main peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for another 12 h. LCMS showed 7% starting material remained and a major peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for another 2 h. LCMS showed 2% starting material remained and a main peak with desired MS was detected. The reaction was diluted with water (50 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product (5R)-5-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)-l,6-dioxaspiro[2.5]octane-2-carbonitrile (Int-BlO, 1500 mg, 4.46 mmol, 102% yield) as an oil. The crude product was used to next step without further purification. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 337.3; purity = 86% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.612 min.

[0348] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Ch ar acteriz ation N XJX / K.N      Ill XI A Int-F6 ^JX-O^N. XXfX-yO Int-F5 The procedure afforded (5R)-5-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3 -yl) -1,6- dioxaspiro[2.5]octane-2-carbonitrile (Int-F6). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 323.2. Method Int 55. Intermediate Int-Bll: (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid lnt-B10 LiBr, NaHCO3, ACN, DMF, H2O, 100 °C, 12 h

[0349] A mixture of LiBr (1.5 equiv., 581 mg, 6.69 mmol), NaHCOs (1 equiv., 375 mg, 4.46 mmol) and H2O (1.25 equiv., 0.10 mL, 5.57 mmol) in DMF (7.5 mL) and MeCN (7.5 mL) was stirred at 25 °C for 15 min. To the mixture was added (5R)-5-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)-l,6-dioxaspiro[2.5]octane-2-carbonitrile (Int-BlO, 1 equiv., 1500 mg, 4.46 mmol) in DMF (7.5 mL) and MeCN (7.5 mL) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 12 h. LCMS showed the starting material was consumed completely and a peak with desired mass was detected. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and basified with Na2CO3 (aq.) to adjust pH ~13, then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). Then the water layer was re-adjusted to pH = 2~3 with 1 M HC1 aqueous solution and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, fdtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid (Int-Bll, 2.1 g, 6.41 mmol, 144% yield) as an oil. The crude product was used to next step without further purification. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 328.1.

[0350] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization p 0 a \= / O— / =O O X n Ill XI A Int-F6 Modifications: The reaction was run with 1.5 equiv. Li2CO3 instead of NaHCCE and at 90 °C overnight to afford (2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid (Int-F7, 4.1 g, 78% yield over two steps). 'H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 5 8.11 (1H, s), 7.69 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 7.3 Hz), 7.34 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 7.3 Hz), 6.83 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 5.32 (2H, s), 4.38 (1H, d, J = 11.5 Hz), 4.13 (1H, d, J = 11.5 Hz), 3.64 (1H, t, J = 12.0 Hz), 2.73 (1H, t, J = 11.9 Hz), 2.08 (1H, d, J = 13.4 Hz), 1.90 (1H, d, J = 13.4 Hz), 1.75 (1H, t, J = 13.0 Hz), 1.63 (1H, q, J = 12.4 Hz). ESI-MS: [M+H]+= 314.2. Method Int 56. Intermediate Int-B12: (4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide 1) isobutyl chloroformate, TEA, THF, -15 °C, 30 min 2) NH3H2O, -15 °C, 1 h lnt-B12

[0351] To a solution of (4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid (Int-Bl 1, 1 equiv., 2194 mg, 6.70 mmol) and TEA (2 equiv., 1.9 mL, 13.4 mmol) in THF (21 mL) was added isobutyl i (1.2 equiv., 1.1 mL, 8.04 mmol) drowpise at -15 °C and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then NH3 H2O (50 equiv., 13 mL, 335 mmol) was added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at -15 °C. LCMS showed the starting material was consumed competely and a peak with desired MS was detected. The reaction solution was poured into water (50 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (3x50 mL), and the organics was washed with 20 mL saturated brine solution. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, fdtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude product. The crude product was triturated (50% EtOAc in PE, 20 mL) (x3) to give (4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-B12, 1.0 g, 3.06 mmol, 46% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.96 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52 - 7.44 (m, 3H), 7.42 - 7.31 (m, 3H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.33 (dd, J = 2.0, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.28 - 4.21 (m, 1H), 3.66 (brdd, J= 11.5, 14.8 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (br s, 1H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.04 (td, J = 1.9, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 1.96 -1.76 (m, 3H). Method Int 57. Intermediate Int-B30: (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-N-[5-methoxy-6-methyl-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carbonyl]pyrazin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide lnt-B30

[0352] The mixture of (3-chloro-6-methoxy-5-methyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]methanone (1 equiv., 380 mg, 1.18 mmol), (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (1 equiv., 370 mg, 1.18 mmol), CS2CO3 (2 equiv., 772 mg, 231 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (0.1 equiv., 112 mg, 0.118 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (6.3 mL) was degassed with N2 for 3 times. The mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed no starting material remained and a major peak with desired mass was detected. The reaction was combined with another batch, and the final mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude. The crude was purified by flash column (100% EtOAc to 9% MeOH in DCM, Rf = 0.1) to give (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3 -pyridyl)-N-[5 -methoxy-6-methyl-3 -[3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentane -1 -carbonyl]pyrazin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-B30, 350 mg, 0.587 mmol, 50% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 597.2; purity = 100% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.658 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 10.97 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J = 2.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 - 7.41 (m, 2H), 7.40 - 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.33 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 4.47 - 4.22 (m, 2H), 4.01 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 2H), 2.52 (s, 4H), 2.14 (br s, 1H), 2.03 - 1.96 (m, 2H).

[0353] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization O £ / \ -  \ = °4 A ">    >—Z   V o O  }—(  v " z z / < ' o N o CN                    T Zz U.           2-^ O / W Q   \-2 ■z. z            / ° \— / a \ / =\ ”    .       / ---\   — '-r -4   \ U-          /   \     z   x  ff XZ  %  O    J / V  O      ° Modification: The reaction was performed with Int-D16 and 0.8 equiv.       of       (2R,4S)-2-(l- (dimethylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro -2H-pyran-4-carboxamide at 85 °C for 30 min. the crude material was purified by flash chromatography (Isco RediSep column 24 g, using a gradient elution of 1-10% MeOH in DCM). The selected fractions were evaporated to yield the desired product             (2R,4S)-N-(5- (difluoromethyl)-6-methyl-3 -(3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]penta ne-1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)-2-( 1 -(dimethylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro -2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-D17, 17 mg, 0.03 mmol, 11% yield). ESIMS: [M+H]+= 570.3. 00 3 o a O-( 6 ( > - Mi VM / 11 o z z F, F JL X Int-D40 BnO. .N. XI jL The crude was then purified by silica gel column (PE / EtOAc = 1:1, Rf = 0.5) to give (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-N-[3-(4,4-difluorocyclohexanecarbonyl) -5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-D41, 3000 mg, 4.93 mmol, 95% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 565.2. NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 1.79 - 2.03 (m, 9H) 2.12 - 2.28 (m, 3H) 2.52 - 2.73 (m, 6H) 2.93 - 3.07 (m, 1H) 3.62 - 3.79 (m, 1H) 3.99 -4.09 (m, 1H) 4.24 - 4.33 (m, 1H) 4.41 (dd, J=11.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H) 5.38 (s, 2H) 6.82 (d, J=8.6Hz, 1H) 7.28-7.41 (m, 3H) 7.46 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) 7.66 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H) 8.16 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H) 11.28 (s, 1H). / z-z C M° co         2 \ o U—— / z— 1 / —\ Vo z / ) / / o c co z-z^ <X°2 co                )    (          +L U- / \   /  \ o Purification by SiO2 flash column chromatography using an elution gradient of 10-45% acetone in hexanes yield methyl (2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-methyl-3-oxo-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]penta ne-1 -carbonyl)-2,3 -dihydropyridazin-4-yl)tetrahydro- Int-D45 BnO. _N. XI 1 2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-D45, 97 mg, 0.17 mmol, 8% yield) as a foam. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 583.3. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13): 5 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.667.63 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.29 (m, 3H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 4.38-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.22 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.62 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 6H), 2.03 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.92-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.77 (dd, J = 24.8, 12.0 Hz, 1H). N      V HN^N^ Int-D46 CM w -L z z      ( / -o o Modifications: The reaction was run with        (3-chloro-5,6-dimethyl- pyrazin-2-yl) - [cuban-1 -yl]methanone (1 equiv.) and (2R,4S)-2-(l-(dimethylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (1.5 equiv.) at 85 C for 2.5 h. The crude was purified by silica     gel     flash     column chromatography, using an elution gradient of 5-45% acetone in hexanes to afford (2R,4S)-N-(3-(cubane-1 -carbonyl)-5,6-dimethylpyrazin-2-yl)-2-( 1 -(dimethylamino)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro -2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-D46, 62 mg, 0.123 mmol, 41% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 472.4. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de): 5 10.70 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J = 9.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.294.26 (m, 3H), 4.16 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.03-3.94 (m, 5H), 3.52-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.87 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 6H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.88 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.47 (m, 2H). The crude was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, using an elution gradient of 10-60% acetone in hexanes to yield (2R,4S)-N-(5,6-dimethyl-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)cubane-1-carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)-2-( 1 -methyl -6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-D47, 136 mg, 0.25 mmol, 63% yield) as a solid. ESIMS: [M+H]+ = 541.4. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13): 5 11.22 (s, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 7.0, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 6.56 (q, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 3H), 4.27 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 3H), 4.24-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.64 (td, J = 11.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 2.92 (t, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (t, J = 3.5 Hz, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.14 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.00-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.80 (dd, J = 24.8, 12.0 Hz, 1H). Method Int 58. Intermediate Int-B13: 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4- yl]-6-methoxy-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]-pentanyl]pteridine

[0354] To a solution of (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-N-[5-methoxy-6-methyl-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentane-1 -carbonyl]pyrazin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-B30, 1 equiv., 300 mg, 0.503 mmol) in 1-butanol (15 mL) was added ammonium acetate (20 equiv., 775 mg, 10.1 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 115 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed starting material consumed completely and a major peak with desired mass was detected. The mixture was combined with another batch, added to water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-[(2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl] -6-methoxy-7 -methyl-4- [3 -(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclo [1.1.1]-pentanyl]pteridine (Int-B13, 360 mg, 0.623 mmol, 124% yield) as a solid, which was used in next step directly. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 578.3; purity = 83% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.694 min. Method Int 59. Intermediate Int-B14: (5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-2-chloro-pyrimidine), Int-B15: 2-bromo-5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)pyrimidine

[0355] To a mixture of 2-chloropyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde (1 equiv., 2.0 g, 14.0 mmol) and 3-buten-l-ol (1.2 equiv., 1.4 mL, 16.8 mmol) in DCM (80 mL) was added dropwise HBr in AcOH (3 equiv., 7.5 mL, 42.1 mmol) at 0 °C under N2 atmosphere, then the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h under N2 atmosphere. LCMS showed 76% of desired product and by-product. The reaction mixture was poured into saturated NaHCOs aqueous solution (100 mL) and then extracted with DCM (100 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue (4 g). The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EtOAc in petroleum ether, Rf = 0.5) to afford mixture of 5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-2-chloro-pyrimidine (Int-B14) & 2-bromo-5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)pyrimidine (Int-B15) (3.36 g) as an inseparable oil that was used in the next step without further purification. Intermediate Int-B16: 2-benzyloxy-5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)pyrimidine lnt-B15 Pd2(dba)3, Xantphos, Cs2CO3, dioxane, 100 °C, 2h lnt-B16

[0356] To a mixture of (5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)-2-chloro-pyrimidine), int-B14, and 2-bromo-5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)pyrimidine, Int-B15, (1 equiv., 2400 mg, 5.66 mmol) and phenylmethanol (1.3 equiv., 0.77 mL, 7.36 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) was added Pd2(dba)3 (0.1 equiv., 519 mg, 0.566 mmol), XantPhos (0.2 equiv., 656 mg, 1.13 mmol) and CS2CO3 (2.5 equiv., 4614 mg, 14.2 mmol) under N2 atmosphere. Then the reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen 3 times and was then stirred at 100 °C for 8 hours under nitrogen. LCMS showed 46% of desired product. The reaction was diluted with water (100 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 150 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EtOAc in petroleum ether) (TLC, 9% EtOAc in PE, Rf= 0.60) to afford 2-benzyloxy-5-(4-bromotetrahydropyran-2-yl)pyrimidine (Int-B16, 1.36 g, 3.89 mmol, 69% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 351.0; purity = 100% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.572 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh, 301 K) 5 ]ppm] 8.50 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.41 - 7.29 (m, 3H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 4.34 (dd, J = 2.0, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (tt, J = 4.5, 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (ddd, J = 1.6,4.9, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (dt, J = 2.3, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (tdd, J = 2.0, 4.2, 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.32 - 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.18 (dt, J = 4.8, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.13-2.01 (m, 1H). Method Int 60. Intermediate Int-B17: [6-methoxy-7-methyl-2-[(2R)-2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)-tetrahydr opyran-4-yl] pteridin-4-yl] 4-methylbenzenesulfonate lnt-B17

[0357] To a solution of 6-methoxy-7-methyl-2-[(2R,4S)-2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-3H-pteridin-4-one (1 equiv., 30 mg, 0.0782 mmol) and K2CO3 (5 equiv., 54 mg, 0.391 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL), then 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (2 equiv., 30 mg, 0.156 mmol) in MeCN (0.5 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 °C and the solution was stirred for 3 h at 25 °C. LCMS showed raw material consumed most and the major new peak showed desired MS. The solution extracted with EtOAc (2x5 mL), the organics washed with saturated brine (5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the residue [6-methoxy-7-methyl-2-[(2R)-2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)-tetrahydropyran-4-yl]pteridin-4-yl] 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (Int-B17, 30 mg, 0.056 mmol, 71% yield) and use for next step directly. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 538.1, purity = 45%, uv = 220 nm, Ret. Time = 0.560 min. Method Int 61. Intermediate Int-B19: 5-[(2R,4S)-4-(4-bromo-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one

[0358] LiBr (3.5 equiv., 187 mg, 2.15 mmol) was added to a solution of [6-methoxy-7-methyl-2-[(2R,4S)-2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]pteridin-4-yl] 4-methylbenzene-sulfonate (Int-B17, 1 equiv., 330 mg, 0.614 mmol) in THF (6 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 60 °C under N2. LCMS showed that the starting material was not consumed completely, and the desired mass was detected (72%). The reaction was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3). the combined organic phase washed with brine (30 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by prep-TLC (8% MeOH in EtOAc, desired product Rf= 0.5) to afford 5-[(2R,4S)-4-(4-bromo-6-methoxy-7-methyl-pteridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-B19, 170 mg, 0.373 mmol, 61% yield) as an oil. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 448.1; Purity = 98% (220 nm); Ret. time = 0.493 min. Method Int 62. Intermediate Int-B20: bromo-[2-(l-cyclopropyl-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]zinc l2, LiCI, zinc, TMSCI, 1,2-dibromoethane, THF, 55 °C, 12 h lnt-B20

[0359] Zinc (3.04 equiv., 200 mg, 3.06 mmol) was suspended in LiCI (0.5 M in THF) (1 equiv., 2.0 mL, 1 mmol), 1,2-dibromoethane (0.05 equiv., 0.004 mL, 0.05 mmol) was added and the suspension was stirred at 55 °C for 20 min, Cooled down, then TMSCI (0.05 equiv., 0.006 mL, 0.05 mmol) was introduced and the mixture was stirred at 55 °C for additional 20 min. Cooled down, then iodine (0.02 equiv., 5.1 mg, 0.0201 mmol) in THF (0.1 mL) was introduced and the reaction was stirred at 55 °C for another 20 min, 4-bromo-1,1-difluoro-cyclohexane (1 equiv., 200 mg, 1 mmol) was added to the warm suspension of activated zinc. The reaction mixture was stirred at 55 °C for 12 h. The solution was used to the next step directly. Method Int 63. Intermediate Int-B22: 5-[4-(8-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one

[0360] Charged 6,8-dichloro-2,3-dimethyl-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (1 equiv., 130 mg, 0.57 mmol) and Pd(Amphos)2C12 (0.05 equiv., 20 mg, 0.0285 mmol) and THF (1 mL) into sealed bottle under N2 atmosphere and purged with N2 for three times, bromo-[2-(l-methyl-6-oxo-3- pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]zinc (1.2 equiv., 231 mg, 0.684 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction solution at 25 °C, then warm to 45 °C and stirred for 1 hour. LCMS showed -35% of desired product was detected. The mixture was combined with two additional batches, and was quenched by 100 mL H2O, extracted with DCM (3 x 100 mL), the combined organic layers was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, fdtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product (450 mg). The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in petroleum ether, and 100-70% EtOAc in MeOH) (TLC, 25% MeOH in EtOAc, desired product: Rf= 0.6) to give 5-[4-(8-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-6-yl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-l-methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-B22, 250 mg, 0.650 mmol, 56% yield) as a solid. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 385.2; purity = 96% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.451 min. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.73 - 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.47 - 7.32 (m, 2H), 6.63 - 6.50 (m, 1H), 4.36 - 4.21 (m, 1H),4.O1 -3.86(m, 1H), 3.76 (dt, J = 2.3, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.30 (tdd, J = 3.9, 8.0, 11.9 Hz, 1H), 2.88 - 2.76 (m, 6H), 2.34 - 2.13 (m, 2H), 2.11 -2.05 (m, 1H), 2.03 - 1.97 (m, 1H). Method Int 64. Intermediate Int-C12: l-cyclopropyl-5-((2S,6R)-6-methylmorpholin-2-yl)pyridine-2(lH)-one

[0361] Thiophenol (3 equiv., 36 pL, 0.36 mmol) was added dropwise to a suspension of 1-cyclopropyl-5-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-morpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one 4 (Int-Cl 1, 1 equiv., 50.0 mg, 0.12 mmol) and potassium carbonate (5 equiv., 82.3 mg, 0.60 mmol) in MeCN (1.0 mL) at 50 °C under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 18 h and then cooled to room temperature and fdtered through a pad of Celite. The fdtrate was concentrated to dryness and the residue was diluted with DCM (100 mL) and extracted with 3M HC1 (aq) (3 x 20 mL). The combined aqueous layers were basified with IM NaOH (aq) until pH = 12 and extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, fdtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (12 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 0-10% MeOH in DCM to yield l-cyclopropyl-5-[(2S,6R)-6-methylmorpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one (Int-C12, 20 mg, 0.08 mmol, 72% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 7.29 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 1H), 3.26-3.32 (m, 1H), 2.95 (br s, 2H), 2.58 (br d, J = 58.5 Hz, 3H), 1.19 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.11-1.14 (m, 2H), 0.85-0.87 (m, 2H).

[0362] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization BnO^-N. Int-C 1 BnO^JSL Y (2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3 -pyridyl)-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-morpholine Modification: The reaction crude was purified by normal phase flash column chromatography (25 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 1-10% MeOH in DCM to yield (2S,6R)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-6-methylmorpholine (Int-Cl, 79%) as a cloudy oil. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 8.15 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.4 Hz), 7.45 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.29-7.39 (3H, m), 6.80 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 5.38 (2H, s), 4.50 (1H, dd, J = 10.5, 2.3 Hz), 3.75-3.79 (1H, m), 2.97 (2H, dd, J = 25.2, 12.3 Hz), 2.71 (1H, t, J = 11.4 Hz), 2.56 (1H, t, J = 11.3 Hz), 2.10-2.14 (1H, m), 1.21 (3H, d, J = 6.2 Hz). Method Int 66. Intermediate Int-C3: 5-((2S,6R)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-6- methylmorpholino)-7-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylthiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-amine

[0363] To a solution of (2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-morpholine (Int-Cl, 1 equiv., 115 mg, 0.404 mmol) and 5-chloro-7-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-amine (Int-C2, 1.2 equiv., 159 mg, 0.485 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was added DIPEA (3 equiv., 0.21 mL, 1.21 mmol), and then the mixture was stirred for 4 h at 135 °C. More 5-chloro-7-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-amine (Int-C2, 0.5 equiv., 66 mg, 0.202 mmol) was added to the mixture and then the mixture was stirred for another 12 h at 135 °C. The reaction solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL x 2) and washed with 10 mL saturated brine solution. The organics were then separated and dried (Na2SO4) before concentration to dryness. The residue was then purified by silica gel column (50% EtOAc in PE, Rf = 0.5) to obtain 5-[(2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-morpholin-4-yl]-7-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-amine (Int-C3) as a gum. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 575.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 1.3 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H) 2.76 (d, J=13.3, 10.7 Hz, 1H) 2.90 (dd, J=13.1, 11.3 Hz, 1H) 3.20 -3.37 (m, 6H) 3.78 - 3.92 (m, 1H) 4.59 (dd, J=10.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H) 4.80 - 4.95 (m, 2H) 5.40 (s, 2H) 6.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 6.90 - 6.97 (m, 1H) 6.98 - 7.05 (m, 1H) 7.32 - 7.41 (m, 3H) 7.44 - 7.49 (m, 2H) 7.70 - 7.81 (m, 2H) 8.24 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H).

[0364] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Ch ar acteriz ation cf3 BnCL .N.                  / XIIX X N N N Int-Cl 5 BnO^.N. °xJ Int-Cl cf3 nX-v A A A Modification: The reaction was performed starting from (2S,6R)-2-(2 -benzy loxy-1,2-dihydropyridin-5-yl)-6-methyl-morpholine (Int-Cl) and 2-chloro-6,7-dimethyl-4- [3 -(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentanyl]pteridine in a MW vial, using anhydrous THF as solvent, at 65 °C for 3 h. The resulting crude was purified by normal phase flash column chromatography (12 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 0-10% EtOAc in DCM to yield (2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-4-[6,7-dimethyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentanyl]pteridin-2-yl]-6-methyl-morpholine (Int-C15, 123 mg, 0.21 mmol, 58% yield) as a solid. ’H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 8.26 (1H, s), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.28-7.46 (5H, m), 6.86 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 5.43 (2H, s), 4.94-5.05 (1H, m), 4.574.60 (1H, m), 3.81-3.89 (1H, m), 2.93-3.01 (1H, m), 2.78-2.85 (2H, m), 2.69 (3H, s), 2.64 (3H, s), 2.58 (6H, s), 1.35 (3H, d, J = 6.0 Hz). 19F NMR (CDCls, 376 MHz): 5 -73.1 (3F, s). cf3 H Int-Cl 8 H Int-Cl 7 cf3 CI^N N^' Int-Cl 4 Modification: The reaction was run in THF at 70 °C for 45 min. The reaction crude was purified by flash chromatography (Isco RediSep® column 4 g, using a gradient from 0% to 2% MeOH in DCM). The selected fractions were evaporated to provide 5-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-[7-methyl-6-(oxetan-3 -yl)-4-[3 -(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentanyl]pteridin-2-yl]morpholin-2-yl]- lH-pyridin-2-one (Int-Cl8, 63% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 7.64-7.69 (m, 2H), 6.73- 6.76 (m, 1H), 5.09 (d, J = 7.73Hz, 4H), 4.93-5.00 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.47 (m, 1H), 3.793.87 (m, 1H), 2.98 (s, 1H), 2.842.92 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 6H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 1.32-1.37 (m, 3H). 19F NMR (CDCI3, 376 MHz): 5 -73.0 (s, 3F). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 529.3. 1     5 Int-C47 CO2M6 J^NO2 ^n^nh2 cr BnO CO2MG A A ^N^NH2 Int-C46 Int-Cl Modification: Int-Cl (1 equiv.) , Int-C46 (1.2 equiv.), and DIPEA (3 equiv.) were reacted in THF solvent at 70 °C for 1 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by normal phase chromatography (0-40% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford methyl 3-[6-amino-2-[(2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-morpholin-4-yl] -5 -nitro-pyrimidin-4-yl]bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentane-1 -carboxylate (Int-C47, 464 mg, 0.85 mmol, 86% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+= 547.3. BnO^N N' S^N^5 □y Int-D34 F Nx l,Nx O BnO F" Clx T jl Int-Cl F f |CY 0 Int-D33 Modifications: The reaction was run at 100 °C for 1 h, and then poured into water. The precipitate was collected by filtration to obtain 2-[(2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-morpholin-4-yl]-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-pyrido [3,4-d]pyrimidin-8-one (Int-D34, 600 mg, 0.927 mmol, 99% yield). LCMS: [M+H]+ = 570.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 8.24 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J = 2.3, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 - 7.44 (m, 3H), 7.41 - 7.29 (m, 4H), 7.06 (dt, J = 2.0, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.02 - 6.95 (m, 1H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 5.00 - 4.83 (m, 2H), 4.59 (dd, J = 2.4, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 2.97 (dd, J = 10.9, 13.1 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J = 10.8, 13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H). cf3 Xj F^^Y BnO.           u        / T1    i N N y O^J     0 Int-D37 BnO^N. T X ^^XY'NH Int-Cl cf3 Xj i iXV CI^nXt N^ 0 Int-D36 Modifications: The reaction was run at 100 °C for 1 h, and then poured into water. The precipitate was collected by filtration to obtain 2-[(2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-morpholin-4-yl] -4- [2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] -6,7-dimethyl-pyrido [3,4-d]pyrimidin-8-one (Int-D37, 200 mg, 0.323 mmol, 60% yield). LCMS: [M+H]+ = 620.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.28 - 8.20 (m, 1H), 7.98 - 7.76 (m, 4H), 7.51 -7.29 (m, 6H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 4.77 - 4.60 (m, 3H), 3.56 -3.48 (m, 3H), 3.04 - 2.95 (m, 2H), 2.82 - 2.71 (m, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.29- 1.24 (m, 3H). F Aj'F Ct BnO. ,N. XI OrX Int-E13 F Ajf o^7 n^y^Y A A A Int-E12 BnO^N. °'X Int-Cl Modifications: The reaction was run in THF solvent at 70 °C for 90 min and purified by flash chromatography (Isco RediSep® column 12 g, using a gradient from 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes). The selected fractions were evaporated to     provide     (2S,6R)-2-(6- (benzyloxy)pyridine-3-yl)-4-(4-(3,3-difluorocyclobutoxy)-6,7-dimethylpyrido [2,3 -d]pyrimidin-2-yl (Int-E13, 66 mg, 0.12 mmol, 72%) as a solid. 1H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 8.22 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.34 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 4.54 (dd, J = 10.8, 2.6Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 548.3. Method Int 67. Intermediate Int-C4: 5-[(2S,6R)-4-[7-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-6-methyl-morpholin-2-yl]-l- (methyleneamino)pyridin-2-one Example 174                                                   lnt-C4

[0365] To a solution of l-amino-5-[(2S,6R)-4-[7-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-6-methyl-morpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-one (Example 174, 1 equiv., 100 mg, 0.200 mmol) and formaldehyde (2 equiv., 0.030 mL, 0.400 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added MgSO4 (10 equiv., 240 mg, 2.00 mmol), followed by AcOH (0.25 equiv., 6.9 mg, 0.050 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 30 °C, and then added into NaHCOs aqueous solution (10 mL) and extracted with DCM (10 mL x 2). The organics was washed with 10 mL saturated brine solution, separated, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to yield 5-[(2S,6R)-4-[7-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)thiazolo [4,5 -d]pyrimidin-5 -yl] -6-methyl-morpholin-2-yl] -1 - (methyleneamino)pyridin-2-one (Int-C4, 60 mg, 0.117 mmol, 59% yield), which was used for next step directly. LCMS: [M+H]+ = 512.1; purity = 51% (UV 220 nm); Ret. time = 0.569 min. Method Int 68. Intermediate Int-C5: tert-butyl((diphenylphosphoryl)oxy)(methyl)carbamate Boc Ph        HO                   Ph ________NEt3           %' Boc □i / Cl                                   Phz O ■ DCM,-10 °C, 1h        rn lnt-C5

[0366] To a flame-dried round-bottomed flask under N2 atmosphere was added tert-butyl N-hydroxy-N-methyl-carbamate (1.1 equiv., 0.68 g, 4.63 mmol) and DCM (9 mL). The mixture was cooled down to -10 °C and triethylamine (1.25 equiv., 0.73 mL, 5.27 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min. To a separate flask diphenylphosphinic chloride (1 equiv., 1.00 g, 4.23 mmol) and DCM (6 mL) were added under N2 atmosphere. This solution was added dropwise to the hydroxylamine solution over 30 min, such that the internal temperature of the reaction solution was kept below 0 °C. After 1 h, the mixture was allowed to warm above 10 °C and an aqueous solution of citric acid (5% wt., 2.5 mL) was added over 5 min. The phases were separated and the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure until the product began to precipitate. Heptanes (30 mL) was added to the resulting slurry and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The desired product tert-butyl N-diphenylphosphoryloxy-N-methyl-carbamate (Int-C5, 1.1 g, 3.2 mmol, 75% yield) was obtained as a solid. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13): 5 8.01 - 7.90 (4H, m), 7.57 - 7.50 (2H, m), 7.48 - 7.40 (4H, m), 1.39 (9H, s). Method Int 69. Intermediate Int-C6: JV-diphenylphosphoryloxymethanamine zPh Boc            TfOH                   / Ph H Ph                 DCM, 0 °C, 0.5 h         Ph lnt-C5                                          lnt-C6

[0367] A round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl N-diphenylphosphoryloxy-N-methyl-carbamate (Int-C5, 1 equiv., 1.50 g, 4.32 mmol) and dissolved in DCM (80 mL) under N2 atmosphere. The solution was cooled to 0 °C under stirring and triflic acid (2.5 equiv., 0.95 mL, 10.8 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with a sat. NaHCOs (aq) solution (50 mL) and water. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield N-diphenylphosphoryloxymethanamine (Int-C6, 0.75 g, 3.01 mmol, 70% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh): 5 7.91 - 7.79 (4H, m), 7.57 - 7.50 (2H, m), 7.49 - 7.37 (4H, m), 2.89 (3H, s).

[0368] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization CL ^CL p%h H Int-C9 CL ^CL ph .h BOO Int-C8 Int-C8 (240 mg, 0.664 mmol) was treated with triflic acid in an analogous manner to yield N-diphenylphosphoryloxyethanamine (Int-C9, 156 mg, 0.60 mmol, 90% yield) as a solid. Method Int 70. Intermediate Int-C7: 2-chloro-6-(difluoromethyl)-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine zinc difluoromethanesulfinate TBHP TFA Fe(acac)3 lnt-C7 DMSO / DCM, 23 °C, 2 h

[0369] To a solution of 2-chloro-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine (1 equiv., 500 mg, 1.59 mmol) and TFA (2 equiv., 243 pL, 3.18 mmol) in a 1:1 mixture of DMSO (30 mL) and DCM (30 mL) was added zinc difluoromethane sulfinate (3 equiv., 1.40 g, 4.77 mmol), followed by tert-butyl hydroperoxide solution (70 wt.% in H2O, 5 equiv., 1.1 mb, 7.94 mmol) and iron(III) acetylacetonate (0.1 equiv., 56 mg, 0.159 mmol) under vigorous stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until full conversion was observed by LC-MS. The reaction mixture was partitioned between DCM (10 mL) and sat. NaHCOs (aq) (10 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash column chromatography (40 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes to yield (2-chloro-6-(difluoromethyl)-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentanyl]pteridine (Int-C7, 204 mg, 0.425 mmol, 27% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 6.83 (1H, t, J = 53.8 Hz), 3.03 (3H, s), 2.68 (6H, s). 19F NMR (CDC13, 376 MHz): 5 -73.1 (3F, s), -115.8 (2F, d, J = 54.0 Hz).

[0370] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization cf3 .N. / CF2H A X Int-D16 cf3 1X Int-C20 Modification: The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (Isco RediSep® column 40 g, using a gradient from 20-60% EtOAc in hexanes). The selected fractions were evaporated to yield (3-chloro-6-(difluoromethyl)-5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-D16, 162 mg, 0.48 mmol, 28% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 338.9. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) 5 7.36 (t, J = 52.9 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (s, 3H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-de) 5-71.5 (s, 3F),-118.2 (dd, J = 53.1, 1.6 Hz, 2F) Method Int 71. Intermediate Int-C8: tert-butyl N-diphenylphosphoryloxy-N-ethyl-carbamate ex 'P NHBoc Ph 1 Ph lodoethane NaHMDS -78 °C, 24 h Ph ■h Boc lnt-C8

[0371] To a 50 mL round-bottom flask under N2 atmosphere was added tert-butyl N-diphenylphosphoryloxycarbamate (1 equiv., 0.95 g, 2.84 mmol) and anhydrous THF (15 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled down to -78 °C, NaHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 1.5 equiv., 4.3 mL, 4.25 mmol) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min. After 30 min, a solution of iodoethane (1.7 equiv., 0.39 mL, 4.82 mmol) in anhydrous THF (4.5 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm up to r.t. and stirred for 24 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of sat. NH4C1 (aq.) (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by normal phase flash chromatography (40 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 5-60% EtOAc in hexanes to yield tert-butyl N-diphenylphosphoryloxy-N-ethyl-carbamate (Int-C8, 0.28 g, 0.78 mmol, 27% yield) as an oil. Method Int 72. Intermediate Int-Cll: l-cyclopropyl-5-((2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)morpholin-2-yl)pyridine-2(lH)-one lnt-C10                                          lnt-C11

[0372] To a microwave vial equipped with Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was added potassium carbonate (2 equiv., 364 mg, 2.64 mmol), 1,10-phenanthroline (0.13 equiv., 29.7 mg, 0.17 mmol), 5-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-morpholin-2-yl]-lH-pyridin-2-one 2 (Int-C9, 1 equiv., 500 mg, 1.32 mmol), Cu(OAc)2 (0.25 equiv., 59.8 mg, 0.33 mmol) and potassium cyclopropyltrifluoroborate (3 equiv., 585 mg, 3.95 mmol), DCE (5 mL) and water (1.7 mL). O2 gas was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 5 min, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 70 °C overnight under an oxygen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash chromatography (24 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 60-100% EtOAc in hexanes to yield l-cyclopropyl-5-((2S,6R)-6-methyl-4-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)morpholin-2-yl)pyridine-2(lH)-one (Int-Cll, 377 mg, 0.90 mmol, 68%yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 420.2. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 8.42-8.39 (m, 2H), 7.95-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.25 (m, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.43 (m, 1H), 3.833.89 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.34-3.26 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.23 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.111.17 (m, 2H), 0.83-0.87 (m, 2H).

[0373] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization cf3 Y 4 XI fl N^NH2 Int-C35 cf3 H                  | X ^NO2 XI 11 Nr N H2 (R)-5-(4-(4-amino-5-nitro-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan -1 -yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)pyridin-2(lH)-one was N-alkylated via the above procedure and purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using an elution gradient of 20-60% EtOAc in hexanes to yield (R)-5-(4-(4-amino-5-nitro-6-(3- (trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan -1 -yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1 -cyclopropylpyridin-2(lH)-one (Int-C35, 313 mg, 0.64 mmol, 82% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 490.3. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 7.31 (2H, m), 7.18 (1H, s), 6.71 (1H, br s), 6.54 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz), 5.08 (1H, s), 4.10 (1H, dt, J = 11.4,4.1 Hz), 3.75-3.81 (1H, m), 3.30 (1H, s), 2.63 (2H, s), 2.39 (6H, s), 1.11 (2H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 0.85 (2H, s). Method Int 73. Intermediate Int-C14: 2-chloro-7-methyl-6-(oxetan-3-yl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-bicyclo [1.1.1] pentanyl] pteridine 3-iodooxetane H2O2 (30 wt%, aq.) H2SO4 FeSO47H2O DMSO, 20 °C, 1 h lnt-C14

[0374] Hydrogen peroxide (30% wt. in water, 3 equiv., 974 pL, 9.53 mmol) was added dropwise over 2 min to a stirring solution of 2-chloro-7-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l-bicyclo[l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine (1 equiv., 1.0 g, 3.2 mmol), concentrated sulfuric acid (2 equiv., 339 pL, 6.4 mmol), 3-iodooxetane (2 equiv., 559 pL, 6.4 mmol), and iron(II) sulfateheptahydrate (0.3 equiv., 267 mg, 0.95 mmol) in DMSO (20 mL) at room temperature. After 1-2 min another portion of iron(II) sulfateheptahydrate (0.3 equiv., 267 mg, 0.95 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 min. The mixture was poured into a mixture of sat. NaHCOs (aq.) (10 mL) and EtOAc (15 mL). The aqueous and organic layers were partitioned, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2x15 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was purified by normal phase flash chromatography (40 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 1 -100% EtOAc in hexanes to yield 2-chloro-7-methyl-6-(oxetan-3-yl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-l- bicyclo [l.l.l]pentanyl]pteridine (Int-C14, 270 mg, 0.73 mmol, 23%yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+= 371.3. Method Int 74. Intermediate Int-C17: 5-((2S,6R)-6-methylmorpholin-2-yl)pyridin-2(lH)-one lnt-C1 lnt-C17

[0375] To a flame-dried round-bottom flask equipped with a Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar were added (2S,6R)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-6-methyl-morpholine (Int-Cl, 1 equiv., 200 mg, 0.7 mmol) and MeOH (13 mL). The reaction was purged using vacuum / nitrogen cycles three times and 10 wt% Pd / C (0.27 equiv., 20.0 mg, 0.19 mmol) was added. The reaction vial was cycled with H2 (g) and vacuum three times, equipped with a H2 (g) balloon, and stirred under 1 atm of H2 (g) for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then fdtered through a pad of Celite, washed with DCM, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 5-((2S,6R)-6-methylmorpholin-2-yl)pyridin-2(lH)-one (Int-C17, 124 mg, 0.64 mmol, 91% yield) as an oil. 'H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 5 7.61 (dd, J = 9.40, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.36 (m, 1H), 3.73 (dd, J = 10.4, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (s, 1H), 2.95 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (dd, J = 12.7, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (dd, J = 12.7, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 1.16 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H).

[0376] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Characterization Modification: The reaction mixture was stirried for 30 min under an atmosphere of hydrogen, then purged with argon and fdtered through Celite, washing with a 4:1 solution of DCM / MeOH. The fdtrate was concentrated under vacuum to obtain (2R,4S)-N-(6-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan e-1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)-2-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-C24, 0.97 g, 1.91 mmol, 95% yield) as a foam that was used without further purification. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 477.3. 'H NMR (CDCI3, 400 MHz): 5 11.22 (1H, s), 8.23 (1H, s), 7.59 (1H, dd, J = 9.4, 2.5 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 6.67 (1H, d, J = 9.4 Hz), 4.24 (2H, d, J = 11.6 Hz), 3.61-3.68 (1H, m), 2.94-3.00 (1H, m), 2.64 (3H, s), 2.51 (6H, s), 2.13 (1H, d, J= 13.3 Hz), 1.93-1.99 (2H, m), 1.80 (1H, dd, J = 24.5, 12.2 Hz). o a p-\ n \ ) w '—(     o * \ 1 \\ >—z v—<X / o o )—( v “ z z z z co ..       y y      O o——Z Z^ v O x )-\ / \ < / ° )~ ° | =O O c CQ Modification: The reaction mixture was stirried for 30 min under an atmosphere of hydrogen, then purged with argon and filtered through Celite, washing with a 4:1 solution of DCM / MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to obtain (2R,4S)-N-(5-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan e-1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)-2-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-C34, 1.31 g, 2.48 mmol, 93% yield) as a foam that was used without further purification. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 477.4. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 11.08 (1H, s), 8.51 (1H, s), 7.63 (1H, dd, J = 9.4, 2.5 Hz), 7.55 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 6.71 (1H, d, J = 9.4 Hz), 4.224.27 (2H, m), 3.66 (1H, dd, J = 13.3, 10.3 Hz), 2.84-2.92 (1H, m), 2.59 (3H, s), 2.53 (6H, s), 2.14 (1H, d, J = 13.5 Hz), 1.92-2.01 (2H, m), 1.80 (1H, dd, J = 24.5, 12.2 Hz). OH XI 1 Int-C42 \ / ° \ S-° 3 । + / —\ s °-yJ " o c CD Modification: The reaction was run with 0.1 equiv. Pd / C (10 wt%) in EtOH for 1 h to obtain methyl (2R,4S)-2-(l-hydroxy-6-oxo-l,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (Int-C42, 303 mg, 1.2 mmol, 99% yield) as a gum. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 254.2. H CK .N.           / XI X Int-D2 BnO. .N,          / XI 1 Int-Dl Modification: The reaction was run with 0.03 equiv. Pd / C (10 wt%) in EtOH for 16 h to obtain methyl (2R,4S)-2-(6-oxo-lH-pyridin-3-yl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylate (Int-D2, 6.6 g, 27.9 mmol, 97% yield) as a solid. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 12.00 (br s, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J = 9.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.184.12 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.57 (td, J = 12.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (tt, J = 12.2, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.06 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.90 (dd, J = 13.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.77 (ddd, J = 25.5, 12.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (q, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 238.2. cf3 H ° T T V      HN N Int-Ell 00 o ^z a / o-\ m v_ / o QO     \ I   \\ Z  V—x / -° O       /       W W / o CO Modifications: The reaction was run in 1:1 EtOH / EtOAc as solvent to afford        (2 / ?,4S)-A-(6-methyl-5- (trifluoromethyl)-3-(3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo - [1.1. l]pentane-l-carbonyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3 -yl)tctrahydro-2 / / -pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-Ell, 0.45 g, 0.84 mmol, 99% yield) as a solid that was used without further purification. ESIMS: [M+H]+ = 546.3. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL): 5 11.03 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J = 9.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 6.69 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.21 (m, 2H), 3.65 (td, J= 11.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.13-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.722.69 (m, 3H), 2.49 (s, 6H), 2.28-2.41 (OH), 2.11 (d, J = 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.981.87 (m, 2H), 1.78 (dd, 7=24.8, 11.9 Hz, 1H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCL): 5 -61.8 (s, 3F), -73.2 (s, 3F). Method Int 75. Intermediate Int-C19: (2S,6R)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-4-(5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-6-methylmorpholine 1,4-dioxane, 80 °C, 16 h

[0377] A mixture of 7-chloro-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine (1 equiv., 100 mg, 0.33 mmol), (2S,6R)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-6-methylmorpholine (Int-Cl, 1.1 equiv., 102 mg, 0.360 mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (4 equiv., 126 mg, 1.31 mmol) and Pd(Amphos)2C12 (0.1 equiv., 23 mg, 0.03 mmol) in a 10 mL microwave vial was subjected to three cycles of vacuum / nitrogen fill. 1,4-Dioxane (5.0 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 16 h. The mixture was cooled down to room temperature, fdtered through a pad of Celite, rinsed with 10 mL of EtOAc and concentrated nder reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (Isco Redisep 4 g column, using a gradient from 100% hexanes to 100% EtOAc) to yield (2S,6R)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-4-(5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-6-methylmorpholine (Int-C19, 76 mg, 0.137 mmol, 42% yield). ESI-MS: [M+H]+= 554.3. Method Int 76. Intermediate Int-C21: (3-((2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)amino)-5-methylpyrazin-2- yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone

[0378] To a stirring solution of (3-chloro-5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-C20, 1 equiv., 1.26 g, 4.33 mmol) in anhydrous THF (40 mL) was added potassium carbonate (2 equiv., 1.2 g, 8.6 mmol) and (2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanamine (2.1 equiv., 1.4 mL, 9.1 mmol). The reaction flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and stirred at 60 °C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to r.t. and diluted with EtOAc (150 mL). The resulting suspension was washed with sat. ammonium choride (aq) and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure onto Celite (15 g). The crude mixture was purified by silica gel flash-column chromatography using an elution gradient of 2%-10% EtOAc in hexanes to yield (3-((2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)amino)-5 -methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentan-1 -yl)methanone (Int-C21, 1.52 g, 3.6 mmol, 83% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 422.3. 'H NMR (CDCL, 400 MHz): 5 8.99 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 7.68 (1H, s), 7.24-7.26 (1H, m), 6.47 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 6.41 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 2.4 Hz), 4.69 (2H, d, J = 5.0 Hz), 3.87 (3H, s), 3.79 (3H, s), 2.46 (3H, s), 2.43 (6H, s).

[0379] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization z z « ) ( 0 —Cy— / zi v O ( 0> \____„ 0 \ / 0 2 -         0 Q z z 0 The     procedure yielded     (3-((2,4- dimethoxybenzyl)amino)-6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)-bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-C31, 3.16 g, 7.50 mmol, 86% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 422.3. 'H NMR (CDCL, 400 MHz): 5 8.83 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 8.13 (1H, s), 6.47 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 6.40 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 2.4 Hz), 4.66 Int-C31 (2H, d, J = 5.1 Hz), 3.86 (3H, s), 3.78 (3H, s), 2.45 (6H, s), 2.41 (3H, s). cf3 cf3 The     procedure     yielded     3-((3,4- dimethylbenzyl)amino)-5,6-dimethylpyrazin-2-yl)(3- OMeO^^j" (trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[ 1.1.1 ]pentan-1 - JI JL yl)methanone (Int-F2, 9.9 g, 22.8 mmol, 77% yield) as a solid. 1H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): II \ H MeO^^ Int-F2 Int-Fl 5 8.75 (1H, s), 7.21 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 6.45 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 6.39 (1H, dd, J = 8.2, 2.4 Hz), 4.64 (2H, d, J = 5.9 Hz), 3.85 (3H, s), 3.77 (3H, s), 2.43 (3H, s), 2.42 (6H, s), 2.37 (3H, s). Method Int 77. Intermediate Int-C22: (3-amino-5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone lnt-C21                             lnt-C22

[0380] To a stirring solution of (3-((2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)amino)-5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-C21, 1 equiv., 1.51 g, 3.58 mmol) and anisole (1 equiv., 0.39 mL, 3.58 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was added TFA (9.11 equiv., 2.5 mL, 32.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and diluted with EtOAc (150 mL). The resulting solution was washed with sat. NaHCOs (aq) and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo onto Celite (20 g). The crude mixture was purified by silica gel flash-column chromatography using an elution gradient of 10%-25% EtOAc in hexanes to yield (3-amino-5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-C22, 0.93 g, 3.44 mmol, 96% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 272.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13): 5 7.84 (1H, s), 2.47 (6H, s), 2.44 (3H, s).

[0381] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization cf3 ___ h2n n Int-C32 Vv z z co -         /    ( ii- Z\ / X O——4 ZI V O ( <D \____. O \ / O o 2 The procedure yielded (3-amino-6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-C32, 1.81 g, 6.68 mmol, 89% yield) as a crystalline solid. ESI-MS: Int-C31 [M+H]+ = 272.2. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13): 5 8.09 (1H, s), 2.48 (6H, s), 2.45 (3H, s). The procedure afforded (3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-pyrazin-2-yl) - [3 -(trifluoromethyl) - 1 -bicyclo [1.1. l]pentanyl]methanone (Int-F3, 6.0 g, 21.0 mmol, 92% yield) as a solid. ’H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 2.47 (6H, s), 2.43 (3H, s), 2.42 (3H, s). Method Int 78. Intermediate Int-C23: (27?,4iS)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-A-(6-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentane-l-carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)tetrahydro-2 / 7-pyran-4-carboxamide lnt-C22                                                  lnt-C23

[0382] To a stirring solution of (2R,4S)-2-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid (Int-F7, 1.05 equiv., 1.12 g, 3.58 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (40 mL) at 0 °C, was added DMF (0.05 mL) and oxalyl chloride (1.2 equiv., 0.36 mL, 4.09 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h and concentrated in vacuo to a solid. Fresh, anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added, and the resulting solution was stirred at 0 °C under argon gas. A separate solution of (3-amino-5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l.l.l]pentan-l-yl)methanone (Int-C22, 1 equiv., 0.93 g, 3.4 mmol) and pyridine (3 equiv., 0.83 mL, 10.2 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and diluted with EtOAc (150 mL). The resulting solution was washed with sat. ammonium chloride (aq), sat. NaHCOs (aq) and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo onto Celite (20 g). The crude mixture was purified by silica gel flash-column chromatography using an elution gradient of 10%-35% acetone in hexanes to yield (2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-N-(6-methyl-3-(3- (trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentane-1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-C22, 1.54 g, 2.72 mmol, 63% yield) as a foam. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 567.3. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 11.21 (1H, s), 8.23 (1H, s), 8.15 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.65 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz), 7.45 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.31-7.39 (3H, m), 6.81 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 5.38 (2H, s), 4.40 (1H, dd, J = 11.4, 2.0 Hz), 4.27 (1H, dt, J = 11.5, 3.0 Hz), 3.67-3.73 (1H, m), 2.95-3.04 (1H, m), 2.65 (3H, s), 2.51 (6H, s), 2.16 (1H, d, J = 12.2 Hz), 1.98-2.03 (2H, m), 1.90 (1H, dd, J = 24.6, 12.2 Hz).

[0383] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization z z co .      y / O o—Cy- / Z— V O 1  )\ r-> / \ \ / ° )-° | yy o c tn cf3 jl y h2n hr Int-C32 The procedure yielded (2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3 -yl) -N-(5 -methyl-3 -(3 -(trifluoromethyl)-bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentane -1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (Int-C33, 1.54 g, 2.72 mmol, 63% yield) as a foam. ESIMS: [M+H]+ = 567.4. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh): 5 11.05 (1H, s), 8.49 (1H, s), 8.16 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.66 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz), 7.45 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.29-7.39 (3H, m), 6.81 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 5.38 (2H, s), 4.40 (1H, d, J= 11.3 Hz), 4.27 (1H, dt, J= 11.5, 3.0 Hz), 3.67-3.73 (1H, m), 2.88-2.94 (1H, m), 2.59 (3H, s), 2.53 (6H, s), 2.13-2.18 (1H, m), 1.98-2.03 (2H, m), 1.89 (1H, dd, J = 24.6, 12.2 Hz). o a / °~\ n \ / '—(     o „ v 1   \\ »-z  y—o o / —\ z z OH 1 ll Int-C44 cf3 ___" h2n n'x^ Int-F3 Modifications: Int-C44 and Int-F3 were reacted in the presence of 1.1 equiv. oxalyl chloride for 72 h. The reaction crude was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 5% citric acid (aq.) and brine. The crude mixture was purified    by    flash    column chromatography (12 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 0-10% MeOH in DCM to yield (2R,4S)-N-[5,6-dimethyl-3 -[3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentane -1 -carbonyl]pyrazin-2-yl] -2-(1-methoxy-6-oxo-3-pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-C45, 48 mg, 0.09 mmol, 46% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 521.3. ‘11 NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 11.10 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 9.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.65 (td, J = 11.4, 3.6Hz, 1H), 2.93-2.93 (m, 1H),2.62 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 6H), 2.182.14 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.80 (dd, J = 25.0, 11.8 Hz, 1H). 19F NMR (CDCh, 376 MHz): 5-73.1 (s, 3F). Modifications: Int-D7 (1 equiv.) and Int-F3 (1.1 equiv.) were reacted in the presence of 1.02 equiv. oxalyl chloride for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then purified by flash column chromatography (12 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 10-50% EtOAc / EtOH (1:1) in hexanes to yield (2R,4S)-N-[5,6-dimethyl-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[ 1.1. l]pentane -1 -carbonyl]pyrazin-2-yl] -2-(6-oxo-1 -pyrrolidin-1 -yl-3 -pyridyl)tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-D8, 95 mg, 0.17 mmol, 27% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 560.4. 'H NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 11.08 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J = 9.4,2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.20 (m, 1H), 4.17 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (dd, J = 14.9, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.93 (d, J = 29.5 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 6H), 2.13 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.99-1.84 (m, 6H). 19F NMR (CDCh, 376 MHz): 5-73.1 (s, 3F). Modifications: Int-DlO (1 equiv.) and Int-F3 (1.1 equiv.) were reacted in the presence of 1.1 equiv. oxalyl chloride for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then purified by flash column chromatography (12 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 0-5% MeOH in DCM to yield (2R,4S)-2-[l-(2,5 -dihydropyrrol-1 -yl)-6-oxo-3 -pyridyl]-N-[5,6-dimethyl-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentane -1 -carbonyl]pyrazin-2-yl]tetrahydropyran-4-carboxamide (Int-Dll, 20.0 mg, 0.034 mmol, 16% yield) as a solid. The crude mixture was purified by normal phase chromatography (2080% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford (2R,4S)-2-(6-(benzyloxy)pyridin-3-yl)-N-(5,6-dimethyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentane -1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide as a solid (Int-F8, 560 mg, 43% yield). 'H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 8 8.13 (1H, d, J = 2.5 Hz), 7.72 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.5 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.31 (3H, d, J = 10.4 Hz), 6.84 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 5.33 (2H, s), 5.28 (1H, d, J = 5.3 Hz), 4.45 (1H, d, J = 11.2 Hz), 4.17 - 4.21 (1H, m), 3.68 - 3.74 (1H, m), 2.99 (1H, d, J= 13.4 Hz), 2.70 (lH,t, J = 5.8 Hz), 2.55 (6H, d, J = 1.9 Hz), 2.47 (6H, s), 1.89 (2H, s). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 581.3. Method Int 79. Intermediate Int-C25: tert-butyl 3-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-4-oxo-piperidine-l-carboxylate tBuOK Pd(OAc)2 (5 mol%) XPhos (10 mol%) lnt-C25 THF, 50 °C, 16 h

[0384] 1-Boc-4-piperidinone (1.5 equiv., 0.96 g, 4.82 mmol) and 2-benzyloxy-5-iodo-pyridine 1 (1 equiv., 1.0 g, 3.21 mmol) were added to sodium tert-butoxide (3 equiv., 0.93 g, 9.64 mmol) in THF (32 mL). The mixture was flushed with argon, and then XPhos (10 mol%, 153 mg, 0.32 mmol) and Pd(OAc)2 (5 mol%, 36 mg, 0.16 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50 °C overnight, quenched with water, and extracted three times with DCM. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 3-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-4-oxo-piperidine-l-carboxylate (Int-C25, 780 mg, 2.04 mmol, 63% yield) as an oil. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 383.4. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 8 7.92 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.22-7.35 (4H, m), 6.73 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 5.31 (2H, s), 4.19 (1H, br s), 3.58-3.62 (1H, m), 3.28-3.35 (1H, m), 2.32-2.56 (2H, m), 1.44 (9H, s), 1.41 (2H, s). Method Int 80. Intermediate Int-C26: tert-butyl 3-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-4,4-difluoro-piperidine-l-carboxylate F lnt-C25                                                 lnt-C26

[0385] DAST (5 equiv., 0.29 mL, 2.22 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirring solution of tertbutyl 3-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-4-oxo-piperidine-l-carboxylate (Int-C25, 1 equiv., 170 mg, 0.44 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at -78 °C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. The crude was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by normal phase chromatography (0%to 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford tert-butyl 3-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-4,4-difluoro-piperidine-1 -carboxylate (Int-C26, 70 mg, 0.17 mmol, 39% yield) as an oil. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 405.3. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 8.10 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz), 7.55 (1H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.46 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.38 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.32 (1H, d, J = 7.1 Hz), 6.80 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 5.37-5.38 (2H, m), 4.22 (2H, br s), 2.96-3.21 (3H, m), 2.14 (1H, t, J = 9.9 Hz), 1.92-2.01 (1H, m), 1.47 (9H, s).

[0386] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Ch ar acteriz ation —O   / —\  F Int-Fll —O >—\  O Q  '— /  \ Int-FlO The procedure afforded methyl 4(1,1- difluoroethyl)bicyclo [2.2.1 ]heptane -1-carboxylate (Int-Fll). Method Int 81. Intermediate Int-C27: 5-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-3-yl)pyridin-2(lH)-one TFA DCM, 80 °C, 30 min

[0387] TFA (90 equiv., 1.2 mL, 15.6 mmol) was added to a solution of tert-butyl 3-(6-benzyloxy-3-pyridyl)-4,4-difluoro-piperidine-l-carboxylate (Int-C26, 1 equiv., 70 mg, 0.17 mmol) in DCM (1.7 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 30 min in a microwave vial. The reaction was cooled down to room temperature, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with DCM three times to afford crude 5-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-3-yl)pyridin-2(lH)-one (Int-C27, 37 mg, 0.17 mmol, 99% yield) as an oil. The crude mixture was used without further purification in the next step.

[0388] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization CO2M6 H                   1 CL.          >.A^NO2 xi n Int-C48 CO2M6 BnO^N      J^NO2 XI 1Z N NH2 Int-C47 Modification:       The reaction was run for 1 h at 80 °C to afford methyl 3-[6-amino-2-[(2R,6S)-2-methyl-6-(6-oxo-lH-pyridin-3 -yl)morpholin-4-yl] -5 -nitro-pyrimidin-4-yl]bicyclo [1.1.1 ]pentane-1-carboxylate   (Int-C48, 438 mg, 0.96 mmol, 99% yield). ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 457.3. Method Int 82. Intermediate Int-C28: 5-(4-(5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-l-methylpyridin-2(lH)-one lnt-C28

[0389] To a glass vial equipped with a Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was added 1-methyl -5-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]pyridin-2-one (1.15 equiv., 170 mg, 0.37 mmol), 7-chloro-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine (1 equiv., 100 mg, 0.33 mmol), Pd(dppf)C12'DCM (0.15 equiv., 40 mg, 0.49 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (3.3 mL) and 1.0 M Na2COs (aq.) (3 equiv., 0.50 mL, 0.99 mmol). The vial was sealed, purged under argon, and stirred at 90 °C for 2.5 h. The reaction was then cooled to r.t., filtered over a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash chromatography (Isco RediSep® column 12 g, using an elution gradient from 0.5% to 2% MeOH in DCM) to afford 5-(4-(5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-l-methylpyridin-2(lH)-one (Int-C28, 59 mg, 0.13 mmol, 87% yield) as a solid. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 461.4. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.67 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.00-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.95, (t, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, J= 11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.90-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 1.84 (br s, 1H).

[0390] An analogous procedure was followed to obtain the following intermediates. Structure Starting Material Characterization cf3 1                                      1              / XI O-A Int-C40 cf3 CK N N    X Int-C39 Modification: The reaction was run in 4:1 dioxane / H2O mixed solvent, using 2 equiv. K2CO3 (solid) as base reagent. The reaction mixture was heated to 105 °C for 16 h. The crude was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using an elution gradient of 40-100% acetone in hexanes to yield 5-(4-(8-(dimethylamino)-7-methyl-6-(3 -(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[l. 1. l]pentan -1 -yl)-7H-purin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1 -methylpyridin-2(lH)-one (Int-C40, 195 mg, 0.39 mmol, 99% yield) as an oil. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 501.4. 'H NMR (CDC13, 400 MHz): 5 7.44 (1H, s), 7.42 (1H, s), 6.59 (1H, d, J = 9.4 Hz), 5.16 (1H, s), 4.06-4.10 (1H, m), 3.84-3.88 (1H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.55 (3H, s), 3.21 (7H, s), 2.83 (2H, s), 2.63 (1H, s), 2.54 (6H, s). cf3 Bno n      n-XynyMs ° Int-D15 cf3 X .N. .Me N A Cr N y Me 0 Int-D14 BnO^-N Modification: The reaction was run with Int-D14 and 2-benzyloxy-5-[rac-(6R)-4-(4,4,5,5 -tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]pyridine (1.3 equiv.) and utilized CS2CO3 (solid) as base. The reaction crude was purified by flash chromatography (12 g SiO2 column) using an elution gradient of 20-80% EtOAc in hexanes to yield 2,3-dimethyl-6-[rac-(6R)-6-(6-benzyloxy-3 -pyridyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-8-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclofl. 1. l]pentanyl]pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (Int-D15, 73 mg, 0.13 mmol, 87% yield) as a solid. ESIMS: [M+H]+ = 576.3. ‘11 NMR (CDCh, 400 MHz): 5 8.21 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 3H), 4.18 (ddd, J= 11.3, 4.7, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.933.87 (m, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.99-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 6H). 19F NMR (CDCh, 376 MHz): 5 -73.0 (s, 3F). Modifications: The reaction was run in 7:1 dioxane / H2O with for 1.5 h and purified by flash chromatography (Isco RediSep® column 4 g) (0-3% MeOH in DCM) to afford 5-[4-[6,7-dimethyl-4-[3 -(trifluoromethyl)-1 -bicyclofl. 1. l]pentanyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl] -3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl] -1 -methyl-pyridin-2-one (Int-E3, 39 mg, 81.2 pmol, 59% yield) as an oil. ESI-MS: [M+H]+ = 483.4. The residue was purified by column chromatography (220 g SiO2) using a 0-50 % EtOAc in DCM g...

Claims

1. A compound of Formula (I):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein:Ring A together with the 6-membered ring system to which it is fused forms a bicyclic ring system selected from one of:V1 and V2 are each independently N, NR8b, or S, wherein both V1 and V2 are not S, and wherein the bonds in the ring comprising V1 and V2 are either single or double bonds, depending on the valency of V1 and V2;W1, W2, W3, and W4 are each independently C(R10), N, or NR8b, wherein the bonds connecting W3 to W4 and W4to NR8b are either single or double bonds, depending on the valency of W3 and W4;Xis C(Rn) orN;Yis C(R12) orN;Zis C(R18)2 orO;R1 is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13;each R2 is independently Ci-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R14; ortwo R2, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an oxo group;R3 is hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-e haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R15;R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R14;R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, Ci-e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, Cke alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16;R8is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16;R8a is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16;R8b is absent, hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16;R9a, R9b, and R9c are independently in each instance hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl or halogen;R10, R11, and R12 are each independently in each instance hydrogen, Ci-e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci-eheteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16;each R13 is independently deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), -C(0)N(Rb)(Rc), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17;each R14, R15, and R16 is independently deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, cyano, -O(RA), or -N(Rb)(Rc), wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17;ortwo R14, two R15, or two R16, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R17;each Ra is independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17;each RB and Rc is independently hydrogen, Ci-e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -C(O)-alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; orRb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form -N=C(Rd)(Re) or a heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17;each Rd and RE is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-e haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R17; oreach R17 is deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, or cyano; ortwo R17 form an oxo;each R18 is independently H, C1-6 alkyl, or halo; andn is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound,stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Ring A is W1 N R7 (j.j)The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein W1 is C(R10) (e.g., CH).

4. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein W2 is C(R10) (e.g., CH).

5. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein W3 is C(R10) (e.g., CH).

6. The compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein W1, W2, and W3 are each N.

7. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is selected from cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13.

8. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is a 3-membered, 4membered, 5-membered, 6-membered, 7-membered, or 8-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with optionally substituted with one or more R13.

9. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is a 3-membered, 4membered, 5-membered, 6-membered, 7-membered, or 8-membered cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13.

10. The compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with optionally substituted with one or more R13.

11. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / orsolvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is selected from12. The compound of any one of claims 1-6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is -O(RA), aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more R13.

13. The compound of claim 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiaxolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazoleyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrazyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13.

14. The compound of claim 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R1 is phenyl or thiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R13.

15. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or16. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R13 is deuterium, Ci-e alkyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, halogen, cyano, or -C(0)N(RB)(Rc).

17. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R6 and R7 are each independently hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, or -O(RA), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R16.

18. The compound of any one of claims 1-17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R6 and R7 are each independently Ci-6 alkyl (e g., CH3).

19. The compound of any one of claims 1-17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein one of R6 and R7 is independently Ci-e alkyl (e.g., CH3) and the other of R6 and R7 is independently Ci-e alkyl or -O(RA) (e.g., 0CH3).

20. The compound of claim 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein one of R6 and R7 is CH3, and the other of R6 and R7 is och3.

21. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R6 and R7 are eachH CH3 independently selected from ,22. The compound of any one of claims 1-21, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein X is C(Rn) (e.g., CH).

23. The compound of claim 22, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein X is CH.

24. The compound of any one of claims 1-21, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein X is N.

25. The compound of any one of claims 1 -24, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Y is C(R12).

26. The compound of claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R12 is hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, halogen, cyano, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein each alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16.

27. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / orsolvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R12 is Ci-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R16 (e.g., CH3, CDs).

28. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R12 is Ci-ehaloalkyl (e.g., CHF2CF3).

29. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein R12 is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R16.

30. The compound of any one of claims 1-29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Y is N.

31. The compound of any one of claims 1 -29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Z is C(R18)2.

32. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R18 is hydrogen or halogen.

33. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R18 is F.

34. The compound of any of claims 1-30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Z is O.

35. The compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R3 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 heteroalkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -O(RA), or -N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R15.

36. The compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R3 is selected from hydrogen, Cl37. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen or Ci-6 alkyl.

38. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein n is 0 or 1.

39. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein n is 0.

40. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein nisi.

41. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound,R1stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Ring A is42. The compound of claim 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein V1 is S and V2 is N.

43. The compound of claim 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein V1 is NR8b and V2 is N.

44. The compound of claim 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein V1 is N and V2 is NR8b.

45. The compound of claim 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein W1 and W2 are each independently N.

46. The compound of claim 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8 is Ci-e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci.ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or -N(RB)(RC), wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16.

47. The compound of any one of claim 41-46, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8 is -N(RB)(RC).

48. The compound of claim 47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein RB and Rc are each indepdently Ci-6 alkyl.

49. The compound of claim 47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein RB and Rc are each indepdently CH3.

50. The compound of any one of preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8b is Ci-e alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, Ci-e heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16.

51. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8b is C1-6 alkyl.

52. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8b is CH3.

53. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Ring A together with the 6-membered ring system towhich it is fused formsR1R9a R9b54. The compound of claim 53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8a is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16.

55. The compound of claim 53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8a is Ci-6 alkyl.

56. The compound of claim 53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein R8a is CH3.

57. The compound of claim 53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R9a and R9b is hydrogen.

58. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein Ring A together with the 6-59. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-a):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

60. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-b):N. ,R6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

61. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-c):N. ,R6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

62. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-d):N. ,R6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

63. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-e):bk ^R6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

64. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-f):X N Nor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

65. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-g):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7,, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

66. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-h):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7,, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

67. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-j):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7,, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

68. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-k):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7,, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

69. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (1-1):R2                        (l-l),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7,, n and subvariables thereof are defined as forFormula (I).

70. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-m):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

71. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-n):N. ^R6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

72. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-o):R13N. ^R6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

73. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-p):bk ^R6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

74. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-q):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4. R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

75. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-r):R13or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R2, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

76. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-s):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

77. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-t):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

78. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-u):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as forFormula (I).

79. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-v):R2                      (I-v),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

80. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-w):R2                     (I-w),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

81. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-x):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereofare defined as for Formula (I).

82. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-y):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).83.The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-z):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereofare defined as for Formula (I).

84. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-aa):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereofare defined as for Formula (I).

85. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is acompound of Formula (I-bb):(R2)n                    (I-bb),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

86. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-cc):R3             R1,R4          W3or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

87. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-dd):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).

88. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-ee):.W3 ,R10CK .Nor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer,wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).89.The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-ff):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8b, Wl, W2, W3, W4, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).90.The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I-gg):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein each of A, W1, W2, R2, R13, n and subvariables thereof are defined as for Formula (I).91.92.The compound of any one of claims 1 -90, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, wherein the compound is a compound provided in Table A.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to any one of claims 1 -91, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

93. A compound according to any one of claims 1-91, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 92, for use in treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2.

94. A method of treating or preventing a condition associated with a loss of function of human TREM2 in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to any one of claims 1-91, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate of said compound, stereoisomer, or tautomer, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 92.